IRPL-F18

National Bureau of Standards

AUG 2 11947

IONOSPHERIC DATA

ISSUED

FEBRUARY, 1946

PREPARED BY INTERSERVICE RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C.

IRPL-F 18 Issued

20 Feb. 1946

INTERSERVICE RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Organized under Joint U.S. Communications Board

IONOSPHERIC DATA

CONTENTS

TERMINOLOGY AND SCALING PRACTICES...Pag© 5 MONTHLY AVERAGE AND MEDIAN VAIL7 ES OF IONOSPHERIC DATA ..Pag© 7

Provisional data (received by telephone or telegraph)

January 1946 Churchill, Canada (Median values) • . . . ..Table 1 Prince Rupert, Canada (Median values).Table 2 St. John's, Newfoundland (Median values).Table 3 Ottawa, Canada (Median values) . . Table 4 Boston, Massachusetts (Median values).Table 5 San Francisco, California (Median values) . Table 6 Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Meuian values) ........ Table 7 Maui, Hawaii (Median values) ..Table 3 Trinidad, Brit. Hast Indies (Median values).Table 9 Huancayo, Peru (Modian values).. . . . . . Table 10

December 1945 Burghead, Scotland. (Average values).Table 11 Adak, Alaska (Median values) .. Table 12 Chungking, China (Median values).Table 13 Christmas I. (Median values) .Table 14 Rarotonga I. (Median values) .. Table 15 Kerrnadec Is. (Median values) . Table 16 IVatharoo, W. Australia (Median values).Table 17 Capetown (Simonstown), Union of S.Africa

(Average values) ................. Table 13 Hobart, Tasmania (Median values) ........... Table 19 Christchurch, N.Z» (Median values) ..Table 20 Campbell I. (Median values).. . .Table 21

November 1945 Kerrnadec Is. (Median values) ... Table 22

Final data

January 1946 Washington, i .C. (vedian values) ........... Table 23

Figs. ] and 2

2

Final data

December 1945 "*~~^IrBanlc s7 Alaska (Median values) ..Table 24

Figs* 3 and 4 Oslo, Norway (Median values) ... Table 25

Figs* 5 and 6 Prince Rupert, Canada (Median values) *.Table 26

Figs* 7 and 8 Great Baddow, England (Median values) ... Table 27

Figs* 9 and 10 St. John’s, Newfoundland (Median values).. Table 28

Figs. 11 and 12 Ottawa, Canada (Median values).••••*••• Table 29

Figs* 13 and 14 Boston, Massachusetts (Median values).Table 30

Figs* 15 and 16 San Francisco, California (Median values) •••••••* Table 31

Figs. 17 and 18 Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Median values) ••*•**•.• Table 32

Figs* 19 and 20 Maui, Hawaii (Median values).*•••••• Table 33

Figs. 21 and 22 San Juan, Puerto Rico (Indian values) ..* * • • Table 34

Figs. 2 3 and 24 Guam I. (Median values) .*•••••••••*•.•«• Table 35

Figs. 25 and 26 Trinidad, Brit* West Indies (Median values) . Table 36

Fig®. 27 and 28 Huancayo, Peru (Median values) .Table 37

Figs* 29 and 30

November 1945 Alaska (Median values) ..Table 38

Figs. 31 and 32 Great Baddow, England (Median values) •••••••••* Table 39

Figs. 33 and 34 St. John’s, Newfoundland (Median values) *»*..»•* Table 40

Figs* 38 and 36 Cairo, Egypt (Median values) •••*«•••••••«• Table 41

Fig* 37 Christmas I® (Median values) *».»•••• • •*.*• Tab!© 42

Figs. 38 and 39 Euaaeayo, Peru. (Median values) .Table 43

Figs, 40 and 41 Christchurch, N*Z* (Median values) .**•*.,.,•• Table 44

Figs* 42 arid 43

3

Final data

October 1945 Pitcairn I. (.Median values) ......... ...... Table 45

Fig. 44 Watheroo, W« Australia (Median values).Table 46

Figs. 45 and 46

September 1945 ' Peshawar, India (Median values) . ...» Table 47

Figs. 47 and 48 Delhi, India (Median values) . Table 48

Figs. 49 and 50 Bombay, India (Median values) .Table 49

Figs. 51 and 52 Madras, India (Median values) . Table 50

Figs. 53 and 54 Pitcairn I. (Median values) • ••••«.. . Table 51

Fig. 56

At5 -;u st 1945 Colombo, Ceylon (Median values). Table 52

Figs. 56 and 57

June 1945 OsTo, Norway (Median values) •••••••••••••• Table 53

Figs. 58 and 59 Cape York, Australia (Median values) •••••••••• Table 54

Figs. 60 and 61 .'■risbane, Australia (Median values) • ••«....••• Table 55

Figs. 62 and 63 -anberra, Australia (Median values) . • Table 56

Figs. 64 and 66

May 1945 OsToT Norway (Median values) ••••••••••••»• Table 57

Fig. 66 Cape York, Australia (Median values) • . Table 58

Figs. 67 and 68 Brisbane, Australia (Median values) .. Table 59

Figs. 69 ard 70 Canberra, Australia (Median values) . Table 60

Figs. 71 and 72

April 1945 Cap© York, Australia (Median values) Table 61

Figs® 73 and 74 Brisbane, Australia (Median values) Table 62

Figs. 75 and 76

Canberra, Australia (Median values) . • . Table 63 Figs. 77 and 78

4

Fine! data

March 1945 Cape York, Australia (Median values).Table 64

Figs. 79 and 80 Brisbane, Australia (Median values) •••• . • Table 65

Figs. 81 and 82 Canberra, Australia (Median values) • . . . . . Table 66

Figs. 83 and 84

Februa ry 1945 Cape York",' Australia (Median values) .••••••...• Table 67

Figs. 85 and 86 Brisbane, Australia (Median values) Table 68

Figs. 87 and 88 Canberra, Australia (Median values) Table 69

Figs. 89 and 90

Jarauary 1945 Cape York, Australia (Median values) •••.... Table 70

Figs. 91 and 92 Brisbane, Australia (Median values) •• . ... Table 71

Figs. 93 and 94 Canberra, Australia (Median values) . . . Table 72

Figs. 95 and 96

December 1944 Cape York, Australia (Median values) ••••••••... Table 73

Figs. 97 and 98

IONOSPHERIC DATA FOR EVERY DAY AND HOUR.page 9

January 1946 Washington,

h* Fc o

f°F2 h* Fl foFl h' E • f°E

D.C.

©

Es F2-M1500 F2-M3000 F1-M3000 E-M1500

. . . . Table 74 Tables 75 and 76 . . . . Table 77 . . . . Table 78 . . . . Table 79 . . . . Table 80 . . . . Table 81 . . . . Table 82 . . . . Table 83 . ... Table 84 . . . . Table 85

IONOSPHERE DISTURBANCES.Page 9

Ionospheric Storminess.... Table 86 Ionospheric character and principal storms observed

at Vfashington, D.C., January 1946.

5

Sudden Ionosphere Disturbances Sudden ionosphere disturbances observed at 'Washington,

D.C., during January 1946 Table 87

Radio Propagation Quality Figures, Compared with IRPL and ISIB ^arD^n6s» and IRPL A-Zone Forecasts.

North Atlantic and North Pacific quality figures, November, December 1945, provisional « » , » Tables 88 and 89

VARIATION AND PREDICTION OF E-LAYER CRITICAL FREQUENCIES • • . . , . Page 10

Variation of f°S, at sunspot number » 0, with latitude, 1200 local time Fig* 99

Variation of f°E, at sunspot number = 100, with latitude, 1200 local time • ®.• Fig* 100

Variation of ratio of monthly-average to yearly-average f°E, with latitude, 1200 local time, June Fig* 101

Variation of ratio of monthly-average to yearly-average f°S, with latitude, 1200 local time, September * . . * , 0 ® Fig® 102

Variation of ratio of monthly-average to yearly-average f°B, with latitude, 1200 local time, December 0 Fig, 103

Latitude variation of f°E with solar activity, 1200 lodal time, January through December ...e...*®..® Figs.104

through 115

NOTE ON THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE ATMOSPHERE ....... ® ® . page 12

TERMINOLOGY AND SCALING PRACTICES

The symbols and terminology used in this report are those adopted by the International Radio Propagation Conference, and given in detail on pages 24 to 26 of the report IRPL»C61, 18Report of International Radio Propagation Conference/* ami in the Section on "Terminology”, in reports IRPL-Fi, 2, 3, 4, 5,

Beginning with data reported for September, a new symbol, L, defined as foilcms, is adopted for use in detailed tabulations of hourly values of ionosphere characteristics observed at Washington*

L or 1 ® critical frequency, muf, or muf factor for Fl layer omitted because no definite and abrupt change in slope of the h«f curve occurs either for the first reflection or for any of the multiples. (See ’’Report of International Radio Propaga¬ tion Conference," IRPL-C61, June 1944, VI 3c, p»37).

In the past, ionospheric conditions were summarized on a monthly basis by using average or mean values, for each hour of the day, for each month® However, following the recemmendations of the International Radio Propa¬ gation Conference, held in Washington 17 April to 5 May 1944, beginning with data for 1 Jan. 1945, median values were used by IRPL wherever pos-

6

sibl@® Thus, median values are given for Washington, for all stations reporting directly to the IRPL, for the Canadian stations, and for all others sending in detailed tabulations to th© XRPL, from which medians can be computed*

Where averages are reported, they are, at any hour, the average for all the days during th© month for which auraerlcal data existed*

The monthly m®dj.an values used here are the values equalled or exceeded on half the days of the month at th© given hour© The follow¬ ing conventions &r© used in determining th© medians for hours when no measured values are given, because of equipment limitations and iono¬ spheric irregularities. Symbols used are those given in th® report referred to above, IRPL-C6X*

a» For all ionospheric characteristics} Values missing because of A, B, C or F (see terminology

referred to above) are omitted from th© median count*

b® For critical frequencies and virtual heights* Values missing because of S are counted as equal to or less

than th® lower limit of th© recorder® Values missing because of D are counted as equal to or

greater than the upper limit of the re©order® Values missing because of G are counted3

1* For f°F2, as equal to or less than f°Fl* 2* For h*F2, as equal to or greater than the median.

Values missing for any other reason are omitted from the median count*

c* For muf factors (M-factors)* Values missing because of G are counted as equal to or

less than the median® Values missing for any other reason are omitted from the

median count*

de For sporadic E (Es)s Values of fEs missing because no Es reflections appeared,

the equipment functioning normally otherwise, are counted as equal to or less than th© lower limit of the recorder®

Values of fEs missing for any other reason, and values of hEs missing for any reason at all, are omitted from th© median count®

Beginning with data for November 1945, doubtful monthly median values for ionospheric observations at Washington, b*C®« are indicated by a parenthesis, in accordance with the practice already in use for doubtful hourly values. The following are th® conventions used to determine whether or not a median value is doubtful*

7

1« If only four values or less are available, no median value is computed, the data being considered, insufficient*

2* For the F2 layer, if only five to nine values are available, the median is considered doubtful, ^he E and Fl layers are so regular in their characteristics that, so long as there are at least five values, the median is not considered as doubtful*

S. For all layers, if more than half of the values used to compute the median are doubtful (either doubtful or interpolated), the median is considered doubtful*

It is expected the.t this practice will be of assistance in evaluat¬ ing the monthly median Washington data*

MONTHLY AVERAGE AND MEDIAN VALUES OF IONOSPHERIC DATA

The ionospheric data given here in graphical and -tabular form were assembled by the Interservice Radio Propagation Laboratory for analysis and correlation^ incidental to IRFL predictions of radio propagation conditions* The following are the sources of the data^

Australian council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Radio Research Board, Australia?

Brisbane, Australia Canberra, Australia Cap© York, Australia

British Rational physical Laboratory, and Inter-Services Ionosphere Bureau Slough, England Sreat B&ddow, England Burghead, Scotland belhi, India Capetown, Union of S, Africa Colombo, Ceylon Oslo, Norway Cairo, Egypt Hobart, Tasmania

Canadian Radio Wave Propagation Committeej Churohill, Canada Ottawa, Canada St. John’s, Newfoundland Prince Rupert, Canada Clyde, Baffin I.

New Zealand Radio Research Conmittee; Kermadec Is* Christchurch (Canterbury University College Observatory)

Campbell I* Pitcairn I* Rarotonga I *

a

Interdepartment Ionosphere Bureau, U.S.S.R. Scientific Experimental Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Moscow, U.S.S.R©*

Bukhta Tikh&ya, U©S®S»R® i'ornsk, U ©S ©S ®R © Sverdlovsk, U®£ «,S»Re Moscow, U®S©S®R® Leningrad, U®S*S©R© Almo. Ata, j ©S ©S ®R©

Carnegie Institution of Washington (Department of Terrestrial Magnetism}* Christinas Jo

Fairbanks, Alaska (University of Alaska, College, Alaska) Maui, Hawaii

Trinidad, Brit© West Indies Eu&ne&yo, Peru W&theroo, W, Australia

United States Army Signal Corps* Leyte, Philippine Isc

National Bureau of Standards* Waghington, D ®C•

Stanford University* San Francisco, California

Louisiana State University* Baton Rouge, Louisiana

University of Puerto Rico* San Juan, P.R©

Harvard University* Boston, Massachusetts

All India Radio (Government of India), Mew Delhi, India Bombay, India Delhi, India Madras, India Pes hawar, Ind ia

Th© tables of ”provisional data” give ’values as reported to the IRPL by telephone or telegraph© Any errors in these values will be corrected in later issues of the F-eeries reports© In final data tabulations, any omission of values previously given in provisional tabulations is indi¬ cated by a dash©

The tables and graphs of ’’final data” are correct for the values reported to the IRPL, tut, because of variations in practice in the in¬ terpretation of records and scaling and manner of reporting of values, m&y at times give an erroneous conception of typical ionospheric charac¬ teristic® at th® station* Some of these errors are due to*

9

a a iferences in scaling records where spread echoes are present®

L> u, ission of values where f°F2 is less than or equal to f°Fl,

leading to erroneously high values of monthly average or median values®

c. Omission of values where critical frequencies are less than the

lower frequency limit of the recorder, also leading to erron-

eously high values of monthly average or median values*

These effects were discussed on pages 6 and 7 of the previous F-series

reports, IRPL-Fl, 2, 3, 4, and 5® Discrepancies between predicted ard observed values are often ascribable to these effects.

IONOSPHERIC DATA FOR EVERY DAY AND HOUR

These date, observed at Washington, D.C., follow the scaling prac¬ tices given in the report IRPL-C61, "Report of International Radio

Propagation Conference," pages 36 to 39, and the median values are

determined by the conventions given under "Terminology and Scaling

Practices" above.

IONOSPHERE DISTURBANCES

Table 86 presents ionosphere character figures for Washington, D®C.,

during January 1946, as determined by the criteria presented in the re¬

port IRPL-R&, "Criteria for Ionospheric Storminess", together with

American magnetic K-figures which are usually covariant with them®

Table 88 gives provisional radio propagation quality figures for

North Atlantic areas, for 01 to 12 and 13 to 24 GCT, for November and

December 1945, compared with the IRPL daily radio disturbance warnings,

which are primarily for the North Atlantic paths, and ISIB daily warn¬

ings, the IRPL semi-weekly radio propagation forecasts for the A-zone,

and the half-day American geomagnetic ’-’-figures.

The radio propagation quality figures for the North Atlantic were

prepared from radio traffic and ionospheric a&ta, reported to the IRPL,

in the manner described in detail in report IRPL-R31, "North Atlantic Radio Propagation Disturbances October 1943 through October 1945",

issued 1 Feb. 1946.

Table 89 gives provisional radio propagation quality figures for

North Pacific areas, for 01 to 12 and 13 to 24 GCT, December 1945, com¬

pared with the IRPL daily radio disturbance warnings which are primarily

for the North Atlantic areas, the IRPL semiweekly radio propagation

forecasts for the A-zone, and the half-day American geomagnetic K~

figures.

10

The radio propagation quality figures for the North Pacific were pre¬

pared from radio traffic and ionospheric data, reported to the IRPL, in

the manner described in detail in report IRFL-R13, "Ionospheric and Radio

Propagation Disturbances, October 1943 through February 1945," issued

24 May 1945.

VARIATION AND PREDICTION OF E-LAYER CRITICAL FREQUENCIES

Variations of E-layer critical frequencies with solar activity,

season, time of day, and geographical location generally are far simpler

and more regular than those of F2-layer critical frequencies, discussed

in previous issues of this report. (Cf. IRPL-F15, 16, 17).

Their variation with solar activity, as in the case of F2-layer and

Fl-layer critical frequencies, is such that for any hour of day, at any

location, there exists an approximately linear relationship between the

twelve-month running-average f°S and the corrosponding twelve-month

running-average sunspot number. The variation of E-layer critical fre¬

quencies with solar activity, nowever, is generally less than that for

those of other regular ionosphere layers for the same location, season

and local time of day. (Of. I.RPL-R26, "The Ionosphere as a Measure of

Solar Activity").

Figs. 99 and 100 present the latitude variation of yearly-average

noon f°E, as derived from such solar-activity trend curves as are described above, for those ionosphere stations in operation for a suf¬

ficient time that the trends seem reliable. Effective extension of the available data is attained by using them both at their proper latitudes

and at the corresponding reversed latitudes, -where the location of the latitude-variation curve may then be estimated.

It may be noted by inspection of Figs. 99 and 100 that no pronounced

longitude effect exists for f°E, since departures of da pa points (not

reverse-latitude data) from the estimated line are more plausibly ex¬

plicable from considerations of reliability of the data than from loca¬

tion, data from relatively new ionosphere stations, and from stations

where noon f°E present scaling difficulties because of high absorption,

being relatively unreliable.

There seems, however, to be a notable difference between data for

the northern and southern hemispheres, - a phenomenon exhibited also by

Fl-layer and F2-layer critical frequencies, - shown by the consistent

difference between sets of points plotted at true and at reversed lati¬

tudes. It is for this reason that the estimated curves for southern

latitudes, for which no actual data exist below 35.3°S, are obtained

by adjustment of the reverse-latitude data for Washington, D.C.,

(39.0°N) and Fairbanks, Alaska (64.9°N) with respect to the data from

Watheroo, W. Australia (30.3°S), all three being data from stations

11

long in operation and therefore relatively reliable, in the following mannert The curve at 39.0°S is drawn so that the ratio between values at 39.0°S and 30.3°S is identical with the ratio between values for corresponding northern-hemisphere latitudes. This procedure is justi- fied by the relatively small change in slopes of the curve at corres¬ ponding latitudes in either hemisphere. (The estimated southorn-latitude points for the ourve are indicated by triangles on the figures). The curve at 64.9°S is estimated, then, to lie so that the ratio between the estLaated value and the reverse-latitude value for 64.9°TJ is identi¬ cal with the ratio between the estimated value for 39.0°S and the re¬ verse- latitude value for 39.0°N.

Figs. 101, 102, and 103 present the latitude variation of the ratio of monthly-average to yearly-average f°E for the months of June, September, and December, respectively, these being typical of conditions for summer solstice, equinox, and winter solstice. Seasonal effects for E-layer critical frequencies, as presented by these ratios, seem relatively con¬ stant with respect to solar activity. Variations between northern- and southern-hemisphere data for these ratios are small in comparison to the error inherent in the ratios, so that no correction was made for this, such as was made for the yearly-average values of f°E.

It is apparent from inspection of the curves of yearly-average f°E, Figs, 99 and 100, beth of which show maxima in equatorial regions, with gradual diminution toward the poles, and of the curves of Figs. 101, 102, and 103, which show that the ratio of monthly-average to yearly-average f°E is nearly unity for all latitudes during equinox season, and grad¬ ually diminishes from north pole to south pole during summer solstice, reversing this behavior during winter solstice, that E-layer critical frequencies are very closely related t© solar position.

It has often b@@m shown (cf« '’Recent Studies of the Ionosphere,’' S. S. Kirby and E. B. Judson, Prce. I.R.E. 23, 733, 1936j "Theory of the Ionosphere," E. 0. Hulburt, Terr. Mag. 40, 193, 1935; "Regularities arxi Irregularities in th© Ionosphere, I," E. V. Appleton, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 162, 451, 1937; "Trends of Characteristics of the Ionosphere for Half a Sunspot Cycle," N. Smith, T. R. Gilliland, S. S. Kirby, J. Res. National Bureau of Standards, 21, 835, 1938 (RP1159); and "The E Region of the Ionosphere," E. 0. Hulburt, Phys. Rev. 55, 639, 1939) that the variation of K— layer critical frequencies closely approximates propor¬ tionality of f°E to cos , where \[/ represents the solar zenith angle, in accordance with the theoretical analysis of S» Chapman ( The Absorption and Dissociative or Ionizing Effect of Monochromatic Radiation in an Atmosphere on a Rotating Earth," Proc. Roy. Soc. London 43, pp.26 and 483, 1931). This is shown by the nomograms. Figs. 104 through 115, which present the latitude variation of noon f°E, for each month, throughout the solar cycle, in that the central latitude-variation curves of each nomogram approximate a straight line diagonal between the parallel scales on either side, the reversal taking place at a lati¬ tude nearly equel to the average solar declination for the month con¬

cerned .

12

It is notable, however, that strict adherence to this behavior seems least during summer months, v.'hen relatively pronounced discrepancy exists

between the slopes of the latitudo-variation curves for northern and

southern hemispheres. It is also notable that the point of inversion

of these curves is generally closer to the equator than the solar declination.

The diurnal variation of f°S at any location, for any season^ seems

approxinately independent of solar activity.

This enables considerable practical use to be made of the accompany¬

ing nomograms. Figs. 104 through 115, in the prediction of E-layer maxi¬

mum usable frequencies. If an estimate of solar activity be mad© in terms of smoothed sunspot number for the time for which prediction is desired, the corresponding noon f°E for any location may be obtained by use of one of these nomograms for the appropriate month. The value at any time of day for this location may be obtained by multiplying this value by

the ratio of E-layer 2000-muf for the corresponding time and location,

to the noon value for the same place, as determined from the predicted

chart of E-lsyer 2000-muf for the appropriate month as given in reports

of the IRPJ>b series, "Basic Radio Propagation Predictions Three Months

in Advance," Fig. 11. Multiplication of the predicted f°E by 4.8, an

approximately constant value of E-layer M-2000, gives the E-layer 2000-

muf, from which the muf for other distances may be obtained by the methods

presented in reports of the IRPL-b series.

NOTE ON THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE ATMOSPHERE

The refractive index of the atmosphere is a basic quantity in radio

propagation studies and applications at VHF and micrcwrave frequencies.

Many reports have appeared, however, in which the expression for the

refractive index is erroneously given. Even though the error thus

introduced is but of the order of a percent or so, it is considered

desirable to point out the discrepancy and to indicate the preferable

formula.

The erroneous expression for the refractive index "n" of the

atmosphere isj

6 79 / 4800© . (n-1) x 10° * —- (p-e +--- ) $ \ / T T

wherei n “ refraotive index

T - temperature in °K

p ~ total pressure of air in millibars

e a partial pressure of water vapor in millibars.

13

While only a 1% change is introduced by its uso, the approximately correct formula is s

(n-1) xlO6 = — (p -f T

4800q

T )-

and is partially derived as follows*

1'he refractive index n of a substance is defined as n yuk where k is the dielectric constant, and is the permeability* In the atmos¬ phere. p. and k both differ slightly from the value unity so that,

M ” 14A M and k - 1+A k,

where A M and A k are small.

Therefore we have, upon expanding the radical into a series and neglecting higher order products and powers of A /a and A k

and so

n ~\/ (1+Aai)(1+Ak) 1 + ^ ~

(n-l) : v 2 2

For the dielectric constant k we have a contribution due to electric dipole moments of the molecules of the component gases induced by the radio wave, in addition to a permanent eleotric dipole moment for water vapor.

The Mdry” gases of the atmosphere have a dielectric constant given by*

a _ 158 p, (k-l), x 106 - -a

and for water vapor.

(k-1) xlO6^ (0.89 + ^ ) 00 T X

where* “ partial pressure of dry air (mb) e “ partial pressure of water vapor (mb) T s temperature (°K)*

The constants in the above expressions are all obtained by experiment* The additional inverse T tern in the bracket for water vapor is th© con» tribution of the permanent eleotric dipole moment*

These expressions for the dielectric constants may be combined by weighting them, in proportion to the partial pressures of dry air and water vapor, to give the dielectric constant of the moist atmosphere as a whole.

14

Thus,

— — (0.89 + l7-5-0 ). P p T

Now, 0.89e may be expressed approximately as e, and 4750 as 4800, wi thout introducing an error of more than 0,1% in the final expression. Thus, we obtain

(k-1) X io® * ). T 1

At T s 20°C, p ■ 1013 mbs, and e » 10 mbs, the value of (k-1) x 106 = 634.

In the atmosphere, the only substance contributing appreciably to die permeability is oxygen which has a permanent magnetic dipole moment, owever, considering the partial pressure of oxygen at T * 20°C and

p s 1013 mb.

(k-i) x io6 = Me total t

(M - 1) x 106 = 0.37.

We thus see that the contribution of the permeability to the refractive

.iwsx may be neglected in comparison with the contribution of the dielectric constant. Hence we have

(n-1) x 106 3 x 106 * — (p+ ^29.1 ), 2 T T

as the best approximate expression for the atmospheric refractive index.

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ime:

15

7.’

: °W

. T

ime*

18

0.0

°E

.

Len

gth of

tim

e

sweep

! 2.0

He

to 16,0

Me.

Manual

op

erati

on

. L

ength o

f

tim

e

sw

eep!

1.8

Me

to 1

2.0

Me.

Manual

op

erati

on

Keii

an valu

es.

Media

n v

alu

es.

8 Vi a J 3 >

-5 8 i tpg

Tim

es

150,0

®E

„ T

ime:

172.6 E

. M

edia

n vali

iss.

. le

ngth

of

tim

e

3-w

eep:

1,0

Mo

to

13.0

Me.

Auto

mati

c

Media

n valu

es.

Tab

le

21

(P

ro

vis

ional

Bata

) (P

rovis

ional

Data

)

Cam

pb

ell

X.

(5

2.5

°S

, l6

9.0

°E

) D

ecem

ber

1945

Kerm

ad

ec Is.

(29.2°S

, L

ong.

177.9

°Vf)

Novem

ber

19

45

Tim

el

75

*0

°W.

Tim

e;

150.0

°W.

Len

gth

of

tim

e

sweep

! 0*75

Me

to

11

.5

Me

in

3»^ m

inute

s

supple

mente

d hy

Len

gth

of

tim

e

sweep!

l6.0

Me

to

0*

5

Me

in fif

teen m

inu

tes

OoS

Me

to

14.0

Me

in

two m

inute

s.

Media

n v

alu

es.

Media

n v

alu

es.

43

CO C\J

<L>

c S Fh

O-P ^

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-a © .c

•b uJ

c o

M

© llO *H 0 C ^

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Table

£9

(Co

rrecti

on

s

an

d ad

dit

ion

s

to p

rev

iou

sly

p

ub

lish

ed p

rov

isio

nal

data

) (C

orr

ecti

ons

an

d ad

dit

ion

s to pre

vio

usly

publi

shed p

rov

isio

nal

data

)

Ott

aw

a,

Canada (4

5.5

°H

, 75«g°W

) D

ecem

ber

1945

Bo

sto

n,

Hassanta

satt

s

(42.4

°B

, 7

1.2

°^)

Dsc

oober

19

45

& ® O *> rt

*3 ir» o >

l!

ft !

- a a > ~rt ©

-3 § © W) ^ s a-d

8,33

H

9 o

t

Tis

ssi

12

0„0

°W.

Tin

a*

&0„0°®

. L

en

gth of

ties

sweep:

0e8 to

12,0

Me

in six

m

inute

s,,

Reco

rd

Length of

tise

sweep

*

1.9

i£o

to

9.8

Mo

in th

roe m

inu

tes,

thir

ty

cen

tere

d

on h

ou

r*

aeoonda*

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edia

n v

alu

es0

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n v

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es*

w Jt «M O IfNfO • a a <* • cm

a o J3 ©

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lse

1 1

50

.0®

E.

?lm

es 6

0.0

°9.

Lao

gth o

f U

B3

sree

«p>

Man

ual o

pera

tio

n.

Length of

tim

e su

aop:

Man

nal opera

tion.

SJa

dla

n v

alo

os.

Med

ija

valu

es.

*aM

o 3

7

?atl

e

18

(Co

rrecti

on

*

and addit

ion* to

pre

vio

usl

y p

ubli

shed p

rsw

ieie

sssi

! d

ata

) (e

ess

'scti

om

s an

d ad

dit

ion

s to

pre

vio

usl

y p

ubli

shed p

ravie

ional

data

)

Bu

aacs

yo

, P

eru (1

2.0

*8,

79»3

®*)

Bs&

sssb

or,

19U

5 S

air

ijan

ks, H

aekn (

64

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embe

r 19

45

?il °.v,-3 po ► -3 8

III *i»

o«

0.0

®.

fin

al

52.5

°W.

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gth o

f ti

ne

swee

p I

Man

ual

opera

tion.

Len

gth o

f ti

me

sveep

i M

anual

opera

tion,

Med

ian v

alu

es.

Med

ian v

alu

es.

Sab

le

Hi

(Co

rrecti

on

s

an

d ad

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s

to pre

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usly

publi

shed pro

vis

ional

data

)

Cair

o,

Egypt

(30.Q

OH

, 3

1.2

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Hoveober,

191*

5 C

hri

stm

as I,

(l.

9°tt

, 157.3

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Hgveaber

1945

3

% ►

3

3

1 «H IB

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i ► o &

9 CO

g

■P O <r> h g O T

ime

I 7

5.0

°W.

Tim

e*

172.5

°K-

Length

of

tim

e

sweep;

16.0

Me

to 0.5

Me

in fif

teen m

inu

tes.

Length o

f ti

me

sweep:

1.0

Mo

to 13.0

Mo.

Au

tom

ati

c

Med

ian v

alu

es.

Med

ian valu

es.

(Corr

ecti

ons

an

d ad

dit

ion

s

to pre

vio

usly

p

ub

lish

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vis

ional

data

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orr

ecti

ons

an

d ad

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s

to p

rev

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publi

shed p

rov

isio

nal

data

)

Pit

cair

n I.

(25

.0°S

, 130.0

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Octo

ber

19U

5

Wath

ero

o,

*.

Austr

ali

a (3

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Octo

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19

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Local

Length

of

tine

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s M

an

ual

op

era

tio

n.

len

gth o

f ti

ne

sweep:

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opera

tion

, M

edia

n valu

es.

Med

ian valu

es.

•Heig

ht

at

0.8

3

T°P

2.

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f®

72.

9

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13

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Length of

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Me

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edia

n tr

ain

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met

15

Q.0

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et

16

0.0

®E

e L

ength

of

tim

e

except

2.2

Mo

to

12

.6

Me

in

two m

inute

s,

thir

ty seconds.

Len

gth

of

tJs»

o-^

eept

1.6

Mo

to

12

.6

Mo

in

two m

inute

s

iled

ian valu

es.

Media

n v

alu

es.

Tal

ilo

ST

Table

68

(C*

rr®

o«

len

s and o

ad

lblo

M

to p

rav

iou

sly

pufe

Ueh

od d

ate

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orr

oo

blo

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and addit

ions to p

rav

ioo

aly

pn

bll

ah

od pro

vis

ional

data

)

Osl

o,

Barm

y (8

0.9 B

, 11.8 B

) S

oy, 19«

Cap

s T

ork

. A

aotr

sli®

(1

1»

0°S

, H

l„4°S

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_ M

ay,

19«S

t

| a

a o

w

2 .

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f o,

o Is

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ca S u %n s

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Tab

le 36,

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dit

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Capa

To-k

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a (ll

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ban

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15

3.0

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) A

pril

, 1^45

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66

Tab

le

66

(Co

rrecti

on

s

and ad

dit

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o

to pre

vio

usly

publi

shed pro

vis

ional

data

) (C

orrecti

on

s

and addit

ions

to pre

vio

usly

pu

bli

sh

ed p

ro

vis

ion

al

data

)

Bri

sban

e,

Austr

ali

a

(27.5

°S

, 153.0

°E

Mar

oh

, 1946

Canborra,

Austr

ali

a

(35»3°S

, 1

49

.0°E

) M

arc

h

1945

i

Pre

vio

usly re

po

rted fi

nal

valu

es.

Table

47

, IH

PX

—F

10S

were

sum

nari

es

receiv

ed b

y ain

aail

.

(Corr

ecti

ons

and addit

ions

to p

rev

iou

sly

p

ub

lish

ed pro

vis

ional

data

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orr

ecti

ons

and

ad

dit

ion

®

to p

rev

iou

sly

publi

shed d

ata

)

Canberr

a,

Austr

ali

a (3

5«3°s

. 1^9.0

°S

) F

ebru

ary

19

U5

Cap

e Y

ork

, A

ustr

ali

a

(11*0°S

, X

42e4

°E)

January

, 1946

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s-a se

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Table 86

Ionospheric Storminess, January 1946

Day Ionospheric Character* 00-12 GCT 12-24 GCT

principal Storms beginning Snd

GCT GCT

Geoma 00-12

gnetic Characters* GCT 12-24 GCT

January ■ 1 ---——* 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 7 0800 3 6 4 5 2 1200 5 3 5 3 2 2 2 6 O C 1 2 2 7 2 2 i 2 8 2 2 2 1 9 2 2 1 1

10 1 1 1 2 11 2 1 4 2 12 2 2 O 2 13 3 1 0 1 14 2 n 2 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 16 1 1 2 1 17 1 0 3 2 18 1 0 1 2 19 2 1 2 1 20 1 1 1 0 21 1 2 0 1 22 1 1 3 1 23 2 1 3 2 24 2 3 3 3 25 2 2 2 2 26 1 2 3 2 27 1 2 2 1 28 2 2 1 1 29 3 1 2 2 50 2 1 2 1 51 1 2 1 2

♦Ionosphere character figure (1-figure) for ionospheric storminess at Washington, L‘3C«.S during 12-hour period, on an arbitrary scale of 0 to 9, 9 representing the greatest disturbance.

♦♦Average for 12 hours of American magnetic K figure, determined by a number of observatories, on an arbitrary scale of 0 to 9, 9 representing the greatest disturbance.

Table 87

Sudden Ionosphere Disturbances Observed at Washington, D.C.

GCT Locations of Relative Other Day Beginning End transmitters intensity phenomena

at minimum#

Jar&i&ry 14 1912 1935 Ohio, D.C., Mexico, 0.3 Terr, mag®

Chile puls©## 1911-1920

28 1718 1900 Ohio, D.C., Mexico, Chile, Surinam, Gold Coast, Hawaii

0.05

29 1905 2005 Ohio, D.C., New York, 0.02 Terr. mag. llexioo, Chile, Surinam, pulse#* Gold Coast, Hawaii 1915-1925

29 2053 2210 Ohio, D.C., New York, 0.05 Terr® mag. Mexico, Chile, Surinam, pu Ise*# Gold Coast, Hawaii 2100-2110

50 1812 1845 Ohio, D.C., Mexico, Chile, Surinam, Hawaii

0 ©2

30 1900 2145 Ohio, D.C., New York, 0.0 Terr. mag. England, Mexico, Chile, pulse** Surinam, Gold Coast, Hawa ii

1908-2110

31 1238 1340 England 0.0

♦Ratio of received field intensity during SID to average field intensity before and after, for station W8XAL, 6080 kilocycles, 600 kilometers distent, for all SID except the last, which is for station GDI, 13525 kilocycles, 5340 kilometers distant. observed on Cheltenham magnetogram of the United States Coast and

Geodetio Survey.

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Table 39

Provisional Radio Propagation Quality Figures North pacific

Compared with IRPL Warnings and A-Zone Forecasts

Day December

Quality IRPL Figure Warning

1945 A-Zone

Fore¬ cast

Geo¬ mag¬ netic

ka

fH o

CM f—1

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4

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T

1

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T

1 7 7 7 0 0 2 6 6 6 1 1 3 6 5 6 0 0 4 6 6 5 0 0 5 6 5 5 1 2 6 6 6 5 2 3 7 6 6 5 2 1 3 5 5 5 3 2 9 6 6 X X 5 2 2

10 6 5 6 2 1 11 6 •7 X X 6 1 0 12 6 6 5 0 1 13 6 6 (4) 0 4 14 5 6 X X 5 6 3 15 6 6 X X 6 2 2 16 5 5 X X 6 1 2 17 5 6 X X (4) 3 2 13 6 6 X X 5 1 1 19 6 6 X X 5 1 3 20 6 6 5 4 3 21 6 7 X X 5 4 1 22 6 6 X X 5 0 0 23 5 5 (4) 0 3 24 6 7 (4) 3 2 25 5 5 5 2 4 26 5 6 • 5 4 3 27 5 6 X X 6 3 3 28 6 6 X X 6 3 3 29 6 5 X X 5 3 2

30 5 5 X X 5 2 1 31 6 6 X X (4) 2 2

Score* H 0 0 M 0 0 G 15 26

(s) 6 2

s 9 3

Quality Figure and Forecast Scale*

1 s Useless 2 a Very poor 3 ® Poor 4 a Poor to fair 5 a pair 6 " Fair to good 7 s Good 8 - Very good 9 - Excellent

Symbols X » Earning given. H '« Quality 4 or worse

on day or half-day of warning.

M - Quality 4 or worse on day or half-day of no warning.

G - Quality 5 or better on day of no no warning.

(S)— Quality 5 on day of warning.

S s Quality 6 or better on day of warning.

( )•» Quality or forecast 4 or worse (dis¬ turbed)

Geomagnetic K^_ on the standard scale of 0 to 9* 9 representing the greatest disturbance.

*No report issued on 25 December 1945 for 26 December 1945.

00 02 04 06 08 '0 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

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k 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

-LIMITING FREQUENCY=3 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY-5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 7 Me

Fig. 2. WASHINGTON,D.C. JANUARY, 1946

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

2 XL

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-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY =5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 7 Me.

Fig. 4. FAIRBANKS, ALASKA DECEMBER, 1945

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00 0? 04 06 08 !C 12 14 16 13 20 22 00

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me.

— —LIMITING FREQUENCY =5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 7 Me.

Fig. 8. PRINCE RUPERT, CANADA DECEMBER, 1945

-LIMITING FREQUENCY=3 Me

— —LIMITING FREQUENCY=5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 7 Me.

Fig. 10. GREAT BADDOW,ENGLAND DECEMBER, 1945

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

Fig. 13. OTTAWA .CANADA

45.5°N , 75.8°W DECEMBER, 1945

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S

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Fiq. 14. OTTAWA .CANADA DECEMBER, 1945

00 02 04 06 08 10 1 2 14 16 18 20 22 00

s

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16. BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS DECEMBER, 1945

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

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z 400

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-LIMITING FREQUENCY * 3 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY* 5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY* 7 Me.

Fiq. 18. SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER, 1945

-- LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me

— —LIMITING FREQUENCY - 5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 7 Me

Fig. 20. BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA OECEMBER, 1945

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

2

Z 400

F2 jUu

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rr K f ■—

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LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me

— — LIMITING FREQUENCY 5 Me.

Fig. 22.

LIMITING

MAUI,

FREQUENCY

HAWAII

7 Me.

DECEMBER, 1945

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

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2 400

x 300 iD

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——LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me

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Fig. 24. SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO DECEMBER, 1945

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

s

^ 400

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00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

— LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me

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— LIMITING FREQUENCY = 7 Me.

Fig. 26. GUAM I. DECEMBER, 945

00 02 04 06 08 10 !2 14 16 18 20 22 00

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-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me

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Fig. 32. FAIRBANKS, ALASKA NOVEMBER, 1945

00 ss 04 06 08 10 12 w_ §_ e _1Q_ 22 00

$ T J

| $oe

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FREQUENCY

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-- 3 Me

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Fig. 34 GREAT 8ADD0W .ENGLAND NOVEMBER. 1945

00 _ 0 2 . 04. . 06_06 JO 12 . 14_ £. 16 10 . _12_00

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—— LIMITING FREQUENCY * 3 Me

— — LIMITING FREQUENCY - 5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY - 7 Me

Fig. 36. ST. JOHN’S, NEWFOUNDLAND NOVEMBER, 1945

CR

ITIC

AL

FR

EQ

UE

NC

Y (f

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IN

WIG

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

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00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

■-—LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY =5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 7 Me.

Fig. 39. CHRISTMAS T. NOVEMBER, 1945

CR

ITIC

AL

FR

EQ

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NC

Y (f

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IN

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00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

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00 02 04 06. 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 7 Me

Fig. 46. WATHER00.W. AUSTRALIA OCTOBER, 1945

00 02 04 oe 08 10 12 14 16 10 20 22 00

£ *

z 4°°

X 300 o UJ

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-LIMITING FREQUENCY - 3 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY-5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY » 7 Me

Fig. 48. PESHAWAR,INDIA SEPTEMBER, 1945

——- LIMITING FREQUENCY » 3 Me

— —LIMITING FREQUENCY • 5 Me.

-LIMITING FREQUENCY - T Me.

j Fig. 52. BOMBAY, INDIA_SEPTEMBER, 1945 j

00 02 04 06 09 10 12 14 16 [8 2 0 22 0 0

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s ■z «oo

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-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me

— —• LIMITING FREQUENCY - 5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY - 7 Me

Fig. 57. COLOMBO, CEYLON

4 16 18 20 22 00

AUGUST, 1945

00 02 04 06 oe 10 12 14 16 10 20 22 00 40.0

300 10

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* DATA FOR 1200-2300 NOT RECEIVED EXCEPT FOR f-°Fz

Fig. 58. OSLO, NORWAY

59.9°N,N.0°E JUNE, 1945

00 02 04 06 00 10 12 14 16 10 20 22 00

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00 02 04 06 00 10 1 2 14 1 3 18 20 22 00

3 O nrit

— LIMITING FREQUENCY 5 Me

- LIMITING FREQUENCY 7 Me.

Fig. 61. CAPE YORK, AUSTRALIA JUNE, 1945

CR

ITIC

AL

FR

EQ

UE

NC

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IN

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—•—LIMITING FREQUENCY = 3 Me

— —LIMITING FREQUENCY = 5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 7 Me.

Fig. 68. CAPE YORK, AUSTRALIA_MAY, 1945

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

s

z 400

1— I 300 o

UJ x 200

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LIMITING FREQUENCY -- 3 Me

— LIMITING FREQUENCY 5 Me

— LIMITING FREQUENCY 7 Me

Fig. 70. BRISBANE .AUSTRALIA MAY 1945

Fig. 73. CAPE YORK, AUSTRALIA

II.O°S, 142.4aE APRIL, 1945

——LIMITING FREQUENCY • 3 Me

— —LIMITING FREQUENCY-5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY - 7 Me

Fig. 74, CAPE YORK, AUSTRALIA APRIL, 1945

/

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

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Fig. 76. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA APRIL, 1945

Fig. 81. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA

27.5° S, 153.0°E MARCH, 1945

-LIMITING FREQUENCY 1 3 Me

-—LIMITING FREQUENCY =5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY = 7 Me

Fig. 82. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA _ __ MARCH, 1945

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00

2

2 400

1— x 3oq o

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--LIMITING FREQUENCY=3 Me

--LIMITING FREQUENCY = 5 Me

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Fig. 86. CAPE YORK, AUSTRALIA FEBRUARY, 1945

Fig. 87. BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA

27.5rS, I53.0°E FEBRUARY, 1945

-—LIMITING FREQUENCY - 3 Me

--LIMITING FREQUENCY* 5 Me

-LIMITING FREQUENCY * 7 Me

Fig, 88 BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA _FEBRUARY, 1945_

0 0 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 t S 2p_ 22QO

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Fig. 92. CAPE YORK, AUSTRALIA JANUARY, 1945

-LIMI TING FREQUENCY « 3 Me

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Fig. 98. CAPE YORK, AUSTRALIA DECEMBER, i944

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IRPL REPORTS

Telephoned and telegraphed reports of ionospheric, solar

data from various places. Radio disturbance warnings.

geomagnetic , and radio propagation

Semiweekly: IRPL-J. Radio Propagation Forecast.

Semimonthly: IHPL-Ja. Semimonthly Frequency Revision Factors for IRPL Basic Radio Propagation Prediction

Reports. (Issued with IRPL-J series from 4 to 7 days in advance.)

Monthly: IRPL-D. Basic Radio Propagation Predictions - Three months in advance. War Dept. TB 11-499-

monthly supplements to TM 11-499; Navy Dept. ^)NC-L3-l( ), monthly supplements to

DNC-13-1.)

IRFL-F. Ionospheric Data.

Bimonthly: IRFL-G. Correlation of D. F. Errors With Ionospheric Conditions.

Quarterly: *IRPL-A. Recommended Frequency Bands for Ships and Aircraft in the Atlantic and Pacific. ♦IRPL-H. Frequency Guide for Operating Personnel.

♦•IRPL-M. Frequency Guide for Merchant Ships. (Discontinued after IRPL-M7 for Mar., April, and May 1946.)

Special Reports, etc.: IRPL Radio Propagation Handbook, Part 1. (War Dept. TM 11-499; Navy Dept. DNC-13-1.) IRPL-C1 through C6l. Reports and papers of the International Radio Propagation Conference,

17 April to 5 May 1944. IRPL-R. Unscheduled reports:

HI. Maximum Usable Frequency Graph Paper. R2 and R3. Obsolete. R4. Methods Used by IRPL for the Prediction of Ionosphere Characteristics and Maximum

Usable Frequencies. R5. Criteria for Ionospheric Storminess. R6. Experimental Studies of Ionospheric Propagation As Applied to The Loran System. R7. Second Report on Experimental Studies of Ionospheric Propagation As Applied to

The Loran System. R8. The Prediction of Usable Frequencies Over a Path of Short or Medium Length,

Including the Effects of Es. R9. An Automatic Instantaneous Indicator of Skip Distance and MUF, RIO. A Proposal for the Use of Rockets for the Study of the Ionosphere. Rll. A Nomographic Method for Both Prediction and Observation Correlation of Ionosphere

Characteristics. R12. Short Time Variations in Ionospheric Characteristics. Rl"5# Ionospheric and Radio Propagation Disturbances, October 1943 Through February 19^5* R14. A Graphical Method for Calculating Ground Reflection Coefficients. R15* Predicted Limits for F2-layer Radio Transmission Throughout the Solar Cycle. Rl6. Predicted F2-layer Frequencies Throughout the Solar Cycle, for Summer, Winter, and

Equinox Season. R17. Japanese Ionospheric Data - 1943. Rig. Comparison of Geomagnetic Records and North Atlantic Radio Propagation Quality

Figures - October 1943 through May 1945. R19. Nomographic Predictions of F2-layer Frequencies Throughout the Solar Cycle, for June. R20. Nomographic Predictions cf F2-layer Frequencies Throughout the Solar Cycle, for

September. R21* Notes on the Preparation of Skip-Distance and MUF Charts for Use by Direction-

Finder Stations. (For distances out to 4000 km.) R22. Nomographic Predictions of F2-layer Frequencies Throughout the Solar Cycle, for

December. R23. Solar-Cycle Data for Correlation With Radio Propagation Phenomena. R24. Relations between Band Width, Pulse Shape and Usefulness of Pulses in The Loran

System.

R25. The Prediction of Solar Activity as a Basis for Predictions of Radio Propagation Phenomena.

R26. The Ionosphere as a Measure of Solar Activity.

R27. Relationships Between Radio Propagation Disturbance and Central Meridian Passage of Sunspots Grouped by Distance From Center of Disc.

R28. Nomographic Predictions of F2-Layer Frequencies Throughout the Solar Cycle for J anuary.

R29. Revised Classification of Radio Subjects Used in National Bureau of Standards (N.B.S. Letter Circular LC-S14 superseding circular C385)•

R30. Disturbance Rating in Values of IRPL Quality - Figure Scale From A. T. & T. Co. Transmission Disturbance Reports to Replace T.D. Figures as Reported.

R31. North Atlantic Radio Propagation Disturbances, October 1943 through October 1945. R32. Nomographic Predictions of F2-Layer Frequencies Throughout the Solar Cycle, for

' February.

IRPL-T. Reports on Tropospheric Propagation, Tl. Radar Operation and Weather. (Superseded by JANP 101.) T2. Radar Coverage and Weather. (Superseded by JANP 102.)

♦Items bearing this symbol are distributed only by U.S. Navy in N0NR2GISTERED PUBLICATIONS MEMORANDA (NRPM). IRPL-A and -H issued under one cover with NRPM identifying numbers.

♦♦Distributed only by U.S. Navy.