ip addressing terminology. binary and decimal numbers where do our numbers come from? where do...
TRANSCRIPT
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IP Addressing Terminology
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Binary And Decimal Numbers
• Where do our numbers come from?
• Where do binary Numbers come from?
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Binary vs. Decimal
Binary Number
1000
Decimal Number
1000
When Converting to Binary-Remember the 8 bit sequence
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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Convert Decimal to Binary
Convert 1050 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
0 1 ? ? ? ? ? ?
0 1 1 ? ? ? ? ?
0 1 1 0 ? ? ? ?
0 1 1 0 1 ? ? ?
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 = 105
Can I subtract 128?No
Can I subtract 64?Yes- with 41 left
Can I subtract 32?Yes-with 9 left
Can I subtract 16?No
Can I subtract 8?Yes-1 left
Can I subtract 4? 2? 1?
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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Convert Binary to Decimal
Convert 10110011
Add the decimal number when the bit is a 1
128
32
16
2
__1_
179
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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IP addressing Scheme
• Dotted-decimal, as in 172.163.30.56
• Binary, as in 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
• Hexadecimal, as in AC.10.1E.38 (least likely)
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IP Address Essential
• For each class you MUST know– Address Class Range– Reserved Addresses– Default Subnet Mask
• Understand Network and Broadcast Address
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InternetAddress Classes
• Class A – Range 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 • Class B – Range 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 • Class C – Range 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 • Class D – Range 224 to 239 (network address
only)• Class E – Range 240 to 247 (reserved for future
use)
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IP Addressing Rules
• Loopback address
• Broadcast address
• Network address
• Special-case source address
• Reserved IP addressing
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Reserved Addresses
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Class A
• Structure– NetworkNetwork.node.node.node
• Range– 0.0.0.0 through 126.255.255.255
• Default Subnet Mask– 255.0.0.0
• Class A Addresses– Valid hosts = 10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254
• 0’s & 255s are valid hosts but hosts bits cannot all be off or on at the same time!
• 224-2 = 22
• Reserved Addresses:– 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
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Class B
• Structure– NetworkNetwork.NetworkNetwork.node.node
• Range– 128.0.0.0 through 191.255.255.255
• Default Subnet Mask– 255.255.0.0
• Class B Valid Host IDs– Valid hosts = 172.16.0.1 - 172.16.255.254
• 0’s & 255s are valid hosts but hosts bits cannot all be off or on at the same time!
• 216-2 = 214
• Reserved Addresses:– 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
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Class C• Structure
– NetworkNetwork.NetworkNetwork.NetworkNetwork.node• Range
– 192.0.0.0 through 223.255.255.255• Default Subnet Mask
– 255.255.255.0• Class C Valid Host IDs
– Valid hosts = 192.168.100.1 - 192.168.100.254• 28-2 = 26
• Reserved Addresses:– 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
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IP Addressing Rules• Loopback address
– Anything that starts with 127• 127.0.0.1
• Broadcast addresses– Host portion is all 1
• 192.168.10.255 • 255.255.255.0
• Network and special-case source addresses– Host portion is all 0
• 192.168.10.0• Reserved IP addressing
– As seen on previous slides
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Subnetworks
• Subnet masks– Distinguish the network and host portions of
an IP address – Specify whether a destination address is local
or remote
• ANDing
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Key Subnetting Ideas
If you know the subnet mask, figure out ranges
1.Subtract Subnet mask from 256• Result is starting network address and block size
2.Figure out network addresses• Add block size to self up to subnet mask
3.Figure out Broadcast addresses• One less than next network address
4.Figure out available addresses• Between Network and Broadcast
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Figuring Out subnets
1. Figure out how many bits you have to play with• You can steal from the host portion.
2. How many subnets or hosts are needed?• Use the 2n-2>= what you need formula
3. Determine the subnet mask• Make the bits you steal into 1’s and the rest
into 0’s
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Key Subnetting Ideas
If you know the subnet mask, figure out ranges
1.Subtract Subnet mask from 256• Result is starting network address and block size
2.Figure out network addresses• Add block size to self up to subnet mask
3.Figure out Broadcast addresses• One less than next network address
4.Figure out available addresses• Between Network and Broadcast
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Basic Subnetting Example
What is the network address for the following IP address, subnet mask combination: IP Address 210.32.100.70 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.240A.210.32.100.0B.210.32.100.32C.210.32.100.64D.210.32.100.79
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Basic Subnetting Example
IP Address 210.32.100.70
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.240
Step 1. 256-240=16
Step 2. 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96 (stop when you are past the number in question
Step 3. 31, 47, 63, 79, 95, 111
Step 4. Answer-C
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Basic Subnetting Example
Which of the following are valid addresses for the following network (Choose 2)
IP Address 180.64.96.0
Subnet Mask 255.255.224.0
A.180.64.1.1
B.180.64.110.240
C.180.64.35.10
D.180.64.120.255
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Basic Subnetting Example
IP Address 180.64.96.0
Subnet Mask 255.255.224.0
Step 1. 256-224=32
Step 2. 32, 64, 96, 128 (only need to go as far as question)
Step 3. 63, 95, 127, 159
Step 4. Network 96 Range
180.64.96.1 through 180.64.127.254
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CIDR Notation and subnet Masks
/ notation shows how many bits are 1 in subnet mask.
For example:/8 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
=255.0.0.0
/12= 11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000
= 255.240.0.0
/16=11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
=255.255.0.0
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CIDR Notation and subnet MasksTo figure subnet mask from / notationStep 1. Draw out bits, figure out how many
bits are used in subnetted octetStep 2. For subnetted octect, write out 8 bit
number with powers of 2Step 3. Convert from Binary to DecimalStep 4. Write our subnet maskStep 5. Use number to figure Networks,
Broadcasts and Ranges.
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CIDR ExampleWhat is the subnet mask for the following
address
IP Address: 140.34.16.240 /20
A. 255.255.0.0
B. 255.255.248.0
C. 255.240.0.0
D. 255.255.240.0
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CIDR ExampleIP Address: 140.34.16.240 /20Step 1. 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
Step 2. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Step 3. 128+64+32+16=240
Step 4. 255.255.240.0
Step 5. Network-140.34.16.0
Broadcast-140.34.31.255
Range-140.34.16.1 through 140.34.31.254
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Custom Subnet Masks• Step 1: Determine the number of subnets needed• Step 2: Determine the number of bits to borrow from the
host portion• Step 3: Determine the subnet mask• Step 4: Determine the maximum number of hosts per
subnetwork• Step 5: Determine the subnetwork addresses for each
subnet• Step 6: Determine the address ranges for each
subnetwork
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Basic Subnetting Example
What is the network address for the following IP address, subnet mask combination: IP Address 210.32.100.70 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.240A.210.32.100.0B.210.32.100.32C.210.32.100.64D.210.32.100.79
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Basic Subnetting Example
IP Address 210.32.100.70
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.240
Step 1. 256-240=16
Step 2. 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96 (stop when you are past the number in question
Step 3. 31, 47, 63, 79, 95, 111
Step 4. Answer-C
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Basic Subnetting Example
What is the network address for the following IP address, subnet mask combination: IP Address 210.32.100.70 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.240A.210.32.100.0B.210.32.100.32C.210.32.100.64D.210.32.100.79
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Basic Subnetting Example
Which of the following are valid addresses for the following network (Choose 2)
IP Address 180.64.96.0
Subnet Mask 255.255.224.0
A.180.64.1.1
B.180.64.110.240
C.180.64.35.10
D.180.64.120.255
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Basic Subnetting Example
IP Address 180.64.96.0
Subnet Mask 255.255.224.0
Step 1. 256-224=32
Step 2. 32, 64, 96, 128 (only need to go as far as question)
Step 3. 63, 95, 127, 159
Step 4. Network 96 Range
180.64.96.1 through 180.64.127.254
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Basic Subnetting Example
Which of the following are valid addresses for the following network (Choose 2)
IP Address 180.64.96.0
Subnet Mask 255.255.224.0
A.180.64.1.1
B.180.64.110.240
C.180.64.35.10
D.180.64.120.255
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CIDR Notation and subnet Masks
/ notation shows how many bits are 1 in subnet mask.
For example:/8 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
=255.0.0.0
/12= 11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000
= 255.240.0.0
/16=11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
=255.255.0.0
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CIDR Notation and subnet MasksTo figure subnet mask from / notationStep 1. Draw out bits, figure out how many
bits are used in subnetted octetStep 2. For subnetted octect, write out 8 bit
number with powers of 2Step 3. Convert from Binary to DecimalStep 4. Write our subnet maskStep 5. Use number to figure Networks,
Broadcasts and Ranges.
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CIDR ExampleWhat is the subnet mask for the following
address
IP Address: 140.34.16.240 /20
A. 255.255.0.0
B. 255.255.248.0
C. 255.240.0.0
D. 255.255.240.0
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CIDR ExampleIP Address: 140.34.16.240 /20Step 1. 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
Step 2. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Step 3. 128+64+32+16=240
Step 4. 255.255.240.0
Step 5. Network-140.34.16.0
Broadcast-140.34.31.255
Range-140.34.16.1 through 140.34.31.254
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CIDR ExampleWhat is the subnet mask for the following
address
IP Address: 140.34.16.240 /20
A. 255.255.0.0
B. 255.255.248.0
C. 255.240.0.0
D. 255.255.240.0
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Custom Subnet Masks• Step 1: Determine the number of subnets needed• Step 2: Determine the number of bits to borrow from the
host portion• Step 3: Determine the subnet mask• Step 4: Determine the maximum number of hosts per
subnetwork• Step 5: Determine the subnetwork addresses for each
subnet• Step 6: Determine the address ranges for each
subnetwork