ip networking basics
TRANSCRIPT
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IP NETWORKING BASICS
29 MAR 03
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OSI Model and TCP / IP Protocol Suite. Ethernet LAN technology and Switching
concepts.
Routing concepts.
IP Addressing.
Bit deeper into Routing subnetting,firewall, NAT.
Scope of Session
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OSI
OPERATING SYSTEM
APPLICATIONS
NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES
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1
2
3
4
6
5
7
1
3
4
5
6
7
Header3
Data
Data
Header 4
DataHeader 2
Data
2
Network
System A System BInformation unit
OSI
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OSI Model
Application layer roughlycorresponds to Application and
Presentation layers (FTP,TFTP, and HTTP).
Transport layer roughlycorresponds to Session andTransport layers (This layerholds he Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP), and UserDatagram Protocol (UDP)
Internet layer is equivalent tothe Network layer. This layerholds the Internet Protocol(IP), Internet ControlMessage Protocol (ICMP),Internet Group MessageProtocol (IGMP), and Address
Resolutions Protocol (ARP). Network Interface layer
roughly corresponds to DataLink and Physical layers
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LANSWITCHING
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Ethernet
802.3* - Hardware standards forEthernetcards and cables
802.5 - Hardware standards for Token Ringcards / cables
802.2 - The new message format for data onany LAN
*This includes the original 10 Megabitper second
(Mbps) system, 100 Mbps FastEthernet(802.3u),1000 Mbps GigabitEthernet(802.3z/802.3ab), and10 GigabitEthernet(802.3ae).
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ETHERNET
CSMA / CDCOLLISION DOMAIN
BROADCAST DOMAIN
PACKET SIZE MIN 64 BYTES; MAX 1512
BYTES
ROUND TRIP DELAY: 50 MICRO
SECONDS
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ETHERNET
10 Base T
10: 10 mbps
Base: Baseband
T: Twisted pair
PACKET SIZE MIN 64
BYTES; MAX151
2 BYTESROUND TRIP DELAY: 50
MICRO SECONDS
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ETHERNET
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ETHERNETEFFICIENCY
The Factors AffectingNetwork Efficiency
-Amount of traffic
- Number of nodes- Size of packets- Network diameter
Measuring Network Efficiency
- Average to peak load deviation- Collision Rate- Utilization Rate
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VLAN /LAYER3 SWITCHING.STORE FORWARD / CUT THROUGH.
BLOCKING AND NON- BLOCKING.
100 MBPS X 2 (FULL DX) X 8 PORTS=1.6GBPS
50% UTILISATION=>800 MBPSBACKPLANE.
COST.
SWITCH BUFFER.
SWITCHING: ISSUES
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Questions?
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DIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKS
PUBLIC MEDIAPUBLIC MEDIA
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DIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKSDIFFERENT NETWORKS
PUBLIC MEDIAPUBLIC MEDIA
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Network Layer : Path Determination
WHICH PATH??
Layer 3 functions to find the best path through the inetrnetwork
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1
2
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4
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Network Layer: Communication Path
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Addressing : Network and Host
Network address Path part used by the router
Host address --- Specific port or device on the network
Network Host
1 1
2
3
2 1
3 1
1.2
1.31.1
2.1
3.1
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Protocol Addressing Variations
General
Example
TCP/IP
Example
Novell IPX
Example
Network Node
1 1
Network Host
10 8.2.48
Network Node
1acebob. 0000.0c00.6e25
(Mask255.0.0.0 )
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Routing uses Network Addresses
Network portion of address to make path selections
Node portion of address refers to router port to the path
Destination Direction and
Network Router port
1.0 1.1
2.0 2.1
3.0 3.1
1.01.1
3.1
2.12.0
3.0
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Routed versusRouting Protocol
Routedprotocol used
Between routers to direct
traffic
Examples : IP, IPX
Routingprotocols used only
Between routers to maintain
tables
Examples :RIP, IGRP
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Network Layer Protocol Operations
Each router provides its services to support upper-layer functions
Application
Presentation
Session
TransportNetwork
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
TransportNetwork
Data Link
Physical
X Y
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network
Data Link
Physical
A B C
A
B
C
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MultiprotocolRouting
Routers pass traffic from all routed protocols over the
internetwork
Novell Apple
Digital IP
Routing tables
Token
ring
VAX
VAX
Token
ring
IPX 4b.0800.0121.ab13
IPX 3a.0800.5678.12ab
IP15.16.50.3
Apple talk100.110
IP15.16.42.8DECnet10.1
DECnet 5.8
Apple Talk
200.167
IP15.17.132.6
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Static versus DynamicRoutes
StaticRoute
Uses a protocol route that a network administrator
enters into the router
DynamicRoute
Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts
automatically for topology or traffic changes
We use it whenever our network has redundant paths.
Metrics
BW,Delay,Load, Reliability
Hop count, ticks (IPX specific), cost
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Questions?
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IPADDR
ESSING
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Class
Top Octet
Range
Top Octet
Binary Network . HostA 0 - 127 0xxxxxxx
NNN.HHH.HHH.H
HHB 128 - 191 10xxxxxx
NNN.NNN.HHH.H
HHC 192 - 223 110xxxxx
NNN.NNN.NNN.H
HH
IP ADDRESSING
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Addressing inTCP/IP
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Decimal Binary
IP Address 140.250.1.55 10001100.11111010.00000001.00110010
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Network Part 140.250.1.0 10001100.11111010.00000001.00000000
The effect of this Subnet Mask is to move the boundary between the
network part and the host part of this IP address to the right by 8 bits
IP ADDRESSING: SUBNET MASK
Binary Decimal
IP Address 10001100.11111010.00000001.00110010 140.250.1.55
Subnet Mask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224
Network Part 10001100.11111010.00000001.00100000 140.250.1.32
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Addressing inTCP/IP
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Problems inIPv4
Limited Address space. Interim Solution:
Network address Translation (NAT)
Classless Internet Domain Routing
Rigid Numbering.
No Security.
P
ermanent Solution:IPv6
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Questions?
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Why Use NAT ?
---- Use NAT When
You need to connect to the internet but your hosts do not have
globally unique IP addresses
You change over to a new ISP that requires you to renumber yournetwork
You want to do basic load sharing
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ip nat inside source static
10.10.10.1 171.16.68.5
!--- Inside deviceA is
known by the outside
cloud as 171.16.68.5
interface s 0 ip nat inside
interface s 1 ip nat outside
HowNATworks
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Inside Global Inside Local Outside Local Outside Global
171.16.68.5 10.10.10.1 171.16.68.1 171.16.68.1
HowNATworks
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The NAT router translatestraffic coming into andleaving the private network.
HowNATworks
In static NAT, the computer withthe IP address of192.168.32.10 will
always translate to 213.18.123.110.
In dynamic NAT, the computer with the IP
address of192.168.32.10 will translate to the
first available address in the range from
213.18.123.100 to 213.18.123.150.
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HowNATworks
In overloading, each computer on the
private network is translated to the same
IP address (213.18.123.100) but with a
different port number assignment.
The internal IP range (237.16.32.xx) is
also a registered range used by
another network. Therefore, the router
is translating the addresses to avoid apotential conflict with another
network. It will also translate the
registered global IP addresses back to
the unregistered local IP addresses
when information is sent to the
internal network.
OVERLOADING