ip supervision
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Reflections and the Roles we Play: Interprofessional Supervision
Shelly Russell-Mayhew, Ph.D., R. Psych.Division of Applied PsychologyUniversity of CalgaryMarch 9, 2007
Agenda
Definitions and ‘Lingo’ Barriers and Disadvantages Facilitators and Advantages Experiential Activity What might interprofessional
supervision look like? Recommendations and summary
“Interprofessional” Definition
“Occasions when two or more professionals learn with, from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care.”
Centre for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education (CAIPE, 1997, revised 2002.)
Supervision
“A formal process of professional support and learning which enables practitioners to develop knowledge and competence, assume responsibility for their own practice and enhance consumer protection and the safety of care in complex situations.”
Department of Health (1993) UK as cited in Bailey 2004.
Overarching Theme in ‘Collaboration Literature
Involves considering MORE THAN ONE PERSPECTIVE
Lingo
‘Clinical’ supervision is now called ‘work based’ supervision as it seems to be more inclusive of a number of professions (Bailey, 2004)
Lingo continued
Mentor – the professional who facilitates learning and supervises and assesses students in the practice setting (nursing)
Facilitator (community nursing) Clinical supervisor (physiotherapy) Practice teacher (social work) Fieldwork educator (occupational therapist) Peer reviewer (mental health practitioners) Tutor (clinical education ward)
Placement educator (proposed by Emerson, 2004 as neutral)
Interprofessional Supervision
Two or more people from different professional groups to achieve a common goal of protecting the welfare of the client
Townend, 2005
KEY FEATURES OF ANY ‘INTERPROFESSIONAL SUPERVISION”
DEFINITION
1) There is an INTERACTION between (at least) two people,
2) the ‘supervisor’ is attempting to support the ‘supervisee’ in becoming better at helping people
3) the process of supervision is about a relationship within which education, support and quality control can happen
4) there are two or more professional groups represented in the interaction
Barriers
Power Professional stereotypes Time/caseload issues Interprofessional rivalries and turf
wars
Disadvantages
Role differences and misunderstandings Different training level (perceived
professional status) Absence of shared theory and language Absence of empathy for organizational
issues Anxiety Fear of revealing weaknesses
Facilitators
Trust Working alliance b/w supervisor and
supervisee A developmental approach to improving
practice Common documentation systems for
team Joint supervision policies Role clarity A common approach to practice
Advantages
Different perspective Increased creativity Wider knowledge Prevents complacency Critical thinking Interprofessional supervision can
contribute to the transfer of learning from training into practice
Summary
Both interprofessional collaboration and supervision are poorly understood (double trouble)
Interprofessional supervision is one of the most confused issues in team organization and management
Interprofessional supervision is just beginning to be explored
Theoretical models of interprofessional supervision need to be developed
The Roles We Play
Experiential activity using scenerio
Volunteers play a role (need 9 people)
Observers watch to share observations
THE ROLES WE PLAY: Interprofessional Supervision Experiential Exercise
Your workplace has become a part of an exciting new initiative that includes a new model of supervision for student trainees. As part of your commitment to this initiative, all students will be trained in service delivery as part of a multidisciplinary student team supervised by a team of interprofessional supervisors.
A student and supervisor have approached you about interprofessional supervision asking:“How does this really work?”“Why is it important for my professional development?”“What will my professional association say about my supervision being with someone from another profession?”
Because of the importance of giving both the student team and the supervisor team consistent messages, you have brought forward this topic for discussion at the team meeting for the Interprofessional Supervisors. Take up this discussion using the cards in front of you. Identify approaches and strategies you could take.
Recommendations
Be familiar with your own role and others’ roles
Put yourself in the others’ shoes regarding previous training and background
Acknowledge power differences Acknowledge and negotiate
preferred ways of working
What might interprofessional supervision look like? (Gillig & Barr, 1999)
Semi- annual chart review and face-to-face discussions held with clinicians by an interprofessional team (in addition to ‘regular’ supervision)
What might interprofessional supervision look like? (Thomasgard & Collins, 2003)
A case-based peer supervision model
A continuing–education program, involving collaborative peer supervision
What might interprofessional supervision look like? (Ponzer et al., 2004)
Interprofessional training in the context of clinical practice – clinical education wards
2 week interprofessional clinical course
What might interprofessional supervision look like? Emerson, 2004
How common or profession-specific are the competency requirements of the different professions for members who supervise students?
If commonality, how feasible is it to develop an integrated interprofessional development and support program for placement educators?
Common Competencies for Placement Educators (Emerson, 2004)
Enabling learning Knowledge of theories of learning
Ability to manage learning environment Ability to impart and model a sense of
professional responsibility
Current knowledge of professional practice
Current knowledge of relevant curricula
Summary of Literature
Pilot projects and initiatives tend to be temporary so no long term data
Positive features shown initially tend to temper as demands of ‘real practice’ increase
Consistent problem seems to be working in parallel not collaboratively (at the level of individual projects as well as at the level of professional bodies)
Empirical reports of team supervision are extremely rare although often discussed theoretically
Summary of Literature
Little empirical evidence about the EXTENT of interprofessional supervision
Little empirical evidence about advantages or disadvantages
No clearly articulated theory, models, or protocols
In short, people are engaging in interprofessional supervision without research, theory or knowledge base pertaining to interprofessional supervision competence.
ReferencesBailey, D. (2004). The contribution of work-based supervision to interprofessional learning on a masters programme
in Community Mental Health. Active Learning in Higher Education, 5(3), 263-278.Clouder, L., & Sellars, J. (2004). Reflective practice and clinical supervision: An interprofessional perspective.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(3), 262-269.Davies, E.J., Tennant, A., Ferguson, E., Jones, L.F. (2004). Developing models and a framework for multi-
professional clinical supervision. The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 6(3), 36-42.Emerson, T. (2004). Preparing placement supervisors for primary care: An interprofessional perspective from the
UK. Journal of Interprofessional care, 18, 165-182.Gillig, P.M., & Barr, A. (1999). A model for multidisciplinary peer review and supervision of behavioral health
clinicians, Community Mental Health Journal, 35(4), 361-365.Hyrkas, K., & Appelqvist-Schmidlechner, K. (2003). Team supervision in multiprofessional teams: Team members’
descriptions of the effects as highlighted by group interviews. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12, 188-197.Hyrkas, K., Appelqvist-Schmidlechner, K., & Paunonen-Ilmonen, M. (2002). Expert supervisors’ views of clinical
supervision: a study of factors promoting and inhibiting the achievements of multiprofessional team supervision. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 38, 287-397.
Larkin, C. & Callaghan, P. (2005). Professionals’ perceptions of interprofessional working in community mental health teams. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 19(4), 338-346.
O’Donoghue. K. (2003). Unpublished. Uniprofessional, multiprofessional, field of practice, Discipline: Social workers and cross-disciplinary supervision.
Peacock, J.R., Bradley, D.B., & Shenk, D. (2001). Incorporating field sites into service-learning as collaborative partners. Educational Gerontology, 27, 23-35.
Ponzer, S., Hylin, U. Kusoffsky, A., Lauffs, M., Lonka, K., Mattiasson, A., & Nordstron, G. (2004). Interprofessional training in the context of clinical practice: Goals and students’ perceptions on clinical education wards. Medical Education, 38, 727-736.
Summers, M., Childs, A., & Corney, G. (2005). Education for sustainable development in initial teacher training: Issues for interdisciplinary collaboration. Environmental Education Research, 11(5), 623-647.
Thomasgard, M., & Collins, V. (2003). A comprehensive review of a cross-disciplinary, case-based peer supervision model. Families, Systems, & Health, 21(3), 305-319.
Townend, M. (2005). Interprofessional supervision from the perspective of both mental health nurses and other professionals in the field of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 12, 582-588.