THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)Sooi y i u uu ee! x oc o : oaoni . oFront Central BackCloseClose-midOpen-midOpenWhere symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.mBilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal GlottalPlosivepb td j" cj kqqo INasal m p n q # q Trill ! r nTap or Flap! r[Fricative| f v 0s z ] ,% j x,u h\ hhLateralfricativel|Approximant& j Lateralapproximantl' / rWhere symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)SUPRASEGMENTALSVOWELSOTHER SYMBOLSClicks Voiced implosives EjectivesOBilabial ( Bilabial Examples:" Dental d Dental/alveolar p Bilabial!(Post)alveolar # Palatal t Dental/alveolar= Palatoalveolar q Velar k Velar) Alveolar lateral o Uvular s Alveolar fricative 'Primary stress , Secondary stress,foonS'ti]Sn : Longe:Half-long e Extra-short e!Minor (foot) group!Major (intonation) group . Syllable breaki.kt * Linking (absence of a break)TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOURe or 1Extrahigheor /Risinge !Highe Fallinge MideHighrisinge Lowe$Lowrisinge Extralowe Rising-fallingDownstepGlobal riseUpstepGlobal fall 2005 IPA DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. q Voicelessnd Breathy voicedbaDental t d Voiced st Creaky voiced baApical t d Aspirated t dLinguolabialt d Laminalt d More rounded o Labialized t dNasalizede Less roundedo+ Palatalizedt+d+ Nasal released Advanced u, Velarizedt,d, Lateral released Retractede- Pharyngealized t- d-` No audible released`Centralized e Velarized or pharyngealizedI Mid-centralizedeRaisede( = voiced alveolar fricative) SyllabicnLowerede ( = voiced bilabial approximant) Non-syllabic eAdvanced Tongue RooteRhoticity S a " Retracted Tongue Root e./Voiceless labial-velar fricative c z Alveolo-palatal fricativesw Voiced labial-velar approximant J Voiced alveolar lateral flapq Voiced labial-palatal approximant!Simultaneous]and xn Voiceless epiglottal fricative -Voiced epiglottal fricativeAffricates and double articulationscan be represented by two symbols - Epiglottal plosive joined by a tie bar if necessary.kpts((