ipba statement of problem 2009
TRANSCRIPT
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The Statement of the Problem,
Objectives & ResearchQuestions (Quantitative)
Dr Tan Ming Tang
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Quantitative Research
Is about quantifying the relationships
between an independent variable and a
dependent or outcome variable eg byusing correlation coefficient, the difference
between two means.
Eg: The use of motivational techniques in
improving reading skills.
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Research process - quantitative Define research question/ statement of the problem
Objective/Purpose of the study Review situation and literature
Develop hypotheses
Design your Research
Type of research, research design
Sample with rationale
Develop instruments reliability & validity
Data collection
Data analysis and Evaluation
Hypothesis testing (Does the results support theresearch questions?)
Conclusion
Recommendations for future research
Implications for practice and research
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Bab 1 : Pernyataan Masalah
Pengenalan
Permasalahan kajian
Kerangka konseptual kajian
Tujuan kajian
Persoalan kajian
Hipotesis kajian
Definisi operasional istilah kajian Kesignifikanan kajian
Batasan kajian
Penutup
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Sources of Research Problem
Own interest & experience
To test certain theories used
To replicate past research
Conflicting findings of past
research
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The Research Problem
A good research problem must beresearchable. That is, the researchermust have access to the resources and
data necessary to complete a study. Describes what your research is about
& what your aims are.
A good statement gives an overallpicture, focuses on the variablesinvolved & the direction the research isheading.
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Example of a problem statement
it needs to be elaborated The present study is an attempt to identify
students disciplinary problems and the
fear and anxiety they have created to thesurrounding communities.
A study of the effects of using courseware
X on science achievement of the Form 4 B
class in a school in Kuching.
A survey of teachers perceptions of their
roles in school in Kuantan.
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Elaboration: The Statement of
the Problem1) What are the variables in the study?
2) What is the reason to study these
variables?3) Problem statement?
4) Any related research incorporated?
5) After finding the results, can use it forwhat purpose?
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Although most teachers are able to identify the self-regulated learners among their students, there is
generally a lack of knowledge about how studentsregulate their own learning & the factors affecting it.As a result, teachers are unable to create suitablelearning environments for encouraging self-regulatedlearning. Most classrooms are still populated with
students who are not self-regulating their learning(Boekaerts, 1997). Much of students learning is stillvery much steered & guided by the teacher; asituation which does not invite students to use ordevelop their cognitive or motivational self-regulatory
skills (Zimmerman, 1989a). Indeed, if teachers are tobe effective facilitators of learning, they need to havegreater insights into their students self-regulatedlearning behavior and the factors affecting it.
Mary Wong (2001)
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One of the main aims of science education in Malaysia is todevelop the potentials of individuals in an overall and integratedmanner so as to produce Malaysian citizens who are not onlyscientifically and technologically literate but also competent in
scientific skills (Malaysia, PP Kurikulum, 2002). However, owing toa keen emphasis on examination-oriented teaching, the teachingand learning of science in some context, has becomes largelyteacher-centered, thereby ignoring the development and masteryof scientific and thinking skills among students as required bythe curriculum (Sharifah, 2001; p. 42). From here, there is thus
a need to look into the training of the Malaysian scienceteachers on whether enough emphasis is placed on teachingand facilitating the use of scientific skills in science laboratoryinvestigations. At present, Malaysias future science teachers arebeing trained and molded at the teacher training colleges anduniversities scattered across the nation. As regard to their training in the field of laboratory work, there is a lack of knowledge about their conceptions and applications of scientificevidence in science investigations. The scarcity of documentedstudies in Malaysia on the conceptions and applications of scientific evidence certainly confirmed it. Therefore it was timelyfor this present study on the conceptions and applications of scientific evidence be undertaken in order to expand this field of
scientific knowledge.
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Tujuan Kajian
Biasa dinyata pada baris pertama abstrak
kajian
Hasrat utama pengkaji menjalankan kajian Intipati kajian
Perlu dinyata dengan tepat & jelas
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Tujuan Kajian
Biasa dimula dengan ayat-ayat berikut :
Tujuan kajian ini ialah ..
Kajian ini ingin menyelidik . Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji ingin mengenal
pasti .
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Soalan Kajian
Tujuan kajian
Objektif kajian
Persoalan kajian
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Contoh Soalan Kajian Kuantitatif
Apakah kesan keluarga terhadap
pembelajaran anak-anak di sekolah ?
Apakah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhipencapaian pensyarah di IPGM?
Sejauh manakah faktor keluarga
mempengaruhi disiplin pelajar ?
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Contoh Soalan Kajian Kuantitatif
Bagaimanakah perubahan sikap terhadap
disiplin berlaku dalam organisasi?
Apakah pandangan pelajar terhadaplarangan keluar dari rumah pada waktu
malam?
Bagaimanakah sambutan guru-guru
terhadap pemansuhan pengajaran Sains
& Matematik dalam Bahasa Inggeris?
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Peranan Soalan Kajian
Menentukan prosedur perancangan kajian
Memberi haluan & kesepaduan dalam kajian
Menentukan batasan kajian
Menentukan data yang diperlukan
Mengawal penyelidik daripada hilang fokus
Menyediakan rangka untuk menulis laporan
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Contoh menulis Tujuan, Objektif &
Persoalan KajianTajuk Kajian : Projek KIA2M di SK Putra,
Simpang Durian
Pendekatan Kualitatif dgn pemerhatian, temu bual
& analisis dokumenResponden kajian : 8 orang pensyarah K.Raja
Melewar
Tujuan kajian :
Kajian ini ingin meninjau aktiviti KIA2M yangdilaksanakan, melihat masalah utama yangdihadapi dan mencadangkan langkah-langkahuntuk mengatasi masalah itu.
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Objektif & Persoalan Kajian
Objektif Kajian :
Berikut adalah objektif-objektif kajian :
i. meninjau aktiviti KIA2M yang dilaksanakan
ii. melihat masalah utama yang dihadapi
iii. mencadangkan langkah-langkah untuk mengatasi
masalah
Persoalan Kajian :
i. Bagaimanakah proses p & p dilaksanakan dlm projek
KIA2M di SK Putra?
ii. Apakah status kejayaan projek KIA2M di SK Putra?iii. Apakah masalah utama yg dihadapi dlm projek KIA2M di
SK Putra?
iv. Apakah cadangan utk mengatasi masalah dlm projek
KIA2M di SK Putra?
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Rubrik menyemak kualiti
Persoalan Kajian
A Persoalan kajian jelas, tepat & dpt
mengendalikan suatu isu yang berasaskan
tinjauan literatur yang kukuh, ada asas teori
B
Objektif, persoalan kajian/ hipotesis logik &hasil kajian dapat memberi sumbangan
C Tujuan kajian menggunakan istilah yang
jelas, berfokus & boleh dicapai
D Dapat kenal pasti masalah kajian yang dapat
dikaji dengan sumber & masa yang ada
E Masalah kajian tidak patut & tidak sesuai dikaji
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Research Objective
The main aims of this study were to
describe science teacher trainees
understanding of scientific evidence
regarding measurement reliability and
design validity in investigative tasks.
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Research Questions:
Characteristics of a good question
Feasible: It can be investigated.
Clarity: Most people would understand
and agree with the idea of the question. Significance: It is worth investigating
Ethical: It will not harm anyone, nor
damage anything. It is not beinginvestigated for illegal, immoral, or
malicious purposes.
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Research Questions
What aspects of scientific evidence inthe design, measurement and datahandling stages are used by thescience teacher trainees in conductingthe three novel physical scienceexperiments?
What are the science teacher traineesconceptions of five scientific evidenceaspects associated with the
measurement reliability and designvalidity categories that are employed incarrying out each novel physicalscience experiment?
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Qualitative Research
Example of research topic/statement:Behavioral characteristics of truants
Research Objective:
To identify the behavioral characteristics oftruants when in the classrooms.
Research Question:
What are the identifiable behavioralcharacteristics of truants when they are in the
classroom?
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Research Hypotheses
A
formulation of a potential solution toa problem in a form of a statement.
- Statistically tested (Not all research
need hypothesis descriptive &
qualitative research that do not use
figures cannot be tested statistically)
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Directional Hypothesis
A one-directional prediction: The researcheris very certain that the mean score of theexperimental group is higher than that of thecontrol group.
H0: No difference in the mean score ..
HA: Students who follow cooperative learning
obtained higher mean score in science thanthose who follow the lecture style oflearning.
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Non-directional Hypothesis
The researcher did not predict whichgroup of students would performbetter.
Ho: There is no difference between the
mean score of ..
HA: There is a difference between themean score of science ofForm 3
students who follow cooperativelearning and those using the lecturestyle of learning.
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The End