ipm 2010

Integrated parasite management (IPM)

S. Schoenian 1

Integrated Parasite Management Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) in Small Ruminants(IPM) in Small Ruminants

SUSAN SCHOENIANSheep & Goat Specialist

University of Maryland [email protected]

www.sheepandgoat.com

wormx.org - wormcontrol.org - controlworms.org - scsrpc.org

•Veterinarians•Parasitologists•Animal scientists

SOUTHERN CONSORTIUMFOR SMALL RUMINANTPARASITE CONTROL (SCSRPC)

•Animal scientists•Extension specialists

Internal Parasites#1 health problem in sheep and goats in warm, moist climates

Sheep and goats are the most susceptible livestock to internal parasites.

Close grazingGraze near fecal pelletsSlow-to-develop immunity

We can no longer rely on anthelmintic treatments alone to control parasites; a much more integrated approach is necessary.

Few anthelmintics are FDA-approved for sheep, even fewer for goats.

Anthelmintic resistance is real and increasing.

New drugs take a lot of time and money to develop and reach the market place (if ever).

anthelmintic = dewormer = anti-parasitic drug

Haemonchus contortus

The Barber Pole WormA blood-sucking parasite (roundworm) that pierces the mucosa of the abomasum (ruminant “stomach”) and causes blood plasma and protein loss to the sheep, goat, or camelid.

I want your blood!

0.05 ml blood per dayFemale worm

Barber Pole Worm

SymptomsPale mucous membranesEdema (bottle jaw)NOT diarrhea (scours)Ill thrift

Weight loss, unthrifty

Rough hair coat

Ill thriftSudden DEATH

Difficult to controlShort, direct life cycleProlific egg producerCan go into “hypobiotic” (arrested) state during winter to survive.Can survive on pasture for a long time.

→ Adaptable

Bottle jaw

Pale membranes

Other gastro-intestinal (round) worms (strongyle family)

Direct life cyclesBurrow into the wall of the abomasum or intestines.

→ Usually secondary in importance.→ Usually have an additive effect in

mixed parasitic infectionsmixed parasitic infections.Symptoms: scouring, weight loss, rough hair coat, ill thrift, poor appetite.

*TrichostrongylusOstertagia (Teladorsagia)

Oesophagostomum Nematodirus


S. Schoenian 2

Fecal egg counts - Larvae ID2009 Western Maryland Pasture-Based Meat Goat Performance Test

TapewormsMoniezia spp.

Life CycleWorms live in the small intestines.Eggs pass out through feces.The egg is eaten by a pasture mite.The egg hatches.The mite is eaten by the sheep or goat.

Pasture mite

g

Is the only parasite we can see in the feces.

Light loads of tapeworms tend not to be a problem, but severe infestations could cause GI problems.

→ Tapeworms are generally considered to be non-pathogenic.

→ Deworming for tapeworms has not been shown to increase performance in lambs.

LungwormsIndirect or direct life cycle.

Transmitted in feces.

Difficult to see in fecal samplesample.

Severe infestations can result in coughing, fluid on lungs, pneumonia.

Diagnosis is usually via necropsy.

Most drugs which kill stomach worms kill lung worms.

Liver flukesFasciola hepatica

Generally not considered to be a problem in Mid-Atlantic area.

Gulf states and Pacific Northwest.

Requires open water and aquatic snails (wet conditions) to complete life cycle.y

Can kill adult liver flukes with Albendazole (Valbazen®) or Ivomec® Plus).

CoccidiaEimeria sp. (species-specific)

Normal inhabitant of ruminant’s GI system.

Single-cell protozoa that damage the lining of the small g gintestines.

Causes diarrhea that may be smeared with blood and/or mucous.Signs of disease occur ~17 days after infection (ingestion of oocytes).Damage can be permanent!

Prevent with good sanitation and proper stocking.Fecal samples may or may not be

helpful in diagnosing disease.

CoccidiaEimeria sp. (species-specific)

Can use additives in feed, mineral, or water to prevent clinical disease in groups of animals:

Lasalocid (Bovatec®)13

M i (R i ®)23Monensin (Rumensin®)23

Decoquinate (Deccox®)12

Amprolium (Corid®) in water

Treat (individual animals) with Amprolium or sulfa drugs.

1FDA-approved for sheep2FDA-approved for goats3TOXIC to EQUINES!!!!!!


S. Schoenian 3

Meningeal worm (deer, brain worm)Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

Parasite of White Tail Deer

Small ruminants are abnormal hosts.

sheep, goats, llama, alpaca, horse

Parasite has indirect life cycle Parasite has indirect life cycle Snails and slugs needed for infection.

Once ingested, larva travel from intestinal tract to spinal cord to brain, causing progressively worse symptoms . . .

LamenessGait abnormalityHind quarter weakness Paralysis DEATH

Animals maintain appetite

Cannot diagnose in a living sheep/goat

(necropsy or spinal fluid)

TreatmentHigh doses of anthelmintics

IvermectinFenbendazole

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Some recover on their own.

Meningeal worm

Cannot repair damaged tissue.

PreventionRestrict access to certain areas of pasture.

• Fence off wet areas• Areas with lots of debris

Control deer populationControl snail/slug populationMonthly deworming

Only if problem is severe!

Fencing to exclude deer is not usually practical.

How do you know what kind of worms your sheep or goats have?

Parasite identification

1) Fecal flotation or egg count

Can differentiate between strongyle(stomach), tapeworm, and coccidia eggs.Can’t differentiate between most strongyle (stomach) worm eggs.eggs (except Nematodirus)Meningeal worm does not pass eggs

Do-it-yourself• Public lab • Diagnostic lab• Private lab• Veterinarian Eimeria spp.

Moniezia spp.

Stomach worm identification2) Fecal coproculture / larvae ID

Differentiate between strongyle(stomach) worms (H. contortus, Teladorsagia, and trichostrongyles)

• University of Georgia (Dr. Ray Kaplan’s lab)(Dr. Ray Kaplan s lab)

Can take test one step further to determine anthelmintic resistance -- larval development assay (LDA) or DrenchRite® test.

3) Lectin-staining test (new)Determine percent of Haemonchus contortus eggs in sample.

• Oregon State University• University of Georgia

sheep/goats + grazing (pasture) = worm infectionL3’s infective larvae ingested L4’s and adults suck bloodL4’s and adults suck blood

How do sheep and goats get infected with parasites?


S. Schoenian 4

Life Cycle of Stomach Worms

Worm problems vary by location, farm, year, and season.

Eggs require warmth (60°F) and humidity to hatch to first stage larvae.

When Are Larva On Pasture A Problem?Why & How Do Seasonal Increases Occur?

( If No Treatment)

How did these larva get here

S O NA J AM J DM JFJ

Lambing RiseSpring Rise

FECNov 1stFrom here?

Fecal Egg Counts(What happens in ewes and lambs)

Lambing

Ewes

Lambs

JMF AM J A S O N D J

Spring WinterFallSummer

F

Lambing

Weaning

Population Demographics of Gastrointestinal Nematodes

Haemonchus contortis May-June July-September

How long before high pasture infectivity?

3 weeks1 2 weeks1

When are the When are the highest levels of

pasture infectivity?5-9 weeks 3-9 weeks

How long until low levels of pasture

infectivity?3 months 3 months

1 Earlier if high temperatures coincided with rain.Patterns of Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Cooperia curticei were basically similar to H. contortis. Strongyloides papillosus larvae emerge within 2 weeks on pasture and survival is short. Nematodirus larvae took a lot longer to emerge on pasture than the other trichostrongylids.

Utrecht University (Netherlands) 1999-2003

Research conclusion: Only a small number of farms can use evasive grazing as the only method of parasite control. For most farms, evasive grazing

needs to be combined with other pasture control strategies.

Integrated Parasite Management (IPM)

Goal is not to create parasite-free animals. It is normal for sheep and goats to have parasites. Goal is to prevent clinical disease and production losses.

Consider host resistanceMost susceptible

Weaned lambs and kidsOrphan lambs and kidsYearlingsHigh producing femalesL t b l b d kid

Less susceptibleMature animalsMalesDry ewesPetsM t thLate -born lambs and kids

Geriatric animalsGoatsUnadapted breeds

Mature wethersSheep


S. Schoenian 5

Parasite control begins with good management and common sense

Good sanitation.

Use of feeders which prevent wastage and contamination.

Clean water free from fecal Clean water, free from fecal matter and other debris.

Avoid overstocking pens and pastures.

Isolate and deworm new additions to the farm.

The primary cause of internal parasitism is overstocking.

Lambing

Market by July 1

Winter lambing/kidding

JMF AM J A S O N D

Spring FallSummer

Weaning

J

Winter

LambingKidding

Lambing

Fall lambing and kidding

JMF AM J A S O N D

Spring FallSummer

Weaning

J

Winter

LambingKiddingEarly marketing

Use of “clean or safe” pastures

New pasture

A pasture that has been renovated with tillage.

A pasture that has not been grazed by sheep or goats for the past 6 to 12 months.

A pasture that has been grazed by horses and/or cattle for the past 6 to 12 months.

A pasture in which a hay or silage crop has been removed.

A pasture that has been rotated with row crops.

Pasture that has been burned

Severely overgrazed pasture????

Cleaner, safer pastures are a more realistic goal for most producers.

Graze multiple species

Sheep and goats share the same internal parasites, but they are different from the parasites that affect cattle and horses.

Except barber pole worm in young calves.

Producers who graze multiple species of livestock report fewer parasite problems.

Cattle and horses “vacuum” sheep/goat pastures of infective worm larvae.

There are other benefits to mixed species grazing, such as complimentary grazing habits.

Pasture Rest and Rotation

Pasture rotation is a recommended strategy for controlling internal parasites because it allows the use of safe or safer pastures.

BUT, intensive rotational grazing generally may not help to reduce generally may not help to reduce parasitism unless rest periods are long enough.

Due to increased stocking rates, management intensive grazing may increase internal parasite problems in sheep and goats.

In a rotational grazing system, ideally, sheep/goats should not be returned to the same pasture for 2 to 3 months.


S. Schoenian 6

Alternative forages

Livestock that browse have fewer parasite problems.

Livestock grazing tall-growing forages will have less parasite problems

No worm larvae up here

less parasite problems.

80% of parasites live in the first 2 inches of the vegetation.

Grazing tanniferous may reduce the effects of parasitism.

Forage Chicory

Sericea Lespedeza

Chicory, birdsfoot trefoil, and Sericea Lespedeza have all been shown to reduce fecal egg counts and/or inhibit

larval development.

Birdsfoot Trefoil

Sericea lespedezaLespedeza cuneata (high tannin variety)

Warm season legume that grows in acidic soils with low fertility and tolerates drought well.

Fed as . . . Fresh forageLoose or ground hayPelleted supplement

Goats readily eat.Sheep will eat.

For control of barber pole worm only

Images from scsrpc.org

Nutritional Management

Animals on a high plane of nutrition and in better body condition are better able to withstand worm burdens.

Nutrition in early pregnancy (fat t ) ff t th i stores) can affect the immune

response to internal parasites.

Sheep receiving higher levels of protein prior to lambing have lower fecal egg counts.

Supplementing grazing lambs with protein has been shown to reduce fecal egg counts.

Nutritional supplementation is most likely to be beneficial when pregnant females and young animals are below optimal body condition at a time when pasture quality and/or quantity is limited.

“Zero” grazingbedded pens, dry lot with no green vegetation, slatted floors

Sheep/goats raised in confinement or dry lot (zero grazing) tend to have fewer worm problems.

Sheep/goats put in confinement or dry lot do not usually get re-infected with worms.

Coccidiosis could still be a problem, if preventative measues are not taken.

Good sanitationProper feedersCoccidiostats

Genetics and wormsTwo important traits: resistance and resilience

Resistance Ability of host to limit infectionAssessed by fecal egg counts (FEC)

ResilienceAbility of host to withstand challenge and/or infection, and thus maintain health and productivity.Assessed by blood hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) and estimated by FAMACHA© eye anemia score.

Parasite traits are moderately heritable – 20-40 percent


S. Schoenian 7

“Resistant” BreedsSome sheep and goat breeds are more resistant to worms.

SheepGulf Coast NativeHair sheep

St. CroixBarbados BlackbellyK t hdi

GoatsSpanish/BrushMyotonic/Tennessee Fainting goatKiko

Katahdin

NOTTraditional wooled breeds

MaybeDorperRoyal whiteOther breeds?

NOTBoer goatsDairy goatsAngora goats

?PygmySavannah

“Resistant” animalsThere is as much difference within breeds as between breeds.

The 80-20 ruleApproximately 20 percent of the flock sheds most (~80 percent) of the parasite eggs.

Focusing deworming on Focusing deworming on susceptible animals will significantly reduce pasture contamination.

Culling worm-susceptible animals will increase flock resistance and reduce pasture contamination.

Distribution of FECs in a herd

12 000

14,000

16,000Epg, August 29, 2009

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

Heritability of FEC and PCV

FEC(resistance)

PCV(resilience)

Ewes 0.31 0.15

Lambs 0.10 0.39Lambs 0.10 0.39

2004, Vanimisetti, Andrew, Zazac, Notter

Selection for parasite resistance is possible and will not adversely affect growth of lambs and

fertility of ewes.

Comparison of Genetic and Non-genetic Control Strategies

Strategy Reduction in FEC’s

Genetic Selection 69%

Protein supplementation 35%

Strategic deworming 28%

Experimental vaccine 0%

Australia, 2002

•Monitor sheep, run in the plots after the end of the experiment had lower FEC’s when run in the plots previously grazed by supplemented sheep (35%) or selected sheep (46%).

•The largest and most persistent effect on FEC’s and worm contamination of pasture was achieved by genetic selection.

Drugs(anthelmintics)

A valuable, limited resource that must be managed properly.


S. Schoenian 8

Three drug familiesDrugs kill parasites by starving them or paralyzing them.

1) BenzimidazolesChemical name ends in

'..dazoleFenbendazole, Albendazole,

OxybendazoleOxybendazole

2) NicotinicsLevamisole, Morantel,

Pyrantel

3) Macrolytic lactonesa) Avermectins

Ivermectin, Doramectin

b) MilbemycinsMoxidecin

BenzimidazolesThe “white drenches”

1. FenbendazoleSafeGuard®, Panacur®

2. AlbendazoleV lb ®

First class of modern anthelmintics.

Most broad spectrum: adult and L4 larvaeValbazen®

3. OxyfendazoleSynantic ®

adult and L4 larvaehypobiotic larvae Tapewormsliver flukes

Wide margin of safety

→ High level of resistance across industry.

AlbendazoleValbazen® drench

FDA-approved for sheep (7 day slaughter withdrawal).

Labeled for control of liver flukes in non-lactating goats (7 day slaughter withdrawal)

For control of …1. Adult and 4th stage larvae of GI worms2. Varying levels of activity against hypobiotic

larvae.3. Adult and larval forms of lungworms4. Heads and segments of tapeworms5. Adult liver flukes

Safe, but use restricted during pregnancy (1st 30 days).

Widespread resistance across industry.

Fast animals to improve efficacy.

Fenbendazole SafeGuard®, Panacur® drench

FDA-approved for goats (6 day slaughter withdrawal).

Labeled dosage should be doubled (per Intervet).

For control of adult GI worms and o o o o adu G o a dL4 larvae.

Widespread resistance across industry.

Fast animals to improve efficacy.

Double dosage will kill heads and segments of tapeworms.

One of the preferred drugs for treating meningeal worm.

NicotinicsLevamisole (clear drench) Tramisol ®, Levasole®, Prohibit®

MorantelRumatel®, Positive Pellet, Goat Care-2X

PyrantelStrongid®

Levamisole Prohibit®, Levasole®, Tramisol® drench or oblets

FDA-approved for sheep (3 days slaughter withdrawal)

For control of Adult and L4 larvae stages of GI wormsHypobiotic larvae (?)Adult and larvae forms of lungworm

→ Probably the most effective anthelmintic.

Lowest margin of safetyTreat based on accurate weightsAdminister orally. Goats – 1.5x sheep dose

Back on the market, but in limited supply.


S. Schoenian 9

RumatelMorantel tartrate

Medicated feed.

Best to feed goats individually.

FDA-approved for all classes of goats .

For control of mature worms only.

30-day slaughter withdrawal.

Not much is known about its efficacy or resistance.

Macrolides(Macrolytic lactones, ML’s)

1) AvermectinsIvermectinIvomec®, Zimecterin®, Eprinex®, Promectin®

Doramectin

NewestBroad spectrum

Adult and L4 larvae GI wormsHypobiotic larvaeAdults and larvae stages of lungworm

Dectomax®

2) MilbemycinsMoxidectinCydectin®, Quest®

External parasites (biting)

Wide margin of safety

Persistent activity

Avermectins: IvermectinIvomec® drench

Introduced in the 1980’s.

Drug of choice for meningeal worm.

F t l f For control of . . . Adult and L4 larvae GI wormsHypobiotic larvaeAdult and larvae lungwormsLarval stages of nosebot

11-day slaughter withdrawal

High levels of resistance in industry.

Fast animals to improve efficacy

MoxidectinCydectin® drench

Newest drug (1997).

For control of mature and L4 larval stages of GI worms.

7-day slaughter withdrawal

Similar to ivermectin, but disrupts different chemical neurotransmitter.

May kill ivermectin-resistant worms.

Due to similarity to Ivermectin, resistance will develop rapidly if it is overused.

Extra-label Drug UseOnly Fenbendazole (SafeGuard®) and Morantel(Rumatel®) are FDA-approved for goats.

Albendazole (Valbazen®), I ® d h C d ti Ivomec® drench, Cydectin drench, and Levamisole (drench and bolus) are FDA-approved for sheep.

Use of a product that is different from its label constitutes extra-label drug use and requires a veterinary prescription and valid veterinarian-patient-client relationship.

Withdrawal for extra-label drugs

Use longer withdrawals for extra-label drugs.

Meat withdrawal for Cydectin® drench is 23 days when administered to goats at double the dosage goats at double the dosage as compared to 7 days for sheep. (source: farad.org)

Meat withdrawal is 120-130 days for Cydectin® 1% injectable when administered to goats as compared to 21 days for cattle. (source: farad.org)

Keep records of anthelmintic use.


S. Schoenian 10

The future of parasite control

1) New anthelminticsZolvix®

2) Natural “dewormers”• COWP• Others

3) Vaccination• “Paravac” consortium

4) Gene-marker assisted selection

Zolvix® (monepantel)

New drug classAmino-acetonitrile derivative (ADD)Unique mode of actionFirst new anthelmintic class in 25 yearsKills worms that are resistant to other

th l i tianthelmintics

Currently only registered for use in New Zealand, Great Britain, and Uruguay. When/will will it be available in the U.S.?Will it be approved for sheep and goats?Overuse will cause worms to develop resistance to it just like the other drugs.

Non-chemical “anthelmintics”

Diatomaceous earthPumpkin seedGarlicPapayaPapayaTobaccoWormwoodOthers

So far, efficacy of natural “anthelmintics” has not been

proven under controlled, scientific experimentation.

Experiments are continuing.

Copper oxide wire particles (COWP)

Made from Copasure®, a copper bolus marketed for copper deficiency in cattle.

Repackage into doses suitable for sheep and goats.

In research trials, the minimum dose that has demonstrated control is 0.5 g, but as much as 2-4 g may be necessary.

Use FAMACHA© system to determine who gets a copper COWP bolus.

For barber pole worm only.

Anthelmintic resistanceHow to measure

Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT)

Conduct fecal egg count before dewormingFecal egg count 7-10 days after dewormingControl group to confirm Control group to confirm resistance/efficacy.

DrenchRite® (Univ. of GA)Larval development assay (LDA)

Drug resistance< 95 % egg reduction

Severe Resistance< 60 % egg reduction

** Caused by overuse and misuse of drugs. **

Anthelmintic resistanceSafeGuard® & Valbazen®Widespread resistance

LevamisoleStill Effective in many places

( newly back on market)

IvermectinWidespread resistance

MoxidectinMostly effective

** Caused by overuse and misuse of drugs. **


S. Schoenian 11

Slowing Down Drug Resistance

DO NOT overuse drugs, especially Levamisole and Moxidectin.

DO NOT introduce resistant-worms to your farm

Isolate new animals and dewormthem with anthelmintics from two different chemical classesdifferent chemical classes.

DO NOT underdoseWeigh animals or dose for heaviest animals in group.

DO NOT rotate dewormers after each treatment

Rotate dewormers annuallyRotate among drug familiesUse specific dewormers for specific situations.

DO NOT treat everybodyLeave some animals untreated

“Refugia”In refuge from the drug

What is refugia?Worms not exposed to drug;therefore still susceptible to treatment.

The goalgIncrease the population of susceptible worms.

How?Selective treatment –leave some animals untreated.After deworming, do notmove animals to a clean pasture.

You do not have to deworm every animal.

Parents How We Select forDrug resistance

Next GenerationDrug Treatment

Res

ista

nt

Res

ista

nt

Maximize the effect of a single treatment

Give proper dose; do not underdose.

Dose orally.

Deposit anthelmintic in esophagus (not mouth) to prevent drug from by-passing rumenby-passing rumen.

Fast animals to increase efficacy of some drugs.

Use higher dose for goats than listed on label. Goats usually require 1.5-2X the sheep/cattle dose.

Consult with veterinarian for proper dose for goats.

Use drugs from two different chemical classes.

Routes of administrationOral

Drench/obletsMedicated

Pellet Injectable Pour-On

FDA-approvedMost effective ? Shorter withdrawalEasier to administer

FDA-approvedEasy to administerSick animal won’t eatAccurate dosage???

Not FDA-approvedStays in system longer,

accelerating drug resistanceL ithd l

Not FDA-approvedNot formulated for

sheep and goatsAccelerates drug

i tSafer Longer withdrawalPotential for abscessesLess expensive

resistance.

Oral Paste/GelNot FDA-approvedHard to calibrateHard to administer over tongueMost expensiveDon’t have to buy as much

Choose . . .1- Sheep Products 2- Cattle Products 3- Horse Products

Periparturient egg rise

Temporary loss of immunity to parasites at the time of parturition. Egg counts ↑Often coincides with hypobiotic larvae resuming their life cycles g yin the spring. Dams are the primary source of infection to their offspring.

Consider deworming with an anthelmintic that is effective against hypobiotic larvae.Increase protein in late gestation ration to counter egg rise.


S. Schoenian 12

When should you dewormsheep and goats?

When they need it

Use fecal egg counts and FAMACHA© to help determine the need for deworming.

Fecal Egg Analysisgg y

Qualitative vs. Quantitative

Fecal Egg CountingQualitative Analysis

Shows presence or absence of eggsIdentify egg typesShows general trends in egg numbers.

Quantitative AnalysisShows specific number of eggs per gram of feces (epg)Uses known quantity of feces and flotation solution.

Fecal Egg CountingWhat you need

Microscope (min. 100x)Flotation solutionMixing vial

• Mixing vial and strainer for qualitative analysisq y

• Calibrated mixing vial and syringe for quantitative analysis

Slides• Regular slides and cover

slips for qualitative analysis.

• McMaster egg counting slide for quantitative analysis

What do fecal egg counts tell you?

Potential pasture contamination.Fecal egg counts are notmathematically correlated to worm numbers or the severity of parasitic disease.Monitor and maintain low egg counts; deworm when appropriate to keep contamination of pasture low.Determine the efficacy of anthelmintic treatment by comparing paired samples from the same animals (treatment and control group).

When to deworm based on FEC’s

Example recommendations>1,000 epg in spring, summer>2,000 epg in fall, winter (TN)

------------------->500 h th i d ti >500 epg or when there is dramatic

increase (Microbus, HI)-------------------

>1,000 epg for goats (OK)(>500 for susceptible animals)-------------------

> 500 epg for goats (Australia)

Depends on worm species, time of year, susceptibility of animals, as well as method of fecal analysis.


S. Schoenian 13

Paracount-EPG™ Fecal Analysis Kit

Chalex Corporation(Advanced Equine Products)5004 – 228th Ave. SEI h WA 98029Issaquah, WA 98029(425) [email protected]://vetslides.com

$50-60 for kit

$15 each for two slides$20 for green grid

FAMACHA©

and Selective Dewormingand Selective Deworming

FAMACHA©

• System developed in South Africa in response to the emergence of severe anthelmintic resistance.

• A system to assess Haemonchus contortis(barber pole worm) infection in sheep and goats and the need for deworming individual animals.

• Named for its originator:

Dr. Francois “Faffa” MAlan CHArt

FAMACHA©

Treatment RecommendationsDeworm adults at scores 4 and 5*

Treat lambs and kids at categories 3, 4, and 5

*South Africa recommends goats be treated at categories 3, 4, and 5

Clinical Category

Eye Lid Color

Packed Cell

VolumeDeworm?

1 Red > 28 No

2 Red-Pink 23-27 No

3 Pink 18-22 ?

4 Pink-White 13-17 Yes

5 White < 12 Yes

FAMACHA©

• Reduces the number of treatments by determining which animals to treat vs. treating the whole flock.

• Reduces rate at which worms become resistant to drugs by increasing “refugia” – worms that are still susceptible to drug are still susceptible to drug treatment.

• Identifies animals that need treatment most often and vice versa; thus offering the opportunity for genetic selection for parasite resistance.

Resistance is 20-40 percent heritable.

20-30 percent of flock harbor most of worms and are responsible for most of the egg output.

Precautions• Only useful where Haemonchus

contortis is the primary parasite species.

• Cannot be used in a vacuum; other factors need to be considered when making treatment decisions. Ex:

Bottle jawBody conditionBody conditionFecal consistencyEvidence of scouringAge and susceptibility of animal

• There are other causes of pale or red eye lids.

• Should be incorporated into an integrated parasite management (IPM) program that includes proper anthelmintic use, pasture rest and rotation, fecal egg counting, mixed species grazing, etc.)


S. Schoenian 14

Must know if anthelmintic is effective.

FECRT

DrenchRite®

How often should you check animals?

Precautions

animals?Depends on season and weather

Always use card! Compare eye color to chart. Replace card after 12 months of use.

Should only be used by properly trained individuals; improper use can lead to death of animals.

Using the FAMACHA© system to control internal parasites in grazing lambs

2.5

3

3.5

40

50

60

Avg FAMACHA Score# Lambs Dewormed

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

10-Jun

24-Jun

11-Jul

22-Jul

5-Aug

19-A

ug

2-Se

p

19-Sep

30-Sep

0

10

20

30

26.2%

41.7%

16.7%

7.1%4.8%1.2%1.2%

0

1

2

3456

% Lambs/No. times treated

2005

Using the FAMACHA© system to control internal parasites in grazing goats

3.0

3.5

4.0

25

30

35Avg. FAMACHA© score

# Goats Dewormed

2 2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

30

40

50

Avg. FAMACHA© score

# Goats Dewormed

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

10-J

un

23-J

un

7-Ju

l

21-J

ul

4-A

ug

18-A

ug

31-A

ug

15-S

ep

29-S

ep

0

5

10

15

20

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

9-S

ep

22-J

un

6-Ju

l

20-J

ul

3-A

ug

17-A

ug

29-A

ug

12-S

ep

26-S

ep

0

10

20

30

2006 2007

Five Point Check©

5. ©

Backbody condition (and coat condition)

Tailsoiling , dags

(scours)

Eyeanemia

FAMACHA© score1 3

2

Nosenasal discharge

(nose bots)

Jawswelling, edema

“bottle jaw”

4 5

FIVE POINT CHECK© (5. ©)FOR TARGETED SELECTIVE TREATMENT OF INTERNAL PARASITES IN SMALL RUMINANTSG.F. BATH AND J.A. VAN WYK, FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA


S. Schoenian 15

Parasite control requires an integrated approach.

Fecal egg counts

Genetic selection

Resistant breed(s)

Proper Anthelmintic UseClean(er) Pastures

Protein supplementation

Test for anthelmintic resistance

Early or out-of-season lambing/kidding

Pasture Rest/Rotation

Strategic deworming

Mixed species grazing

Alternative forages

Good nutrition Zero grazing

Manage anthelmintic resistance

Browsing

Good management

FAMACHA© and selective deworming

Manage grazing height

Questions?

www.sheepandgoat.com

www.wormx.org

ipm 2010

Education

fdaapprovedfor sheep

fecal flotation

parasite roundworm

small intestines

egg countsmall ruminants

egg hatches

performance fecal samples

blood plasma