ipm and protection and conservation of natural...
TRANSCRIPT
IPM and protection and conservation of natural enemies
Paul Jepson IPPC
Oregon State University
IPM on your farm
• Prevention • Prevent introduction to the farm, pest reservoirs, spread between fields
• Avoidance • Avoid pest susceptible crops or practices that increase pest losses
• Monitoring • Monitor and identify pests, manage sites of high pest risk and use decision support tools
• Suppression • Cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods of suppressing pests
IT ALWAYS PAYS TO COMBINE THESE TACTICS TO MINIMIZE PEST RISKS
Prevention (e.g.)
Tactics Examples
Pest free seeds, transplants Eliminate alternative hosts Cleaning equipment between fields Irrigation scheduling
Certified, disease free seed, rootstocks Weed hosts for plant viruses Herbicide resistant weed seeds Minimize leaf-borne diseases
Avoidance (e.g.)
Tactics Examples
Crop rotation Resistant cultivars Row spacing No-till or strip till
Many insects, diseases, weeds Many insects, diseases Many alternatives Reduces weed and insect risks
Monitoring (e.g.)
Tactics Examples
Crop surveys Diagnostics Phenology models
Pest detection, identification of hot spots OSU diagnostic clinic IPPC climate and weather-based pest risk models
Suppression (e.g.)
Tactics Examples
Cover crops, mulches, bio-fumigant crops Cultivation, flaming Conservation biological control High efficacy, low risk pesticides
Mustards to limit soil pests Weed suppression by plowing Insectary plantings Increasing array
USPEST.ORG/WEA constantly updating features: e.g. click in degree-day map to get “clock” report
click
“Clock” report
Website uspest.org/wea growth 1996-2011
1996-2011 total degree-day model runs: 214 thousand 2005-2011 total hourly-driven model runs: 188 thousand
MyPest Page: 98 models, 15K+ weather stations
Integrated Plant Disease and DD Models
Drosophila suzukii, Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD)
Development of a Degree-Day (DD) model for predicting SWD Activity Events
SWD EVENT (10C;single sine;Jan1 2009 2010 2011 145 1st egg laying OW May 23 May 17 June 4 283 Peak egg laying OW June 12 June 23 June 28
(gender shift) (gender shift) 314 1st egg laying 1st gen June 16 June 27 July 3 419 Peak adult emergence 1st July 2 July 10 July 17
553 Peak egg laying 1st gen July 17 July 25 Aug 1
694 Peak adult emergence 2nd July 29 Aug 11 Aug 17
827 Peak egg laying 2nd gen Aug 11 Aug 25 Aug 28
968 Peak adult emergence 3rd Aug 27* Sept 15* Sept 11*
1102 Peak egg laying 3rd gen Sept 12 Oct 6 Sept 29 Q: Do SWD lay eggs or go into the
overwintering mode?
1243 Peak adult emergence 4th Oct 8 Dec 31 2010 ends
at 1204 DD
As of Nov 1, 11
at 1201 DD
1376 Peak egg laying 4th gen 2009 ends
at 1322 DD
OSU IPPC Len Coop & Dreves 10-21-2011; Extrapolated from Kansawa 1939, Saskai and Sato 1996, Uchino 2005) have been
combined with Oregon lab and 2 years of field data from diversified farms in mid-Willamette Valley
Spotted Wing Drosophila – Model of Overwintering Mortality Due to Chilling Effects – based on OSU Walton Lab Data & 30 year normal temperatures
Refuge Factor (Rf) 15% to 60% Reduction in chilling DDs
+
Chilling DDs (<53F)
=
Combined Model
Legend interpretation: Red areas: 25 to 100 out of 10,000 survive Yellow areas: 2 to 10 out of 10,000 survive Blue areas: 1 to 5 out of 1 million survive Putty green areas: 1 to 10 out of 10 million survive Darker areas: less than 1 out of 10 million survive
Winter 2010-2011
Winter 2011-2012
(%) Winter 2009-2010
Spotted Wing Drosophila Estimated Overwintering Mortality
w/chilling units and human-caused refuges
Legend interpretation: # surviving Red areas: 25 to 100 out of 10,000 Yellow areas: 2 to 10 out of 10,000 Blue areas: 1 to 5 out of 1 million Putty green areas: 1 to 10 out of 10 mill. Darker areas: less than 1 out of 10 mill.
3 years of increasingly milder winters
(especially in SE US)
Respond to climate
uncertainties
Addressing pesticide risks that generate pest outbreaks
OT
Argyrotaenia franciscana
OBLR
Choristoneura rosaceana
Oblique-banded leafroller Orange
tortrix
Ke
n G
ray
Ke
n G
ray
Ke
n G
ray
Use of broad spectrum pesticides triples the likelihood of finding pests in caneberries
(Data for actual uses in 287 fields, 48 months)
Orange
Tortix
Argyrotaenia franciscana
Spray period
Pesticide toxicity to parasitoids
Treatment % Mortality* IOBC rating**
A.I. Rate / acre 1 hour 6 hours 24 hours 48 hours
Malathion 0.64 oz (1/10 field rate) 100 100 100 100 harmful
Bifenthrin 0.64 oz (1/10 field rate) 86.7 100 100 100 harmful
Pyrethrum 6.40 oz (1/10 field rate) 75.9 ----- 100 100 harmful
Spinosad 0.60 oz (1/10 field rate) 0.0 20.0 100 100 moderate harm
Bt 16.0 oz (field rate) 0.0 ----- ----- 47.6 slight harm
Tebufenozide 160.0 oz (10x field rate) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 harmless
*corrected for control mortality with Abbott’s formula
** International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants
Laboratory bioassay results
Treatment % Mortality* IOBC rating**
A.I. Rate / acre 1 hour 6 hours 24 hours 48 hours
Malathion 0.64 oz (1/10 field rate) 100 100 100 100 harmful
Bifenthrin 0.64 oz (1/10 field rate) 86.7 100 100 100 harmful
Pyrethrum 6.40 oz (1/10 field rate) 75.9 ----- 100 100 harmful
Spinosad 0.60 oz (1/10 field rate) 0.0 20.0 100 100 moderate harm
Bt 16.0 oz (field rate) 0.0 ----- ----- 47.6 slight harm
Tebufenozide 160.0 oz (10x field rate) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 harmless
*corrected for control mortality with Abbott’s formula
** International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants
Laboratory bioassay results
Pest resurgence (flare-up) after pesticide use (Sherratt and Jepson, 1993)
Impact of agricultural practices on ground beetles and spiders (Thorbeck & Bilde 2004)
Practice Cumulative effect
Soil loosening
Ploughing
Non-inversion cultivation
Weed harrowing
Grass cutting
Reduced 41-44%
Reduced 90-92%
Reduced 80-85%
Reduced 0-8%
Reduced 30-50%
Minimize disturbance, use strip cultivation, and retain local reservoirs
to minimize impacts
SPIDERS Highly dispersive aeronauts, traversing multiple fields
in each generation
• Effects of multiple farming practices measured (Thomas & Jepson
’97, Ent. Exp. Appl., 84, 59-69)
• Under what circumstances might disturbance reduce populations in sprayed but diverse landscapes?
Population density of Linyphiidae in sprayed and unsprayed cereals
Thomas and Jepson, ‘97
Population density of Linyphiidae in mown and grazed grass
Thomas and Jepson, 1997
Farm-specific management of pest risks by maximizing biological pest suppression
Farmland biodiversity contributes directly to pest limitation in wheat
Potts and Vickerman, 1974
Maximizing biological pest suppression and pollination on your farm
• Get to know your farm
– What resources are available, where and when?
• Selecting the resources that are needed (‘planned biodiversity’)
– Critical timing to support pest suppression
– Selection of plant species/habitat types
• Deciding where and how much?
• Maximizing the value of habitat resources
– Minimizing pesticide impacts on beneficials
Crop-based natural
enemies and alternative
prey (e.g. mites, some
beetles, centipedes)
Natural enemies
with limited range
that require multiple
habitats/resources
(e.g. some spiders,
beetles)
Generalist natural enemies, utilizing
cropland and surrounding habitats (e.g.
ground & rove beetles, bugs)
Mobile natural enemies,
visiting multiple fields (e.g.
some spiders, ladybeetles,
parasitoids)
DIVERSE HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF NATURAL ENEMIES
Which natural enemies e.g.
Crop Parasitic
wasps
Specialists (e.g. ladybugs,
syrphids,
lacewings)
Generalists (e.g. ground beetles,
rove beetles,
predatory bugs)
Spiders
Orchard
Aphids
Leps
***
***
***
**
**
**
***
*
Vegetables
Aphids
Flea beetle
Wireworm
***
***
***
**
**
***
***
*
Grass seed
Sod webworms
Slugs
***
***
***
*
Attract and retain in-season Build farm populations over time
On-farm, participatory planning
• Review needs in-situ
• Outline resources
• Evaluate habitats, cropping system
• Plan implementation
Parasitic wasps of many pest species require nectar for energy
Pests and natural enemies in blueberries
Pest Natural enemy
Aphids Ladybug, hoverfly, parasitoid, lacewing, ground beetles, spiders
Fruitworms, leafrollers, winter moth, spanworm
Parasitoid
Root weevils Nematodes
??SWD ??Bugs, lacewing, parasitoid
Enhanced by pollen and nectar sources
hoverflies ladybird beetles
soldier beetles parasitoid tachinid flies
Beneficials
that benefit
from pollen
and nectar
sources
Beneficials that benefit from pollen and
nectar sources continued:
Research demonstrates connections between habitat and natural enemies:
• Review of 24 studies showed landscape complexity enhanced natural enemy populations in 74% of cases (Bianchi et al 2006)
• Evidence suggests that if more than 20% of non-crop area is diverse habitat, pest control observed throughout fields (Tscharntke e al. 2002)
Does CBC work for natural enemies? Review of 221 investigations, 1989-2009
• Overall, 99% report benefits; 46% strong benefits
Does CBC work against pests? Review of 221 investigations, 1989-2009
• Overall, evidence for pest reductions in 80% of reports, with strong reductions in 25% of these
% Area flowering, 8 farms
Farm May June July August Sept Oct
B 16.8 .34 2.45 2.85 .47 .47 .20
E 143.3 .36 .24 1.98 .76 .66 .36
GH 67.3 0 .36 .68 .12 .23 .11
GL 78.4 0 .89 3.46 2.34 .78 0
H 43.3 0 .67 2.53 1.08 .77 0
HH 30.6 0 .87 1.94 1.24 .83 0
LB 20.7 .02 .12 .14 .02 .02 .01
WN 167.2 .53 1.42 1.53 1.20 .88 .23
WS 131.7 .51 1.02 1.27 .43 .35 .09
<1% shown in red
Mike Russell, John Lambrinos, OSU
On-farm, participatory planning Yamhill County blueberries
Planting opportunities Caneberry row ends
Blueberry riparian habitat
Caneberry in-row
Blueberry in-row
More farm walks in 2011
Blueberries PLANTS THAT BENEFIT POLLINATORS AND PARASITOIDS
Early blooming Late blooming
Early Native Shrubs/Trees
* Willows
* Cherries: Prunus
* Red Elderberry: Sambucus racemosa
* Ceonothus
Late Native Shrubs
* Coyote Bush: Baccharis
* Ceonothus
* Douglas Spirea
Early Native Forbs
* Lupine: Lupinus polyphyllus
* Sulfur Buckwheat: Erigonum umbellatum
Late Native Forbs
* Pacific Aster: Aster chiliensis
* Goldenrod: Solidago
* Common Yarrow: Achillea millefolium
* Scarlet Gilia: Ipomopsis aggregate
* Common Gaillardia: Gaillardia aristata
* Evening Primrose: Oenothera
All species shown in the literature to support parasitic Hymenoptera
Multi-unit farm, CBC plan
Approx 11 acres, 3 years to install
Within-field insectary plantings
Hedgerows
Conservation cover
Each matched to specific area, crop and rotation
Remote sensing of seasonal flowering plants for ecological service quantification in agricultural
field boundaries
Integrated Plant Protection Centre
Oregon State University
Features • Cost-effective protocol for detecting and mapping
flowering plants using very high resolution imagery
• Spatially explicit monitoring and documentation of seasonal flowering plants for ecological service quantification in agricultural field boundaries
• An alert system for farmers in planning insectary habitats for farms and field boundaries for pollinators
• Determine zones of influence of insectary habitats planted within agricultural fields
Plots/ No
Botanical Names Common Name
Number of plots
1 Lupinus rivularis river lupine 3
2 Sidalcea campestus meadow checkermallow 3
3 Eriophyllus lahatum oregon sunshine 3
4 Prunella vulgaris self heal 3
5 Gilia capitata blue gilia 3
6 Asclepias speciosa monarch flower 3
7 Erigonum umbeldeatum sulfar flower buckwheat 3
8 Grindelia integrifola gumweed 3
9 Aster chilensis pacific aster 3
10 Solidago cahadensis goldenrod 3
11 Plectritis congetsa seablush or rosy plectritis 3
12 Clarkia amoena farewell to spring 3
13 Mixed species early/mid seasons (six species). Number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
3
14 Mixed of Species - Mid-late seasons (six species). Number 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
3
15 Mixed of all species (twelve species): Number: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
3
Total 45
Study Site 1 NRCS Farm
Study Site 2 Organic Farm
Go to flowering location within agricultural field boundaries & take
landscape photos
Photograph Target flower & Identify species and phenology
Method VegMeasure2 Software
GPS tracklog of movement in the field and the images geo-referenced and superimposed on the NAIP data and NRCS farm plots
NRCS Farm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
May Wk2 May Wk4 June Wk2 June Wk4 July Wk2 July Wk4 August Wk2 September Wk2
Pe
rce
nta
ges
of
flo
wer
ing
cove
r
Weeks of the field work
Lupinus rivularis
Sidalcea campestus
Eriophyllus lahatum
Prunella vulgaris
Gilia capitata
Asclepias speciosa
Erigonum umbeldeatum
Grindelia integrifola
Aster chilensis
Solidago cahadensis
Plectitis congetsa
Clarkia amoena
Organic Farm
Total NW area is 30235 sq m
Farm
Code
Name Total Area (M2
)
Total Plots Sampled
(Images) (each
=3.2M2)
Total Area covered by
images (M2)
E4 Midseason Greens 6312 68 217.6
E3 Chicken Pasture2 5953.3 Not planted Not planted
E2 Chicken Pasture1 4797.4 Not Planted Not planted
E1 Garlic and early greens 4449.1 35 108.8
D2 Over wintered brassicas 4029.1 24 76.8
D1 Tomatoes and
Peppers
4695 30 96
30235 157 499.2
Planted patches Insectary habitat planted as a proportion of total cropped area
Persephone
Habitat ID
Total area
cropped
(M2)
Flowers planted in insectary
patches
Total
Insectary
Habitat (M2)
Insectary Habitat
as % of Total Area
Cropped (M2)
D1 -
Tomatoes
and
Peppers
4695 Marigold,
sunflower, sage,
cilantro,
Calendula
28.78 0.62
E4 - Mid Season
Greens
6312 Marigold, sunflower, sage, cilantro,
Calendula
67.35 1.07
D2 - Overwintered
Brassicas
4029.1 Cilantro, sage, marigold, sunflower,
Calendula
15.45 0.38
E1 - Garlic and Early
Green
4449.1 Cilantro 87.95 1.98
Total 19485.2 199.52 1.03
Crop area supported by insectary plants assuming 3m radius of influence Figure shows zones of influence around insectary habitat in the NW section of Persephone farm
Persephone Habitat ID Total 3M zone of influence
Combined (M2)
% of cropped area
served by insectary
planting, assuming a
3m radius of influence
% areas of zones of influence
planted with insectary plants
Area covered No of
insectary
patches
D1 -
Tomatoes
and Peppers
707.09 4 15.06 4.07
E4 - Mid Season Greens 1394.36 14 22.09 4.83
D2 - Overwintered
Brassicas
420.55 3 10.44 3.67
E1 - Garlic and Early
Green
709.54 1 15.95 12.40
Total 3231.54 22 16.59 6.17
Zones of influence of insectary plantings: assuming 3m radius around plantings to create patches Table shows zones as a proportion of area cropped
3M Influence zone
9M Influence Zone
15M Influence Zone
3M Influence Zone
6M Influence Zone
9M Influence Zone
12M Influence Zone
15M Influence Zone
Tables of plants suited to the different growing regions and climates of the state
Native shrub table: NRCS Plants for Pollinators
Yellow: species used by beneficials, sorted for 6-10”
precip. e.g. sulfur buckwheat
Sulfur-flower buckwheat at NRCS Plant Materials Center, OR
