ipm in landscapes- ohnesorg 2-11-14
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PDF of Wayne's presentation about IPMTRANSCRIPT
2/7/2014
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Integrated Pest Management
Options in Landscapes
Wayne J. Ohnesorg
UNL Extension Educator
Madison County
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
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What is IPM
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
“A sustainable approach to managing pests by
combining biological, cultural, physical, and
chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic,
health, and environmental risks”
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Integrated Pest Management
Systematic
All appropriate controls
Avoid unacceptable loss
Avoid adverse health effects
Avoid adverse environmental impact
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IPM
• How many pests are too many? – Economic injury – Aesthetic Injury
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IPM
How many pests are too many?
Crop value
Control cost
Loss per pest
Susceptibility
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Terms
Pest = an organism that interferes with
human activity
Pesticide = any compound applied to
manage a pest
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Types of Pests
Weeds
Invertebrates
Insects, mites, ticks, spiders, snails, & slugs
Disease agents or pathogens
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes,
mycoplasmas, & other microorganisms
Vertebrates
Birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, rodents, and
other mammals
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Pest Management Methods
Natural control
Temperature
Moisture
Light
Topography
Naturally occurring
predators, parasites,
& pathogens
Applied control
Biological
Mechanical
Cultural
Host resistance
/genetic control
Chemical
Regulatory
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Natural Control
Temperature
Can pest overwinter?
Asian soybean rust
Black cutworm
Green stink bug
Can pest survive hot summer conditions?
Soybean aphid
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Natural Control
Moisture
Too much
Drown soil dwelling insects
Increase foliar disease incidence
Increase insect/disease incidence
Too little
Decrease foliar disease incidence
Plant stress
Decrease insect/disease incidence
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Light
Day length
Exposure
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Topography
Slope
Exposure
Elevation
Mountains
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Naturally occurring predators,
parasites, & pathogens
A.K.A. natural enemies
Very similar to the Applied Control “Biological”
Key is “naturally occurring”
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Biological Control
“The use of living organisms to suppress the
population density of or impact of a specific
pest organism, making it less abundant or
less damaging than it would otherwise be.”
Augmentative biological control
Innoculative
Inundative
Classical
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Biological Control
Innoculative = “The intentional release of a
living organism as a biological control agent
with the expectation that it will multiply and
control the pest for an extended period, but
not permanently.”
Inundative = “The use of living organisms to
control pests when control is achieved
exclusively by the released organisms
themselves.”
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Biological Control
Classical = typically the intentional release of an
exotic living organism as a biological control agent
to control an exotic pest.
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Mechanical Control
The use of devices, machines and other physical
methods to manage pests.
Cultivation
Exclusion
Trapping
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Cultural Control
Changing production practices that interfere with the
behavior or lifecycle of pests to manage them.
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Cultural Control
Cultural practices
Variety selection
Crop rotation
Planting dates
Harvest date
Trap crop
Sanitation
Destroying crop
residue
Cleaning equipment
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Host Resistance/Genetic Control Naturally occurring or inserted traits that confer
resistance to manage pest(s)
Resistant varieties
Tolerance
Antibiosis
produces something that hinders growth or development
Antixenosis
morphological trait that is unattractive or inhibits feeding
Genetically modified crops
Glyphosate resistant crops
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Chemical Control
Use of pesticides to manage a pest
There are many different kinds of pesticides
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Types of Pesticides
Avicides control pest
birds
Bactericides control
bacteria
Fungicides control fungi
Herbicides control weeds
& other undesirable
plants
Insecticides control
insects & related
arthropods
Miticides (acaricides)
control mites
Molluscicides control
snails & slugs
Nematicides control
nematodes
Predacides control
predatory vertabrates
Piscicides control pest
fish
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Types of Pesticides
Repellents repel
insects, related
invertebrates, birds, &
mammals
Rodenticides control
rodents
Defoliants cause leaves
or foliage to drop from
plants
Desiccants promote
drying or loss of
moisture from plant
tissues
Growth regulators are
substances (other than
fertilizers or food) that
alter the growth or
development of a plant
or animal
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Types of Pesticides
Systemic pesticides
Absorbed through
leaves or roots
Pests would come
into contact through
feeding on plant
tissue
Contact pesticides
Must come into
contact with pest
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Regulatory Pest Control
Use of laws, regulations, and pest management
strategies to prevent establishment of pests.
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Regulatory Pest Control
Quarantine
Restrict movement out of infested areas
Restrict movement into not infested areas
Inspections of imports
Eradication
Total elimination of a pest from an area
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What kind
would this be?
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Steps in IPM
1. Identify pest(s)
2. Evaluate pest damage
3. Determine need for management
4. Consider multiple management options
5. Select best combination of management options
6. Monitor your selection
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1. Identify Pest(s)
Particular pest species will dictate management
methods, if needed
Key pest
Cause major damage
Occasional pests
Secondary pests
Becomes a problem when a key pest is
controlled
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2. Evaluate Pest Damage
Assess pest numbers
#/ft of row
% of plants infested
#/sweep
Disease incidence
Assess damage to crop
Amount of defoliation
Disease severity
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3. Determine Need for Management
Take into account:
Pest(s) present
Pest damage
Crop stage
Cost of treatment
Economic Thresholds
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Terms
Economic injury level (EIL) = the number of a pest
required to cause economic damage.
Economic threshold (ET) = the number of a pest at
which a management action is made to prevent the
pest from causing economic damage.
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Economic Threshold
Time
Pest
Popula
tion Economic Injury Level
Pest Population
Economic Threshold
Treat Here
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4. Consider Management Options
Biological
Mechanical
Cultural
Host resistance /genetic control
Chemical
Regulatory
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5. Select Best Combination
Combination desired, but…
Some management strategies would not be
implemented until next growing season
May need something fast acting
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6. Monitor Management Action
Assess pest numbers
#/ft of row
% of plants infested
#/sweep
Disease incidence
Evaluate management decision
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Pest Resistance
Overuse of any one management strategy will lead to
pest resistance
Reason why use of IPM is important
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Pest Resistance Examples
Mechanical
Foxtail that grows prostrate in AZ alfalfa
Crop Rotation
Northern corn rootworm w/extended diapause
Western corn rootworm variant
Chemical control
Colorado potato beetle, green peach aphid
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Population Prior to Treatment
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After Treatment #1
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After Treatment #2
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After Further, Repeated Treatment
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Resistance Management
Use new or altered pesticides
Rotate mode of action
Change pesticide use patterns
Avoid calendar applications
Treat when necessary
Use economic thresholds
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Discussion Activity
You notice that your rose leaves are being gnawed upon.
Upon closer inspection you discover these small caterpillar-
like insects are on your rose leaves. Discuss and answer
the following:
1. Does this insect have the mouthparts to cause the damage?
2. What kind of lifecycle would this insect have?
3. What is it?
4. Develop and follow an Integrated Pest Management plan for this
situation.
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Discussion Activity
You notice that your rose leaves are developing black
spots. Upon closer inspection you discover that the spots
are on top of the leaves. Discuss and answer the following:
1. What is this disease?
2. What type of organism is the cause of this disease?
3. Develop and follow an Integrated Pest Management plan for this
situation.
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http://www.maine.gov/dacf/php/gotpests/diseases/black-spot-rose.htm
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Introduction to Pesticides
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Outline
Laws and regulations
The label
Pesticide safety
Personal protective equipment
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Federal Laws
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
Federal Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)
Worker Protection Standard (WPS)
Endangered Species Act
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FIFRA
Enacted in 1947
Considerably amended in 1972, 1975, 1978, & 1988
Establishes national standards
Administered by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
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FIFRA
Pesticides grouped into two categories:
Unclassified use (general use)
Restricted use
Category depends on:
Toxicity
Specificity
Concentration in formulation
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FIFRA: Pesticide Categories
Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP)
Classified as RUP “if use of the pesticide might result in an unreasonable adverse effect on human health and/or the environment…”
Only certified applicators may purchase RUPs
Commercial
Non-commercial
Private
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FIFRA: Pesticide Categories
Unclassified use pesticides
Commonly known as a General Use Pesticide
(GUP)
Generally lower in toxicity
May be purchased by general public
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EPA
Began Dec. 2, 1970
Enforces FIFRA
Oversee pesticide registrations
Section 3
Section 24(c)
Section 18
Section 25(b)
Set environmental standard and tolerances
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EPA: Pesticide Tolerance
“The maximum pesticide residue limit that may legally remain on or in treated crops and animals or animal
products sold for food.”
Risk equation
Risk cup
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EPA: Pesticide Tolerance
Risk equation
Risk = Toxicity x Exposure
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EPA: Pesticide Tolerance
Risk cup
Aggregate
pesticide
residue
exposure risk
under FQPA
Food
Water
Home
Garden
Pets
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State Laws
Nebraska Pesticide Act
State laws can be more stringent than federal laws
Establishes two roles
Regulatory
Nebraska Department of Agriculture (NDA)
Educational
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Record Keeping
Records kept for 3 yrs
Name & Address of person for whom pesticide was applied
Location of application
Pest being controlled
Crop, commodity, or site
Date & time
Trade name & EPA
registration number
Amount & percentage
of active ingredient
applied per unit area
Type & amount
disposed of plus
method, date, and
location of disposal
Appendix D of General Standards 60
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UNL Extension App Helps Pesticide
Applicators Keep Electronic
Records
Available at Google Play store or Apple App store
“PeRK” University of Nebraska–Lincoln
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PeRK
Review:
Works like a charm! It
completes most all
record keeping I must
have. I live in GA, so it is
not exact for us. You can
even export the records
via e-mail. Thanks UNL!
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The Label
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Pesticide Label
Legal document
NDA registers ~8,500 labels
Most commonly used:
Non-conventional = chlorine/hypochlorites
Conventional = glyphosate
Most common active ingredient
Glyphosate
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Pesticide Label
Applicator should read and be familiar with the
label(s) prior to use
Application
Mixing
The contents of the label are:
Everything you should know about the
pesticide…
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Label Contents
Name
Trade, common, and
chemical
Ingredients
Use statement
Type of Pesticide
Net contents
Manufacturer
information
Emergency phone
number
Registration
number
Signal words &
symbols
Precautionary
statements
Statement of
practical treatment
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Label Contents
Environmental
hazards
Physical & Chemical
hazards
Ag. use
requirements
Non-ag. use
requirements
Storage
Disposal
Directions for use
Warranty
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Label Contents Name
Trade = Ortho Home Defense Max Insect Killer for
Indoor & Perimeter
Common = bifenthrin
zeta-cypermethrin
Chemical =
2-Methyl-3-phenylphenyl)methyl (1S,3S)-3-[(Z)-2-
chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]- 2,2-
dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate
(S)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-
dichloroethenyl)-2,2-
dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate 68
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Label Contents
Ingredients
Listed as a percentage of container
Active ingredient (ai) = 0.0625%
Bifenthrin = 0.05%
Zeta-Cypermethrin = 0.0125%
Other (inert) ingredients = 99.935%
Total = 100%
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Label Contents
Use Classification Statement
Sites to be used
What it generally controls
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Label Contents
Net Contents
Pounds, ounces, grams, and etc. of ai
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Label Contents
Name & Address of Manufacturer
The Orhto Group
P.O. Box 190
Marysville, OH 43040
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Label Contents
Hot Line Number
Company hot line – 1-800-225-2883
Other numbers you would need
Local hospital
Poison control
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Label Contents
Registration Number
EPA Reg. No. 279-9534-239
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Label Contents
Caution
Relatively non-toxic
> 1 pint
Caution
Slightly Toxic
1 Tbsp to 1 pint
Warning
Moderately toxic
1 Tsp to 1 Tbsp
Danger
Highly toxic
Few drops to 1 Tsp
Signal Words & Symbols
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Label Contents
Precautionary Statements
Hazards to humans and livestock
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Engineering controls statement
User safety recommendations
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Label Contents
Statement of Practical Treatment (First aid)
If swallowed
If on skin or clothing
If in eyes
If inhaled
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Label Contents
Environmental hazards
How it may enter environment outside of site of use
Organisms affected
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Label Contents
Directions for use
General statement about the use of the product
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Label Contents
Storage Requirements
Temperature ranges
Secure area
Container preparation
Generally away from food and water
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Label Contents
Disposal Requirements
Wand
Container
Empty
Trash
Recycle
DO NOT put in standard plastic recycle
Partially filled
Contact local solid waste disposal agency
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Pesticide Safety
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Terms
Acute toxicity = Injury or illness produced from a single exposure
Chronic toxicity = Injury or illness produced from repeated, prolonged exposure
LD50 = Lethal dose of a toxicant required to kill 50% of a test population under standard conditions
LC50 = Lethal concentration of a toxicant in air or water required to kill 50% of a test population
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3 C’s
Control
Contain
Clean up
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Exposure
Systemic effects
Nausea, diarrhea,
vomiting, stomach
cramps
Headache, dizziness,
weakness, confusion
Excessive sweating,
tearing, chills, thirst
Chest pains
Breathing difficulties
Body aches & muscle
cramps
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Exposure
Contact effects
Skin irritation Itching, burning, blisters,
& rashes
Skin discoloration
Eye irritation
Throat irritation
Respiratory irritation Coughing, swelling
Allergic effects
Reddening of eyes
Itchy eyes
Respiratory discomfort
Asthma-like symptoms
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Routes of Exposure
Dermal
Not wearing protective clothing or gloves
Not washing After working with
pesticides
Before using toilet
Direct pesticide contact with skin
Exposure pesticide
spray or dust drift
Contact with treated
surfaces
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Figure from: Managing the Risk of Pesticide Poisoning and Understanding the Signs & Symptoms
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Routes of Exposure
Eye
Rubbing eyes
Splashing into eyes
Handling dry
formulations
without eye
protection
Applying pesticides
in windy weather
Oral
Not washing hands
prior to:
Eating
Drinking
Smoking
Chewing
Splashing into
mouth
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Routes of Exposure
Inhalation
Handling pesticides in confined or poorly ventilated
areas
Handling dusts or powders
Using an inadequate or poorly fitting respirator
Being exposed to spray or dust drift
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Pesticide First Aid
Label will have requirements for each route of
exposure
Back to Ortho Home Defense Max example
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If Swallowed
Call a poison control center or doctor immediately
for treatment advice
Have person sip a glass of water if able to swallow
DO NOT induce vomiting unless told to do so by a
poison control center or doctor
DO NOT give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person
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If In Eyes
Hold eye open and rinse slowly & gently with water
for 15-20 minutes
Remove contact lenses, if present, after first 5
minutes, then continue rinsing eye
Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment
advice
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Personal Protective Equipment
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Personal Protective Equipment
Abbreviated PPE
Clothing and equipment used to limit exposure to
pesticides
Label will contain PPE requirements
Basic minimum recommendations
Chemical resistant gloves
Long sleeved shirt
Long Pants
Shoes
Socks
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Questions
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Extension is a Division of the Institute of Agriculture
and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska–
Lincoln cooperating with the Counties and the United
States Department of Agriculture.
University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension educational
programs abide with the nondiscrimination policies of
the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the United
States Department of Agriculture.