ippa manual
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QuestionnaireTRANSCRIPT
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Mark T. Greenberg Ph.D.Bennett Chair of Prevention ResearchFounding Director, Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center
College of Health and Human Development
PHE 814 863-0112
FAX 814 863-7963
Email: [email protected]
Dear Colleague:
Thank you for your request for information concerning the research that we haveconducted on adolescents’ perceived attachment to peers and parents. First, we haveenclosed a copy of our article in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence in 1987 thatintroduced the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment. We have also enclosed amanual providing information on our factor analyses of the scales, information on
reliability of the scales, and a scoring key.
Since the study reported in the 1987 paper was carried out, we have revised the IPPA. Inher dissertation, Gay Armsden modified the IPPA so as to separately assess perceivedquality of attachment to mothers and fathers (instead of parents together). We haveenclosed a copy of this unpublished measure, The IPPA (Mother, Father, Peer Version),and a page of scoring information. In her study of over 400 college students, Gay hasfound that most of the same items fall on the same factors for mothers and fatherseparately that we found in the factor analysis of parents together on the IPPA. However,
there were enough differences in loadings that we judged it best to discourage the use ofsubscales in the revised version of the IPPA until further research could be done.Recommended scoring for this version thus involves total scores for Mother, Father, andPeer, but no subscale scores. However, while scoring subscales is not advised, we haveincluded instructions for doing so, since many researchers have requested thisinformation.
If you have further questions, please feel free to call (814 863-0112) or e-mail GayArmsden at ([email protected]), or write. If you decide to use our measures in data
collection, please let us know. We would also appreciate a copy of papers that utilize themeasure(s).
Sincerely,
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INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA)
AUTHORS:
Gay Armsden, Ph.D. Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D.Research Consultant Professor230 Ilihau St. Human Development
Kailua, HI 96734 Penn State University
State College, PA 16802
Variables Measured:
Parent and Peer Attachment (original version)
Mother, Father, and Peer Attachment (revised version)
Instrument Description:
The IPPA was developed in order to assess adolescents’ perceptions of the positive andnegative affective/cognitive dimension of relationships with their parents and closefriends -- particularly how well these figures serve as sources of psychological security.
The theoretical framework is attachment theory, originally formulated by Bowlby and
recently expanded by others. Three broad dimensions are assessed: degree of mutualtrust; quality of communication; and extent of anger and alienation. The development
samples were 16 to 20 years of age; however the IPPA has been used successfully in
several studies with adolescents as young as 12. The instrument is a self-report
questionnaire with a five point likert-scale response format. The original version consistsof 28 parents and 25 peer items, yielding two attachment scores. The revised version
(Mother, Father, Peer Version) is comprised of 25 items in each of the mother, father, and
peer sections, yielding three attachment scores. The IPPA is scored by reverse-scoringthe negatively worded items and then summing the response values in each section.
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RELIABILITY:
Three week test-retest reliabilities for a sample of 27 18- to 20-year-olds were .93 for
parent attachment and .86 for peer attachment.
For the revised version, internal reliabilities (Cronbach’s alpha) are: Mother attachment,
.87; Father attachment, .89; Peer attachment, .92.
VALIDITY:
Among late adolescents, parental attachment scores are moderately to highly related to
Family and Social Self scores from the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and to most
subscales on the Family Environmental Scale (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987). Parentattachment scores of 12- to 18-year-olds are also moderately correlated with scores on the
FACES, and with the degree of positive family coping (communication among family
members and relatives concerning problems) (Lewis, Woods, & Ellison, 1987). In a
sample of 10- to 16-year-old psychiatric patients, less secure parent attachment wasrelated to clinical diagnosis of depression, parent rating of the adolescent’s depressive
symptoms, and to patient’s self-reported level of depression (Armsden, McCauley,
Greenberg, Burke, & Mitchell, 1991). Attachment to parents has been found todiscriminate delinquents from non-delinquents among 12- to 17-year-olds (Redondo,
Martin, Fernandez, & Lopez, 1986). Late adolescents experiencing more secure mother
and father attachment report less conflict between their parents and experience less
loneliness (Armsden, 1986).
Peer attachment is positively related to social self concept as assessed by the Tennessee
Self Concept Scale and family expressiveness on the Family Environment Scale, and is
strongly negatively correlated with loneliness. Peer attachment is modestly correlatedwith parent attachment as assessed by the IPPA as well as measures of general family
functioning and self concept as family member (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987; Armsden,
1986; Lewis et al., 1987).
Scores on the IPPA have also been found to be associated with a number of personality
variables. Among late adolescents, parent and peer attachment are correlated with
positiveness and stability of self-esteem, life-satisfaction, and affective status (depression,anxiety, resentment/alienation, covert anger, and loneliness) (Armsden & Greenberg,
1987; Armsden, 1986). The relationship of attachment and affective status holds even
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control and with greater self-management (coping) skills (Armsden et al., 1987; Lewis et
al., 1987).
Scores on the IPPA were not found to be significantly related to socio-economic status
among a sample of 400 18- to 20-year-olds. In the same study, negligible but significant positive correlations were obtained between attachment and parents’ education levels
(Armsden, 1986).
SUGGESTIONS IN USAGE:
(1) The revised version of the IPPA (Mother, Father, Peer version) separately assessesmother and father attachment; the authors recommend its use over the originalversion whenever possible.
REFERENCES:
Armsden, G. (1986). Attachment to parents and peers in late adolescence: Relationships
to affective status, self-esteem, and coping with loss, threat and challenges. (Doctoral
Dissertation, University of Washington, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International,47(4), October, 1986. Available from http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb .
Armsden, G. C., and Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The Inventory of Parent and PeerAttachment: Relationships to well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 16 (5), 427-454.
Armsden, G. C., McCauley, E., Greenberg, M.T.; Burke, P., and Mitchell, J. (1991).Parent and peer attachment in early adolescence depression. Journal of Youth andAdolescence, 18, 683-692.
Greenberg, M.T., Siegal, J., & Leitch, C. (1984). The nature and importance ofattachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 12(5), 373-386.
Lewis, F. M., Woods, N.F., Ellison, E. (1987). Family impact study, Unpublishedreport, University of Washington, R01-NUO1000, Division of Nursing, Public Health
Service.
Redondo, L. M., Martin, A. L., Fernandez, J.S., & Lopez, J. M. (1986). An examination
of the relationship between family environment and juvenile delinquency. Unpublished
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SELECTED STUDIES USING THE IPPA
By Year of Publication
1991
Armsden, G.C., McCauley, E., Greenberg, M. T., Burke, P., & Mitchell, J. (1991). Parent and peer
attachment in early adolescence depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 683-697.
Papini, D. R., Roggman, L. A., & Anderson, J. (1991). Early-adolescent perceptions of attachment to
mother and father: A test of emotional-distancing and buffering hypotheses. Journal of Early Adolescence,11, 258-275.
Williams, S. & McGee, R. (1991). Adolescent self-perceptions of their strengths. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 20, 325-337.
1992Cotterell, J. L. (1992). The relation of attachments and support to adolescent well-being and school
adjustment. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 28-42.
Capaldi, D. M. (1992). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescence
boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at Grade 8. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 125-144.
Papin, D.R. & Roggmen, L.A. (1992). Adolescent perceived attachment to parents in relation to
competence, depression, and anxiety: A longitudinal study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 420-440.
Raja, S.N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W.R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 471-485.
1993
Blain, M.D., Thompson, J.M., & Whiffen, V.E. (1993). Attachment and perceived social support in lateadolescence: The interaction of working models of self and others. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8,
226-241.
Cavell, T. A., Jones, D. C., Runyen, R.D., et al. (1993). Perception of attachment and the adjustment ofadolescents with alcoholic fathers. Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 204-212.
Lyddon, W. J., Bradford, E., Nelson, J. P. (1993). Assessing adolescent and adult attachment: A review ofcurrent self-report measures. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 390-395.
1994
Paterson, J. E., Field, J., Pryor, J. (1994). Adolescents’ perceptions of their attachment relationships with
their mothers, fathers, and friends. Journal of Youth of Adolescence, 23, 579-599.
Schultheiss, D. E. P., & Blustein, D. L. (1994). Role of adolescent-parent relationships in college student
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Sund, A. M., & Wichstrom, L. (2002). Insecure attachment as a risk factor for future depressive symptoms
in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1478-
1485.
2003
Beitel, M., & Cecero, J. J. (2003). Predicting psychological mindedness from personality style andattachment security. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 163-172.
Coleman, P. K. (2003). Perceptions of parent-child attachment, social self-efficacy, and peer relationships
in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 12, 351-368.
Johnson, L. N., Ketring, S. A., Abshire, C. (2003) The revised inventory of parent attachment: Measuring
attachment in families. Contemporary Family Therapy, 25, 333-349.
2004
Buist, K. L., Dekovic, M. Meeus, W. H., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2004). Attachment in adolescence: A
social relations model analysis. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 826-850.
Essau, C. A. (2004). The Association between family factors and depressive disorders in adolescents.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(5), 365-372.
Rubin, K.H., Dwyer, K.M., Booth-LaForce, C. Kim, A.H., Burgess, K.B., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2004).
Attachment, friendship, and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence. The Journal of Early
Adolescence, November 1, 24(4): 326 - 356.
Schwartz, J. P., & Buboltz, W. C. (2004). The Relationship between attachment to parents and
psychological separation in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 45, 566-577.
Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A., & Campione-Barr, N. (2004). African American Late Adolescents'
Relationships With Parents: Developmental Transitions and Longitudinal Patterns. Child Development, 75932-947.
Vignoli, E., & Mallet, P. (2004). Validation of a brief measure of adolescents' parent attachment based on
Armsden and Greenberg's three-dimension model. European Review of Applied Psychology, 54(4), 251-
260.
Wilkinson, R. B., & Kraljevic, M. (2004). Adolescent Psychological Health and School Attitudes: The
Impact of Attachment Relationships. Proceedings of the Australian Psychological Society’s Psychology of
Relationships Interest Group 4th Annual Conference, 150-155.Melbourne, Australia: The AustralianPsychological Society.
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Bámaca-Colbert, M. Y., & Gayles, J. G. (2010). Variable-centered and person-centered approaches to
studying mexican-origin mother–daughter cultural orientation dissonance. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 39(11), 1274-1292. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9447-3
Bauminger, N., Solomon, M., & Rogers, S.J. (2010). Predicting Friendship Quality in Autism Spectrum
Disorders and Typical Development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, June; 40(6): 751– 761.
Bauminger, N., Solomon, M., & Rogers, S. J. (2010). Externalizing and internalizing behaviors in ASD. Autism Research, 3(3), 101-112. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.131
Branje, S. J. T., Hale, W. W., Frijns, T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2010). Longitudinal associations between
perceived parent-child relationship quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of AbnormalChild Psychology, 38 (6), 751-763. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9401-6
Buist, K. L. (2010). Sibling relationship quality and adolescent delinquency: A latent growth curve
approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4), 400-410. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020351
Cate, R. C. Deficits in mentalization as a risk factor for the future development of eating disorders: A pilot
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De, l. R., Dillon, F. R., Rojas, P., Schwartz, S. J., & Duan, R. (2010). Latina mother–daughter dyads:
Relations between attachment and sexual behavior under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1305-1319. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9498-2
Derkman, M. M. S., Scholte, R. H. J., Van, d. V., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010). Factorial and construct
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47 ,525-537.
Eubanks-Carter, C., Burckell, L. A., & Goldfried, M. R. (2010). Clinical consensus strategies for
interpersonal problems between young adults and their parents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 78 (2), 212-224. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018557
Garriott, P. O., Love, K. M., Tyler, K. M., Thomas, D. M., Roan-Belle, C., & Brown, C. L. (2010). Testing
an attachment model of Latina/o college students’ psychological adjustment. Hispanic Journal of
Behavioral Sciences, 32(1), 104-117. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986309355753
Goguen, L. M. S., Hiester, M. A., & Nordstrom, A. H. (2010). Associations among peer relationships,
academic achievement, and persistence in college. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory
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**ORIGINAL VERSION**
INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA)
(Parent and Peer Version)
SCORING INSTRUCTIONS
Calculation of Total Parent and Peer Attachment Scores
Separate Parent Attachment and Peer Attachment summary scores are obtained byreverse-scoring items as listed below. It is necessary to also reverse score all Alienationsubscale items.
Subscale Scoring (see Table below)
The original IPPA has three Parent and Peer subscales. Subscale scores are computed by
summing the item responses. Responses to negatively worded items must be reverse-scored before calculations.
Directly-scored Reverse-scored
Parent Subscales Items Items
Trust 1 2 4 13 14 21 23 24 3 10(10 items)
Communication 6 8 16 17 20 26 28 5 7 15
(10 items)
Alienation
(8 items)
9 11 12 18 19 22 25 27 - - - -
Peer Subscales
Trust 6 8 12 13 14 15 19 20 21 5
(10 items)
Communication 1 2 3 7 16 17 24 25 - - - -
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INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA):
(Parent and Peer Version)
ITEM-TOTAL CORRELATIONS*
PARENT ATTACHMENT SCALES
COMMUNICATION TRUST
Item Number Item-total correlation Item Number Item-total
5 .53 1 .76
6 .67 2 .697 .59 3 .61
8 .61 4 .75
15 .63 10 .5516 .75 13 .73
17 .80 14 .7320 .75 21 .7226 .77 23 .74
28 .68 24 .64
ALIENATION
Item Number Item-total Correlation9 .59
11 .60
12 .5918 .5819 .57
22 .57
25 .7427 .65
PEER ATTACHMENT SCALES
TRUST COMMUNICATION
Item Number Item-total Item Number Item-total
5 .56 1 .576 .60 2 .63
8 .62 3 .59
12 .70 7 .6613 .75 16 .57
14 .68 17 .63
15 .73 24 .72
19 .71 25 .72
20 .6821 .75
ALIENATIONItem Number Item-total correlation
4 .45
9 27
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INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT:
(MOTHER, FATHER AND PEER VERSION)
SCORING INSTRUCTIONS
Mother, Father, and Peer Attachment scores are calculated by(1) reverse-scoring the items whose numbers are listed below and
(2) summing all 25 items for each scale.
Attachment Scale Items to be reverse-scored
Mother 3 6 8 9 10 11 14 17 18 23
Father 3 6 8 9 10 11 14 17 18 23
Peer 4 5 9 10 11 18 22 23
Authors: Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D., and Gay C. Armsden, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology, University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195-1525
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INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT:
(MOTHER, FATHER, PEER VERSION)
How to Score the Revised Version in Order toUse the Original IPPA Subscales
SUBSCALE ITEM NUMBER ON REVISED VERSION
Direct-scored items Reverse-scored items
Parent Trust 1 2 4 12 13 20 21 22 3 9
Parent Communication 5 7 15 16 19 24 25 6 14
Parent Alienation 8 10 11 17 18 23
Peer Trust 6 8 12 13 14 15 19 20 21 5
Peer Communication 1 2 3 7 16 17 24 25
Peer Alienation 4 9 10 11 18 22 23
*Some of these subscales are highly correlated on the original version of the instrument, making their independence questionable. Initial
investigation of the dimensional structure of the revised version suggests a similar structure, but some differences exist between Mother and Father
Attachment in item-content of the dimensions. Further investigation is warranted.
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