IPROMO Course23-03 June 2015, Italy

TurkeyTurkey’s ’s Mountains; Status, Achievements and Challenges Mountains; Status, Achievements and Challenges for Sustainable Mountain Management for Sustainable Mountain Management

Aynur GüneşAynur Güneş

Forestry Expert

SOME FACTS AND FIGURES OF TURKEY

Turkey is located within the Alps-Himalaya orogenic belt Three types of mountains; orogenic mountains, tectonic

mountains, volcanic mountains, Average altitude is about 1032 meters, One peak over 5000m, three over 4000 m, 219 peaks over 3000 m

in Turkey, Majority of the national parks, forested areas and other protected

areas are in mountain ranges and adjacent uplands, Grazing in alpine meadows is still major livestock practices, Several mountain areas are the destination of local festivals ,

holidays, summer events, camping and recreation, Interest in winter sports and other tourism activities in mountains

is getting increased, ….

SOME FACTS AND FIGURES OF TURKEY

Total country’s territory is about 78 million hectares,Total country’s territory is about 78 million hectares,Total inhabitants is about 70 million, 35 % is rural, Total inhabitants is about 70 million, 35 % is rural, Average altitude is about 1032 meters,Average altitude is about 1032 meters,Forests and other wooded lands cover about 21 million hectares Forests and other wooded lands cover about 21 million hectares (27%)(27%)Great diversity of climate, landscape and land-use pattern,Great diversity of climate, landscape and land-use pattern,In the cross-road of the great number of human civilizations In the cross-road of the great number of human civilizations It is typically Mediterranean country, It is typically Mediterranean country, Seasonal droughts, frequent floods, forest fires are common, Seasonal droughts, frequent floods, forest fires are common, Very sensitive to desertification and climate change Very sensitive to desertification and climate change (intensive/ /modern agricultural practices, fertilizers, pesticides, (intensive/ /modern agricultural practices, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, soil contamination etc.) irrigation, soil contamination etc.)

MOUNTAINS OF TURKEY

Major mountains

Volcanic mountains

Coastland plains

İnland plainsMajor plateaus

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

AE

GE

N S

EA

BLACK SEA

(2

)

(2)

(5

)

(2

)

(3

)

(7)

(2)

(1

)

(1

)

(1

)

(1

)

(2

)

(4

)

(4

)

(3)

(6)

(8

)

(1) The North Anatolian Mountains, forests, tourism, biodiversity, summer festivals, alpine meadows,

(2)Taurus Mountains, mountaineering, summer destination, alpine meadows and nomadic livestock

(3) Anti-Taurus mountain range, many of them volcanic, panoramic and landscape, winter sports, nomadic grazing

(4) The East Anatolia Mountains,

Agri Mountain, the highest peak in Turkey (5161 m) alpine meadows, livestock,

mountaineering

(5) Yıldız (Istranca) Mountains, recreation and tourism, biodiversity and species

(6) Uludağ (Olympus Mt), winter sports, summer destination, tourism, rich on flora

(7) Ida Mountain (Kazdagi), biodiversity, endemism, scientific interest,

(8) Nemrut Mountain, History, culture, tourism

MOUNTAINS OF TURKEY

Mainly State owned territories, less attention, impacts negatively on mountain management issues

Marginality, less favorite areas

Lack of specific policy/strategy, less priority by public bodies

Unclear responsibility, conflicts on management

No synergy/integration, weak coordination among public institutions

Out migration, loss of manpower and interest

State of natural resources, mainly degraded in vicinity

Inaccessibility, remoteness, high cost of infrastructure,

Less interest by outsiders; low investments, isolation, less priority, etc,

Land scarcity, Small size and poor quality of private/arable land

MAJOR DIFFICULTIES/CHALLEGES ON

MOUNTAIN MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY

OPPORTUNITIES/POSIBILITIES

Increased interest; public and private (tourism, food, advanture etc.)

Global/regional initiatives and achievements; IYM, FAO etc.

Rich mountain assets; biodiversity, cultural and historical heritages,

Environmental concerns, over-population etc.; problem in urban places turning into opportunity

Changes on tourism concepts; rural tourism, agro-tourism, mountain sports, safaris etc,

Recent trends/perceptions of societies; economic well being, leisurely activities, increased life standards in rural dwellers

Local-specific products and other niches, quality products, cultural and historical places etc.

Ecology and land rehabilitation (GAP, large scale watershed rehabilitation projects, including SEAWRP, AWRP, etc), Afforestation/ reforestation in highlands, other forestry operations, range management/improvement etc

Livelihood improvement (a number of rural development projects and programs, area specific pilot and/or model projects, village development schemes, forestry sector’s subsidies)

Tourism and Sports (resorts, cable lines, winter sport services)

Research and inventory studies (scientific studies on water, forestry, flora and fauna etc)

Biodiversity protection (n. parks, nature parks, inventories and research studies, specific protection areas etc.)

Recent Government Initiatives (decentralization approaches and KOYDES program)

RELATED MEASURES TAKEN (completed and ongoing)

ACHİEVEMENTS/INITIATIVES AND CHALLENGES FOR SMD

A number of programs and projects implemented in the concept of Chapter 13 of the Agenda 21,IYM has been effectively observed (Symposiums, workshops, media etc.),Yuntdagi (Yunt Mountain) Model Project has been successfully implemented with the financially and technically assistance of FAO-TCP,SMM Strategy document has been prepared and distributed,National planning processes started to include mountain related subject after the project (e.g. 1. National Rural Development Plan),New organization of the Ministry and Water Affairs has established mountain related units,Turkey has actively following up the mandate of Mountain Partnership and other regional and international processes on SMD, Turkey was a partner of the MEDITERRITAGE Project of EU/Interreg-C

OTHER MAJOR ACHİEVEMENTS

Big-scale Watershed Rehabilitation Projects

• The Eastern Anatolia Land Rehabilitation Project,

• Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation project,

• Çoruh River Watershed Rehabilitation Project,

• Yuntdagi (Yunt Mountain) Model Project

• A number of rural development projects/programs,

Tools/Mechanisms related to mountain management

Five-Year National Development Plans,

National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

National Forestry Program (nap)

National Action Program (NAP) for combating to desertification and drought

National Rural Development Plan

LESSONS LEARNT AND RECOMMENDATİONS FOR SMD IN TURKEY

Legislative and institutional mechanisms on mountain management are neededPermanent coordination mechanism such as commission, committee, team etc. should be established at national as well as local levels where appropriateSuch mechanism should include representatives from all related sectors, public, private and NGOs etc.Integrated and multi-sectoral approach should be arrangedNational planning processes should include the sustainable mountain management issues (Specific sectoral expertise commission report)National Rural Development Plans should address the less favored areas including mountain populationUp-to-date information and baseline surveys for accurate data and networks at national level is necessaryCooperation with/involvement in ongoing regional and international processes as well as related institutions, particularly FAO-MP is must be maintained, experiences/achievements should be shared

Thank you for your attention