Future of Data Communication

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Some Famous Words

“ I think there is a World market of for may be five computers”

- Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM in 1943

“640k ought to be enough for anybody.”- Bill Gates 1981

“32bits should be enough address space for internet”

- Vint Cerf, 1977 ( honorary Chairman of IPv6 Forum 2000)

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Internet Protocol

Transports a datagram from source host to destination, possibly via several intermediate nodes (“routers”)

Service is: Unreliable: Losses, duplicates, out-of-order delivery Best effort: Packets not discarded capriciously, delivery

failure not necessarily reported Connectionless: Each packet is treated independently

What is an IP address?

• Each host on a TCP/IP network is uniquely identified at the IP layer with an address.

• An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies the location of a host or client on the Internet.

• The IP address is also known as Protocol address

• The IPv4 address is 32 bits long• The IPv6 address is 128 bit long

Problems of IPv4

Addressing problem Routing Crisis End to End problem Security Mobility Performance Cost

Address Crisis

Routing Crisis

End to End problem

Mobility

Security Problem

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1. Larger address space2. Global reachability3. Flexibility4. Auto-configuration5. Aggregation6. Multi-homing7. Efficient Routing8. Scalability9. Easy Mobility10.Better security

IPv6 Features

IPv6

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No more room in IPv4 Quite empty in IPv6

Larger Address Space

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Global ReachabilityFrom 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables:

– Global reachability:

• No hidden networks, hosts

• All hosts can be reachable and be "servers"

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Flexibility

From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables:

– Flexibility

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Auto-Configuration

• "Plug and play"

– By autoconfiguration

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Aggregation

• Aggregation

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Multi-homing

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Efficient Routing

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Scalability

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Easy Mobility

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End to End Security

Better Security

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IPv6 Features

TCP/IP and OSI

• OSI is made of seven layers.

• TCP/IP protocol is made of five layers.

PHYSICAL

DATA LINK

NETWORK

TRANSPORT

APPLICATION

PHYSICAL

DATA LINK

NETWORK

TRANSPORT

SESSION

PRESENTATION

APPLICATION

OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Frame Head Trailer

Frame

Data Encapsulation

Data

Data

Data

TCP Header

TCP Segment

UDP Header

UDP Message

TCP-UDP DataIP Header

IP Datagram

IP Header TCP-UDP Data

Application

TPT Layer

NW Layer

Data Link

D

P

N

T

A

TCP/IP Protocol Suite..

ICMP IGMPRARPARP

FTPSMTP

TELNETHTTP

TFTPNFS

SNMPDNS

TCP UDP

IP

Protocols defined by the underlying networks

IPv6 Addressing

• IPv6 addresses

• Format

• Unicast

• Multicast

• Anycast

• Required Node Addresses

• Address Selection

• Addressing Architecture

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Addresses

• IPv4 = 32 bits

• IPv6 = 128 bits– This is not 4 times the number of addresses

– This is 4 times the number of bits

– ~3,4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes

– 1030 addresses per person on the planet

– Well, as with any numbering scheme, we will be using only a

portion of the full address space

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IPv6 Address

IPv6

IPv4: 32 bits or 4 bytes long 4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes

• IPv6: 128 bits or 16 bytes• 3.4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes• 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432,768,211,456• 5 * 1028 addresses per person

Address Format

• x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x

– Where x is a 16 bits hexadecimal field

• 2001:0000:1234:0000:0000:C1C0:ABCD:0876

• Case insensitive

• 2001:0000:1234:0000:0000:c1c0:abcd:0876

• Leading zeros in a field are optional:

• 2001:0:1234:0:0:C1C0:ABCD:876

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Address format

• Successive fields of 0 are represented as ::, but only once

in an address:– 2001:0:1234::C1C0:ABCD:876

– Not valid: 2001::1234::C1C0:ABCD:876

• Other examples:– FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => FF02::1

– 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1

– 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => ::

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Addresses in URL

• In a URL, it is enclosed in brackets– http://[2001:1:4F3A::206:AE14]:8080/index.html

– URL parsers have to be modified

– Cumbersome for users

• Mostly for diagnostic purposes

• Should use Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN)

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Address Types

• Unicast– Unspecified

– Loopback

– Scoped addresses:• Link-local

• Site-local

– Aggregatable Global:

• Multicast– Broadcast: none in IPv6

• Anycast

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Unspecified

• Used as a placeholder when no address available– Initial DHCP request

– Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)

• Like 0.0.0.0 in IPv4

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::

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Loopback

• Identifies self

• Localhost

• Like 127.0.0.1 in IPv4

• 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1

• To find if your IPv6 stack works:

– Ping6 ::1

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Link-Local

• Scoped address (new in IPv6)

• Scope = local link (i.e. VLAN, subnet)– Can only be used between nodes of the same link

– Cannot be routed

• Automatically configured on each interface– Uses the interface identifier (based on MAC address)

• Format:– FE80:0:0:0:<interface identifier>

• Gives every node an IPv6 address to start communications

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IPv6 Address Representation EUI 64

IPv6

IPv6 uses the extended universal identifier (EUI)-64 format to do stateless autoconfiguration.This format expands the 48-bit MAC address to 64 bits by inserting “FFFE” into the middle 16 bits.To make sure that the chosen address is from a unique Ethernet MAC address, the universal/local (U/L bit) is set to 1 for global scope (0 for local scope).

Site-Local

• Scoped address

• Scope = site (a network of links)– Can only be used between nodes of the same site

– Cannot be routed outside the site (i.e. the Internet)

– Very similar to IPv4 private addresses

• Not configured by default

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Site-Local

• Format:– FEC0:0:0:<subnet id>:<interface id>

– Subnet id = 16 bits = 64K subnets

• Enables an addressing plan for a full site

• Usage example:– Number a site before connecting to the Internet:

• Do your address plan using site locals and use the renumbering

functions when connecting to the IPv6 Internet

– Private addresses (e.g. local printers)

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Aggregatable Global

• Generic use. Globally reachable.

• Allocated by IANA– To Regional Registries

– Then to Tier-1 Providers• Called Top-level Aggregator (TLA)

– Then to Intermediate Providers• Called Next-level Aggregator (NLA)

– Then to sites

– Then to subnets

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Aggregatable Global• Structure:

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TLA RES NLAs SLA Interface ID TLA RES NLAs SLA Interface ID

48 bits 16 bits 64 bits

• 128 bits as the total• 48 bits prefix to the site• 16 bits for the subnets in the site• 64 bits for host part

Aggregatable Global

• Consists of the following (left to right):– 3 bits: 001 (10% of the total address space reserved)

– 13 bits for the TLA• 213 TLAs ~ 8K TLAs

– 8 bits reserved

– 24 bits for the NLAs• 224 NLAs per TLA ~ 16M NLAs per TLA

– 16 bits for the site subnets• 216 subnets per site = 65536 subnets

– 64 bits for the interface identifier

– Total = 128 bits.

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Multicast

• Multicast = one-to-many

• No broadcast in IPv6. Multicast is used instead, mostly on local links

• Scoped addresses:– Node, link, site, organisation, global

– No TTL as in IPv4

• Format:– FF<flags><scope>::<multicast group>

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Multicast assigned Addresses

• Some reserved multicast addresses:

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Address Scope Use

FF01::1 Interface-local All Nodes

FF01::2 Interface-local All Routers

FF02::1 Link-local All Nodes

FF02::2 Link-local All Routers

FF05::2 Site-local All Routers

FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx Link-local Solicited-Node

Anycast

• One-to-nearest: great for discovery functions

• Anycast addresses are indistinguishable from unicast

addresses– Allocated from the unicast addresses space

– Some anycast addresses are reserved for specific uses

• Few uses:– Router-subnet

– MobileIPv6 home-agent discovery

– discussions for DNS discovery

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Thanks

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GIMEC - CONFIDENTIAL-

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WONDERS WE CAN DO WITH IPV6 !!

IPv6 Applications in Agriculture Industry

IPv6 Applications in Transport System

GIMEC - CONFIDENTIAL-

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IPv6 Applications in UID

GIMEC - CONFIDENTIAL-

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IPv6 Applications Others!!

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Suggested Pilot Projects in Greenfield Applications Rural Emergency Healthcare System Telemedicine Distance Education Power Generation and Distribution Logistics and Supply Chain

Different Ministries, Government Departments and Organizations in Private Sector can come forward to Work on these and similar Pilot

Projects. 54

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Rural Emergency Health Care

Central Co-ordination Contact Center

Rural Emergency Healthcare – Current Process

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Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN)

Doctor

Dial 108

Dispatch Officers (DO)

Caller in distress

Ambulances located at strategic places in districts

Ambulancesnearest to callerlocated and guidedto destination

Doctor at Contact

Center and Nurse in

Ambulance co-ordinate

over phone about

patient care

Deficiencies in Today’s – Rural Emergency Healthcare scenario(Communication only by Phone)

•Vital sign information sent on phone - Blood pressure, ECG, Temperature .. Etc.

•Doctor lacks the ability to see the patient’s visual condition

•Doctor provides Offline Healthcare on phone

•Ambulances manually called and guided over phone to destination

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IPv6 Backbone

Dial 108

Caller in distress

Ambulances located at strategic places in districts

Benefits – IPv6 Rural Emergency Healthcare scenario

Real Time Patient Vital sign information collected by Bio Sensors– Blood pressure, ECG, Temperature .. Etc,

Patient’s condition is seen in real time Video by Doctor - More effective diagnosis and advice

D.O. locates nearest Ambulance - using GPS Driver reaches destination faster via GPS

Wi-MaxWi-Max

3G3G

Bio-sensors help collect

Vital sign info which istransmitted in real-

timehelping doctor provide

effective healthcare

GPS helps Locate

Ambulance, guides

Ambulance driver

To destinationCentral Co-ordination Contact Center

IPv6 Technologies – Rural Emergency Healthcare

•Bio-Sensors•IPv6 based Real-time Vital signs data transfer

•Seamless Video-Conference•Automatic Vehicular Location System

IPv6 simplifies and enhances Rural Emergency Healthcare

IPV6 Network of Urban and Rural Hospitals

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Hospital Network – Linking Urban & Rural Hospitals

IPv6 Network

IPv6 Network

PHC Rural Health Centre

PHC PHC

URBAN HOSPITAL

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Rural Patient

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Tele Health – Patient Seeking Medical Advice Remotely

Tele-Health Schematic using Mobile Network

Patient Monitoring Team

IPv6

Health Care Provider

Sensors used to collect Patient Condition and Transmitted using mobile

phone

Immediate Feedback

Data Transmitted to

the Medical Server

Analyzed Data Transmitted to Nurse /

Doctor for advice

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3

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Distance Education

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Distance Education

Universalization of Education

Extending Quality Education to Remote and Rural Areas

Partially mitigate non availability of good teachers in sufficient numbers

IPV6

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Power Generation and Distribution

Indian Electricity Scenario

Power Supply Position (MW)

Demand Supplied Shortage %

2005-06 93255 81792 12.3%

2006-07 100715 86818 13.8%

2007-08 108866 90793 16.6%

2008-09 109809 96685 12%

AT&C (Aggregate Technical & Commercial Losses) ~ 33%

Objectives - APDRP (Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme

of the GoI – Funded through PFC)

Sustained Loss Reduction

Reliable and Automated systems for collection of accurate Base Line Data

Adopting IT for energy accounting

Today’s Scenario

Electricity grid is “DUMB"

Workers have to walk from house to house to read the electricity meter

Utilities have no clue of power outage until customers call to complain.

Tomorrow’s Scenario ?The electricity grid is “SMART” enough for –

Remote collection of data – fully sensor based network

Automatic load balancing, DSM and transfer of power from one region

to another

Automatic detection of outages

Flexible metering

What will make it possible ? IPv6

Smartgrid Schematic

Bidirectional, Intelligent Network

Using IPv6 for Smart grid Services

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Automatic meter Reading using sensors

Business Analysis Analyze usage data to make decisions

Energy Management Services

Grid monitoring and management

Demand Side management Remote management of energy demand, Load balancing

Distribution automation Optimize performance of Transmission and Distribution assets

Remote equipment Monitoring

Ease of fault detection, maintenance

Telecommunications Can be provided as a service using the power line infrastructure

IPv6 in Railways

IPv6 in RailwaysHow can Railways benefit from IPv6 deployment ?

Railways handles India’s largest supply chain consisting of wagons, bogies, engines, processing centers, point of sale

terminals , millions of parcel objects each day

IPv6

Addressability

Scalable Internet Platform

Connectivity

Service Automation

Vision for Railways / Railtel

Highly optimized supply chain based on IP technology (IPv6)

Very large scale telemetry and sensor network enhancing railway safety (enabled by IPv6)

Railtel as an ISP (Broadband subscribers on IPv6)

NetCentric Warfare for Defence

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Operational Processes and Effectiveness

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Impact on Missions and Functions

Advantages of NCW

• Power is increasingly derived from information sharing, information access and speed

• Networked forces can be smaller in size

When the forces are well connected they can spread out over a larger area

thus reducing the chances of fatal incidents wiping out the entire troop at

the same time

•When one unit gets into trouble other units can quickly come to its aid

• Difficult for enemy to attack a spread out formation

• Fewer troops, lesser equipment – cheaper warfare

• Sensor based networks – on-site analysis of intelligence data obtained through sensors – quicker decision making in the battlefield

Intelligent Information Network

IPv6 based Intelligent

information Network

Net Ready Nodes

Net Ready Nodes

Net Ready Nodes

Weapons

Forces

Communication Platform

Communication Platform

Thank You

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