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Sybase IQ15.2

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DOCUMENT ID: DC38151-01-1520-01

LAST REVISED: April 2010

Copyright © 2010 by Sybase, Inc. All rights reserved.

This publication pertains to Sybase software and to any subsequent release until otherwise indicated in new editions or technical notes.Information in this document is subject to change without notice. The software described herein is furnished under a license agreement,and it may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of that agreement.

To order additional documents, U.S. and Canadian customers should call Customer Fulfillment at (800) 685-8225, fax (617) 229-9845.

Customers in other countries with a U.S. license agreement may contact Customer Fulfillment via the above fax number. All otherinternational customers should contact their Sybase subsidiary or local distributor. Upgrades are provided only at regularly scheduledsoftware release dates. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or translated in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, manual, optical, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Sybase, Inc.

Sybase trademarks can be viewed at the Sybase trademarks page at http://www.sybase.com/detail?id=1011207 . Sybase and the marks listedare trademarks of Sybase, Inc. ® indicates registration in the United States of America.

Java and all Java-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.

Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc.

All other company and product names mentioned may be trademarks of the respective companies with which they are associated.

Use, duplication, or disclosure by the government is subject to the restrictions set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of DFARS 52.227-7013for the DOD and as set forth in FAR 52.227-19(a)-(d) for civilian agencies.

Sybase, Inc., One Sybase Drive, Dublin, CA 94568.

http://www.sybase.com/detail?id=1011207http://www.sybase.com/detail?id=1011207http://www.sybase.com/detail?id=1011207

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Reference: Building Blocks, Tables, and Procedures ii

About This Book ......................................................................................................................... xix

CHAPTER 1 File Locations and Installation Settings ....................................... 1Installation directory structure .......................................................... 2How Sybase IQ locates files ............................................................ 3

Simple file searching ................................................................. 4Extensive file searching............................................................. 5Environment variables...................................................................... 5

Setting environment variables ................................................... 6IQDIR15 environment variable .................................................. 7IQPORT environment variable .................................................. 8IQLOGDIR15 environment variable .......................................... 8IQTIMEOUT environment variable ............................................ 9IQTMP15 environment variable................................................. 9JAVA_HOME environment variable ........................................ 11LIBPATH or LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable ........ 11

PATH environment variable .................................................... 11SACHARSET environment variable ........................................ 12SALANG environment variable ............................................... 12SQLCONNECT environment variable ..................................... 12SYBASE environment variable................................................ 13$SYBASE_JRE6_32, $SYBASE_JRE6_64, $SYBASE_JRE5_64

environment variables ...................................................... 13SYBASE_OCS environment variable...................................... 14

Registry entries .............................................................................. 14Current user and local machine settings ................................. 14Registry structure .................................................................... 15

Registry settings on installation ............................................... 15

CHAPTER 2 SQL Language Elements.............................................................. 17Keywords ....................................................................................... 17

Reserved words ...................................................................... 18Identifiers........................................................................................ 21

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Strings ............................................................................................ 22Expressions.................................................................................... 23

Constants in expressions ........................................................ 25Column names in expressions ................................................ 25

Subqueries in expressions ...................................................... 25SQL operators ......................................................................... 26IF expressions ......................................................................... 29CASE expressions .................................................................. 29Compatibility of expressions.................................................... 31

Search conditions........................................................................... 33Comparison conditions............................................................ 34Subqueries in search conditions ............................................. 35ALL or ANY conditions ............................................................ 39BETWEEN conditions ............................................................. 40LIKE conditions ....................................................................... 40IN conditions............................................................................ 44CONTAINS conditions............................................................. 45EXISTS conditions .................................................................. 46IS NULL conditions.................................................................. 46Conditions with logical operators............................................. 46NOT conditions........................................................................ 47Truth value conditions ............................................................. 47Three-valued logic................................................................... 47User-supplied condition hints .................................................. 48

Special values ................................................................................ 55CURRENT DATABASE special value..................................... 55CURRENT DATE special value .............................................. 55CURRENT PUBLISHER special value.................................... 55CURRENT TIME special value ............................................... 55CURRENT TIMESTAMP special value ................................... 56CURRENT USER special value .............................................. 56LAST USER special value....................................................... 56SQLCODE special value ......................................................... 57SQLSTATE special value........................................................ 57TIMESTAMP special value...................................................... 58USER special value................................................................. 58

Variables ........................................................................................ 58Local variables ........................................................................ 59Connection-level variables ...................................................... 61Global variables....................................................................... 61

Comments...................................................................................... 67NULL value .................................................................................... 69

CHAPTER 3 SQL Data Types ............................................................................. 71

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Character data types...................................................................... 71Numeric data types ........................................................................ 75Binary data types ........................................................................... 79Bit data type ................................................................................... 84Date and time data types ............................................................... 85Sending dates and times to the database...................................... 86Retrieving dates and times from the database............................... 87Comparing dates and times ........................................................... 88Using unambiguous dates and times ............................................. 88Domains ......................................................................................... 90Data type conversions.................................................................... 92

CHAPTER 4 SQL Functions .............................................................................. 97Overview ........................................................................................ 98Aggregate functions ....................................................................... 98Analytical functions ...................................................................... 100Data type conversion functions .................................................... 105Date and time functions ............................................................... 106

Date parts .............................................................................. 109HTTP functions ............................................................................ 111Numeric functions ........................................................................ 111String functions ............................................................................ 112System functions.......................................................................... 115

Connection properties ........................................................... 118Properties available for the server......................................... 118Properties available for each database ................................. 119

SQL and Java user-defined functions .......................................... 120Time series and forecasting functions.......................................... 121Miscellaneous functions ............................................................... 121Alphabetical list of functions......................................................... 121

ABS function [Numeric] ......................................................... 122ACOS function [Numeric] ...................................................... 122ARGN function [Miscellaneous]............................................. 122ASCII function [String] ........................................................... 123ASIN function [Numeric] ........................................................ 123ATAN function [Numeric]....................................................... 124ATAN2 function [Numeric]..................................................... 124

AVG function [Aggregate]...................................................... 125BFILE function [Data extraction]............................................ 125BIGINTTOHEX function [Data type conversion].................... 126BIT_LENGTH function [String] .............................................. 127BYTE_LENGTH function [String] .......................................... 127BYTE_LENGTH64 function................................................... 128BYTE_SUBSTR64 and BYTE_SUBSTR functions ............... 128

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CAST function [Data type conversion] .................................. 128CEIL function [Numeric] ........................................................ 129CEILING function [Numeric] .................................................. 130CHAR function [String] .......................................................... 130

CHAR_LENGTH function [String].......................................... 131CHAR_LENGTH64 function .................................................. 131CHARINDEX function [String] ............................................... 132COALESCE function [Miscellaneous] ................................... 133COL_LENGTH function [System].......................................... 133COL_NAME function [System] .............................................. 134CONNECTION_PROPERTY function [System].................... 134CONVERT function [Data type conversion] .......................... 135CORR function [Aggregate]................................................... 138COS function [Numeric]......................................................... 139COT function [Numeric] ......................................................... 140COVAR_POP function [Aggregate]....................................... 140COVAR_SAMP function [Aggregate] .................................... 142COUNT function [Aggregate] ................................................ 143CUME_DIST function [Analytical].......................................... 143DATALENGTH function [System].......................................... 145DATE function [Date and time] .............................................. 145DATEADD function [Date and time] ...................................... 146DATECEILING function [Date and time] ............................... 147DATEDIFF function [Date and time]...................................... 149DATEFLOOR function [Date and time] ................................. 151DATEFORMAT function [Date and time]............................... 154DATENAME function [Date and time] ................................... 155DATEPART function [Date and time] .................................... 155DATEROUND function [Date and time]................................. 156DATETIME function [Date and time] ..................................... 159DAY function [Date and time] ................................................ 159DAYNAME function [Date and time]...................................... 159DAYS function [Date and time].............................................. 160DB_ID function [System] ....................................................... 161DB_NAME function [System] ................................................ 161DB_PROPERTY function [System]....................................... 162DEGREES function [Numeric]............................................... 163DENSE_RANK function [Analytical] ...................................... 163DIFFERENCE function [String] ............................................. 164DOW function [Date and time]............................................... 165ERRORMSG function [Miscellaneous].................................. 166EVENT_CONDITION function [System]................................ 166EVENT_CONDITION_NAME function [System] ................... 168EVENT_PARAMETER function [System] ............................. 168

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EXP function [Numeric] ......................................................... 169EXP_WEIGHTED_AVG function [Aggregate] ....................... 170FIRST_VALUE function [Aggregate] ..................................... 171FLOOR function [Numeric] .................................................... 173GETDATE function [Date and time] ...................................... 174GRAPHICAL_PLAN function [String] .................................... 174GROUPING function [Aggregate].......................................... 176GROUP_MEMBER function [System]................................... 177HEXTOBIGINT function [Data type conversion].................... 177HEXTOINT function [Data type conversion].......................... 178HOUR function [Date and time]............................................. 180HOURS function [Date and time] .......................................... 180HTML_DECODE function [HTTP] ......................................... 181HTML_ENCODE function [HTTP] ......................................... 181HTML_PLAN function [String] ............................................... 182HTTP_DECODE function [HTTP].......................................... 183HTTP_ENCODE function [HTTP].......................................... 184HTTP_HEADER function [HTTP] .......................................... 184HTTP_VARIABLE function [HTTP] ....................................... 185IFNULL function [Miscellaneous]........................................... 185INDEX_COL function [System] ............................................. 186INSERTSTR function [String] ................................................ 186INTTOHEX function [Data type conversion].......................... 187ISDATE function [Date and time] .......................................... 188ISNULL function [Miscellaneous] .......................................... 189ISNUMERIC function [Miscellaneous]................................... 190LAG function [Analytical] ....................................................... 190LAST_VALUE function [Aggregate] ...................................... 192LCASE function [String]......................................................... 194LEAD function [Analytical] ..................................................... 195LEFT function [String]............................................................ 196LEN function [String] ............................................................. 197LENGTH function [String]...................................................... 198LN function [Numeric]............................................................ 198LOCATE function [String] ...................................................... 199LOG function [Numeric]......................................................... 200LOG10 function [Numeric]..................................................... 201LOWER function [String] ....................................................... 201LTRIM function [String].......................................................... 202MAX function [Aggregate] ..................................................... 202MEDIAN function [Aggregate] ............................................... 203MIN function [Aggregate]....................................................... 204MINUTE function [Date and time].......................................... 205MINUTES function [Date and time] ....................................... 205

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MOD function [Numeric] ........................................................ 206MONTH function [Date and time] .......................................... 207MONTHNAME function [Date and time] ................................ 207MONTHS function [Date and time]........................................ 207

NEWID function [Miscellaneous] ........................................... 209NEXT_CONNECTION function [System].............................. 210NEXT_DATABASE function [System] ................................... 211NEXT_HTTP_HEADER function [HTTP] .............................. 212NEXT_HTTP_VARIABLE function [HTTP]............................ 213NOW function [Date and time]............................................... 213NTILE function [Analytical] .................................................... 213NULLIF function [Miscellaneous]........................................... 215NUMBER function [Miscellaneous] ....................................... 216OBJECT_ID function [System] .............................................. 217OBJECT_NAME function [System] ....................................... 217OCTET_LENGTH function [String]........................................ 218PATINDEX function [String] .................................................. 218PERCENT_RANK function [Analytical] ................................. 220PERCENTILE_CONT function [Analytical]............................ 221PERCENTILE_DISC function [Analytical] ............................. 223PI function [Numeric] ............................................................. 225POWER function [Numeric]................................................... 226PROPERTY function [System] .............................................. 226PROPERTY_DESCRIPTION function [System] ................... 227PROPERTY_NAME function [System].................................. 228PROPERTY_NUMBER function [System] ............................ 228QUARTER function [Date and time]...................................... 229RADIANS function [Numeric] ................................................ 230RAND function [Numeric] ...................................................... 230RANK function [Analytical] .................................................... 231REGR_AVGX function [Aggregate]....................................... 232REGR_AVGY function [Aggregate]....................................... 233REGR_COUNT function [Aggregate] .................................... 235REGR_INTERCEPT function [Aggregate] ............................ 235REGR_R2 function [Aggregate] ............................................ 237REGR_SLOPE function [Aggregate]..................................... 238REGR_SXX function [Aggregate].......................................... 239REGR_SXY function [Aggregate].......................................... 240REGR_SYY function [Aggregate].......................................... 241REMAINDER function [Numeric] ........................................... 243REPEAT function [String]...................................................... 243REPLACE function [String].................................................... 244REPLICATE function [String] ................................................ 245REVERSE function [String] ................................................... 246

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RIGHT function [String] ......................................................... 246ROUND function [Numeric] ................................................... 247ROW_NUMBER function [Analytical] .................................... 248ROWID function [Miscellaneous]........................................... 249RTRIM function [String] ......................................................... 250SECOND function [Date and time] ........................................ 251SECONDS function [Date and time]...................................... 251SIGN function [Numeric]........................................................ 252SIMILAR function [String] ...................................................... 252SIN function [Numeric] .......................................................... 253SORTKEY function [String] ................................................... 254SOUNDEX function [String]................................................... 258SPACE function [String] ........................................................ 259SQLFLAGGER function [Miscellaneous]............................... 259SQRT function [Numeric] ...................................................... 260SQUARE function [Numeric] ................................................. 261STDDEV function [Aggregate]............................................... 261STDDEV_POP function [Aggregate] ..................................... 262STDDEV_SAMP function [Aggregate] .................................. 263STR function [String] ............................................................. 264STR_REPLACE function [String] .......................................... 265STRING function [String]....................................................... 267STRTOUUID function [String] ............................................... 267STUFF function [String]......................................................... 268SUBSTRING function [String] ............................................... 269SUBSTRING64 function........................................................ 270SUM function [Aggregate] ..................................................... 270SUSER_ID function [System]................................................ 271SUSER_NAME function [System] ......................................... 271TAN function [Numeric] ......................................................... 272TODAY function [Date and time] ........................................... 272TRIM function [String]............................................................ 272TRUNCNUM function [Numeric]............................................ 273TS_ARMA_AR function [Time Series]................................... 274TS_ARMA_CONST function [Time Series] ........................... 274TS_ARMA_MA function [Time Series] .................................. 274TS_AUTOCORRELATION function [Time Series] ................ 275TS_AUTO_ARIMA function [Time Series]............................. 275TS_AUTO_ARIMA_OUTLIER function [Time Series] ........... 275TS_AUTO_ARIMA_RESULT_AIC function [Time Series] .... 276TS_AUTO_ARIMA_RESULT_AICC function [Time Series].. 276TS_AUTO_ARIMA_RESULT_BIC function [Time Series] .... 276TS_AUTO_ARIMA_RESULT_FORECAST_VALUE function [Time

Series] ............................................................................ 277

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TS_AUTO_ARIMA_RESULT_FORECAST_ERROR function[Time Series] .................................................................. 277

TS_AUTO_ARIMA_RESULT_MODEL_D function [Time Series]278

TS_AUTO_ARIMA_RESULT_MODEL_P function [Time Series]278TS_AUTO_ARIMA_RESULT_MODEL_Q [Time Series] ...... 278TS_AUTO_ARIMA_RESULT_MODEL_S function [Time Series]

279TS_AUTO_ARIMA_RESULT_RESIDUAL_SIGMA [Time Series]

279TS_AUTO_UNI_AR function [Time Series]........................... 279TS_BOX_COX_XFORM function [Time Series].................... 279TS_DIFFERENCE function [Time Series]............................. 280TS_DOUBLE_ARRAY [Time Series] .................................... 280TS_ESTIMATE_MISSING function [Time Series]................. 280TS_GARCH function [Time Series] ....................................... 281TS_GARCH_RESULT_A function [Time Series] .................. 281TS_GARCH_RESULT_AIC function [Time Series]............... 281TS_GARCH_RESULT_USER [Time Series] ........................ 282TS_INT_ARRAY [Time Series] ............................................. 282TS_LACK_OF_FIT function [Time Series] ............................ 282TS_LACK_OF_FIT_P function [Time Series] ........................ 283TS_MAX_ARMA_AR function [Time Series] ......................... 283TS_MAX_ARMA_CONST function [Time Series] ................. 283TS_MAX_ARMA_LIKELIHOOD function [Time Series] ........ 284TS_MAX_ARMA_MA function [Time Series] ........................ 284TS_OUTLIER_IDENTIFICATION function [Time Series]...... 285TS_PARTIAL_AUTOCORRELATION function [Time Series] 285TS_VWAP function [Time Series] ......................................... 285UCASE function [String]........................................................ 286UPPER function [String] ........................................................ 286USER_ID function [System] .................................................. 287USER_NAME function [System] ........................................... 287UUIDTOSTR function [String] ............................................... 288VAR_POP function [Aggregate] ............................................ 289VAR_SAMP function [Aggregate].......................................... 290VARIANCE function [Aggregate]........................................... 291WEEKS function [Date and time] .......................................... 292WEIGHTED_AVG function [Aggregate] ................................ 293WIDTH_BUCKET function [Numerical] ................................. 295YEAR function [Date and time].............................................. 297YEARS function [Date and time] ........................................... 297YMD function [Date and time] ............................................... 298

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CHAPTER 5 Differences from Other SQL Dialects........................................ 301Sybase IQ features ...................................................................... 302

CHAPTER 6 Physical Limitations ................................................................... 305Size and number limitations ......................................................... 306

CHAPTER 7 System Procedures ................................................................... 309System procedure overview......................................................... 310

Syntax rules for stored procedures ....................................... 310Understanding statistics reported by stored procedures ....... 311

System stored procedures ........................................................... 311sa_char_terms system procedure ......................................... 311sa_dependent_views procedure ........................................... 312sa_external_library_unload procedure .................................. 312

sa_list_external_library procedure ........................................ 312sa_nchar_terms system procedure ....................................... 312sa_text_index_vocab system procedure ............................... 312sa_verify_password procedure ............................................. 313sa_get_user_status procedure .............................................. 313sp_expireallpasswords procedure ......................................... 313sp_iqaddlogin procedure ....................................................... 314sp_iqbackupdetails procedure............................................... 315sp_iqbackupsummary procedure .......................................... 317sp_iqcardinality_analysis procedure ..................................... 318sp_iqcheckdb procedure ....................................................... 320

sp_iqcheckoptions procedure................................................ 328sp_iqclient_lookup procedure................................................ 330sp_iqcolumn procedure ......................................................... 331sp_iqcolumnuse procedure ................................................... 334sp_iqconnection procedure ................................................... 335sp_iqconstraint procedure ..................................................... 339sp_iqcontext procedure ......................................................... 340sp_iqcopyloginpolicy procedure ............................................ 342sp_iqcursorinfo procedure..................................................... 343sp_iqdatatype procedure ....................................................... 346sp_iqdbsize procedure .......................................................... 348

sp_iqdbspace procedure ....................................................... 350sp_iqdbspaceinfo procedure ................................................. 353sp_iqdbspaceobjectinfo procedure........................................ 357sp_iqdbstatistics procedure................................................... 361sp_iqdroplogin procedure...................................................... 362sp_iqemptyfile procedure ...................................................... 363sp_iqestjoin procedure .......................................................... 363

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sp_iqestdbspaces procedure ................................................ 365sp_iqestspace procedure ...................................................... 367sp_iqevent procedure............................................................ 367sp_iqfile procedure ................................................................ 370

sp_iqhelp procedure.............................................................. 371sp_iqindex and sp_iqindex_alt procedures ........................... 378sp_iqindexadvice procedure.................................................. 381sp_iqindexfragmentation procedure ...................................... 382sp_iqindexinfo procedure ...................................................... 384sp_iqindexmetadata procedure ............................................. 386sp_iqindexsize procedure...................................................... 388sp_iqindexuse procedure ...................................................... 389sp_iqjoinindex procedure ...................................................... 391sp_iqjoinindexsize procedure ................................................ 394sp_iqlmconfig procedure ....................................................... 395sp_iqlocks procedure ............................................................ 397sp_iqmodifyadmin procedure ................................................ 400sp_iqmodifylogin procedure .................................................. 401sp_iqmpxincconnpoolinfo procedure..................................... 401sp_iqmpxincheartbeatinfo procedure .................................... 401sp_iqmpxinfo procedure ........................................................ 402sp_iqmpxvalidate procedure ................................................. 402sp_iqmpxversioninfo procedure ............................................ 402sp_iqobjectinfo procedure ..................................................... 402sp_iqpassword procedure ..................................................... 405sp_iqpkeys procedure ........................................................... 406sp_iqprocedure procedure .................................................... 408sp_iqprocparm procedure ..................................................... 410sp_iqrebuildindex procedure ................................................. 414sp_iqrename procedure ........................................................ 417sp_iq_reset_identity procedure ............................................. 418sp_iqrestoreaction procedure ................................................ 419sp_iqrowdensity procedure ................................................... 420sp_iqshowpsexe procedure................................................... 421sp_iqspaceinfo procedure ..................................................... 424sp_iqspaceused procedure ................................................... 425sp_iqstatistics procedure....................................................... 426sp_iqstatus procedure ........................................................... 428sp_iqsysmon procedure ........................................................ 431sp_iqtable procedure............................................................. 437sp_iqtablesize procedure ...................................................... 440sp_iqtableuse procedure ....................................................... 442sp_iqtransaction procedure ................................................... 442sp_iqunusedcolumn procedure ............................................. 446

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sp_iqunusedindex procedure ................................................ 447sp_iqunusedtable procedure ................................................. 448sp_iqversionuse procedure ................................................... 449sp_iqview procedure ............................................................. 451sp_iqwho procedure .............................................................. 452sp_iqworkmon procedure ...................................................... 455

Catalog stored procedures........................................................... 457sa_ansi_standard_packages procedure ............................... 457sa_audit_string system procedure ........................................ 457sa_checkpoint_execute system procedure ........................... 458sa_conn_activity system procedure ...................................... 459sa_conn_info system procedure ........................................... 459sa_conn_properties system procedure ................................. 459sa_db_info system procedure ............................................... 459sa_db_properties system procedure ..................................... 460sa_disable_auditing_type system procedure ........................ 460sa_enable_auditing_type system procedure......................... 460sa_eng_properties system procedure ................................... 460sa_flush_cache system procedure ........................................ 461sa_make_object system procedure....................................... 461sa_rowgenerator system procedure ...................................... 461sa_server_option system procedure ..................................... 461sa_set_http_header system procedure ................................. 462sa_set_http_option system procedure .................................. 462sa_table_page_usage system procedure ............................. 462sa_validate system procedure............................................... 463sa_verify_password system procedure ................................. 463sp_login_environment system procedure.............................. 463sp_remote_columns system procedure ................................ 464sp_remote_exported_keys system procedure ...................... 464sp_remote_imported_keys system procedure ...................... 464sp_remote_primary_keys system procedure ........................ 465sp_remote_tables system procedure .................................... 465sp_servercaps system procedure ......................................... 466sp_tsql_environment system procedure................................ 466

Adaptive Server Enterprise system and catalog procedures ....... 467Adaptive Server Enterprise system procedures .................... 467Adaptive Server Enterprise catalog procedures.................... 469

SQL Anywhere supported procedures ......................................... 470

CHAPTER 8 System Tables and Views .......................................................... 471System tables............................................................................... 475

System table list .................................................................... 475DUMMY system table............................................................ 478

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System views ............................................................................... 478SYSARTICLE system view ................................................... 479SYSARTICLECOL system view ............................................ 479SYSARTICLECOLS consolidated view................................. 479

SYSARTICLES consolidated view ........................................ 479SYSCAPABILITIES consolidated view.................................. 480SYSCAPABILITY system view.............................................. 480SYSCAPABILITYNAME system view ................................... 480SYSCATALOG consolidated view......................................... 481SYSCHECK system view ...................................................... 481SYSCOLAUTH consolidated view......................................... 481SYSCOLLATION compatibility view (deprecated) ................ 481SYSCOLLATIONMAPPINGS compatibility view (deprecated) 482SYSCOLPERM system view................................................. 482SYSCOLSTAT system view .................................................. 482SYSCOLSTATS consolidated view....................................... 483SYSCOLUMN compatibility view (deprecated) ..................... 483SYSCOLUMNS consolidated view........................................ 483SYSCOLUMNS ASE compatibility view................................ 484SYSCOMMENTS ASE compatibility view ............................. 484SYSCONSTRAINT system view ........................................... 484SYSDBFILE system view ...................................................... 484SYSDBSPACE system view ................................................. 485SYSDBSPACEPERM system view....................................... 485SYSDEPENDENCY system view.......................................... 485SYSDOMAIN system view .................................................... 486SYSEVENT system view....................................................... 486SYSEVENTTYPE system view ............................................. 486SYSEXTERNENV system view............................................. 486SYSEXTERNENVOBJECT system view .............................. 487SYSEXTERNLOGIN system view......................................... 487SYSFILE compatibility view (deprecated) ............................. 488SYSFKCOL compatibility view (deprecated)......................... 488SYSFKEY system view ......................................................... 488SYSFOREIGNKEY compatibility view (deprecated) ............. 488SYSFOREIGNKEYS consolidated view................................ 489SYSGROUP system view ..................................................... 489SYSGROUPS consolidated view .......................................... 489SYSHISTORY system view................................................... 490SYSIDX system view............................................................. 490SYSIDXCOL system view ..................................................... 490SYSINDEX compatibility view (deprecated).......................... 490SYSINDEXES consolidated view .......................................... 491SYSINDEXES ASE compatibility view .................................. 491

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SYSINFO compatibility view (deprecated) ............................ 491SYSIQBACKUPHISTORY system view ................................ 492SYSIQBACKUPHISTORYDETAIL system view ................... 493SYSIQCOLUMN system view (deprecated).......................... 494SYSIQDBFILE system view .................................................. 494SYSIQDBSPACE system view.............................................. 495SYSIQFILE system view (deprecated) .................................. 496SYSIQIDX system view......................................................... 496SYSIQINFO system view ...................................................... 497SYSIQJOINIDX system view................................................. 498SYSIQJOININDEX system view (deprecated) ...................... 500SYSIQJOINIXCOLUMN system view.................................... 500SYSIQJOINIXTABLE system view........................................ 501SYSIQMPXLOGINPOLICYOPTION system view ................. 502SYSIQMPXSERVER system view ........................................ 502SYSIQOBJECTS ASE compatibility view.............................. 502SYSIQPARTITIONCOLUMN system view ............................ 502SYSIQTAB system view........................................................ 503SYSIQTABCOL system view ................................................ 504SYSIQTABLE system view (deprecated) .............................. 505SYSIQVINDEX ASE compatibility view................................. 505SYSIXCOL compatibility view (deprecated) .......................... 506SYSJAR system view............................................................ 506SYSJARCOMPONENT system view .................................... 506SYSJAVACLASS system view .............................................. 506SYSLOGINMAP system view................................................ 507SYSLOGINPOLICY system view .......................................... 507SYSLOGINPOLICYOPTION system view ............................ 507SYSLOGINS ASE compatibility view .................................... 507SYSMVOPTION system view ............................................... 508SYSMVOPTIONNAME system view ..................................... 508SYSOBJECT system view .................................................... 508SYSOBJECTS ASE compatibility view ................................. 509SYSOPTION system view..................................................... 509SYSOPTIONS consolidated view.......................................... 509SYSOPTSTAT system view .................................................. 510SYSPARTITION system view ............................................... 510SYSPARTITIONKEY system view ........................................ 511SYSPARTITIONSCHEME system view ................................ 511SYSPHYSIDX system view................................................... 512SYSPROCAUTH consolidated view...................................... 512SYSPROCEDURE system view............................................ 512SYSPROCPARM system view .............................................. 513SYSPROCPARMS consolidated view................................... 513

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GROUP BY clause ................................................................ 556COMPUTE clause ................................................................. 557WHERE clause ...................................................................... 557Joins ...................................................................................... 557Null comparisons ................................................................... 558Zero-length strings................................................................. 559HOLDLOCK, SHARED, and FOR BROWSE ........................ 559SQL functions ........................................................................ 559OLAP functions...................................................................... 561System functions ................................................................... 562User-defined functions........................................................... 563Arithmetic expressions on dates ............................................ 563SELECT INTO ....................................................................... 563Updatable views .................................................................... 564FROM clause in UPDATE and DELETE ............................... 564

Transact-SQL procedure language overview ............................... 564Transact-SQL stored procedure overview ............................. 565Transact-SQL batch overview ............................................... 565SQL statements in procedures and batches.......................... 566

Automatic translation of stored procedures .................................. 567Returning result sets from Transact-SQL procedures .................. 568Variables in Transact-SQL procedures ........................................ 569Error handling in Transact-SQL procedures................................. 570

Using the RAISERROR statement in procedures.................. 571Transact-SQL-like error handling in the Watcom-SQL dialect 572

SQL Anywhere and Sybase IQ..................................................... 572Server and database startup and administration ................... 573Database options................................................................... 573Data definition language (DDL) ............................................. 574Data manipulation language (DML)....................................... 575Stored procedures ................................................................. 575

Adaptive Server Enterprise and Sybase IQ.................................. 576Stored procedures ................................................................. 576System views......................................................................... 576

Index............................................................................................................................................ 579

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Reference: Building Blocks, Tables, and Procedures xix

About This Book

Audience This book is intended for Sybase® IQ users who require referencematerial for SQL statements, language elements, data types, functions,system procedures, and system tables. Other books provide more contexton how to perform particular tasks. Use this book to get information aboutSQL syntax, parameters, and options. For command line utility start-upparameters, see the Utility Guide .

Related Sybase IQdocuments

The Sybase IQ 15.2 documentation set includes:

• Release Bulletin for your platform – contains last-minute informationthat was too late to be included in the books.

A more recent version of the release bulletin may be available. Tocheck for critical product or document information that was addedafter the release of the product CD, use the Sybase Product ManualsWeb site.

• Installation and Configuration Guide for your platform – describesinstallation, upgrading, and some configuration procedures forSybase IQ.

• New Features Summary Sybase IQ 15.2 – summarizes new featuresand behavior changes for the current version.

• Advanced Security in Sybase IQ – covers the use of user-encryptedcolumns within the Sybase IQ data repository. You need a separatelicense to install this product option.

• Error Messages lists Sybase IQ – error messages referenced bySybase error code, SQLCode, and SQLState, and SQL preprocessorerrors and warnings.

• IMSL Numerical Library User’s Guide: Volume 2 of 2 C Stat Library

– contains a concise description of the IMSL C Stat Library timeseries C functions. This book is available only to RAP – The TradingEdition® Enterprise users.

• Introduction to Sybase IQ – includes exercises for those unfamiliarwith Sybase IQ or with the Sybase Central™ database managementtool.

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• Performance and Tuning Guide – describes query optimization, design,and tuning issues for very large databases.

• Quick Start – discusses how to build and query the demo databaseprovided with Sybase IQ for validating the Sybase IQ softwareinstallation. Includes information on converting the demo database tomultiplex.

• Reference Manual – reference guides to Sybase IQ:

• Reference: Building Blocks, Tables, and Procedures – describesSQL, stored procedures, data types, and system tables that Sybase IQsupports.

• Reference: Statements and Options – describes the SQL statementsand options that Sybase IQ supports.

• System Administration Guide – includes:• System Administration Guide: Volume 1 – describes start-up,

connections, database creation, population and indexing, versioning,collations, system backup and recovery, troubleshooting, anddatabase repair.

• System Administration Guide: Volume 2 – describes how to write andrun procedures and batches, program with OLAP, access remote data,and set up IQ as an Open Server. This book also discusses schedulingand event handling, XML programming, and debugging.

• Time Series Guide – describes SQL functions used for time seriesforecasting and analysis. You need RAP – The Trading Edition Enterpriseto use this product option.

• Unstructured Data Analytics in Sybase IQ – explains how to store andretrieve unstructured data in Sybase IQ databases. You need a separatelicense to install this product option.

• User-Defined Functions Guide – provides information about user-definedfunctions, their parameters, and possible usage scenarios.

• Using Sybase IQ Multiplex – tells how to use multiplex capability, whichmanages large query loads across multiple nodes.

• Utility Guide – provides Sybase IQ utility program reference material,such as available syntax, parameters, and options.

The Sybase IQ 15.2 documentation set is available online at Product Manualsat http://sybooks.sybase.com .

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About This Book

Reference: Building Blocks, Tables, and Procedures xx

Related SQLAnywheredocumentation

Because Sybase IQ shares many components with SQL Anywhere® Server, acomponent of the SQL Anywhere package, Sybase IQ supports many of thesame features as SQL Anywhere Server. The IQ documentation set refers youto SQL Anywhere documentation, where appropriate.

Documentation for SQL Anywhere includes:

• SQL Anywhere Server – Database Administration describes how to run,manage, and configure SQL Anywhere databases. It describes databaseconnections, the database server, database files, backup procedures,security, high availability, and replication with Replication Server®, aswell as administration utilities and options.

• SQL Anywhere Server – Programming describes how to build and deploydatabase applications using the C, C++, Java, PHP, Perl, Python, and .NETprogramming languages such as Visual Basic and Visual C#. This book

also describes a variety of programming interfaces, such as ADO.NET andODBC.

• SQL Anywhere Server – SQL Reference provides reference informationfor system procedures, and the catalog (system tables and views). It alsoprovides an explanation of the SQL Anywhere implementation of the SQLlanguage (search conditions, syntax, data types, and functions).

• SQL Anywhere Server – SQL Usage describes how to design and createdatabases; how to import, export, and modify data; how to retrieve data;and how to build stored procedures and triggers.

You can also refer to the SQL Anywhere documentation in the SQL Anywhere11.0.1 collection at Product Manuals at http://sybooks.sybase.com and inDocCommentXchange at http://dcx.sybase.com/dcx_home.php .

Syntax conventions This documentation uses these conventions in syntax descriptions:

Keywords SQL keywords are shown in UPPERCASE. However,SQL keywords are case-insensitive, so you can enter keywords in anycase: SELECT, Select, and select are equivalent.

• Placeholders Items that must be replaced with appropriate identifiersor expressions are shown in italics .

• Continuation Lines beginning with an ellipsis (...) are a continuationof the statements from the previous line.

• Repeating items Lists of repeating items are shown with an elementof the list followed by an ellipsis (...). One or more list elements areallowed. If multiple elements are specified, they must be separated bycommas.

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xxii Sybase IQ

• Optional portions Optional portions of a statement are enclosed bysquare brackets. For example:

RELEASE SAVEPOINT [ savepoint-name ]

The square brackets indicate that the savepoint-name is optional. Do nottype the brackets.

• Options When none or only one of a list of items must be chosen, theitems are separated by vertical bars and the list enclosed in squarebrackets. For example:

[ ASC | DESC ]

The square brackets indicate that you can choose ASC, DESC, or neither.Do not type the brackets.

• Alternatives When precisely one of the options must be chosen, the

alternatives are enclosed in curly braces. For example:QUOTES { ON | OFF }

The curly braces indicate that you must include either ON or OFF. Do nottype the brackets.

Typographicconventions

This table lists the typographic conventions used in this documentation.

Table 1: Typographic conventions

Item DescriptionCode SQL and program code appears in a monospaced (fixed-

width) font.User entry Text entered by the user is shown in a monospaced (fixed-

width) font. file names File names are shown in italic.database objects Names of database objects, such as tables and procedures,

are shown in sans serif type in print, and in italic online.

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Reference: Building Blocks, Tables, and Procedures 1

C H A P T E R 1 File Locations and InstallationSettings

About this chapter This chapter describes the installation and operating system settings usedby Sybase IQ. Depending on the operating system, these settings may bestored as environment variables, initialization file entries, or registryentries.

Contents Topic PageInstallation directory structure 2How Sybase IQ locates files 3Environment variables 5Registry entries 14

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Installation directory structure

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Installation directory structureWhen you install Sybase IQ, several directories may be created. The directoriescreated depend on which options you choose during installation and which

directories already exist in your Sybase directory (the directory defined by$SYBASE on UNIX or %SYBASE% on Windows). This section describes thedirectory structure.

By default, Sybase IQ software is installed in a unique subdirectory under theSybase directory. This subdirectory is called the installation directory. Othertools provided with Sybase IQ have unique subdirectories under the Sybasedirectory. This section describes only the subdirectory structure for Sybase IQ.

The Sybase IQdirectory

By default, the Sybase IQ directory is IQ-15_2 . The location of IQ-15_2 varies,depending on where you install Sybase IQ. The IQ-15_2 directory is alsoreferred to by the environment variable $IQDIR15 on UNIX or %IQDIR15%

on Windows.The Sybase IQ directory holds a number of directories and files:

• Demo directory ( %ALLUSERSPROFILE%/SybaseIQ/demo ) – holds thetools required to build the iqdemo database. The iqdemo database files areiqdemo.db, iqdemo.iq, iqdemo.iqmsg, and iqdemo.iqtmp. The demodatabase itself is not shipped with Sybase IQ.

The subdirectory /demo/adata holds 15.x data to allow the creation of the15.x iqdemo database. The subdirectory /demo/demodata holds Sybase IQ12.7 data to allow the creation of an iqdemo database that has the same

schema layout and data as the IQ 12.7 asiqdemo database. Use /demo/ mkiqdemo.bat on Windows and demo/mkiqdemo.sh on UNIX to create the15.x iqdemo database. The iqdemo database can be used to demonstrateproblems to Technical Support.

• Scripts directory ( IQ-15_2/scripts ) – holds some scripts used in examplesand when creating catalog objects like stored procedures. Do not edit thesescripts . If you edit, delete, or move these scripts, the server will not operateproperly.

• Samples directories – The samples directory contains SQL samples anduser-defined function (UDF) samples. %ALLUSERSPROFILE%/ SybaseIQ/samples/sqlanywhere contains directories of SQL samples. Thesqlanywhere/c directory holds C++ examples that illustrate using ESQL(embedded SQL) and C with SQL Anywhere. Because SQL Anywhereand Sybase IQ share common code, you can modify these examples foruse with Sybase IQ. The %ALLUSERSPROFILES%/SybaseIQ/samples/ udf directory holds sample C++ scalar and aggregate UDFs.

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CHAPTER 1 File Locations and Installation Settings


• Executable directories – hold executables, libraries, help files, and so on.

On UNIX, executable subdirectories include IQ-15_2 subdirectories / bin64 , /lib64 , /logfiles , /res , and /tix. On Windows, these include IQ-15_2subdirectories \h, \install , \java , and \bin32 .

How Sybase IQ locates filesTo start and run, Sybase IQ must find and access several types of files.Understanding how Sybase IQ finds these files is important, to ensure that thecorrect files are used. Several directories or files with identical names mayreside on a system. Sybase IQ uses both Adaptive Server® Enterprise and SQLAnywhere libraries. If either of these products have already been installed onyour system, note the directory where they are installed to avoid confusion.

The types of files include but are not limited to:

• Libraries – might include product libraries or system libraries. File nameextensions include .so.nnn or .so on UNIX, or .dll or .lib on Windows.These files are required to run Sybase IQ. If an incorrect DLL is found, aversion mismatch error may occur. For example, library files might befound in $IQDIR15/lib64 or $SYBASE/$SYBASE_OCS/lib64 on UNIX,or %IQDIR15%\bin32 or %SYBASE\%SYBASE_OCS\dll on Windows.An empty directory, $IQDIR15/usrlib , lets you supersede default libraries

with custom libraries and patches, because start_iq includes usrlib beforeregular library directories.

• Interface files – required to run Sybase IQ. For example, .odbc.ini andutility_db.ini on UNIX, and util_db.ini on Windows. For more informationabout these files, see the System Administration Guide: Volume 1 and the

Installation and Configuration Guide .

• Configuration files – used to specify connection parameters. Examplesinclude default.cfg on Windows or iqdemo.cfg .

• Database files – store the data and metadata. For example: iqdemo.db ,

iqdemo.iq , iqdemo.iqmsg , iqdemo.iqtmp .

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• Log files – store information about the current session on the server andconnected database. For example, a server log might be named%ALLUSERSPROFILE%/SybaseIQ/IQ15_2/logfiles/

yourservername.0006.srvlog . The database log (for example,

%ALLUSERSPROFILE%/SybaseIQ/IQ-15_2/demo/iqdemo.log ) iscreated when you connect to the database. For more information aboutthese files, see the Installation and Configuration Guide .

• Product scripts – are sample files that show how to create, populate, andupgrade databases.

• User files – include flat files used with the LOAD command and SQLscripts used with tools such as Interactive SQL.

• Temporary files – created by Sybase IQ to store temporary information foroperations like performing sorts for queries.

Some file names are specified in SQL statements and must be located atruntime. Examples of SQL statements that use file names include thefollowing:

• INSTALL statement – the name of the file that holds Java classes.

• LOAD TABLE statement – the name of the file from which data should beloaded.

• CREATE DATABASE statement – A file name is needed for this statementand similar statements that can create files.

In some cases, Sybase IQ uses a simple algorithm to locate files. In other cases,a more extensive search is carried out.

Simple file searchingIn many SQL statements such as LOAD TABLE or CREATE DATABASE , the filename is interpreted as relative to the current working directory of the databaseserver; that is, where the server was started.

Also, when a database server is started and a database file name (DBF

parameter) is supplied, the path is interpreted as relative to the directory inwhich the server was started.

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Extensive file searchingSybase IQ programs, including the database server and administration utilities,carry out extensive searches for required files, such as DLLs or sharedlibraries. In these cases, Sybase IQ programs look for files in the followingorder:

1 The executable directory – the directory in which the program executableis held. Also, directories with the following paths relative to the programexecutable directory:

• Parent of the executable directory.

• A child of the parent directory named scripts.

2 Current working directory – when a program is started, it has a currentworking directory (the directory from which it is started). This directory is

searched for required files.3 Location registry entry – on a Windows installation, Sybase IQ adds a

LOCATION registry entry. The indicated directory is searched, followedby the following:

• A child named scripts

• A child with the operating system name ( bin32 , bin, and so on)

4 System-specific directories – this includes directories where commonoperating system files are held, such as the Windows directory and theWindows\system directory on Windows.

5 CLASSPATH directories – for Java files, directories listed in theCLASSPATH environment variable are searched to locate files.

6 PATH directories – directories in the system path and the user’s path aresearched to locate files.

7 LIBRARY PATH directories – directories listed in the LIBPATH environment variable are searched for shared libraries.

Environment variablesSybase IQ uses environment variables to store various types of information;not all variables need to be set in all circumstances.

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Environment variables

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Setting environment variablesRequired environment variables are set by environment source files on UNIXand by the Sybase IQ installation on Windows.

❖ Running UNIX environment source filesIssue the following command to set all required environment variables.

1 For the Bourne/Korn shell:

. $SYBASE/IQ-15_2/IQ-15_2.sh

2 For the C shell:

source $SYBASE/IQ-15_2/IQ-15_2.csh;rehash

On Windows platforms, the installation program automatically sets all

environmental variables, so no changes are necessary. However, if you must setoptional variables or change defaults, use one of the following procedures, asappropriate for your operating system.

❖ Setting environment variables on Windows

1 On your desktop, right-click My Computer and select Properties from thesubmenu.

2 Click the Advanced tab.

3 Click the Environment Variables button.

The Environment Variables dialog opens.a If the environment variable does not already exist, click New and type

the variable name and its value in the spaces provided; then click OK.

b If the variable does exist, select it from the list of System Variables orUser Variables, click Edit, and make any modifications in the VariableValue field. Then click OK to capture the setting.

Note See the Microsoft Windows documentation for an explanationof user variables and system variables.

❖ Setting environment variables on UNIX

1 To check the setting for an environment variable, use:

echo $ variable-name

For example, to see the setting for the $SYBASE variable:

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% echo $SYBASE/server1/users/test/sybase

2 In one of your startup files ( .cshrc , .shrc , .login ), add a line that sets thevariable.

In some shells (such as sh, bash, ksh) the line is:

VARIABLE =value ;export VARIABLE

In other shells (such as csh, tsch) the line is:

setenv VARIABLE “value”

For details about variables Sybase IQ uses, see:

• “IQDIR15 environment variable” on page 7

• “IQPORT environment variable” on page 8

• “IQLOGDIR15 environment variable” on page 8

• “IQTIMEOUT environment variable” on page 9

• “IQTMP15 environment variable” on page 9

• “JAVA_HOME environment variable” on page 11

• “LIBPATH or LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable” on page 11

• “PATH environment variable” on page 11

• “SACHARSET environment variable” on page 12

• “SALANG environment variable” on page 12

• “SQLCONNECT environment variable” on page 12

• “SYBASE environment variable” on page 13

• “$SYBASE_JRE6_32, $SYBASE_JRE6_64, $SYBASE_JRE5_64environment variables” on page 13

• “SYBASE_OCS environment variable” on page 14

IQDIR15 environment variableSetting IQDIR15 = ${SYBASE}/IQ-15_2

Operating system (Required) Set by the environment source file or the installation program. Thisdefault setting can be changed on Windows.

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Description IQDIR15 identifies the location of the Sybase IQ directory and is the locationfor other directories and files under that directory:

• $IQDIR15/bin[64]/util_db.ini holds the login ID and password for theutility database, utility_db . The installation program lets you change thesefrom their default values, login ID “DBA” and password “sql.”

• $IQDIR15/logfiles is the default location for the server log and backup/ restore log (the backup history file). You can override this default bysetting the IQLOGDIR15 environment variable.

• $IQDIR15/demo is the location for the iqdemo database files.

IQPORT environment variable

Setting IQPORT = 5556Operating system Optional. If the user did not specify IQPORT in the environment source file,

the port number defaults to 1099. You can change this default value, providedyou do so before the plug-in starts. You can set this variable as described in“Setting environment variables” on page 6 or by supplying the -DIQPORT argument to scjview when starting Sybase Central. For example:

scjview -DIQPORT=3345

Description Overrides the default value for the Sybase IQ Agent port number, which is usedfor communications between the Sybase IQ plug-in and Agent.

Note Once the agent starts, you cannot change the port value.

1099 is the plug-in default value when searching for an agent process on anygiven port. If the plug-in finds no agent on this port, it displays a prompt so thatyou can specify the correct port value.

IQLOGDIR15 environment variableSetting IQLOGDIR15 = path

Operating system Optional.

Description The IQLOGDIR15 environment variable is not set by the installation program.It defines the location of various log files:

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• The server log is in the file servername.nnnn.srvlog (where nnnn is thenumber of times the server has been started) in the directory specified by$IQLOGDIR15.

If IQLOGDIR15 is not set to a valid, write-enabled directory, then mostutilities, including start_iq , use the default location $IQDIR15/logfiles for allserver logs.

IQTIMEOUT environment variableSetting IQTIMEOUT = nnn

Operating system Optional but recommended in multiplex environments. For information onmultiplex capability, see Using Sybase IQ Multiplex .

Description The Sybase IQ Agent waits indefinitely for a process to complete. Setting await time is recommended when creating or synchronizing query servers for amultiplex with a very large catalog store. Large catalog stores extend the timeneeded for the dbbackup part of synchronization, and increasing the wait timeaccommodates a larger synchronize.

IQTIMEOUT overrides the default wait time of five minutes, and the argumentnnn is the number of minutes for the Sybase IQ Agent to wait. For example:

• To wait 45 minutes (Korn or Bourne shell):

IQTIMEOUT=45

export IQTIMEOUT• To wait an hour (C shell):

setenv IQTIMEOUT 60

Note Set IQTIMEOUT before you invoke the agent startup option. See“Before you Install” and “Starting the Sybase IQ Agent” in the Installation andConfiguration Guide and “Running the Sybase IQ Agent” in Introduction toSybase IQ .

IQTMP15 environment variableSetting IQTMP15 = temp_directory

Operating system Optional on UNIX. Not used on Windows platforms.

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Description The IQTMP15 environment variable is not set by the installation program.IQTMP15 is used by Sybase IQ to indicate a directory where temporary filesare kept.

The IQTMP15 environment variable should point to a local directory for thoseusing NFS (network file system), which permits the IQTMP15 directory topurge directories and files that are no longer needed as client connections areclosed. Each client connection creates several directories and files in atemporary directory. These are needed only for the duration of the connection.The directory must have write permissions for all users who connect to theserver.

Note The temporary files whose location is defined by IQTMP15 are files usedby the client and server. This variable does not control the default location ofyour IQ temporary store. For information on how Sybase IQ determines the

location of your temporary store, see the CREATE DATABASE statement inChapter 1, “SQL Statements,” in Reference: Statements and Options .

If you do not explicitly set IQTMP15, or if it is set to $SYBASE or $IQDIR15,then the Sybase IQ Agent sets IQTMP15 to a subdirectory in the UNIXdirectory /tmp.

If more than one database server is running on a machine, each server andassociated local client needs a separate temporary directory to avoid conflicts.When you do not specify a port or engine number for connection, Sybase IQuses shared memory connectivity instead of network connectivity.

To avoid conflicts when using shared memory:

• Create a temporary directory dedicated to each server. Make sure that eachlocal client uses the same temporary directory as its server by setting theIQTMP15 environment variable explicitly in both environments.

• Create a data source name in the .odbc.ini file (on UNIX) for each serverand provide detailed connection information. See the Installation andConfiguration Guide .

• Use connection strings that specify explicit parameters instead of relying

on defaults.• Confirm connections by issuing:

SELECT "database name is" = db_name(),"servername_is" = @@servername

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JAVA_HOME environment variableSettings JAVA_HOME = Sybase/shared/JRE

Operating system Required.

Description JRE home which points to directory containing bin/java.Used if the location ofthe Java VM is not set in the $SYBASE_JRE6_32, $SYBASE_JRE6_64, or$SYBASE_JRE5_64 environment variables.

JAVA_HOME is commonly created when installing a VM.

On UNIX, run the SYBASE.csh (C shell) or SYBASE.sh (Bourne or Korn shell)environment source file to find and start the correct JRE for the IQ engine. TheJava VM location specified in JAVA_HOME takes precedence over the locationreturned by SYBASE.csh or SYBASE.sh. If neither JAVA_HOME nor theSYBASE.csh or SYBASE.sh scripts locate the Java VM, IQ will not load a Java

VM.

LIBPATH or LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variableSettings For AIX:

LIBPATH = installation_path/lib

For all other UNIX/LINUX platforms:LD_LIBRARY_PATH = installation_path/lib

Operating system Required. Variable name is platform dependent. UNIX only.

Description Specifies the directories where Sybase IQ shared libraries are located. OnUNIX, set the library path variable by running the environment source file.

PATH environment variableSetting PATH = installation_path


Description The PATH environment variable is an operating system required variable thatincludes the directories where Sybase IQ executables are located. OnWindows, the installation program modifies PATH. On UNIX, run theenvironment source file to include the necessary directories.

On Windows, PATH takes the place of the LIBRARY_PATH variable, soexecutables and DLLs are located using the PATH variable.

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12 Sybase IQ

SACHARSET environment variableSetting SACHARSET =charset

Description Charset is a character set name. For example, setting SACHARSET=cp1252

sets the default character set to cp1252.The first of the following values set determines the default character set.

• SACHARSET environment variable

• Query the operating system

If no character set information is specified, use iso_1 for UNIX, or cp850otherwise.

SALANG environment variableSetting SALANG =language_code

Operating system Optional but recommended in non-English environments.

Description Language_code is the two-letter combination representing a language. Forexample, setting SALANG=DE sets the default language to German.

The first of the following values set determines the default language.

• SALANG environment variable

• Registry (Windows only) as set by the installer or dblang.exe

• Query the operating system

If no language information is set, English is the default.

SQLCONNECT environment variableSettings SQLCONNECT = parameter #value ; ...

Operating system Optional.

Description The SQLCONNECT environment variable is optional, and is not set by theinstallation program.

SQLCONNECT specifies connection parameters that are used by several ofthe database administration utilities, such as dbisql , dbinfo , and dbstop , whenconnecting to a database server. This string is a list of parameter settings, of theform parameter =value , delimited by semicolons.

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The number sign “#” is an alternative to the equals sign; use it if you are settingthe connection parameters string in the SQLCONNECT environment variable.Using “=” inside an environment variable setting is a syntax error. The = signis allowed only in Windows.

Note Specifying connection parameters in SQLCONNECT rather than on thecommand line offers greater security on UNIX systems. It prevents users frombeing able to display your password with ps -ef . This is especially useful if yourun dbisql or other utilities in quiet mode. Note that specifying connectionparameters in SQLCONNECT rather than on the command line is more secure,but is not entirely secure. Because the password is in plain text, it possible forhostile action to extract it from the environment context.

See also See “Connection parameters” in Chapter 4, “Connection and Communication

Parameters,” in the System Administration Guide: Volume 1 .

SYBASE environment variableSetting SYBASE = path


Description SYBASE identifies the location of Sybase applications, such as Open Clientand Open Server. You must set the SYBASE variable before you can installSybase IQ on UNIX systems. This variable is required for using Sybase Centralon UNIX systems.

$SYBASE_JRE6_32, $SYBASE_JRE6_64, $SYBASE_JRE5_64environment variablesSetting SYBASE_JRE= "${SYBASE}/shared/jre-6_0"

Description This variable specifies the location of the Java Runtime Environment used bythe Sybase Central plug-in for Sybase IQ. For Windows and UNIX, the

environment variable is $SYBASE_JRE6_32 or $SYBASE_JRE6_64. ForAIX/LinuxIBM the variable is $SYBASE_JRE5_64.

On UNIX, run the SYBASE.csh (C shell) or SYBASE.sh (Bourne or Korn shell)environment source file find and locate the correct JRE. JAVA_HOME takesprecedence. On Windows, the installation program sets the variable when itinstalls Open Client Software Developer’s Kit.

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Registry entries

14 Sybase IQ

SYBASE_OCS environment variableSetting SYBASE_OCS = "OCS-15_2"


Description The SYBASE_OCS variable specifies the home directory for the Open Clientproduct. This variable is only used on Window. On Windows, the installationprogram sets SYBASE_OCS when it installs Open Client/Server SoftwareDevelopers Kit.

Registry entries

On Windows operating systems, Sybase IQ uses several Registry settings.These settings are made for you by the software, and in general operation, youshould not need to access the registry. The settings are provided here if youmodify your operating environment.

Warning! Sybase recommends not modifying the Registry, as incorrectchanges might damage your system.

Current user and local machine settingsSome operating systems, such as Windows, hold two levels of system settings.Some settings are specific to an individual user and are used only when thatuser is logged on; these settings are called current user settings. Some settingsare global to the machine and are available no matter which user is logged on;these are called local machine settings. You must have administratorpermissions on your machine to make local machine settings.

Sybase IQ permits the use of both current user and local machine settings. ForWindows, these settings are held in the HKEY_CURRENT_USER registryand HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE registry, respectively.

The Sybase IQ installation lets you choose whether the settings it makes are forthe current user only or at the local machine level.

If you make settings in both current user and local machine registries, thecurrent user setting takes precedence over the local machine setting.

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When local machinesettings are needed

If you are running a Sybase IQ program as a service on Windows, ensure thatthe settings are made at the local machine level.

Services can continue to run under a special account when you log off amachine, as long as you do not shut the machine down entirely. Services canbe made independent of individual accounts and need access to local machinesettings.

In general, Sybase recommends using local machine settings.

Registry structureOn Windows, you can access the Registry directly using the Registry Editor.

To start the editor, select Start | Run and type in the Open box

regedt32

Note Read Only Mode protects your Registry data from accidental changes.To use it, open the Registry Editor, select Edit | Permissions, and then checkRead permission.

The Sybase IQ registry entry is held in the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE key,in the following location:

SOFTWARE

SybaseIQ 15.2

Registry settings on installationThe installation program automatically makes the following registry settings inthe Sybase registry:

• Location – In the Sybase IQ registry, this entry holds the installationdirectory location. For example:

Location:REG_SZ:C:\Program Files\Sybase\IQ-15_2

The Sybase IQ registry includes other entries for installed applications. TheSybase Central registry holds information about the Sybase Central versionand installed plug-ins.

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Registry entries

16 Sybase IQ

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C H A P T E R 2 SQL Language Elements

About this chapter This chapter presents detailed descriptions of the language elements andconventions of Sybase IQ SQL.

Contents

Keywords Each SQL statement contains one or more keywords. SQL is not case-sensitive to keywords, but throughout these manuals, keywords areindicated in uppercase.

For example, in the following statement, SELECT and FROM arekeywords:

SELECT *FROM Employees

The following statements are equivalent to the one above:

Select *From Employeesselect * from EmployeessELECT * FRoM Employees

Topic PageKeywords 17Identifiers 21Strings 22Expressions 23Search conditions 33Special values 55Variables 58Comments 67NULL value 69

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Keywords

18 Sybase IQ

Reserved wordsSome keywords in SQL are also reserved words . To use a reserved word in aSQL statement as an identifier, you must enclose the word in double quotes.Many, but not all, of the keywords that appear in SQL statements are reservedwords. For example, you must use the following syntax to retrieve the contentsof a table named SELECT .

SELECT *FROM "SELECT"

Because SQL is not case-sensitive with respect to keywords, each of the wordsin Table 2-1 may appear in uppercase, lowercase, or any combination of thetwo. All strings that differ only in capitalization from these words are reservedwords.

If you are using Embedded SQL, you can use the database library functionsql_needs_quotes to determine whether a string requires quotation marks. Astring requires quotes if it is a reserved word or if it contains a character notordinarily allowed in an identifier.

Table 2-1 lists the SQL reserved words in Sybase IQ.

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Keywords

20 Sybase IQ

logging login long mbmatch membership message modemodify namespace natural newno noholdlock nolock notnotify null numeric of off on open optimizationoption options or orderothers out outer overpages paglock partial partitionpassthrough password plan precedingprecision prepare primary printprivileges proc procedure proxypublication raiserror range raw

readcommitted readonly readpast readtextreaduncommitted readwrite real recursivereference references release relocateremote remove rename reorganizerepeatable repeatableread reserve resizingresource restore restrict returnrevoke right rollback rolluproot row rowlock rowssave savepoint schedule scrollsecure select sensitive serializableservice session set setusershare smallint soapaction somespace sqlcode sqlstate startstop subtrans subtransaction synchronizesyntax_error table tablock tablockxtb temporary then tiestime timestamp tinyint totop tran transaction transactionaltransfer tries trigger truncate

tsequal unbounded uncommitted unionunique uniqueidentifier unknown unsignedupdate updating updlock urluser utc using validatevalues varbinary varchar variablevarying virtual view wait

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CHAPTER 2 SQL Language Elements


IdentifiersFunction Identifiers are names of objects in the database, such as user IDs, tables, and

columns.

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