IRIS RECOGNITIONIRIS RECOGNITION

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO BIOMETRICSBIOMETRICS

WHY BIOMETRICS?WHY BIOMETRICS?Greater degree of security over traditional Greater degree of security over traditional authentication methodsauthentication methods

Accountability - who/when/whatAccountability - who/when/what

Fraud detectionFraud detection

ConvenienceConvenience

Cost savings/reduced risk of financial lossCost savings/reduced risk of financial loss

History Of BiometricsHistory Of Biometrics• The first known example of biometrics in practice The first known example of biometrics in practice

was a form of finger printing being used in was a form of finger printing being used in ChinaChina in the 14th centuryin the 14th century

• In the 1890s, an anthropologist named Alphonse In the 1890s, an anthropologist named Alphonse Bertillion sought to fix the problem of identifying Bertillion sought to fix the problem of identifying convicted criminals and turned biometrics into a convicted criminals and turned biometrics into a distinct field of study distinct field of study

• After this, the police used finger printing, which After this, the police used finger printing, which was developed by Richard Edward Henry of was developed by Richard Edward Henry of Scotland YardScotland Yard

Two main classes of biometric Two main classes of biometric characteristicscharacteristics

PhysiologicalPhysiological are related to the shape of the are related to the shape of the body. Examples include, but are not limited to body. Examples include, but are not limited to fingerprint, face recognition, DNA, Palm print, fingerprint, face recognition, DNA, Palm print, hand geometry, iris recognition, which has largely hand geometry, iris recognition, which has largely replaced retina, and odour/scent. replaced retina, and odour/scent.

BehavioralBehavioral are related to the behavior of a are related to the behavior of a person. Examples include, but are not limited to person. Examples include, but are not limited to typing rhythm, gait, and voice. Some researchers typing rhythm, gait, and voice. Some researchers have coined the term have coined the term behaviometricsbehaviometrics for this for this class of biometrics. class of biometrics.

BIOMETRICS! How It Works?BIOMETRICS! How It Works?

Biometrics which analyze the complex and unique Biometrics which analyze the complex and unique characteristics of the eye can be divided into two different characteristics of the eye can be divided into two different fields:fields:

– iris biometricsiris biometrics - iris is the colored band of tissue that - iris is the colored band of tissue that surrounds the pupil of the eye. surrounds the pupil of the eye.

– retina biometricsretina biometrics - retina is the layer of blood vessels at - retina is the layer of blood vessels at the back of the eye. the back of the eye.

Iris scan biometrics employs the unique characteristics and Iris scan biometrics employs the unique characteristics and features of the human iris in order to verify the identity of features of the human iris in order to verify the identity of an individual. an individual.

Iris (anatomy)Iris (anatomy) The The irisiris (plural: (plural: iridesirides, or rarely, irises) is a thin, , or rarely, irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupils and controlling the diameter and size of the pupils and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. thus the amount of light reaching the retina.

""Eye colorEye color" is the color of the iris, which can be green, blue, " is the color of the iris, which can be green, blue, or brown. In some cases it can be hazel (a combination of or brown. In some cases it can be hazel (a combination of light brown, green and gold) or grey light brown, green and gold) or grey

Understanding Iris RecognitionUnderstanding Iris Recognition

The iris is the area of the eye where the pigmented or The iris is the area of the eye where the pigmented or colored circle, usually brown or blue, rings the dark pupil of colored circle, usually brown or blue, rings the dark pupil of the eye.the eye.

Iris recognition systems use small, Iris recognition systems use small, high-quality camerashigh-quality cameras to to capture a black and white high-resolution photograph of the capture a black and white high-resolution photograph of the iris. iris.

This process takes only This process takes only one to two secondsone to two seconds and provides and provides the details of the iris that are mapped, recorded and stored the details of the iris that are mapped, recorded and stored for future matching/verificationfor future matching/verification

Once the image is captured, the iris’ elastic connective Once the image is captured, the iris’ elastic connective tissue called the tissue called the trabecular meshworktrabecular meshwork is analyzed, is analyzed, processed into an processed into an optical “fingerprint,”optical “fingerprint,” and translated into and translated into a digital form. a digital form.

Given the stable physical traits of the iris, this technology is Given the stable physical traits of the iris, this technology is considered to be one of the safest, fastest, and most considered to be one of the safest, fastest, and most accurate, noninvasive biometric technologies. accurate, noninvasive biometric technologies.

The iris is differentiated by several characteristics including The iris is differentiated by several characteristics including ligaments, furrows, ridges, crypts, rings, corona, freckles, ligaments, furrows, ridges, crypts, rings, corona, freckles, and a zigzag collarette. and a zigzag collarette.

AN IRIS REGONITION PROCESS

An iris-recognition algorithm .i.e. An iris-recognition algorithm .i.e. Daugman's Daugman's algorithmsalgorithms ,first has to identify the approximately ,first has to identify the approximately concentric circular concentric circular outer boundariesouter boundaries of the iris and the pupil of the iris and the pupil in a photo of an eye in a photo of an eye The set of pixels covering only the iris is then transformed The set of pixels covering only the iris is then transformed into a into a bit patternbit pattern that preserves the information that is that preserves the information that is essential for a statistically meaningful comparison.essential for a statistically meaningful comparison.In the case of Daugman's algorithms, a In the case of Daugman's algorithms, a Gabor Gabor waveletwavelet transform is used in order to extract the spatial  transform is used in order to extract the spatial frequency range that contains a good best signal-to-noise frequency range that contains a good best signal-to-noise ratio considering the focus quality of available cameras ratio considering the focus quality of available cameras

The result is a set of complex numbers that carry local The result is a set of complex numbers that carry local amplitude and phaseamplitude and phase information for the iris image information for the iris image

In In Daugman's algorithmsDaugman's algorithms, all amplitude information is , all amplitude information is discarded, and the resulting 2048 bits that represent an iris discarded, and the resulting 2048 bits that represent an iris consist only of the complex sign bits of the Gabor domain consist only of the complex sign bits of the Gabor domain representation of the iris image representation of the iris image

Discarding the amplitude information ensures that the Discarding the amplitude information ensures that the template remains largely unaffected by changes in template remains largely unaffected by changes in illumination and virtually negligibly by iris color, which illumination and virtually negligibly by iris color, which contributes significantly to the long-term stability of the contributes significantly to the long-term stability of the biometric template biometric template

AN IRIS READER

The inner edge of the iris is located by an iris-scan The inner edge of the iris is located by an iris-scan algorithm which maps the iris’ distinct patterns and algorithm which maps the iris’ distinct patterns and characteristics. characteristics.

Iris’ are composed Iris’ are composed before birthbefore birth and, except in the event of and, except in the event of an injury to the eyeball, remain unchanged throughout an an injury to the eyeball, remain unchanged throughout an individual’s lifetime. individual’s lifetime.

Iris patterns are extremely complex, carry an astonishing Iris patterns are extremely complex, carry an astonishing amount of information and have over amount of information and have over 200 unique spots200 unique spots. .

The fact that an individual’s right and left eyes are different The fact that an individual’s right and left eyes are different and that patterns are easy to capture, establishes iris-scan and that patterns are easy to capture, establishes iris-scan technology as one of the biometrics that is very resistant to technology as one of the biometrics that is very resistant to false matching and fraudfalse matching and fraud

The false acceptance rate for iris recognition systems is The false acceptance rate for iris recognition systems is 1 in 1 in 1.2 million1.2 million, statistically better than the average fingerprint , statistically better than the average fingerprint recognition system. recognition system.

The real benefit is in the false-rejection rate, a measure of The real benefit is in the false-rejection rate, a measure of authenticated users who are rejected. authenticated users who are rejected.

Fingerprint scanners have a 3 percent false-Fingerprint scanners have a 3 percent false-rejection rate, whereas iris scanning systems rejection rate, whereas iris scanning systems boast rates at the 0 percent level boast rates at the 0 percent level

The iris-scan systems test for a live eye by The iris-scan systems test for a live eye by checking for the normal continuous fluctuation in checking for the normal continuous fluctuation in pupil size. pupil size.

Spoofing the IrisSpoofing the Iris

The iris is extremely difficult trait to spoof, yet there have The iris is extremely difficult trait to spoof, yet there have been attempts to do just thatbeen attempts to do just that

Attacks on the iris fall into the following categories:Attacks on the iris fall into the following categories:

– Attacking the physical irisAttacking the physical iris– Using artfactsUsing artfacts– Attacking the communicationAttacking the communication– Compromising the templateCompromising the template– Attacking the fallback systemAttacking the fallback system

Advantages of the Iris for Advantages of the Iris for IdentificationIdentification

Highly protected, internal organ of the eye Highly protected, internal organ of the eye

Externally visible; patterns imaged from a distance Externally visible; patterns imaged from a distance

Iris patterns possess a high degree of randomness Iris patterns possess a high degree of randomness

Limited genetic pentrance of iris patterns Limited genetic pentrance of iris patterns

Patterns apparently stable throughout life Patterns apparently stable throughout life

Encoding and decision-making are tractable Encoding and decision-making are tractable

Disadvantages of the Iris for Disadvantages of the Iris for IdentificationIdentification

Small target (1 cm) to acquire from a distance (1 Small target (1 cm) to acquire from a distance (1 m) m) Moving target ...within another Moving target ...within another Located behind a curved, wet, reflecting surface Located behind a curved, wet, reflecting surface Obscured by eyelashes, lenses, reflections Obscured by eyelashes, lenses, reflections Partially occluded by eyelids, often drooping Partially occluded by eyelids, often drooping Deforms non-elastically as pupil changes size Deforms non-elastically as pupil changes size Illumination should not be visible or bright Illumination should not be visible or bright Some negative (Orwellian) connotationsSome negative (Orwellian) connotations

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSLogging into the computer systemLogging into the computer system

Physical Access SystemsPhysical Access Systems

Bank vaults, server rooms, control towerBank vaults, server rooms, control tower

Military installations, power plants, high-Military installations, power plants, high-end security applicationsend security applications

United Arab Emirates [UAE]:- [UAE]:-

Today, all of the UAE's land, air and sea ports of entry are Today, all of the UAE's land, air and sea ports of entry are equipped with systems. equipped with systems. All foreign nationals who possess a visa to enter the UAE are All foreign nationals who possess a visa to enter the UAE are processed through processed through iris camerasiris cameras installed at all primary and installed at all primary and auxiliary immigration inspection points.auxiliary immigration inspection points.To date, the system has apprehended over To date, the system has apprehended over 330,000330,000 persons re- persons re-entering the UAE with fraudulent travel documents.entering the UAE with fraudulent travel documents.

Pakistan:-Pakistan:-

Iris recognition technology has been implemented by BioID Iris recognition technology has been implemented by BioID Technologies SA in Pakistan for UNHCR repatriation project to Technologies SA in Pakistan for UNHCR repatriation project to control aid distribution for control aid distribution for Afghan refugeesAfghan refugees To make sure people do not get paid more than once, their irises To make sure people do not get paid more than once, their irises are scanned, and the system will detect the refugees on next are scanned, and the system will detect the refugees on next attempt. The database has more than attempt. The database has more than 1.3 million iris code1.3 million iris code templates and aroundtemplates and around 4000 4000 registrations per day. registrations per day.

Future WorkFuture WorkThroughout the development the focus was on Throughout the development the focus was on producing a software capable of fast, consistent producing a software capable of fast, consistent and reliable iris recognition.and reliable iris recognition.

There are other possible routes for extension and There are other possible routes for extension and exploration within the projectexploration within the project

Eyelashes/Eyelids:-Eyelashes/Eyelids:- In some images eyelashes can obstruct a part of In some images eyelashes can obstruct a part of

the iris, detection and removal of this difficulty the iris, detection and removal of this difficulty can further enhance the process of iris can further enhance the process of iris recognition.recognition.

Vineet Vinod-517Vineet Vinod-517Gautam Malhotra-519Gautam Malhotra-519

Vidya Moolya-521Vidya Moolya-521Prateek Thakur-524Prateek Thakur-524

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