irma garam international mobility in finnish higher ... · irma garam 4b/2016 facts and figures...

Kansainvälisen liikkuvuuden ja yhteistyön keskus

Centret för internationell mobilitet och internationellt samarbete

Centre for International Mobility

IRMA GARAM

4B/2016 FACTS AND FIGURES -REPORT

International mobility in Finnish higher education in 2015:

exchange students

ISBN 978-951-805-711-9 (pdf)

ISSN 1798-3630

10/2016

Centre for International Mobility CIMO

3

International mobility in Finnish higher education in 2015: exchange students

1 Introduction

2 Development in the 2000s

3 By higher education institution

4 By field of study

5 Partner countries and regions

6 Mobility arrangements

7 Studying and traineeships

8 Finnish regions

9 Gender of students

Annex 1. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods

in Finnish universities in 2015 by continent and country

4

5

8

15

21

27

30

31

33

34

4

1 IntroductionInternational mobility in Finnish higher education in 2015: exchange students

This report is an overview of international mobility periods of higher education students in

Finland in 2015: about its trends and priorities.

The overview is based on data collected by CIMO from Finnish higher education institutions,

that is, universities and universities of applied sciences (UAS)1 that cover incoming and out-

going exchanges - or mobility periods - of students. When students go on an exchange abroad,

they complete only part of their degree there. The period abroad may include studies or a

traineeship in a work place and it may be carried out through an exchange programme or be

independently arranged and funded by students themselves.

Degree studies, that is, completing a whole degree abroad, is out of the scope of these statis-

tics. CIMO reports about this type of international student mobility in Finland in its publica-

tion Facts and figures -report 5B/2016: International mobility in Finnish higher education in

2015: degree students.

CIMO’s data covers all universities operating under the Finnish Ministry of Education and

Culture. The data on international mobility is collected each calendar year. It includes two cat-

egories: long mobility periods of a minimum of 3 months and short mobility periods of under

3 months. The short and long mobility periods are separated in this publication, too.

In addition to higher education mobility, CIMO also collects and publishes statistics on inter-

national mobility in school, vocational and adult education.

You can find pdf versions of our publications about international mobility, covering different

education sectors on CIMO’s website at www.cimo.fi | Services | Publications.

CIMO’s website also has a comprehensive collection of information about international mobil-

ity at different education sectors at www.cimo.fi | Services | Statistics on internationalisation.

You can also find information about the international activities of universities on the Vipunen

portal for education statistics, maintained by the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture

https://vipunen.fi.

1 Finnish higher education consists of two complementary sectors: universities and universities of applied sciences (UAS). Universities promote research and provide academic higher education based on research, whereas UAS’s provide professional or ‘vocational’ higher education. For clarity in this publication, we often refer to universities as ’traditional universities’ as opposed to Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS). When we just write ’universities’ in the text we mean both sectors or just the traditional universities when it is clear from the context that we are only referring to them.

5

9931

2 Development in the 2000s The volume of student mobility has increased during the 2000s, at least when we look at long

mobility periods of a minimum of 3 months. Whereas there were just under 7,000 outgoing

students from Finland at the beginning of the 2000s and just under 5,000 incoming ones, the

corresponding figures in 2015 already top 10,000. The discrepancy between the incoming and

outgoing numbers has also disappeared; now the numbers of outgoing and incoming students

in Finland are more or less equal.

The outgoing long mobility periods spread relatively evenly between the two higher education

sectors in Finland: the traditional universities and the universities of applied sciences (UAS).

However, a clear majority of incoming students to Finland go to traditional universities rather

than to UAS’s.

In addition to the long mobility periods, just under 5,000 students went out of Finland and just

over 2,000 students came to Finland for a short mobility period of under 3 months. The num-

ber of short mobility periods has decreased over the past few years. There are clearly more stu-

dents sent out on short mobility periods from UAS’s than from traditional universities. There

is no clear difference between the sectors in short incoming mobilities.

Picture 1. Long (over 3 months) mobility periods in higher education institutions 2000-2015

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

from Finland to Finland

4805

8755

54966032

66167237 7697

8191

8232 8667

8990

6880

7475 7555

82418487

8610

8415 8843

10123

9388

7434

9172 9655 9739 993610474

1001410189 1013910171

6

Picture 2. Long (over 3 months) mobility periods in higher education institutions 2000-2015, traditional universities and UAS’s separately

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

from Finland, univ. from Finland, UAS to Finland, univ. to Finland, UAS

3202

1603

3962

2918

3997

5104

5035

6477

Picture 3. Short (under 3 months) mobility periods from Finland and to Finland 2005-2015

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

3539

463846714354

46234949

57616263

5748 5650

4820

11881533

1349 1295

1792

22422481 2528

30642680

2285


7

Picture 4. Short (under 3 months) mobility periods 2010-2015, traditional universities and UAS’s separately

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

1729

513

3970

979

1004

1200

3620

1281

from Finland, UAS. to Finland, UAS from Finland, univ. to Finland, univ.

8

3 By higher education institutionMost of the student mobility takes place in the big universities in Southern and Western Fin-

land. The University of Helsinki and the Aalto University have the biggest student mobility

numbers among traditional universities, and the Helsinki Metropolia and the Haaga-Helia

among UAS’s. When it comes to long mobility periods, traditional universities receive more

incoming students than they send out their own students. Only the universities of Turku and

Vaasa and the Hanken School of Economics sent out more students compared to incoming

ones in 2015.

In contrast to traditional universities, the majority of UAS’s send out more students on long

mobility periods than they receive. Only the UAS’s of Jyväskylä, Seinäjoki, Mikkeli and

Kajaani receive more incoming students and they send out their own.

When it comes to short mobility periodsof under 3 months, the focus is clearly on outgoing

students. Apart from Mikkeli, all UAS’s send out more students on short mobility periods

than they receive. Among traditional universities, the universities of Jyväskylä, Turku, Lapland

and Oulu also receive a large number of incoming students for short periods. This may be ex-

plained by the summer schools of universities that attract many foreign students.

However, focusing only on the absolute numbers does not take into account the differences in

the sizes of the universities: the larger ones also have more mobility. Pictures 9 and 10 examine

outgoing, long mobility periods of a minimum of 3 months in relation to the enrolment num-

bers of new students and completed degrees. This allows us to compare together universities

with different student numbers.

It makes more sense to make the comparison within the university sector, however, rather than

between the two university sectors. When we compare long mobility periods from Finland

to the enrolment numbers of new students, traditional universities reveal themselves clearly

more active in sending out students than UAS’s (traditional universities 24 %, UAS’s 15 %),

whereas when we compare the mobility periods to the number of degrees, it is the UAS’s that

are more active (20%) than universities (15%). This is explained by the fact that there are less

new students in universities than those taking degrees; each new student will complete two de-

grees in a university: the Bachelor’s and the Master’s degree. In contrast, more students start

studying in UAS’s than complete their degree: some change their field of study or drop out.

9

Picture 5. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods in 2015 in traditional universities

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

8181245

847968

531

555

414486

417468

303542

183434

223252

280

255203

259

241

99

153

116

179

558

364

119


University of Helsinki

Aalto University

University of Turku

University of Oulu

University of Tampere

University of Jyväskylä

University of Eastern Finland

Tampere University of Technology

Lappeenranta University of Technology

Åbo Akademi University

University of Vaasa

Hanken School of Economics

University of Lapland

University of the Arts

10

Picture 6. Short (under 3 months) mobility periods in 2015 in traditional universities

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

29250

48

114

26

3351

691

6

611

3

2

00

2

2

237

213

2488

92

140

339337




Aalto University

University of Turku



University of Oulu






University of Vaasa

40

41


11

Picture 7. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods in 2015 in UAS’s

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

405548

316575

321321

231244

228227

149193

92142

99

92

35126

4952

350

352

256175

239155

211166

156

123185

19892

113

96178

102

93

162

161

274

264

170

81

71

85

7276

Metropolia University of Applied Sciences

Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences

Turku University of Applied Sciences

Tampere University of Applied Sciences

Jyväskylä University of Applied Sciences

Laurea University of Applied Sciences

Oulu University of Applied Sciences

Lahti University of Applied Sciences

Saimaa University of Applied Sciences

Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences

Savonia University of Applied Sciences

Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences

Lapland University of Applied Sciences

Satakunta University of Applied Sciences

Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences

Novia University of Applied Sciences

HAMK Häme University of Applied Sciences

Karelia University of Applied Sciences

Vaasa University of Applied Sciences

Kajaani University of Applied Sciences

Arcada University of Applied Sciences

Diaconia University of Applied Sciences

Centria University of Applied Sciences

HUMAK University of Applied Sciences


413

12

Picture 8. Short (under 3 months) mobility periods in 2015 in UAS’s

100 200 300 400 500 600

230524

154516

239312

92210

42212

27102

1646

151

413

27

12

39635

232106

14482

16142

12527

29

8

263

438

64

41

30

























75

78

89

74

181


13

Picture 9. Long (min. 3 months) outgoing mobility periods of traditional universities in 2015 compared to number of new students and degrees

in relation to new students

in relation to degrees

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

40 %22 %

15 %

24 %

23 %13 %

22 %15 %

12 %

19 %14 %

17 %

11 %

14 %

12 %

17 %

35 %

33 %

12 %

21 %

24 %

22 %

22 %

48 %57 %

10 %

25 %

25 %


Aalto University


University of Vaasa


University of Turku




University of Oulu





14

Picture 10. Long (min. 3 months) outgoing mobility periods of UAS’s in 2015 compared to number of new students and degrees

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

34 %31 %

30 %23 %

24 %21 %

20 %

19 %16 %

20 %15 %

12 %

12 %

15 %11 %

10 %

19 %26 %

17 %

15 %25 %

15 %22 %

20 %15 %

16 %13 %

17 %12 %

18 %

15 %18 %

15 %18 %

15 %19 %

19 %

13 %17 %

16 %13 %

10 %

13 %

17 %

17 %

























14 %

14 %

14 %



15

4 By field of studyMany students of economics and business in traditional universities go on long exchanges of a

minimum of 3 months, and many foreign students come to study technology and engineering.

Within the UAS sector, the biggest number of incoming and outgoing student flows take place

in the business and administration sector.

A lot of students of economics and business, natural sciences and visual arts in traditional

universities go on short exchanges abroad. The most common fields in short incoming stu-

dent exchanges are natural sciences or unknown. The reason for the big number of unknowns

may be that some foreign students attend the multi-sectoral summer schools that cannot be

categorised under a single field of study. Natural sciences feature strongly when it comes

to short outgoing and incoming mobility but are not particularly prominent in the mobility

periods of over 3 months.

In the UAS’s, there is a more equal distribution of short mobility periods across different fields

of study than when it comes to the long ones. Most short mobility periods are in the fields of

business and administration, social and health care and technology.

Pictures 15 and 16 look at international mobility by comparing the mobility numbers by field

of study to the number of new students and degrees completed in the field. This makes it pos-

sible to compare study fields with different numbers of students. Economics and business, arts

and law are the three most active fields in the traditional universities when it comes to sending

students abroad. In the UAS’s the most active field in sending students is tourism, catering

and domestic services.

16

Picture11. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods in 2015 in traditional universities by field of study

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

680

782596

61

4728

1820

1219

1315

1412

69

1257

7931407

591

8670

36

55

2116

215

47

432276

324

251

33

1478

715

322

108

128159

142

118

100

Economics and business

Technology and engineering

Humanities

Social sciences

Natural sciences

Education

Law

Agriculture and forestry

Art and design

Medicine

Psychology

Music

Pharmacy

Sport sciences

Health sciences

Dentistry

Fine arts

Theology

Theatre and dance

Veterinary medicine

Unknown


17

Picture 12. Short (under 3 months) mobility periods in 2015 in traditional universities by field of study

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

106

20155

68

19

714

48

17

22

04

132

59

659

19

164

51

9

84

69

32

8

112

63

79

7732

40

12

8

345

185

86

44

32

124

Unknown

Natural sciences

Humanities


Medicine

Fine arts

Social sciences


Law

Art and design

Theatre and dance

Education


Veterinary medicine

Music

Health sciences

Sport sciences

Dentistry

Theology

Pharmacy

Psychology


18

Picture 13. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods in 2015 in UAS’s by field of study

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

1626

1036

938645

617253

90

70

6136

96

113

508

Picture 14. Short (under 3 months) mobility periods in 2015 in UAS’s by field of study

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

816408

679452

188

91

45

35

4215

47

37

500

1741

904

367

482

197

867

Social sciences, business and administration

Technology, communication and transport

Social services, health and sport

Culture

Tourism, catering and domestic services

Natural sciences

Natural resources and environment

Humanities and education




Culture




Natural sciences



19

Picture 15. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods in traditional universities in 2015 compared to number of new students and degrees by field of study

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

14 %

24 %35 %

26 %

11 %

8 %10 %

10 %

6 %

45 %

21 %

14 %

11 %

25 %32 %

35 %

30 %

20 %

41 %

18 %

29 %

29 %

7 %

14 %

31 %

23 %

21 %

18 %

17 %

22 %

17 %

13 %7 %

4 %

9 %

7 %4 %

4 %

18 %

9 %


Theatre and dance

Music

Law

Fine arts

Art and design

Social sciences

Humanities


Veterinary medicine


Sport sciences

Psychology

Dentistry

Education

Medicine

Pharmacy

Natural sciences

Theology

Health sciences



20

Picture 16. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods in UAS’s in 2015 compared to number of new students and degrees by field of study

37 %37 %

25 %

32 %

16 %

11 %

6 %10 %

9 %

11 %

23 %

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

28 %

14 %17 %

12 %

17 %


Culture






Natural sciences



21

5 Partner countries and regionsThe most popular target countries of long mobility periods of minimum of 3 months of Finn-

ish higher education students are Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, whereas most of

the incoming students come from Germany, France and Spain.

The target countries and countries of origin for the short mobility periods tend to be the

same as in the long ones but there are differences, too. Apart from Germany, Finnish students

also favour the neighbouring countries, Russia and Sweden, in their short exchange periods,

whereas many incoming students come from the United States in addition to Germany.

The international mobility of higher education students is Europe-centred; two thirds of long,

outgoing mobilities from Finland are to Europe and almost 80% of incoming mobility flows

are from Europe. The distribution of international mobilities across the continents differs be-

tween traditional universities and the universities of applied sciences. More university students

favour North America, whereas more UAS students favour Africa. There are more incoming

students to UAS’s from Europe than on average, and slightly more students coming from Asia

and the Americas to traditional universities.

Although Europe is still clearly the most popular continent for both the incoming and out-

going students, its role has reduced somewhat over the years. At the same time, the popular-

ity of Asia has grown. In 2005, 10% of outgoing students went to Asian countries; in 2015,

the corresponding figure was already 17%. In 2005, 6% of incoming students to Finland came

from Asia, whereas in 2015 the figure was already 14%.

259330

495592

451

267

301166

323139

299150

184147

116

128194

22

UAS univ.

Picture 17. The top 10 target countries for long (min. 3 months) mobility periods

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

355

212

261

Germany

Spain

United Kingdom

Netherlands

France

Sweden

United States

Austria

China

Russia

23

219304

1113711

834534

462

355162

384132

230219

259187

161

169181

UAS univ.

Picture 18. The top 10 countries of origin for long (min. 3 months) mobility periods

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

288

214

Germany

France

Spain

Netherlands

China

Italy

Russia

Czech republic

Austria

Belgium

24

Table 1. The top 10 target countries for short (under 3 months) mobility periods in 2015

Univ. UAS TotalFrom Finland

Table 2. The top 10 countries of origin for short (under 3 months) mobility periods in 2015

Univ. UAS TotalTo Finland

Germany 112 503 615

Russia 45 492 537

Sweden 44 390 434

Italy 129 146 275

UK 67 175 242

Spain 45 162 207

Estonia 17 170 187

Belgium 16 119 135

France 36 99 135

United States 90 42 132

Unknown 278 0 278

Germany 66 178 244


Netherlands 7 127 134

Russia 41 91 132

UK 26 84 110

Spain 24 78 102

Japan 56 37 93

Austria 19 58 77

Belgium 10 63 73

France 35 38 73

25

Picture 20. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods to Finland in 2015 by continent

To Finland

Asia 14 %

Africa 2 %

Europe 79 %

Latin America and Caribbean 2 %

North America 2 %

Oceania 0

Picture 19. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods from Finland in 2015 by continent

From Finland

Asia 17 %

Africa 4 %

Europe 67 %

Latin America and Caribbean 3 %

North America 7 %

Oceania 2 %

26

14 2 2

10

688 3

2015

2010

2005

84 3 2

Picture 22. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods to Finland in 2005, 2010 and 2015 by continent

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 %

17 767 4

18

773

2015

2010

2005

Europe Asia North America Africa Latin America and Caribbean Oceania

64 8 5

Picture 21. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods from Finland in 2005, 2010 and 2015 by continent

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 %

3 2

4 2

233

79

2

10

Europe Asia North America Africa Latin America and Caribbean Oceania

27

6 Mobility arrangementsThe Erasmus+ programme of the European Union is the single most important tool for inter-

national mobility of higher education students. More than 50% of outgoing Finnish students

going on long exchanges use the programme and over two thirds of the incoming ones. The

Erasmus+ accounts for a bigger part of student mobilities in the UAS’s than in traditional uni-

versities.

The own agreements of universities make up another significant channel for outgoing and

incoming students in Finland. Just over 10% of Finnish students are so-called free movers,

that is, they organise their exchanges themselves. The Nordic Nordplus Programme funds 4%

of outgoing mobility periods from Finland. The traditional universities use this programme

clearly more than the UAS’s. The role of the programme is small when it comes to incoming

students. Just over 3% of incoming and outgoing students benefit from CIMO’s grants.

The role of the Erasmus+ Programme in outgoing mobilities from Finland has increased over

the past six years. However, its role in incoming flows has become somewhat smaller.

28

Erasmus + 2467 49,0 3032 59,4 5499 54,2

Nordplus 364 7,2 49 1,0 413 4,1

Own agreements of universities 1233 24,5 994 19,5 2227 22,0

CIMO´s programmes and scholarships (incl. traineeships) 219 4,3 113 2,2 332 3,3

Free movers(studying and traineeships) 369 7,3 808 15,8 1177 11,6

Others 383 7,6 108 2,1 491 4,8

Total 5035 100,0 5104 100,0 10139 100,0

Table 3. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods from Finland in 2015 by programme

Trad. universities UAS Total

Number % Number %

Table 4. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods to Finland in 2015 by programme

Trad. universities UAS Total

Number %

Number % Number % Number %

Erasmus + 4319 66,7 3084 77,2 7403 70,7

Nordplus 113 1,7 1 0,0 114 1,1

Own agreements of universities 1214 18,7 751 18,8 1965 18,8

CIMO´s programmes and scholarships(incl. traineeships) 222 3,4 121 3,0 343 3,3

Free movers (studying and traineeships) 318 4,9 19 0,5 337 3,2

Others 291 4,5 21 0,5 312 3,0

Total 6477 100,0 3997 100,0 10474 100,0

29

20

21 1351

53 5

Picture 23. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods from Finland by programme 2009-2015

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 %

22 1254 3 5

4 5

735

Erasmus + Own agreements of universities Free movers (studying and traineeships) Nordplus

CIMO´s programmes and scholarships Other

1448 5 8

2015

2013

2011

2009

13

22 4

4

73

71 3

Picture 24. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods to Finland by programme 2009-2015

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 %

19 371 3

3

33

74 3 4

2015

2013

2011

2009

4

3

18

416

14 4

Erasmus + Own agreements of universities Free movers (studying and traineeships) Nordplus

CIMO´s programmes and scholarships Other

30

7 Studying and traineeshipsThe vast majority of outgoing students go abroad to study in a higher education institution.

There is a clear difference between traditional universities and UAS’s in this respect, however:

over 30% of the long UAS mobility periods of over 3 months are traineeships abroad, whereas

in traditional universities the figure is only about 10%. The volume of traineeships in compari-

son to the total volume of higher education mobility has remained constant over the last few

years.

2

1486

7

UAS

univ.

UAS

univ.

studying traineeships

Picture 25. The relative volume of studies and traineeships in long (min. 3 months) mobility periods in 2015, %

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 %

93

from

Fin

land

to F

inla

nd

62 38

98

31

1652

303

2006

1652

480796

491

542

27372246

8 Finnish regionsThere are regional differences in the international mobility of students in Finland. The uni-

versities of Southern Finland have the highest numbers of long mobility periods they are also

more active in international student mobility than universities in other regions when the num-

ber of mobility periods is compared to the number of new students or degrees. The universi-

ties in Eastern Finland are the least active.

univ.

UAS

univ.

UAS

Picture 26. Long mobilities in Finnish regions in 2015

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

East

ern

Finl

and

Nor

ther

n Fi

nlan

d

univ.

UAS

univ.

UAS

Sout

hern

Fi

nlan

dW

este

rnFi

nlan

d

497

2402

1499

2464

402

444


32

21 %

16 % 14 %

18 %

20 % Southern Finland

Western Finland

Northern Finland

Eastern Finland

Picture 27. Long mobility periods from Finland compared to the number of new students and degrees in Finnish regions in 2015, %

5 10 15 20 25

13 %

16 %

13 %



33

9 Gender of studentsWomen dominate the outgoing mobility flows with over 60% of outgoing students from Finn-

ish universities being women. As only 54% of higher education students in Finland are women,

they are clearly over-represented among outgoing students. Regardless of the relative number

of women in any field of study, there are more outgoing women in all of them compared to the

total number of students in that field. The distribution of mobilities between women and men

has remained much the same for many years already. The gender distribution among incom-

ing students is more balanced.

57

6634

univ.

UAS

univ.

UAS

men women

Picture 28. Mobility periods in traditional universities and UAS’s by gender, %

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 %

42

from

Fin

land

to F

inla

nd

39

58

43

61

Annex 1. Long (min. 3 months) mobility periods in Finnish universities in 2015 by continent and country

UAS UNIV. TOTAL UAS UNIV. TOTALFrom Finland To Finland

Total 3997 6477 10474

Asia 474 968 1442

Armenia 0 1 1

Georgia 0 7 7

Hong Kong 13 40 53

Indonesia 0 5 5

India 0 27 27

Iran 0 5 5

Israel 1 4 5

Japan 49 119 168

China 162 355 517

Kyrgyzstan 0 2 2

Republic of Korea 141 129 270

Cyprus 1 2 3

Laos 0 4 4

Lebanon 3 0 3

Macao 0 2 2

Malaysia 5 3 8

Nepal 2 7 9

Pakistan 0 4 4

Singapore 5 106 111

Sri Lanka 0 1 1

Taiwan 24 44 68

Thailand 14 12 26

Turkey 44 85 129

Vietnam 10 4 14

Total 5104 5035 10139

Asia 893 869 1762

United Arab Emirates 9 4 13

Azerbaijan 1 0 1

Bangladesh 8 1 9

Philippines 6 4 10

Georgia 0 2 2

Hong Kong 21 38 59

Indonesia 69 45 114

India 18 15 33

Iraq 1 0 1

Iran 2 1 3

Israel 3 10 13

Japan 87 156 243

Jordan 0 5 5

Cambodia 2 0 2

Kazakhstan 2 1 3

China 116 212 328

Republic of Korea 134 122 256

Cyprus 24 3 27

Laos 0 1 1

Lebanon 0 1 1

Malaysia 33 32 65

Myanmar 1 0 1

Nepal 69 0 69

Pakistan 1 1 2

Palestinian Auto-

nomous Areas 0 4 4

Qatar 1 0 1

Saudi Arabia 0 1 1

Singapore 21 104 125

Sri Lanka 1 2 3

Taiwan 6 32 38

Thailand 143 41 184

Turkey 30 27 57

Vietnam 84 4 88

35


Africa 77 102 179

Botswana 3 3 6

Egypt 0 2 2

South Africa 8 18 26

Ethiopia 2 6 8

Ghana 3 3 6

Cameroon 0 1 1

Kenya 16 13 29

Madagascar 0 1 1

Malawi 2 0 2

Morocco 0 2 2

Mauritius 0 1 1

Mozambique 4 3 7

Namibia 10 9 19

Nigeria 0 4 4

Rwanda 0 2 2

Zambia 6 4 10

Sudan 0 1 1

Tanzania 19 15 34

Uganda 4 13 17

Zimbabwe 0 1 1

Africa 284 79 363

Benin 1 3 4

Botswana 1 0 1

Djibouti 0 1 1

Egypt 4 0 4

South Africa 10 22 32

Ethiopia 14 3 17

Gambia 6 4 10

Ghana 10 3 13

Cameroon 3 1 4

Kenya 41 2 43

Madagascar 8 0 8

Malawi 3 1 4

Morocco 2 3 5

Mauritius 2 0 2

Mozambique 3 6 9

Namibia 35 11 46

Nigeria 9 1 10

Rwanda 1 0 1

Zambia 26 3 29

Swaziland 34 0 34

Tanzania 57 9 66

Uganda 6 5 11

Zimbabwe 8 1 9


Europe 3463 3332 6795


Albania 1 0 1

Belgium 120 117 237

Bosnia and

Herzegovina 1 0 1

UK 355 267 622

Bulgaria 15 2 17

Spain 451 261 712

Gibraltar 1 0 1

Ireland 103 45 148

Iceland 29 56 85

Italy 74 135 209

Austria 147 184 331

Greece 40 24 64

Croatia 19 12 31

Latvia 9 4 13

Liechtenstein 0 4 4

Lithuania 25 12 37

Luxembourg 1 6 7

Malta 25 9 34

Montenegro 1 0 1

Norway 60 90 150

Portugal 88 74 162

Poland 35 32 67

France 166 301 467

Romania 7 0 7

Sweden 139 323 462

Germany 592 495 1087

Serbia 1 4 5

Slovakia 15 14 29

Slovenia 37 25 62

Finland 1 0 1

Switzerland 38 112 150

Denmark 90 128 218

Czech Republic 97 120 217

Ukraine 5 1 6

Hungary 99 52 151

Belarus 2 3 5

Russia 194 128 322

Estonia 50 33 83

Europe 3363 4956 8319


Albania 0 2 2

Belgium 181 169 350

Bosnia and

Herzegovina 0 1 1

UK 113 117 230

Bulgaria 7 3 10

Spain 288 462 750

Ireland 28 30 58

Iceland 1 6 7

Italy 132 384 516

Austria 161 214 375

Greece 47 45 92

Croatia 3 12 15

Latvia 11 47 58

Liechtenstein 0 3 3

Lithuania 60 60 120

Luxembourg 2 4 6

Malta 8 1 9

Norway 8 41 49

Portugal 68 87 155

Poland 81 143 224

France 534 834 1368

Romania 16 13 29

Sweden 11 67 78

Germany 711 1113 1824

Serbia 0 7 7

Slovakia 33 79 112

Slovenia 15 33 48

Finland 0 2 2

Switzerland 49 61 110

Denmark 11 41 52

Czech Republic 187 259 446

Ukraine 1 10 11

Hungary 53 97 150

Belarus 5 6 11

Russia 219 230 449

Estonia 15 54 69

37


Latin America

and

the Caribbean 127 185 312

Argentina 10 23 33

Barbados 7 4 11

Bolivia 0 1 1

Brazil 22 37 59

Chile 30 47 77

Costa Rica 1 3 4

Dominica 3 0 3

Ecuador 4 0 4

Greenland 0 1 1

Guatemala 1 1 2

Colombia 2 4 6

Mexico 37 40 77

Nicaragua 1 1 2

Panama 3 2 5

Paraguay 0 1 1

Peru 4 17 21

Turks and

Caicos Islands 1 0 1

Uruguay 1 3 4

North

America 260 446 706

Canada 110 147 257


Oceania 56 124 180

Australia 42 111 153

New Zealand 14 13 27

Unknown 21 0 21

Latin America

and

the Caribbean 48 184 232

Argentina 0 4 4

Brazil 14 55 69

Chile 2 32 34

Costa Rica 0 5 5

Guatemala 0 1 1

Colombia 0 6 6

Mexico 30 65 95

Nicaragua 0 1 1

Peru 2 14 16

Puerto Rico 0 1 1

North

America 33 220 253

Canada 25 85 110


Oceania 2 47 49

Australia 1 43 44

New Zealand 1 4 5

irma garam international mobility in finnish higher ... · irma garam 4b/2016 facts and figures...

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