iron deficiency anemia
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Prevalence
NFHS-3 : 7/10 children aged 6-59 months are anemic. (3%-severely anemic, 40%-moderate anemic, 26%- mildly anemic)
65% in preschool children
Adolescent period -50%
Iron deficiency affects 2170 million worldwide, and 1200 million of them anemic with 90% of affected are in developing countries
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Total Body Iron
Full-term infants - approximately 75 mg/kg body weight of iron
Adult males – 50 mg/kg and females – 35 mg/kg
Can be divided into functional(80%) and storage(20%) compartments
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Iron Balance
Mostly lost from shedding of epithelial cells in G.I.Tract.
Total average daily loss of iron has been estimated at ∼1.0 mg in normal adult men and nonmenstruating women.
20% of heme iron (in contrast to 1% to 2% of nonheme iron) is absorbable.
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Iron balance is primarily, if not exclusively, achieved by control of absorption rather than by control of
excretion
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The “Iron cycle”
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Since plasma ferritin is derived largely from the
storage pool of body iron, its levels correlate well with body iron stores.
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Nutritional Iron Balance
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Role of Hepcidin
Synthesized and released from the liver Inhibits iron transfer from the enterocyte to plasmaRegulator of iron absorptionAlso suppresses iron release from macrophagesImportant role in anemia of chronic diseases and hemochromatosis
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Very high levels of hepcidin in Anemia of chronic
diseases and inappropriately low levels
of hepcidin in hemochromatosis
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Etiology
Late manifestation of prolonged negative iron balance
As a result of major blood loss
Increased physiologic need for iron
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Diet
Body iron concentration in normal neonates averages ∼75 to 100 mg/kg weight
Premature infants are at higher risk of iron deficiency
Delayed cord clamping
The fetus is an “effective scavenger of maternal iron”
Normal term infant must acquire 135 to 200 mg of iron during the first year of life. A premature infant may require as much as 350 mg in the same period
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Iron stores in the infant are typically depleted by 4 to 6 months of age
Iron intake of 1 mg/kg/day is recommended for full-term infants, 2 to 4 mg/kg/day for preterm infants
Deficiency is relatively uncommon in the first 6 months of life in infants exclusively fed breast milk
Cow’s milk should not be given to infants <1 year of age
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Blood loss
• Lesions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract - peptic ulcer, Meckel diverticulum, polyp, hemangioma, or inflammatory bowel disease
• Heat-labile protein in whole bovine milk
• Chronic diarrhea and rarely with pulmonary hemosiderosis
• Parasitic infestations and H.pylori infection
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Clinical Features
Pallor, anorexia and irritability
Hyperdynamic circulation
Skin and nail changes
Pica - 70-80% of Children
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Koilonychia
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Consequences of Iron Deficiency
Long term mental impairment
Impaired immune function
Poor physical performance
Febrile seizures, temper tantrums, breath holding spells, restless leg syndrome.
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Lab evaluation
Hemoglobin, Hematocrit
Red cell indices
Reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr)
Mentzer index and RDW
Serum ferritin
Serum iron, TIBC, Transferrin saturation
Stainable iron in bone marrow
Stool for occult blood
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Treatment
Depends on severity and associated complications
3-6 mg/kg of elemental iron in 3 divided doses is adequate
Ferrous sulfate is 20% elemental iron by weight and is ideally given between meals with juice
Addition of folic acid and vitamin C (200 mg), vitamin B12.
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Parenteral Iron
Should usually be avoided
Severe side effects on oral therapy, noncompliance or gastrointestinal bleeding
Total dose infusion (only in hospital)
Iron dextran or sucrose complex - most commonly used
Iron required=wt (kg)x 2.3x (15-patient hemoglobin) +500-1000 mg
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Response to Iron therapy
TIME AFTER IRON ADMINISTRATION RESPONSE
12-24 hrReplacement of intracellular iron enzymes; subjective improvement; decreased irritability; increased appetite
36-48 hr Initial bone marrow response; erythroid hyperplasia
48-72 hr Reticulocytosis, peaking at 5-7 days
4-30 days Increase in hemoglobin level
1-3 months Repletion of stores
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Nonresponders to Iron therapy
Incorrect dose or medication Malabsorption of administered iron Ongoing blood loss including gastrointestinal, menstrual, and pulmonary Concurrent infection or inflammatory disorder inhibiting the response to
iron Concurrent vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
Diagnosis other than iron deficiency • Thalassemias • Anemia of chronic disease • Lead poisoning • Sickle thalassemias, hemoglobin SC disease • Rare microcytic anemias
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Prevention
• Medicinal iron supplementation
• Dietary modificationBalance between inhibitors and promotersVitamin C rich foodsFermentation and germination
• Food fortificationDouble fortified salt
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Weekly Iron and Folic acid Supplementation (WIFS)
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Thank you