Irony and Ambiguity

The Best Stories

Irony

Ambiguity

Practice

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The best stories are the ones that present life and people the way they really are.

mysterious

The Best Stories

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unpredictable complicated

Writers include irony in stories to reflect the real world—a world where expectations aren’t always fulfilled and unexpected events often surprise us.

Irony

Irony is the difference between what we expect or what seems suitable and what actually happens.

Katie’s grandfather taught her to play chess a few weeks ago. Now, she consistently wins matches against her grandfather and the other members of his chess club.

In stories, we find three kinds of irony.

Irony

• Verbal irony occurs when someone says one thing but means the opposite.

• Situational irony occurs when an event is not just surprising but actually contrary to what we expected.

• Dramatic irony occurs when the audience or the reader knows something important that the character does not know.

Based on the passage, which statement would be an example of verbal irony?

A. “Oh, sir,” she says, “are you sure you want to part with this gem?”

B. “Oh, sir,” she says, “do you really expect to sell this piece of junk?”

Irony

Quick CheckMr. Hapner wants to sell his old van. A prospective buyer, Mrs. Duran, shows up to look at the van. She notices that it is rusty and dented, the front bumper is missing, and the engine will barely start.

Based on the passage, which statement would be an example of situational irony?

Irony

Quick CheckDr. Kwan is a pet psychologist. A leader in her field, she has received several awards for her research and clinical successes. Dr. Kwan publishes a book called The Workings of a Dog’s Mind: How to Get Unruly Dogs to Behave, and it soars up the bestseller list.

B. Dr. Kwan comes home to find that her two dogs have gnawed on several pairs of her shoes and ruined them.

A. Dr. Kwan gets an offer to host a television show about pets.

Based on the passage, which statement would be an example of dramatic irony?

A. We watch as Detective Boone talks to the server about his investigation and shares sensitive information.

B. Another detective eventually solves the case, and the server is arrested.

Irony

Quick CheckDetective Boone, the main character of a play, is trying to solve a rash of burglaries in his precinct. The audience knows that one of the other characters, a server at a coffee shop frequented by the detective, is the burglar.

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Ambiguity is an element of uncertainty in a text.

Ambiguous texts offer several conflicting consequences or meanings that readers must sort out.

Ambiguity

A story with an ambiguous ending or theme

• keeps us wondering about what it means

• tends to stick in our memory

Ambiguity

Describe the ambiguity in this story.

Ambiguity

Quick CheckMillie notices that Hector, a new student, feels left out, so she asks him to the school dance. Hector accepts. Later, Millie finds out that her best friend, Cindy, likes Hector and wants to ask him to the dance.

“Oh,” says Millie, “I’m glad you told me. I asked him to the dance earlier, but I just remembered that I’ve got plans. Now, I won’t feel bad about canceling.”

When Millie’s mom picks her up from school, Millie asks, “Mom, aren’t we supposed to visit Grandma this weekend? We haven’t seen her in a while.”

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Review the definition of verbal irony. Then, write a paragraph describing a scene between two characters. Include an ironic statement made by one character. You might take inspiration from one of the characters or situations described in this presentation.

Practice

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