irrigated agriculture productivity final report
TRANSCRIPT
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 1/30
- 1 -
Demonstrating Enhanced Productivity of Irrigated Agriculture System through Multifunctional
Water Users Association
A Pilot Demonstration Activity (PDA)
A study supported under:
Regional Technical Assistance for Knowledge and Innovation Support (RETA 6498) of AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB)
Final Report
Submitted by:
INPIM-Nepal
In association of:
Nepal Engineering College (nec)
Changunarayan, Bhaktapur
&
Farmer Managed Irrigation System Promotion Trust-Nepal (FMIST-Nepal)
The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the speaker and do not necessarilyreflect the views or policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, orthe governments they represent. ADB does notguarantee the accuracy of the data included inthis paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.Terminology usedmay not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 2/30
- 2 -
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ADB Asian Development Bank
AMIS Agency Managed Irrigation System
CBO Community Based Organization
CMIASP Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project
DDC District Development Committee
DOI Department of Irrigation
DOA Department of Irrigation
FFS Farmers’ Field School
FMIS Farmer Managed Irrigation System
FMIST Farmer Managed Irrigation System Promotion Trust
INPIM-Nepal International Network of Participatory Irrigation Management-Nepal ChapterIWMI International Water Management Institute
KW Kilo-Watt
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NFIWUAN National Federation of Irrigation Water Users Associations-Nepal
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PDA Pilot Demonstration Activity
RETA Regional Technical Assistance
VDC Village Development Committee
WUA Water Users’ Association
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 3/30
- 3 -
Table of Content
1. Background .........................................................................................................................2
2. Methodological Approach ..................................................................................................2
3. Study Activities ...................................................................................................................3
3.1 Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 3
3.2 Policy Review ......................................................................................................................... 5
3.3 Process Documentation ........................................................................................................ 6
3.3.1 Objective and Expected Output of the Process Documentation Study .................................. 6
3.3.2 Selected FMISs for Process Documentation Study .................................................................. 7
3.3.3 Approach to Process Documentation ....................................................................................... 8
3.4 Case Study on FMISs Involving Self-Evolving Multifunctional WUAs ................................ 9
3.4.1 Objectives and Expected Output of the Case Study ................................................................ 9
3.4.2 Approach to the Case Study .................................................................................................... 10
3.4.3 Selected Irrigation Systems for the Case Study ...................................................................... 10
3.4.4 Limitations of the Case Study .................................................................................................. 18
4. Key Findings ......................................................................................................................18
4.1 Experiences with Multifunctional WUAs in Nepal and Elsewhere................................... 18
4.2 Policy Reviews ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Process Documentation in Three FMISs under CMIASP ................................................... 22
4.4 Case Study of Self Evolving Multifunctional WUAs ........................................................... 24
Annexes
I. Process Documentation: Tanting Irrigation System
II. Process Documentation: Ikudha Irrigation System
III. Process Documentation: Sikharkateri Irrigation System
IV. Case Studies
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 4/30
2
1. Background
International Network on Participatory Irrigation Management- Nepal Chapter (INPIM-Nepal) together
with Farmer Managed Irrigation System Promotion Trust (FMIST) and Nepal Engineering College (nec)
were entrusted to undertake a study, titled, Demonstrating Enhanced Productivity in Irrigated
Agricultural System through Multifunctional Water Users’ Association under Pilot Demonstration
Activity (PDA) under Regional Technical Assistance for Knowledge and Innovation Support (RETA 6498)
of Asian Development Bank (ADB), over the period July 14, 2009-December 31, 2010. The study aimed at
establishing the value of multifunctional water users’ association (WUA) and evaluating the potential for
and merit of building multifunctional WUAs in Nepalese irrigation systems. While attempting this overall
objective, the specific objectives adapted by the study were as follows:
I. To evaluate the factors, environment and processes supporting and/or constraining theevolution of multifunctional WUAs,
II. To assess the changes resulting from multifunctional engagement of WUAs to the delivery of
irrigation services, performance of irrigated agriculture and enhancement of support services
and livelihood opportunities in the irrigated areas,
III. To document the stages and the processes of evolution of multifunctional WUAs and identify
the roles of the policies and institutional support thereto, and
IV. To draw lessons with regards to promotion of multifunctional WUAs in Nepalese irrigation
systems, and more specifically in context of the irrigation systems undergoing rehabilitation and
improvement under Community Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project (CMIASP).
In conceiving the stated study, the outcomes of the study were expected to be relevant (and wherepossible also instrumental) in formulating and designing the processes in the execution of Community
Managed Irrigated Agriculture Sector Project (CMIASP, ADB Loan 2102) underway in the Central and
Eastern Development Regions of Nepal beginning July 2006 under Department of Irrigation,
Government of Nepal. CMIASP aims to enhance the performance and sustainability of farmer managed
irrigation systems (FMISs) by providing three faceted support of improving irrigation infrastructures,
promoting improved agricultural technology and practices and creating opportunities for livelihood
enhancement and diversification in the irrigated areas, all creating synergy towards sustainable
performance of FMISs. In undertaking the envisaged support programs under CMIASP, WUAs are
expected to be empowered in managing irrigation infrastructures, agricultural support services and
livelihood enhancement activities, with the expectation of WUAs functioning as multifunctional social
entity in the irrigated agricultural systems. It is in this context that the findings of the study are expected
to add value in streamlining the approaches under CMIASP in capacitating WUAs to evolve as
multifunctional social institutions.
This report has been prepared based on the activities and outcomes of the stated study undertaken over
the period July 14, 2009-December 31, 2010.
2. Methodological Approach
In the framework of the methodological approach, following activities were included in the study plan
with each set of activities generating relevant information consistent to the study objectives:
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 5/30
3
i. Review of relevant literatures and secondary sources of information, leading to the
documentation of the experiences with regards to the evolution of multifunctional WUAs in
Nepal and outside, providing bases to enumerating the values and processes of evolution of multifunctional WUAs in the irrigated area.
ii. Review of policy frameworks and institutional arrangements likely to support/foster and/or
impede the processes of development of multifunctional WUAs in Nepal.
iii. Process analysis of evolution of multifunctional WUAs in selected FMISs undergoing the
rehabilitation and improvement and capacity building under CMIASP.
iv. Case studies on selected FMISs demonstrating successful models/examples of self-evolving
multifunctional WUAs.
3. Study Activities
This section discusses in length the activities included in the study and the approach to undertaking the
activities in order to define the scope and focus of each component of the activities in the study plan.
3.1Literature Review
One of the important components of the study has been review of relevant literatures presenting
diverse experiences with regards to evolution and relevance of multifunctional WUAs in the irrigated
areas in different parts of the world, especially those presenting the experiences and/or contextual to
the Asian and more specifically South Asian contexts. The aim tied to this activity was to develop
bibliographical review on multifunctional WUAs and synthesizing the experiences in different parts of
the world in deriving implications in the context of promotion of multifunctional WUAs in Nepalese
irrigation systems. In undertaking the literature review, the direction and focus of the literature review
has been on:
i. Processes of evolution of multifunctional WUAs in different contexts.
ii. Contextual variables (social, economic, institutional and political) permitting and/or constraining
the evolution of multifunctional WUAs.
iii. Positive and/or negative consequences resulting from multifunctionality of WUAs on operation
and management functions, irrigation service delivery and delivery of support services in
irrigated agricultural system.
iv. Policy prescriptions supportive and/or constraining to the evolution of multifunctional WUAs
under the farmers', joint and public sector management regimes.
v. Support services and environment fostering evolution of multifunctional WUAs.
The list of literatures that were included in the review in the course of developing bibliographical review
of literatures relating to evolution of multifunctional WUAs is provided hereunder:
i. Uphoff, N.T (2004). Irrigation Association and Improved Irrigation Performance. In Report of
APO Seminar on Linking Main System Management for Improved Irrigation Management held in
Sri Lanka, June 3-8, 2002. Asian Productivity Organization.
ii. Wijayaratna C.M (2004). Role of Public and Private Sectors, NGOs and Water Users’ Association
and Other Stakeholders in Irrigation Management in 21st
Century. In Report of APO Seminar on
Linking Main System Management for Improved Irrigation Management held in Sri Lanka, June
3-8, 2002. Asian Productivity Organization.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 6/30
4
iii. World Bank (2002). The Role of Rural Producers Organization in the World Bank Rural
Development Strategy, Pierre-Marie Bosc, Didier Eychenne, Karim Hussein, Maire-Rose
Mercoiret, Pierre Rondot and Sadie Mackintosh-Walker (eds.). Rural Development Strategy
Background Paper No. 8, The World Bank Rural Development Family.iv. USAID (2006). Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) in Afghanistan. Development Alternatives Inc.
v. IWMI (2006). Raising irrigation productivity and releasing water for intersectoral needs
(RIPARWIN): RIPARWIN final technical report by University of East Anglia, Overseas
Development Group and Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Soil Water Research Group & International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Africa Regional Office.
vi. Boisvert, R. N. and Chang, H. H. (2006). Multifunctional agricultural policy, reduced domestic
support and liberalized trade: an empirical assessment for Taiwanese rice. IWMI.
vii. Gioradano Meredith, Samad M. and Manara R. (2006). Assessing the outcomes of IWMI’s
research and interventions on irrigation management transfer.IWMI.
viii. Barbara van Koppen, Patrick Moriarty and Eline Boelee (2006). Multiple-Use Water Services toAdvance the Millennium Development Goals. IWMI.
ix. Regmi A.R. (2007). Water security and Farmer Managed Irrigation Systems in Nepal. In Natural
Resources Security in South Asia: Nepal’s Water, Fiona Rotberg and Ashok Swain (eds.). Institute
for Security and Development Policy, Sweden.
x. Shivakoti, G. (2007). Coping with Policy, institutions and Governance Challenges of Water
Resources Issues with Special Reference to Irrigation in Nepal. In Natural Resources Security in
South Asia: Nepal’s Water, Fiona Rotberg and Ashok Swain (eds.). Institute for Security and
Development Policy, Sweden.
xi. Shrestha S.P (1987). Multifunctional, Non-Residential Irrigation Organization: A Case Study of
Kodku Irrigation System in Kathmandu Valley. Proceedings of a National Seminar in Irrigation
Management in Nepal, organized at Bharatpur, Nepal, June 4-6, 1987. IIMI, IAAS and Winrock
International.
xii. Gautam, U. (1987). Institutional Building and Rural Development in Nepal: Godkhar Water Users
Committee. Proceedings of a National Seminar in Irrigation Management in Nepal, organized at
Bharatpur, Nepal, June 4-6, 1987. IIMI, IAAS and Winrock International.
xiii. Pradhan, P. (2002). Water Users Association towards Diversified Activities: Experience of Nepal
and Other Countries. Discussion Paper, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana
University.
xiv. The World Bank (2005). Shaping the Future of Water for Agriculture: A Source Book for
Investment in Agricultural Water Management. Agricultural and Rural Development (ARD).
xv. Sinha, S (undated). The Conditions for Collective Action: Land Tenure and Farmers’ Group in
Rajasthan Canal Project. Gatekeeper Series No. 57. IIED, Swedish International Development
Authority (SIDA).xvi. Abernethy, C. L. (1998). The functions of information, communication, transparency and
accountability in promoting institutional reform and co-operation. In Abernethy and Heim
(eds.): Institutional reform and co-operation in irrigated agriculture, with special reference to
Lao PDR and Vietnam. DSE/ZEL, Feldafing/Zschortau, Germany.
xvii. Bernethy, C. L., Sally, H., Lonsway, K., and Maman, C. (2000). Farmer-based financing of
operations in the Niger Valley irrigation schemes. Research Report 37, International Water
Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
xviii. Batuwitage, Gamini P. 1999. Farmers Organizations to Farmers Companies: A Mode of
Operation of Growth and Equity, in Prachanda Pradhan (ed) Role of Institutions in Rural
Community Development, Tokyo: APO.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 7/30
5
xix. Groenfeldt., David. Moving Upstream: Changing Roles for the Users and the State in Irrigation
Management. (WWW.inpim.org)
xx. Frederiksen, H. D., and Vissia, R. J. (1998). Considerations in formulating the transfer of services
in the water sector. International Water Management Institute, Colombo.xxi. Ostrom, E. (1992). Crafting institutions for self-governing irrigation systems. Institute for
Contemporary Studies, San Francisco.
xxii. Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.
NY: Cambridge Press.
xxiii. Ostrom, E. 1994. Neither Market nor State: Governance of Common-Pool Resources in the
Twenty First Century. Washington, DC, IFPRI.
xxiv. Pradhan, Prachanda. (ed.). 1998. Irrigation Association for Participatory Management in Asia.
Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization.
xxv. Pradhan, Prachanda. 1989. Patterns of Irrigation Organization in Nepal, IIMI: Colombo, Sri Lanka.
xxvi. Pradhan, Prachanda. (ed.). 1999. Role of Institutions in Rural Community Development. Tokyo:
APO.xxvii. Pradhan, P., and Bandaragoda, D. J. 1998. Legal and institutional environment of water users’
association for sustainable irrigation management. In: Pradhan, P. (ed.), 1998: Irrigation
association for participatory management in Asia. Proceedings of a seminar at Lahore. Asian
Productivity Organisation, Tokyo.
xxviii. Reidinger, Richard. 2001. “Bank seeks Sustenance for WUA Model” in China Development Brief ,
Vol. IV. No. 1, Summer, 2001.
xxix. Warsakoon, M. B. 1999. Empowerment of Farmers Association in Sri Lanka: Farmers
Organization Development and Farmer Company in Prachanda Pradhan (ed) Role of Institutions
in Rural Community Development. Tokyo: APO.
3.2Policy Review
Policy review intending to analyze the prevailing irrigation, agricultural and cooperative development
policies, supporting or impeding the process of evolution of multifunctional WUAs in irrigated
agriculture was considered important in supporting the objective of the study. The policy reviews
undertaken as a part of this study were focused on:
i. Direction of policy frameworks relating to irrigation, agriculture and cooperative development
before and after 1970s to establish envisaged policy linkages to evolution of WUAs, and more
specifically to multifunctional WUAs in irrigated agriculture. (The time lines of before and after
1970s have been set considering major shift in development policy beginning this time,
emphasizing decentralization, people’s participation, inclusion and strengthening of community
base organizations and their increased role in the agricultural and rural development processes).
ii. Development planning and programs resulting from the policy emphases (and also due to the
shift in the policies) at different periods of time and their outcomes.
iii. Institutional changes/re-structuring resulting from policy emphases (and also due to the shift in
the policy emphases) at different periods of time and their outcomes.
iv. Identification of strengths (and also constraints/limitations) in the existing policy frameworks
and institutional arrangements, supporting or impeding the evolution of multifunctional WUAs.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 8/30
6
3.3Process Documentation
3.3.1 Objective and Expected Output of the Process Documentation Study
The significant element of approach to the development and improvement of irrigation infrastructures
and services under CMIASP is focus on capacity building of water users and capacitating the WUAs for
enhanced engagements in irrigated agriculture, beyond the regular operation and management of
irrigation infrastructures and services. In order to achieve this, alongside of support towards
improvement of the physical infrastructures, the project foresees supporting the water users and WUAs
in such activities as: i) dissemination of improved agricultural technologies through farmers’ field school
(FFS); ii) seed multiplication for local level seed security; iii) market promotion; iv) promotion of women
participation; vi) linkages with micro-finance institutions for access to micro-credit; vii) vegetable
gardening; and viii) promotion of income generating activities. All these activities are expected to create
multiplier effects in the agricultural productivity enhancement, employment generation, poverty
alleviation and sustainable development of irrigated agriculture.
Implicit in the stated activities are capacitating the WUAs to undertake multiple roles in irrigated
agriculture, alongside of their roles in the operation and management of irrigation infrastructure and
services. CMIASP foresees series of capacity building programs and promotional activities undertaken in
tandem with the rehabilitation and improvement of the physical infrastructures in the irrigation system.
It is in these premises that documentation of processes of rehabilitation and improvement of physical
infrastructures and the activities focused to capacity building of water users and WUAs, envisaged under
CMIASP, was decided to be undertaken in three FMISs undergoing rehabilitation and improvement
support under CMIASP. The process documentation study was expected to generate real time
information relating to capacitating WUAs in the three systems and thereby enhancing their capacitiesto undertaking multiple roles besides the traditional roles in the operation and management of
irrigation infrastructures and services. The outcome of the study was expected to be valuable for policy
formulation relating to undertaking of the proposed intervention in the selected FMISs and replicating
the experiences in the other sub-projects.
The process documentation study in three FMISs was undertaken over a period of one year from
November 8, 2009 to November 30, 2010 with following specific objectives:
i. to document the processes and progress in the undertaking of the activities relating to
rehabilitation and improvement of physical infrastructures and capacity building of water users
and WUAs in such areas as promotion of improved agricultural knowledge/technology and
practices, market promotion, women participation, micro-credit and income generating
activities.
ii. to note the changes in the level of participation of the users in the decision making relating to
operation and management of irrigation infrastructures and services, adaption of improved
agricultural technologies and practices and participation in livelihood
improvement/enhancement activities.
iii. to use the results of the process documentation study in assessing the progress towards
capacitating the WUAs in accepting multiple roles and functioning as multifunctional entity in
irrigated agricultural system.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 9/30
7
The process documentation has been considered to be an important part of the proposed study leading
to generating real time data/information on processes leading to development of multifunctional WUAs.
The outcome of the study is also expected to be valuable for micro-policy formulation relating to
undertaking of the proposed intervention in the selected PDR sub-projects, and replicating theexperiences in the other sub-projects based on the experiences gained in the PDR sub-projects.
3.3.2 Selected FMISs for Process Documentation Study
In attempt to selecting the FMISs for process documentation study, following three systems from among
27 Batch-1 sub-projects undergoing rehabilitation and improvement under CMISP were identified for
the process documentation study:
i. Tanting Kalikoshi Irrigation System in Arujundhara VDC in Jhapa District
ii. Sikhar Kateri Irrigation System in Ravi Opee VDC in Kavre District
iii. Iku Dha Irrigation System in Thaibe VDC in Lalitpur District
The Batch-1 sub-projects under CMISP were the ones where rehabilitation and improvement of physical
infrastructures and services and the capacity building and livelihood enhancement activities were
expected to be accomplished over 27 Sub-project in 14 districts. Other characteristics of the sub-
projects are presented in Table- 1.
Table- 1: Physical and Institutional Characteristics of Selected Sub-Projects for Process
Documentation Study
Physical and Institutional
Characteristics
Tanting Irrigation
System, Jhapa
Sikhar Kateri Irrigation
System, Kavre
Iku Dha Irrigation
System, Lalitpur
Location Arjundhara VDC, Jhapa
District
Raviopi VDC,
Kavrepalanchok District
Thaiba and Godavai
VDCs, Lalitpur
District
Existing Area under
Irrigation Command
160 ha 70 ha 70 ha
Potential Area under
Irrigation Command
200 ha 100 ha 70 ha
Name and the Nature of
the Source
Tanting and Kali Khola
(Perennial)
Chhahare Khola
(Perennial)
Godavari Khola
(Perennial)
Number of Households 243 92 331
Existence of WUA Registered WUA Registered WUA Registered WUA
Salient features of the three irrigation systems prior to the initiation of the initiation of the support
program under CMIASP are provided in Annex-II. These features provide the bases to note the changes,
emerging in the course of the process documentation, as a result of the undertaking of the support
programs under CMIASP.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 10/30
8
3.3.3 Approach to Process Documentation
The process documentation study in the three FMISs involved systematic documentation of the events
and processes relating to:
i. Improvement of physical infrastructures in the irrigation schemes undertaken as a part of the
support under CMIASP
ii. Capacity development of the WUAs relating to operation and management functions and
delivery of irrigation services.
iii. Improvement in the agricultural technology and practices aimed at enhancing the productivity
of irrigated agriculture.
iv. Initiatives of market promotion, women participation, micro-credit and income generating
activities aimed towards diversification of income opportunities of water users and their
livelihood improvement.
The documentation of the events and processes on day to day basis in the course of the undertaking of
the rehabilitation and improvement under CMIASP was carried by full time process documenters who
were deputed to the three systems on a full time basis over the duration of the process documentation
study. The three process documenters were selected from among the users of the irrigation system with
following qualifications:
i. Knowledgeable of and actively engaged in the activities relating to irrigation and agriculture but
not a functionary in existing WUA;
ii. Academic qualification: at least 10th
grade who could effectively read, write and communicate
(This qualification in the selection of the process documenter could not be met in Tanting
Irrigation System in Jhapa and Sikharkateri Irrigation System in Kavre, therefore process
documenter who had satisfactory level of reading, writing and communication skills were
selected and deputed for the task);
iii. Socially active and having some experience of working in CBOs or local NGOs; and
iv. Willingness to undertake the task.
The process documenters deputed in the three systems were trained to document the events and
processes commencing in the course of the rehabilitation and improvement of the systems. A three days
long training session was organized on March 15 to 17, 2010 prior to the recruitment and deputation of
the process documenters, wherein two possible persons from each system who met the above
qualification and had shown intent to contribute as process documenter, participated in the training.
The framework of the process documentation is shown in Fig. 1. While the process documenters wereexpected to systematically document every single events and process in the course of undertaking of
the rehabilitation and improvement and capacity building activities, they were also expected to record
the decision making and participation of the users and functionaries of the WUA in the undertaking of
the activities. The documentation involved:
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 11/30
9
Fig. 2 Framework of Process Documentation
Tasks/activities relating to rehabilitation and improvement of the irrigation infrastructures
undertaken and accomplished on different dates,
Decisions made in WUA on different dates with regards to the improvement in the physical
infrastructures and services and those relating to strengthening and intensifying the agricultural
practices,
Decisions relating to resources mobilization,
Capacity building of WUA undertaken by Department of Irrigation through CMIASP and other
agencies,
Resolution of conflicts emerging in the course of undertaking of the improvement of the
physical infrastructures in the irrigation system, and
Any other events and processes relevant to the strengthening of the WUA or the irrigation
system.
3.4Case Study on FMISs Involving Self-Evolving Multifunctional WUAs
3.4.1 Objectives and Expected Output of the Case Study
There are examples of FMISs and Agency managed Irrigation Systems (AMISs), where WUAs have been
instrumental in getting engaged in the activities beyond regular operation and management of irrigation
systems and the delivery of irrigation services, such as those relating to input and marketing of
agricultural produce, income generation, livelihood improvement and social development works. These
demonstrate successful models of self-evolving multifunctional WUAs. It was found useful to look into
the evolution of such multifunctional WUAs, their multiple roles in the irrigated areas and the
opportunities, and also constraints, to the operation and management of the irrigation infrastructures
and services resulting from multiple engagements of the WUAs. The case study on a number of irrigation systems representing different geographical, social and institutional contexts was expected to
provide the bases to establishing the value of the multifunctional WUAs and also looking into the
process and the context that supported the evolution of the multifunctional WUAs. The case studies and
the analysis made across the cases were expected to provide opportunity to answer following questions:
i. What are the positive or negative effects of multifunctional engagements of WUAs on the
performance of irrigation and/or irrigated agricultural system?
ii. Does multifunctional engagement of WUAs lead to development of sustainable irrigation
institution?
iii. What are the processes and stages of evolution of multifunctional WUAs?
Process
What?
When?
How?
Who?
Where?
Input Output
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 12/30
10
iv. Is there a potential for translating multifunctionality of WUAs in other irrigation schemes and
what could be the approach and processes thereto?
The case study involved collection of in-depth information relating to evolution of multifunctional WUAsfrom total of 10 irrigation systems from different parts of the country. The approach to the undertaking
of the case study and the methodological tools used in the collection of relevant information are
discussed in length in the following sections.
3.4.2 Approach to the Case Study
The case studies undertaken in selected FMISs and AMISs were essentially exploratory and diagnostic in
nature. The studies in the selected system were accomplished in two stages. The first stage involved
review of secondary sources of information, (published and unpublished reports, diagnostic studies,
feasibility studies and past research works) relevant to the selected irrigation systems. This helped togenerate the background information on the systems. The second stage involved in-depth diagnosis of
the events processes that led to evolution of multifunctional WUAs in the selected irrigation system and
their contributions (both positive and negative) relating to operation and management of the irrigation
system, enhancement and diversification of livelihood opportunities of the users and linking the system
and the farmers to support services and market outside the boundary of the irrigation system. The lines
of inquiries at this stage involved:
i. Timelines of multifunctional engagements of WUAs and the processes thereto.
ii. Areas of multifunctional engagements.
iii. Benefits resulting to water users from multifunctional engagements of WUAs.
iv. Supporting and/or contradicting roles of multifunctional WUAs to regular operation and
management and the delivery of irrigation services.
v. Support services available from government agencies and non-governmental organizations
towards multifunctional roles.
vi. Ways forward to pursuing multiple roles in the irrigated areas.
3.4.3 Selected Irrigation Systems for the Case Study
Total of 7 FMISs and AMISs with multifunctional engagement of WUAs, representing different agro-
ecological zones, community mixes and physical/technical complexities were selected for the case study.
These included:
i. Sardihola-Puranchaur Irrigation System in Kaski District- Western Mid-hills (Agency Developed).
ii. Hemja Irrigation System in Kaski District – Hill River Valley (Agency Developed)
iii. Naubise Phant Irrigation System in Kavrepalanchok District- Central Mid Hills (Agency
Developed)
iv. Hamsambhe Nimu Khola Multipurpose Irrigation System in Panchtahar District- Eastern Mid
Hills(Self Evolving)
v. Baise Kulo in Nawalparasi District- Inner Terai (Developed by Migrant Community- Agency
Supported)
vi. Khaurawa-Hadha Irrigation System in Palpa District- Western Mid Hills (Western Mid Hills- Self
Evolving)
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 13/30
11
vii. Palung Khola Irrigation System in Baglung District- Western Mid Hills (Agency Supported,
Inaccessibility- No influence of Market Forces)
The salient features of the irrigation systems and the narration of the evolution of their WUA in terms of
multifunctionality is presented in Table 2.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 14/30
12
Table 2: Features of the Case Systems Included in the Study
S/N Name of the Irrigation
System
Irrigated
Area/Location
Year of
Initiation
Source of Support
for Irrigation
Development/
improvement
Multifunctional Engagements of WUA Remarks
1. Sardikhola-Puranchaur
Irrigation System
500 ha in
Bhurjungkhola VDC
(Ward No.1) and
Puranchaur VDC
(Ward Nos. 6, 7, 8 &9) in Kaski District
1991- 1997 Nepal Irrigation
Sector Project (NISP)
Jansewa Credit and Saving Cooperative
Started by WUA beginning 1994. The
share capital of the cooperative has
grown to Rs. 12.31 million.
The cooperative started different kindsof saving programs.
The cooperative is also engaged in the
supply of seeds and chemical fertilizers.
Two water mills are in operation at
Puranchaur.
WUA engaged in the plantation of trees-
Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Napier Grass
and bamboo along the canal banks and
in the degraded public lands. In 2010
the WUA earned income of Rs. 58,000
with the sale of forest products.
WUA engaged in the promotion of
coffee production under agro-forestry
system. As of now 33 farmers are
involved in coffee production. In 2009,
they sold 2.5 Tons of raw coffee beans
@ Rs. 27 per kg.
Registered
WUA
formed in
1991
2. Hemja Irrigation System 350 ha in Ward Nos.
1, 2, 3, 4 and 9 of
Hemja VDC in Kaski
District
1982 Asian Development
Bank
WUA initiated a Multipurpose Farmers’
Cooperative (Krishak Bahuuddreshiya
Sahakari Sanstha Ltd.) in 2001. The
share capital of the cooperative has now
grown to Rs. 14.1 million.
Registered
WUA
formed in
1993
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 15/30
13
The cooperative is actively involved in
the supply of seeds and chemical
fertilizers to the farmers.
The irrigated area of the system has
now evolved as vegetable production
area with most of the produce supplied
to Pokhara. Every year farmers in the
area have been importing poultry
manure worth Rs. 10 million from
Chitwan District for application in the
vegetables, especially in potato. Thisarea is known as potato production
pocket.
The WUA has been instrumental in
developing a Agricultural Produce
Marketing Center which is involved in
marketing of the agricultural produce
grown in the area.
3. Naubise Phant Irrigation
System
150 ha in Panauti
Municipality (Ward
No. 10) and Ward
Nos. 2,3,4,5 and of
Sharada Batase VDC
in Kavrepalanchok
District
2001-2004 The development of the irrigation
system has contributed to complete
transformation of livelihood
opportunities and economy of the
people in the area. With the availability
of irrigation, the farmers in the area
started growing two potato crops after
rice which has been major source of
households’ cash income. The farmers in the area have started
keeping one or two dairy animals (cow
or buffalo) for milk production. There is
a dairy cooperative operational in the
area. Milk production has been source
of supplemental earning for the
farmers.
Registered
WUA
formed in
2002
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 16/30
14
The first credit and saving cooperative
in the area was started in 1997. Since
this time total of 12 credit and saving
cooperatives have been started in the
area and 9 of them were started after
the development of the irrigation
scheme. Although WUA has not been
instrumental directly in starting the
credit and saving cooperatives, it has
been essentially change in the economy
of the people with the development of the irrigation schemes that led to
increased savings of the farmers
necessitating the initiation of credit and
saving cooperatives.
4. Hamsambhe Nimu Khola
Multipurpose Irrigation
System
25 ha of land in
Ward No. 1 of
Chilling VDC. The
Hydropower
produced in the
scheme serves 120
households in Ward
No. 1 of Chilling VDC
and Ward Nos. 4
and 5 of Pauwa
Sartap VDC.
1970 No external support
for the development
of irrigation canal.
In 2007 the WUA approached UNDP
supported Rural Energy Development
Program (REDP) for the development of
a 13 KW Micro Hydropower System. The
cost of development of the system was
Rs. 2 Million, of which REDP provided
Rs. 840,000, the WUA obtained a credit
of Rs. 200,000 from Agricultural
Development Bank and the users raised
cash @ Rs. 8,000 per household.
WUA has developed a water mill with
equipments for grain milling and oilexpelling. The operation of the water
mill has been leased out to a local
entrepreneur at the cost of Rs. 45,000
per annum payable in three
installments.
A system of water storage and pumping
system has been developed at the cost
Registered
WUA
formed in
2006
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 17/30
15
of Rs. 84,000 supported by UNDP which
is used in operating drip and sprinkler
irrigation system for growing vegetables
and green pepper (locally called Akbare
Khursani). Green pepper costs Rs. 500 to
600 per kg in the local market which has
been important source of cash earnings
for the farmers in the area. Mainly
women farmers are involved in the
production of green pepper which has
enhanced their income earnings.5. Baise Kulo 80 ha in Dumkibas
VDC in Nawalparasi
District
Initiated in
1979 and
expanded to
80 ha in 1988
Support of Irrigation
Line of Credit (ILC)
Program in 1992 for
the rehabilitation
and improvement of
infrastructures.
The WUA has been instrumental in
starting a community forestry program
in 1997. This was started as a part of
conservation and restoration initiative
in the headwater area. Total of 252
households participated in the
community forestry program that
included the users of the irrigation
system and other households from
adjoining area. Following the
community forestry program, the
available water supply at the source has
become more dependable and the
frequency of landslide and damage to
the main canal in the upstream area
has reduced.
Registered
WUA
formed in
1984
6. Khaurawa-Hadha
Irrigation System
Ward No. 6 of
Madanpokhara VDC
in Palpa District
Initiated in
1995 and
completed in
2000
No external support
except small
amount of support
from District
Agricultural
Development Office
60 out of 98 water users are member of
Udyamshil Krishak Multipurpose
Cooperative Ltd. This cooperative was
started by 25 women members who
started a credit and saving cooperative
in the beginning. This cooperative is
now involved in the supply of seeds and
Unregistered
WUA
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 18/30
16
fertilizer and plant protection chemical
besides supplying daily necessities to
the people in the area at reasonable
cost.
20 water users are member of
Multipurpose Agricultural Cooperative
Ltd. This cooperative is involved in the
marketing of vegetables grown in the
area. The daily transaction made by this
cooperative is Rs. 80,000 to Rs. 100,000
per day. Many water users are members of
Madanpokhara Community FM Radio
(106.0 MHz). This radio station has been
instrumental in awareness building and
disseminating pertinent information on
agricultural technology and improved
agricultural practices. The radio station
broadcasts the price of vegetables in the
local market of Tansen and in other
parts of the country two times a day, in
the morning and evening, based on
which the farmers in the area make
decisions relating to marketing their
produce.
7. Palung Khola Irrigation
System
27 ha Dhusa and
Tyang villages inChisti VDC in
Baglung District.
Initiated in
1988 and laterexpanded and
improved in
1989 under
ILO support
Support of ILO
under DhaulagiriIrrigation
Development
Project (DIDP)
WUA installed a water mill in the canal
in 1995 with equipments for grainmilling and oil expelling. The installation
of the mill greatly reduced the travel
time and drudgery of the villagers to
reach to grain mills outside the village.
The operation of the mill has been
leased out to a local entrepreneur for
Rs. 6,000 per annum.
Registered
WUAformed in
1989
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 19/30
17
In 2005, the WUA installed a micro-
hydropower system to generate 10KW
of electricity. The cost of development
of the system was mobilized from
among the users by raising cash @ Rs.
10,000 per household from 34
households. Each household is entitled
to using 80 Watts of electricity for which
they pay Rs. 60 per month as electricity
tariff. One year later the WUA started
selling electricity to other 48 householdsin adjoining Phoksing village where each
household is entitled to using 60 Watt of
electricity. The amount collected form
electricity tariff is used to pay for the
watchman and operator of the
hydropower plant and also towards the
maintenance and upkeep of the
hydropower system, water mill and the
irrigation canal.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 20/30
18
3.4.4 Limitations of the Case Study
One of the important limitations of the case study has been that all the systems included in the case
study represented success cases of the multifunctional WUAs. While their comparison provides good
insights to look into the processes that could lead to WUAs accepting multiple roles, these do not
however provide any clue to the processes that could impede the evolution of multifunctional WUAs.
This analysis would have been possible with the inclusion of cases presenting instances of failure in the
evolution of multifunctional WUAs or multiple engagements of the WUAs producing negative
consequences in the operation and management of the irrigation system. Another limitation has been
relating to geographic and agro-ecological representation of the irrigation system. Most of the irrigation
systems were from the hills and hill river valleys, except one that was from Terai (Baise Kulo). Also, most
of the irrigation systems were FMISs and that none of them included AMISs or those that have been
management transferred from agency management to farmers’ management emerging from
participatory irrigation management policy of the government.
4. Key Findings
4.1 Experiences with Multifunctional WUAs in Nepal and Elsewhere
In the study undertaken the experiences with the evolution and engagement of multifunctional WUAs in
the irrigation systems in Nepal and in other parts of the world were synthesized based on review of
relevant literatures and case studies carried out in Nepal and in other countries in the region. The keyfindings based on the study have been as stated hereunder:
i. The recent trend is that WUAs are taking up, besides irrigation and water management, other
activities that relate directly to enhancing the productivity and income opportunities in irrigated
agriculture. These activities relate to the needs of the water users for other services. As
irrigation users are engaged in many activities, in the farming as well as for domestic work, to
diversity the opportunities for themselves and to have a secured and enjoyable living in the
community, irrigation and water management are not always the only problems for them. The
farming activities need the engagement of WUAs in many other services, such as supply of farm
inputs and credits, transportation and marketing of products, processing of the agricultural
produce, settling of disputes among themselves and receiving services and assistance from
outside agencies.
Farmers are also engaged in other economic activities, social undertakings and cultural affairs.
These functions and activities are of minor concern. Attention is to be given on agriculture
services in order to have farmers’ needs fulfilled. Many activities in the agricultural are done
individually by the farm family. Other activities need joint actions of farmers to receive the
desired and satisfactory results. One of the services is water supply to the farm land. It needs
cooperation with other water users, joint actions for O&M as well as for small repair works.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 21/30
19
Other functions and activities may be taken up by the WUAs because there is need for such
services to the members. This can be due to poor access to services, cost effectiveness of the
delivery of services and lower cost to the members. The need for multifunction organization is
due to institutional vacuum, increase in the viability and profitability, need of leverage,credibility and legitimacy and the limited managerial capacity in the village.
ii. Examples of multifunctional WUAs come from many Asian and African Countries. The evolution
of multifunctional WUAs is often contextual. Evolution of the WUAs engaged in multiple roles in
irrigated agriculture is often observed in those contexts where support services rendered by the
formal government institutions or private sectors are weak. In such areas, demand for
agricultural inputs and technology encourages WUAs accepting more diversified roles. Some
researchers tend to link the multifunctional role of WUAs to the financial needs and thereby
increased investment capacity for regular operation and management. Traditionally, the FMISs
in Nepal did not have large needs for cash. They did mobilize the resources for the operation
and management and upkeep of the system both in kind and labor. Office bearers andfunctionaries, such as water guards, might be remunerated in terms of quantity of grain or labor
exemption for maintenance. Traditionally resource mobilization in FMISs meant mobilization of
needed labor force from among the member households, to repair the diversion structure after
a flood and to remove sediments from channels. Contrarily, in the large complex systems, such
as those in lift irrigation systems that involve electromechanical equipments for water pumping,
the need for mobilizing greater level of cash arises to be able to fund the regular and periodic
repair and maintenance. This situation may lead to WUA accepting more diversified roles for
mobilizing funds from among the users. Also, in those FMISs where the influences of the market
forces have been stronger, the trend of users making cash contribution and seeking labor
exemption from regular and emergency repair and maintenance has been an emerging trend
(Shukla and Sharma, 1997). The WUAs in such systems have started involving paid workers,
either from within the system or from outside, in accomplishing the tasks of maintenance and
upkeep of the systems. The transactions in cash, in the forms of cash contribution made by the
users and the need for involving paid labors in annual and emergency repair and maintenance,
has added new challenge in the functioning of FMISs which have traditionally been handling and
equating the access to irrigation in terms of labor contribution by the users themselves. This
new trend has forced the WUAs to become more innovative and also diversify their operation
and management tasks and the practices of management.
iii. In Vietnam Agriculture Cooperative is also made responsible for irrigation management and
water distribution and delivering operation and management functions in the irrigation systems.
An Agriculture Cooperative undertakes multiple functions, such as, operation and management
of irrigation infrastructures, negotiation with River Basin authority for allocation of water to theirrigation systems, agriculture input supply to the farmers, rice mill operation and distribution of
fertilizer and other inputs to the farmers. On the other hand, such activities are also undertaken
by private entrepreneurs, thus the farmers have option of procuring the inputs from agricultural
cooperatives or from private entrepreneurs and suppliers (Abernethy, 1998). With the
engagement of agricultural cooperatives in the input supply alongside of the private
entrepreneurs, this reduces the likely situation of entrepreneurs monopolizing the market
and/or creating scarcity of inputs.
Sri Lanka has program to make WUA as multi-function organization. Instead of WUA, they have
given name as Farmers Organization and tie in the Farmers’ Organization for increasing
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 22/30
20
agriculture production for consumption within the country and, at the same time, these farmers
organizations have to be capable to interact with the environment brought by the globalization
of the economy (Batuwitage, 1999).
Taiwan has tradition of more effective WUAs. WUAs have succeeded attaining technical and
economic viability. The agricultural extension and technology dissemination activities are
delivered through the WUAs. Secondly, WUAs undertake business activities like operation of the
Farmers’ Bank. Farmers have confidence with the co-workers so they deposit their savings in
Farmers Bank. The WUAs in Taiwan have been politically powerful because they have
accumulated enough deposit in the bank. They even channel their deposit for the investment in
the industries (Pradhan, 1998).
China has developed the system of WUA made responsible for the collection of water charge
with the collected money/ resources used towards O&M of the system. There is no provision of
government subsidy in operation and management of irrigation systems in China. In order tomobilize more resources for the operation and management of the system, WUA is allowed to
look for number of alternatives for resource mobilization. These are allowed even to undertake
small enterprises for the resource mobilization in order to fund the operation and maintenance
and modernization of the irrigation systems. Multiple activities would include the establishment
of tea shops on the bank of the canals and opening of the area under the irrigation system for
recreation and entertainment. In case of reservoir backed irrigation systems, the reservoir used
for recreation and fishing. The clay removed from the canal is sold for brick making or similar
purposes to be able to generate financial resources from within the system (Reidinger, 2001).
iii. The WUAs in Nepal and in many other countries, even to this date, are considered as non-
entity. They are not considered as the social and organizational resource at the grass root level.
It is equally important to consider the environment that allows them to undertake multifunction
activities. On many occasions, WUAs are formed at the occasion of construction and
rehabilitation/modernization of the irrigation systems. After rehabilitation, the importance of
WUA gradually diminishes. The importance of WUA as viable socio-economic organization and
their potential role in the development of irrigated agricultural system is yet to be recognized in
Nepal and in many parts of the world.
iv. There are authors who take more critical view on multifunctional roles of WUAs for the fear that
multifunctional engagements might dilute the efforts of the WUAs in the water services in the
irrigation systems. For example, Frederickson and Vissia (1998) warn against the multifunctional
activities of irrigators organizations. Their view on multi-functional organizations is “the function
and skills required for operation and maintenance of water sector services are quite straightforward and quite different from the commercial activities that could earn funds of any
consequence. One does not find long established, successful water service entities engaged in
activities unrelated to their water sector services".
4.2 Policy Reviews
The review of the policies carried out in the course of this study included the review of National Water
Resources Strategy (2002); National Water Plan (2003); Irrigation Development Policy (2003) and
Agricultural Perspective Plan (1995). Besides the review of these sectoral policy documents the
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 23/30
21
approach to development in periodic Five Year Development Plans were also reviewed in order to
analyze the continuum of policy prescription/reforms relating to irrigation, agriculture and cooperative
development in Nepal in the context of creating environment for the evolution and fostering of
multifunctional WUAs. The key findings resulting from the policy reviews have been as under:
i. The Irrigation Policy (2003) recognizes the WUAs as functional entity and viable social
organization and envisages the involvement of WUAs at all stages of irrigation development
and in the operation and management of irrigation infrastructures and services in the post
construction phase. However, outside the domain of irrigation infrastructure and services,
the role of WUA is been virtually non-existent. These are not recognized as the
organizational resource at grass root level. On many occasions the WUAs are formed only to
undertake the rehabilitation and improvement of irrigation infrastructures or to facilitate in
the transfer the management responsibilities from the irrigation agency to organized groups
of users. This situation impedes the processes for the WUA to diversify its activities and
undertake multifunctional roles in the irrigated areas.ii. The Water Resources Act (1993) states that ultimate ownership of all the water resources in
the country is vested to the state and the state grants only usufruct right to any form of
water use from the surface as well as groundwater sources. The act also lays out the statute
for licensing or registration to acquire usufruct right. As of now two approaches to
registration of WUAs are in practice. These are either registered as Association Registration
Act (1978) or with the District Water Resources Committee under Water Resources Act
(1993). The registration of the WUAs under Water Resources Act recognizes them only in
the context of irrigation services and the act, in any way, does not lay down the provisions
for the diversification of the activities of the WUA beyond operation and management of
the irrigation infrastructures and services.
An inventory of WUAs in the country developed by Department of Irrigation (DOI)
recognizes existence of 796 registered WUAs in farmer and agency developed irrigation
schemes in the country. A large number of WUAs which are not registered are not even
recognized by the state for their existence. A national level federation of irrigation water
users’- called National Federation of Irrigation Water Users’ Association (NIFWAN) has been
constituted at the national level. Again the bulk of WUAs who have obtained membership in
NIFWAN are only those which are duly registered under Water Resources Act or Association
Registration Act.
iii. The Decentralization Act (1999) contradicts with the Water Resources Act in terms of
recognizing the WUAs and their roles in water management at the local level. The
Decentralization Act recognizes the role of Village Development Committees (VDC),
Municipalities and District Development Committees (DDCs) in managing the water
resources at the local level.iv. The Department of Agriculture does not recognize the existence of WUAs. They form
separate commodity groups and the delivery of agricultural extension and other support
services are provided through such groups. Even under Second Sector Irrigation Project
where provisions were made for agricultural development in the irrigated areas and the
budget was allocated in the project for this purpose, the agriculture extension activities
were undertaken through the farmers group formation, not through WUAs which were
formed at the time of rehabilitation of the FMISs under the project. So WUAs were forced to
confine with their roles limited to the operation and management of irrigation
infrastructure alone.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 24/30
22
4.3 Process Documentation in Three FMISs under CMIASP
The process documenters engaged in the study at each of the three systems included for process
documentation study carried out systematic documentation of the events and processes in the course of
undertaking of rehabilitation and improvement of physical infrastructures, agricultural support services
and livelihood improvement activities from November, 2009 to November, 2010. The chronological
records of events and processes relating to envisaged improvements under CMIASP and their
significance in the context of each system are presented in Annex- I (Tanting-Kalikoshi Irrigation System
in Jhapa District), Annex- II (Ikudha Irrigation System in Lalitpur District) and Annex-III (Sikharkateri
Irrigation System in Kavrepalanchok District). The observations relating to progress and achievements of
envisaged improvements under CMIASP based on the documentation of the events and processes in the
three systems in the stated period have been as under:
i. The emphasis of CMIASP as well as WUA has been on speedy accomplishment of theconstruction works so that all the works could be completed within the stipulated time period.
The WUAs in all the three systems seemed more concerned about the completion of the
construction works of the intake so that water could be distributed to the users in the
forthcoming dry season. The users in the three systems seem to be valuing the improvement of
the physical infrastructures as the most tangible gain resulting from the investment made under
CMIASP.
ii. The WUAs in all the three systems have been conscious of the quality of the construction works.
It has been this consciousness for the construction quality that the WUAs in the three systems
have developed their own institutional arrangement system of monitoring and supervision of
the construction works. The institutional arrangement and system of monitoring and
supervision of construction works seem very strong and formal in Tanting Irrigation System inJhapa where a separate monitoring and supervision committee has been developed with
defined roles and responsibilities of the members. This instrument looks more informal in Iku
Dha Irrigation system in Lalitpur where WUA has not been able to develop separate entity
within WUA for monitoring and supervision of the construction quality. In Sikharkateri, though
the WUA has constituted a separate committee for monitoring and supervision of the
construction work, the frequency of monitoring has not been on a daily basis. However, the
action of the WUA has been prompt and consistent in raising concerns emerging from poor
construction quality at the intake with the Irrigation Division Office which has been responsible
for designing and executing the physical infrastructure improvement works.
iii. A very interesting element of the monitoring and supervision efforts made in the system has
been time spent of the members of the monitoring committee and key personnel of the WUA
on monitoring and supervision of the construction works in the three systems. If the time spent
is translated in terms of transaction cost involved, this will come out to be significant investment
made by the users and their WUA in ensuring quality construction works. The users in the
system seem to be adequately convinced that the return resulting from physical improvement
of infrastructures would be much higher in comparison to their time investment, both at the
level of the community and also at the household level.
iv. In all the three systems, the Irrigation Division Offices concerned with the system conducted a
training program on management of the construction and construction quality soon after
employing the contractors. This training has been instrumental in motivating the WUA
functionaries in the three systems to develop instruments for regular monitoring of the
construction work. This training conducted by the project also empowered them to undertake
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 25/30
23
the task.
v. The activities relating to capacity building of WUA in all the three irrigation systems, envisaged
under CMIASP, have been limited to leadership training and training programs on operation and
management of the irrigation system and the management of construction works and qualitycontrol. In all the three systems most of the physical construction works are nearing completion.
The intake structure in Tanting-Kalikhoshi and Ikudha Irrigation System is complete and the
construction works are now focused to lining of the main canal. In Sikharkateri, the speed of
construction of the intake structure was delayed initially due to the delays in appointing the
contractor and due to non-performing site supervisor after the commencement of the works.
Even with these early delays the construction of the intake, which was expected to take longer
time than those planned in other parts of the system, is now nearing completion. This would
mean that the envisaged physical infrastructure works would be over by March-April, 2011.
Upon completion of the physical infrastructure improvement works, this would be the
responsibility of the WUA to ensure effective operation and management and maintenance and
upkeep of the system. It would be therefore highly desirable that efforts get started incapacitating the WUAs to deliver the operation and management services in the system
effectively. It would highly desirable at this stage that the concerned Irrigation Division Offices
start conducting training programs on canal operation, management and upkeep of physical
infrastructures and resource mobilization. Bringing the water users and the WUA functionaries
to the irrigation systems demonstrating successful model of resource mobilization in the post
construction phase would be another alternative to sensitize them on the importance of these
activities to attain satisfactory operation of the system and attaining higher level of
performance gain from the investment made.
vi. It was noted that the WUAs in the three systems do not have office space of their own. In the
absence of the office space, the record keeping of the WUA gets scattered and also the WUA
functionaries face increasing constraints in organizing regular meeting. Investment from the side
of CMIASP in developing office space of the WIUA would be desirable at this stage. This would
provide the WUAs more formal position in the system. This may also create environment for the
WUAs to start diversifying their activities beyond operation and management of the irrigation
system and getting linked to other institutions and development organization.
vii. The activities relating to dissemination of pertinent agricultural technology and knowledge
seems stronger and on a more regular basis in Tanting Irrigation System followed by Sikharkateri
Irrigation System. There have been no such activities in Iku Dha Irrigation System to date. The
FFS (Farmers’ Field School) approach to agricultural technology dissemination and enhancing
the capacity of the users to on-farm water management has not been started in any of the three
irrigation systems.
In Tanting Irrigation System, the command area of the irrigation system has been divided into
seven blocks with block level committee constituted in each block as second tier of organizationof WUA. One representative from each block is elected to represent in the main committee. The
block committees are responsible for operation and management of the system and delivery of
the irrigation services at the block level. In each block the Block Level Agricultural Committee
has also been constituted which functions as sub-committee of the Block level committee. The
agricultural committees at the block level have been instrumental in linking the irrigation service
delivery with the agricultural activities and also in disseminating the information relating to
improved agricultural technology and practices among the farmers. This has been the
institutional mechanisms devised in Tanting that establishes functional links between
agricultural production activities and irrigation service delivery. The functioning of the block
level agricultural committees have similarity, at least in terms of roles and functioning, with the
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 26/30
24
production groups created under agricultural production programs started constituted under
production promotion programs of DOA. This institutional arrangement in Tanting has already
started producing some good results, such as, initiative of saving and credit program started in
each block. There is possibility of replicating this institutional arrangement to other irrigationsystems undergoing improvement under CMIASP.
viii. It would not be possible at this stage to make any projection with regards to the changes in the
cropping system or increase in the crop productivity that would be possible with the investment
made in the improvement of the physical infrastructures and agricultural promotion activities in
the three systems. At this stage the farmers have started experiencing improved quantity and
dependability of irrigation service delivery resulting from improvements in the physical
infrastructures accomplished in the three systems. They would now start experimenting with
different cropping system and input management practices and eventually the most
remunerative cropping system and input management practices would be adopted by them.
Therefore, a lag time is obvious between completion of the physical infrastructure improvementworks and the innovations in the agricultural system and practices leading to transformation in
the irrigated agriculture. At this stage support services of the agencies responsible for the
dissemination of agricultural technology would be valuable for the farmers in making informed
decisions at the farm level.
The three irrigation systems where process documentation was carried out have three different focuses
on the promotion of agricultural practices and technologies. In Tanting Irrigation System, the focus is on
diversified cropping with emphasis on cereals, pulses and oilseeds. Thought the farmers in the area have
also increased the area under vegetable crops, they seem to give higher value to cereals, pulses andoilseeds due to assured market for these products. In Ikudha Irrigation System, the expansion of the
irrigated area would be much lower resulting from the improvement of the irrigation infrastructures
achieved under CMIASP. The improvement expected is rather in terms of increased dependability of
irrigation delivery with the reduction of leakage and losses in the system and reduced labor needs in
annual and emergency repair and maintenance of the system. Ikudha irrigation system being closed to
Kathmandu has very high potential for commercial crops, such as, vegetables and ornamental
horticulture. In Sikhar Kateri Irrigation System irrigation water is used essentially for the production of
vegetables and potato in winter and spring. Improved connectivity of the area with the construction of
road from Banepa is expected to further enhance the opportunity of market for the vegetables. This
area has inherent potential to be developed as vegetable production zone and the farmers have beenmaking consistent efforts to achieve this.
4.4 Case Study of Self Evolving Multifunctional WUAs
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 27/30
25
The general findings based on the analysis of the processes and pattern of evolution of multifunctional
WUAs in the 7 case systems are as under:
i. Study revealed that in general there exists, three modes of multifunctional roles in the WUAs :
1. Multifunctional roles resulting from multiple water use from the same water source. These
included such multiple water uses as, irrigation, hydropower (water mill and micro-
hydroelectric system), non-conventional irrigation technologies (drip, sprinkler, runoff
ponds and surface and groundwater lift).
2. Multifunctional roles resulting from additional activities relating to enhanced income
opportunities and livelihood diversification. These include such activities as input supply and
marketing of agricultural produce, credit and saving cooperative, rural infrastructure
development, education and health services.
3. Multifunctional roles resulting from enhanced roles of WUAs in natural resources
management and conservation of watershed based resources.
ii. The process of WUA entering into multifunctional roles was found to be supported by increased
income opportunities of the farmers due to crop diversification and agricultural productivity
enhancement. This increases the investment capacity of the users and also of WUAs to
endeavor into other activities. This process is also supported by increased needs for products
and technology diversification, need for the increased access to the market and access to
information and technology.
iii. The WUAs entering into multiple roles is usually noticed in those areas which are either
inaccessible or where linkages to the market or support services are not strong. This is apparent
from the cases of Puranchaur in Kaski District and Hamsambhe Nimu Khola Multipurpose
Irrigation System in Panchthar District. The WUAs, by entering into multiple roles in these
situations develops a mechanism to link the irrigation system to market and increased access to
support services provided by different agencies.
iv. Diversification of the activities of the WUAs also diversifies the sources of income and enhances
the capabilities of the WUAs to invest into maintenance and upkeep of the irrigation
infrastructure and services. Thus, multifunctional roles of the WUAs seem to be contributing
positively to the sustainability of the irrigation system.
v. The WUAs in the irrigated areas constitute enormous social capital. This potential of WUAs is
largely unexplored. They have inherent potential to be transformed into farmers’ cooperatives
in the irrigated areas with multiple roles.
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 28/30
26
References
Uphoff, N.T (2004). Irrigation Association and Improved Irrigation Performance. In Report of APO
Seminar on Linking Main System Management for Improved Irrigation Management held in Sri Lanka,
June 3-8, 2002. Asian Productivity Organization.
Wijayaratna C.M (2004). Role of Public and Private Sectors, NGOs and Water Users’ Association and
Other Stakeholders in Irrigation Management in 21st Century. In Report of APO Seminar on Linking Main
System Management for Improved Irrigation Management held in Sri Lanka, June 3-8, 2002. Asian
Productivity Organization.
World Bank (2002). The Role of Rural Producers Organization in the World Bank Rural Development
Strategy, Pierre-Marie Bosc, Didier Eychenne, Karim Hussein, Maire-Rose Mercoiret, Pierre Rondot and
Sadie Mackintosh-Walker (eds.). Rural Development Strategy Background Paper No. 8, The World Bank
Rural Development Family.
USAID (2006). Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) in Afghanistan. Development Alternatives Inc.
IWMI (2006). Raising irrigation productivity and releasing water for intersectoral needs (RIPARWIN):
RIPARWIN final technical report by University of East Anglia, Overseas Development Group and Sokoine
University of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Soil Water Research Group &
International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Africa Regional Office.
Boisvert, R. N. and Chang, H. H. (2006). Multifunctional agricultural policy, reduced domestic support
and liberalized trade: an empirical assessment for Taiwanese rice. IWMI.
Gioradano Meredith, Samad M. and Manara R. (2006). Assessing the outcomes of IWMI’s research and
interventions on irrigation management transfer.IWMI.
Barbara van Koppen, Patrick Moriarty and Eline Boelee (2006). Multiple-Use Water Services to Advance
the Millennium Development Goals. IWMI.
Regmi A.R. (2007). Water security and Farmer Managed Irrigation Systems in Nepal. In Natural
Resources Security in South Asia: Nepal’s Water, Fiona Rotberg and Ashok Swain (eds.). Institute for
Security and Development Policy, Sweden.
Shivakoti, G. (2007). Coping with Policy, institutions and Governance Challenges of Water Resources
Issues with Special Reference to Irrigation in Nepal. In Natural Resources Security in South Asia: Nepal’s
Water, Fiona Rotberg and Ashok Swain (eds.). Institute for Security and Development Policy, Sweden.
Shrestha S.P (1987). Multifunctional, Non-Residential Irrigation Organization: A Case Study of Kodku
Irrigation System in Kathmandu Valley. Proceedings of a National Seminar in Irrigation Management in
Nepal, organized at Bharatpur, Nepal, June 4-6, 1987. IIMI, IAAS and Winrock International.
Gautam, U. (1987). Institutional Building and Rural Development in Nepal: Godkhar Water Users
Committee. Proceedings of a National Seminar in Irrigation Management in Nepal, organized at
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 29/30
27
Bharatpur, Nepal, June 4-6, 1987. IIMI, IAAS and Winrock International.
Pradhan, P. (2002). Water Users Association towards Diversified Activities: Experience of Nepal and
Other Countries. Discussion Paper, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University.
The World Bank (2005). Shaping the Future of Water for Agriculture: A Source Book for Investment in
Agricultural Water Management. Agricultural and Rural Development (ARD).
Sinha, S (undated). The Conditions for Collective Action: Land Tenure and Farmers’ Group in Rajasthan
Canal Project. Gatekeeper Series No. 57. IIED, Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA).
Abernethy, C. L. (1998). The functions of information, communication, transparency and accountability
in promoting institutional reform and co-operation. In Abernethy and Heim (eds.): Institutional reform
and co-operation in irrigated agriculture, with special reference to Lao PDR and Vietnam. DSE/ZEL,
Feldafing/Zschortau, Germany.
Bernethy, C. L., Sally, H., Lonsway, K., and Maman, C. (2000). Farmer-based financing of operations in
the Niger Valley irrigation schemes. Research Report 37, International Water Management Institute,
Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Batuwitage, Gamini P. 1999. Farmers Organizations to Farmers Companies: A Mode of Operation of
Growth and Equity, in Prachanda Pradhan (ed) Role of Institutions in Rural Community Development,
Tokyo: APO.
Groenfeldt., David. Moving Upstream: Changing Roles for the Users and the State in Irrigation
Management. (WWW.inpim.org)
Frederiksen, H. D., and Vissia, R. J. (1998). Considerations in formulating the transfer of services in the
water sector. International Water Management Institute, Colombo.
Ostrom, E. (1992). Crafting institutions for self-governing irrigation systems. Institute for Contemporary
Studies, San Francisco.
Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. NY:
Cambridge Press.
Ostrom, E. 1994. Neither Market nor State: Governance of Common-Pool Resources in the Twenty FirstCentury. Washington, DC, IFPRI.
Pradhan, Prachanda. (ed.). 1998. Irrigation Association for Participatory Management in Asia. Tokyo:
Asian Productivity Organization.
Pradhan, Prachanda. 1989. Patterns of Irrigation Organization in Nepal, IIMI: Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Pradhan, Prachanda. (ed.). 1999. Role of Institutions in Rural Community Development. Tokyo: APO.
Pradhan, P., and Bandaragoda, D. J. 1998. Legal and institutional environment of water users’
8/7/2019 Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Final Report
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/irrigated-agriculture-productivity-final-report 30/30
28
association for sustainable irrigation management. In: Pradhan, P. (ed.), 1998: Irrigation association for
participatory management in Asia. Proceedings of a seminar at Lahore. Asian Productivity Organisation,
Tokyo.
Reidinger, Richard. 2001. “Bank seeks Sustenance for WUA Model” in China Development Brief , Vol. IV.
No. 1, Summer, 2001.
Warsakoon, M. B. 1999. Empowerment of Farmers Association in Sri Lanka: Farmers Organization
Development and Farmer Company in Prachanda Pradhan (ed) Role of Institutions in Rural Community
Development. Tokyo: APO.