irrigation water management crops and cropping systems n irrigation tank command areas of andhra...
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Research document on identification of efficient irrigation water management practices and economically remunerative crops and cropping systems for the tank command areas of Andhra Pradesh, IndiaTRANSCRIPT
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Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project (APERP)
(2003-06)
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
Printed : July, 2006
Correct citation: Reddy, M. D., Ram Prakash, T., Sreedhar Chouhan, Sankar
Reddy, K., Krishna Murthy, S. K., and Venku Naidu, M. (2006).
Project report on “ Agricultural Research Demonstrations and
Trainings under Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project
(APERP),” ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
Published by :
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
iii
Agricultural Research, Demonstration And Training In
Tankfed Irrigated Areas Under Andhra Pradesh
Economic Restructuring Project (APERP), India
(2003-06)
M. Devender Reddy T. Ram Prakash
Sreedhar Chauhan
K. Sankar Reddy
S. K. Krishna Murthy
M. Venku Naidu
Water Technology Centre
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University
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Foreword
Andhra Pradesh needs a secure water future to achieve its planned economic growth, improve
the livelihoods and quality of rural/urban communities and revitalize its adequate ecosystem. With
the present level of withdrawal of available water at 58% , the State is considered to be “water scarce”
zone. The net irrigated area through the tanks has decreased over years. Some of the areas of concern
are, lack of knowledge of water resources by individual users, large number of tube wells making the
control of withdrawal and management very difficult. Moreover, there is a high risk of over
exploitation of groundwater due to continuous growth and agricultural demand
To demonstrate the potential of crop and crop sequences for better water use, explore the
potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving water use efficiency and
cropping intensity, adoption of improved water management techniques to crops and situations;
agricultural research, demonstration and training was taken up during 2003-06 by Acharya N.G.
Ranga Agricultural University in Medak, Mahabubnagar, Kadapa, Ananthapur and Vizayanagaram
Districts under APERP Project. During these three years period, the work under APERP has
generated information on crop diversification, popularization of less water requiring crops under tank
ayacuts. Several extension programs such as trainings, demonstrations, press releases, TV programs,
Radio Programs, All India Radio Programs were organized in this project.
This book is a compilation of the results of the on-farm experiments, on-farm demonstrations
carried out in large areas, various outcomes suitable for different tank command areas in different
districts of the state, lessons learnt in this project etc. This book will be a invaluable tool for the policy
makers interested in improving the efficiency of the micro-irrigation systems, researchers to continue
further research, students, farmers and Officers working in the Agricultural Extension machinery of
the state.
I acknowledge the financial support extended by the World bank through APERP, support
given by the University to successfully implement the project for three years in five districts.
Hyderabad M. Devender Reddy
Date : July, 2006 Nodal Officer, APERP
ANGRAU
Dr. M. Devender Reddy
Director, Water Technology Centre
ANGRAU
Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad
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INDEX
Chapter Page No.
Executive Summary
I Introduction 2
II Benchmark Survey & Resource
Characterization 4
III Action plan –Execution 63
IV Objective wise work-done 51
V Results of Research & Demonstration 129
VI Extension activities 199
VII Input, Output and Outcome of the project 185
VIII Achievements of the project objectives 220
IX Summary and Conclusions 276
X Impact Assessment 228
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AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, DEMONSTRATION AND TRAINING IN
TANKFED IRRIGATED AREAS UNDER APERP IMPLEMENTED BY
ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Agricultural Research, Demonstration and Training was taken up during 2003-04,
2004-05 and 2005-06 by ANGRAU in Medak, Mahaboobnagar, Cuddapah, Anantapur and
Vizianagaram districts covering four tanks in each district with following objectives –
Demonstrate potential crop and crop sequences for better water use, economic returns;
explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE,
Cropping intensity; improved on-farm agronomic practices including cultivars, farm
implements, fertilizers, pest control; adoption of improved water management techniques to
crop/situation including drip/sprinkler irrigation systems and multidisciplinary training
programs for promoting farmers managerial capabilities.
Benchmark survey of the selected tanks was conducted. The tanks did not receive
water in all the districts except Anantapur for cultivation of paddy during 2003-04 and 2004-
05. Crop diversification, popularization of less water requiring crops like maize, cotton,
soybean, castor, jowar, redgram, bajra and green manure crops were tried in place of rice.
Successful cultivation of above crops in wetlands was demonstrated to farmers in the tank
ayacuts of Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Kadapa and Vizianagaram districts. Dry seeding of
paddy, weed control by herbicides and other packages were demonstrated in well-irrigated
areas. During rabi, irrigated dry crops in place of rice were taken with available resources.
Crop intensification programme was achieved with cultivation of bengalgram and sunflower
succeeding to maize, soybean or rice by utilizing conjunctive use of rain, ground and surface
water in adopted tank commands.
In Kharif 2005-06 the tanks received water fully in Ananthapur, Kadapa,and
Vizianagaram districts and 50-75% in Medak and Mahabubnagar districts. During this year
one crop of rice other than ID crops were taken with tank water or bore wells. Training
programmes were conducted on suitable crop choice; new crop introduction; integrated
nutrient / pest management practices; irrigation methods, crop intensification techniques etc
to increase the awareness of farming community on better management of tank commands.
Resource Characterization and Socio-Economic Status
In Mahaboobnagar, the soils under tank command are red sandy (58%), red loamy
and red sandy clay (37%) soils and black soils (5.37%). Majority of the soils in selected
villages are neutral and non-saline in nature and low in organic carbon and available nitrogen
status. There were 22 to 57% illiterates, 12-21% having primary education and 4-43% high
school education. The marginal farmers varied from 18-44%, small farmers 22-50% and large
farmers 17-53 % in selected villages. The availability of institutional credit is mostly
restricted to large farmers and small and marginal farmers depend on local moneylenders.
In Medak, most of the soils under the tank commands are neutral to alkaline and most
of the soils are being kept fallow since a decade due to partial/unfilled condition of the tanks.
Benchmark survey report revealed that 68-86% of the farmers are marginal (<1 ha), 8-28%
are small (1-2.5ha) and only 2-8% are large (>2.5ha). Further 38-56% of the farmers are
illiterates and only 4-10% are graduates. The major source of income is from agriculture,
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agricultural labour, livestock, hamali and beedi works. Imbalance nutrition, indiscriminate
use of pesticides, over exploitation of groundwater, improper weed management, and
inefficient water management is the major production constraints.
In Ananthapur, most of soils are alkaline in nature with severe zinc deficiency,
shallow in depth with poor fertility status. Majority of the land is being kept fallow during
kharif as filling of tanks take place in October- November. Rice is predominant crop under
bore wells of tank aycut areas as well as if tanks get filled. There are many medium irrigation
projects through out the district, which are the major source of water for tanks. The
benchmark survey conducted to assess the initial status of the farmers in four tankfed villages
revealed that 33.3 to 66% of the farmers are marginal (<1ha), 20-30% farmers are small (1-
2.5ha) and 10 to 42.9% are large (>2.5ha). Further, 20 to 51 % of the farmers are illiterates,
while, graduates were 1.75 to 2.4% only. Majority of the small and marginal farmers avail the
loan facility from local moneylenders, while, large farmers borrow loans from commercial
banks and co-operative societies etc.
In Vizianagaram, The soils in the districts are mostly red sandy and red sandy clay
soils and are poor in organic carbon, available nitrogen, low in available P and low to
medium in available K. The net irrigated area by canals to net sown area is 11% and through
tanks it is 27 % and wells 4.8%. Majority of the farmers are illiterate and belong to backward
community and farmers are mostly marginal and small they follow traditional method of
cultivation by using indigenous agricultural implements. Paddy is the major crop grown
under tank ayacut and groundnut and other crops grown in elevated areas. Many of the
cultivators were not aware of the importance of pesticides and fungicides. Farmers still apply
DAP and grow more to rice even at panicle emergence. Most of the cultivators meet the
cultivation expenses from local moneylenders.
In Kadapa, marginal farmers are 25.0% and small farmers 71.4% and in Gangaperuru
34.4 % are marginal farmers and 71.4 % are small farmers 32.1 % farmers. Under the tank
ayacut area 78.1 % farmers in Gangaperuru and Thippanapalli was bore wells. The existing
cropping pattern in Thippanapalli and Gangaperuru tankfed areas is Rice-fallow if tanks are
filled during Aug –Sept and Rice –Cucumber are commonly under tanks supported with bore
wells.
Results of Research and Demonstrations
Mahaboobnagar
Experiments on water saving technologies in paddy; Rotational irrigation at critical
crop growth stages in maize, on farm evaluation of Integrated weed management, integrated
nutrient management in paddy and integrated pest management in Cotton and intercropping
in maize and castor with redgram were carried in selected tank commands in 2003-04 and
2004-05. Rotational irrigation system in paddy reduced the application of irrigations (5-10)
compared to continuous saturation method both in black and red soils, but with slightly
decreased grain (5.96%) and straw (2.69%) yields as compared to farmers method. Maize
grain yield increased by 11 and 21 per cent in black and red soils respectively with two
irrigations given at critical crop growth(silking and grain filling) stages as compared to
cultivation under rainfed situation. There was 22 per cent increase in paddy grain yield due to
green manuring (daincha) along with recommended fertilizers. In cotton, 18-20 per cent
reduction in cost of cultivation was observed with IPM. Increase in net returns (6.5 and 17.34
viii
per cent) with maize + red gram and castor + red gram inter cropping. Among different rice
based cropping systems, rice followed by vegetables was more remunerative, while in case of
ID based cropping systems, maize followed by vegetables recorded more returns.
Medak
As a result of introduction of irrigated dry crops like maize, soybean and cotton
during Kharif and Bengal gram, castor, groundnut, sunflower, red gram and coriander during
Rabi, the cropping intensity which was 0.51, 0.24, 0.35 and 0.37 prior to project
implementation increased to 1.47, 0.83, 1.31 and 1.26 at Kukunoorpally, Bhoompally,
Mangole and Khajipur respectively after Project implementation.
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like maize, cotton during kharif and Bengal gram,
castor, groundnut, sunflower, red gram and coriander during rabi were found to be profitable.
Cultivation of Maize during kharif resulted in a mean grain yield of 2.23 and 2.95t/ha during
2003 and 2004. Sunflower during rabi recorded net returns of Rs. 7826/ha. Integrated nutrient
management in maize and paddy fetched an additional net income of Rs.1089 and 4828 per
ha. Integrated pest management in paddy and cotton recorded additional net returns of Rs.
8757 and 15327per ha.
Alternate wetting and drying in paddy (Irrigating 24 hrs after the disappearance of
water) resulted in significantly at par yield with continuous flooding under different tank
commands. Dry seeding in paddy resulted in good economic returns under tank commands.
Several I.D crops like Bengal gram, sunflower, groundnut, red gram, coriander were
successfully grown under tank commands during rabi by conjunctive use of rainfall and
ground water (Residual soil moisture and water from the bore wells) thus improving the
WUE and increasing cropping intensity.
Ananthapur
Introduction of kharif crops like sunnhemp, diancha and green gram as green manures
preceding to paddy and fodder and grain sorghum crops in kharif fetch an average net returns
of Rs.1462/- to 3140/- ha-1
instead of keeping land fallow. Diversification of paddy with
sunflower and hybrid sorghum under irrigated dry conditions resulted average net returns of
Rs. 15937/- to 26546/ha. Results of field experiments and demonstrations conducted on rice
revealed that grain and straw yields were higher with application of gypsum followed by zinc
sulphate. There was more reduction in yield with gypsum application.
Vizianagaram
Paddy is cultivated mainly during Kharif season under tankfed commands and it is
beset with problems like uncertain and inadequate supply of irrigation water for crop season.
Tanks are varying sizes and mostly depend on the rainfall and rarely fed by canals.
Depending up on the activity of South-West monsoon, they get filled up to their capacity.
Kharif rice plantation commences only after tanks are filled up and there fore they often
delayed. Keeping the above said problems in view much attention was given on the crop
diversification and development of suitable crop production technologies with less water,
which can yield remunerative returns.
Aerobic and wet seeded rice, rotational irrigational practices in transplanted rice, growing
short and medium duration varieties of rice to avoid terminal moisture stress, introduction of
maize under tank commands during kharif season in the upper and middle reaches were tried.
ix
Kadapa
Sowing of bajra and greengram preceding to rice crop recorded an average seed yield
of 2225kg/ha and 66 kg/ha with net returns of Rs.8100 and Rs.8413 per hectare respectively.
Higher seed yield of 5868kg/ha with net returns of Rs.22843/ha and B: C ratio of 1.47 was
recorded in rotational water management of paddy compared to farmers practice of
submergence (5525kg/ha). Besides, 1/3rd
of irrigation water was saved from this practice.
Lower seed yield of 3470kg/ha was recorded in semi dry paddy whereas in wet seeded rice,
normal yields (4938kg/ha) were obtained and these were on par with yield obtained with
farmer‟s practice of transplanted rice. Jowar and sunflower sown as contingent crops in
October and November recorded an average seed yields of 2076kg/ha and1700kg/ha with net
returns of Rs.5782 and Rs.13325/ha and B: C ratios of 0.66 and 1.27 respectively. Sunflower
and French bean grown in rice fallows recorded an average seed yield of 1770kg/ha and
green pods of 7041kg/ha. The remunerative cropping systems evolved under tank fed areas
are Greengram /Bajra - Jowar/Sunflower, if tanks are not filled up and greengram/ green
manure - rice – sunflower system under tanks supported with bore well.
Extension programs
Mahaboobnagar
Training programmes were conducted to build the capacity of farmers regarding
better crop and water management practices. On and off farm discussions were held with the
farmers to understand their apprehensions regarding technological inputs and to give timely
suggestions regarding crop husbandry. Technical information was popularized through
pamphlets through out the district.
Several extension activities were conducted to popularize the technologies and
dissemination of the project results. Two TV programmes were broadcast in Teja TV Rythu
Mithra programme on 06-10-2004 and 14-10-2004. Interviews of the farmers of project
villages were broadcast on AIR on 23-10-2004 and 29-10-2004. A press meet was also
organized to popularize the project results in the entire district on 08-11-2004. A field visit
for Officers of Department of agriculture was conducted on 12-10-2004. A field day was
organized in Indrakal village on 28-10-2004
Medak
Eight training programs, Four Farmer scientist interaction meetings and Four Farmers,
Scientists and Line department interaction meetings were conducted under APERP project
during 2003-04 to 2005-06 at various centers covering different topics to benefit 30-250
farmers in each training programme. Due importance was given to the cropping pattern to be
adopted for effective management of water under tank command areas, with the objective to
have more acreage under command area profitable crops, which require less irrigation have
been identified and recommended in place of rice. Special lectures were arranged to educate
farmers on cultivation aspects, efficient irrigation water management and integrated pest
management for successful growing of crops under irrigated dry conditions.
Six leaflets, two pamphlets and two booklets were prepared under APERP project and
were distributed to farmers during the Farmers, Scientists and Line department officers
meetings.
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The impact of the project can be seen from the medium to higher knowledge gained
by the farmers on agricultural production technology. Higher percentage of adoption of
improved technology, increase in labour employment potential, an increase in cropping
intensity and productivity of crops was achieved in beneficiary villages.
Ananthapur
Assistant Directors of Agriculture, Mandal Agricultural officers and other line
departments were trained in latest technological aspects of cultivation of rice, groundnut,
ragi, jowar, bengalgram, and horticultural crops etc. Training programmes were conducted to
tankfed farmers on horticultural crops, management of groundnut PSND, management of
alkaline soils, System of Rice Intensification (SRI technology) in rice and package of
practices for different field crops and also on animal husbandry. A one day workshop was
conducted on „Management of different crops under tank command area” on 15th
February,
2005 and discussed thoroughly the problems and prospects of crop production in tank fed
areas, involving the Department of Agriculture Officers, irrigation department officials,
progressive farmers, scientists of Rural Development Trust and Acharya N. G. Ranga
Agricultural University. Field days were also conducted to bring awareness among the
farmers regarding crop diversification from paddy.
Vizianagaram
Farmer- Scientist interactions, several awareness trainings were conducted to create
awareness among the farmers on the efficient management of the scarce resource like water
to reap maximum benefits covering 671 participants 13 training programmes on the following
items.
1. Package of practices on direct sown rice later converted to wet (aerobic rice).
2. Management of irrigated dry crops like maize, ragi, and groundnut during kharif
season.
3. Planning of potential rabi crops and management to increase production.
4. Efficient utilization of irrigation water available in the tanks by adopting suitable
crop planning.
5. Management of pests / diseases on several crops commonly grown in the tank
command.
6. Balanced fertilizer management to maintain soil health including INM.
7. Water management practices in transplanted rice and irrigation schedules in I.D.
crops.
8. Mid-seasonal training programmes to correct nutritional deficiencies / disorders,
forecast of pests and diseases and their management.
Kadapa
In Kadapa district nine training programs on Alternate crops to rice, Modern
production technologies for cultivation of ID crops in Tank commanad areas, Production
technology on Jowar and Sunflower, Irrigated dry crop and Production technology on
Sunflower and Vegetable were conducted in selected tank command areas of the district
A field day was conducted on 01-02-2005 in Puttayapalli village of Kadapa district to popularize the success
achieved in APERP project
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SCIENTISTS IN-CHARGE AT DIFFERENT CENTRES
1. M. DEVENDER REDDY NODAL OFFICER
Director
Water TechnologCentr
ANGRAU, RAJENDRANAGAR
2. T. RAM PRAKASH Mahabubnagr District
Scientist (Soil Science),
RARS, PALEM, MAHABOOBNAGAR
3. SREEDHAR CHAUHAN Karimnagar District
Scientist (Agronomy)
RARS, JAGTIAL, KARIMNAGAR
4. K. SANKAR REDDY Kadapa District
Senior Scientist (Agronomy)
ARS, UTUKUR, KADAPA
5. S. K. KRISHNA MURTHY Anantapur District
Senior Scientist (Agronomy)
6. / M. VIJAY SANKAR BABU
Scientist (Soil Science),
ARS, ANANTHAPUR
7. M. VENKU NAIDU Vizianagaram District
Senior Scientist (Agronomy)
ARS, SEETHAMPET, SRIKAKULAM
xii
Chapter-I
Introduction
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- 1 -
Introduction
Water is a scarce resource and an expensive input in agricultural production.
Efficiency in water use becomes a critical factor in increasing agricultural production and to
maintain in at a high level. It is becoming increasingly clear that with the advent of the high
yielding cultivars, the next major advance in our agricultural production is expected to come
through efficient soil and water management. A great deal, remains to be done in this crucial
area of agricultural development through irrigation management.
Tank based water management system is a whole watershed system with a tank as its
central point. Historical evidence proves the mastery gained by mankind in developing
rainwater-harvesting structures for irrigation and drinking water needs. The stone scriptures
at Porumamilla in Cuddapah district in A.P. date back to 1302 A.D. This text provides
guidelines on the need to construct such structures, and where to construct. These rainwater-
harvesting structures are popularly called as `Tanks', which are small water reservoirs with
earthen dams. Thus, tank irrigation is an age-old established practice in India, particularly in
semi-arid zones of entire Southern India. Historically, India and especially it‟s southern states
have been following traditional methods of soil and water management through a network of
more than 8 lakh tanks. Tanks are artificial lakes created out of advantageous land for
rainwater harvesting and for vegetative regeneration. These tanks were variously managed
largely following the principles of equity and justice in sharing these resources.
Today, Andhra Pradesh has 82,500 such tanks irrigating more than 11.44lakh acres
directly. Though, oldest in terms of structure and management, tank irrigation in India has
fallen from a maximum of about 4.8 million ha in 1960-70, to less than 4 million ha in 1975-
76. Out of a total 44-lakh hectares of irrigated land in Andhra Pradesh, 26 percent falls under
tank irrigation. In some parts, it is 55 percent particularly in Telangana, Rayalaseema and
upland areas of coastal region.
There are several factors that caused this decline of tank irrigation in extent and
reliability, especially in Andhra Pradesh. In the last forty years, focus, priority and investment
shifted to major irrigation structures, and mega projects. Tank maintenance has been
neglected. The centralized management of the Government through Irrigation Department
has decimated local management structure. Some tanks under local Panchayat bodies were
not rehabilitated due to inadequate management resources. Tanks were also made redundant
because of environmental degradation such as deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion and
siltation. In addition, changes in land use pattern particularly in the catchment zones of
reservoirs, has aggravated soil erosion and subsequent siltation in tank beds.
Improvement in water management on the farm is the key to increase agricultural
production. Hence, ensuring irrigation at the most responsive growth stages of crops and
curtailing / deferring irrigation at somewhat less responsive stage will maximize W.U.E.
Attention is also needed for diversification of cropping pattern within the existing
commands in view of the water availability status vis-à-vis water requirement of various
crops envisaged to be promoted and or other relevant socio-economic considerations.
- 2 -
The Need:
Andhra Pradesh ranks 2nd
next to Uttar Pradesh in terms of area irrigated in India. Out
of 130.23 lakh ha of gross cultivated area, 57.46 lakh ha (1999-2000) is the gross irrigated
area indicating larger cultivated area is dependant on annual rainfall. Tanks account for 7.19
lakh ha of the gross area irrigated and constitute an improvement component under minor
irrigation system. Rice is the major crop occupying over 92 per cent of area under the
situation followed by sugarcane, groundnut and other.
A tank is a perfect example of a complete hydrological system in which inputs and
outputs of material and energy can be readily identified. The geomorphologic conditions in
semi arid upland area favored development of minor irrigation structures, particularly tank
irrigation. Tank irrigation enabled the development appropriate situations, which
strengthened the social fabric in management of water resources. Restoration and
rehabilitation of existing irrigational tanks is vital to restore the rural economy. Evolving
appropriate methodology on restoration and management can lead into a sustainable
development process. Today, the advantage is that most of the areas have existing structures
and as such do not demand further capital investment.
In some years, the area under tanks remains uncultivated for want of irrigation water.
Indirectly, non-receipt of water in tanks affects water recharge in wells under the command.
As the chances of drainage problem are comparatively less under the situation, more
remunerative crops in place of rice and crop preceding and succeeding rice deserve priority.
Approach:
In order to improve the rate of practical adoption of improved water management
technology, an approach is proposed for the technology transfer for on farm adoption. The
action research envisages continuous liaison and mutual adjustment between the system
beneficiaries i.e farmers. In this process besides testing of the improved water management
technology, a field level situation is studied thoroughly for necessary feed back and
improvement of technology.
Andhra Pradesh Land and Water profile
The total Geographical area of Andhra Pradesh is 275 lakh hectares of which the area
falling under waste and degraded land category is 115 lakh hectares, which constitutes 42%
of the total geographical area of the state. The state receives about 24,44,000 lakh cum
volume of rainfall through an average annual rainfall of 896 mm falling aver the entire area
of 275 lakh hectares out of the total volume of 24,44,000 lakh cum rainfall received.
10,02,040 lakh cum (41%) is loss an evaporation and evapo - transpiration, 9,77,600 lakh
cum (40%) is loss as surface run off, which 2,44,400 lakh cum (10%) is retained as soil
moisture and 2,19,960 lakh cum (9%) is recharged as ground water. As the percentage of
total rainfall getting loss through evaporation and evapo - transpiration (41%) and run off
(40%) is substantial, the situation as resulted in nearly 42% of the geographical area of the
state turning in to waste and degraded lands. Thus, while total water available from surface
and ground water together is about 118.71 crores cubic meters with an area covering 177 lakh
hectares representing 88% of total cultivable area can be brought under irrigation, the present
irrigated area is only 55 lakh hectares which is about 33% of cultivable area.
- 3 -
Project Rationale
Minor Irrigation (MI) schemes occupy an important place in the irrigation sector in
Andhra Pradesh. Out of the total command area of 4.034 million ha. in the state 1.2 million
ha. is contributed from 12,254 MI sources which is maintained by the Minor Irrigation
Department. Out of these MI sources, there are 10,525 tank schemes commanding about 1.0
millions ha, spread over 22 districts with individual command area exceeding 40 ha. In
addition, there are 70,47 tanks (as in 1996) with individual command area less than 40 ha
commanding over 0.6 millions ha, which are maintained by Panchayatraj Department. The
performance of these tanks, most of which are non- system tanks has steadily deteriorated
over the years due to several factors including the deferred maintenance. It has also been
observed that marginal and small farm holdings account for about 54% of the net area
irrigated by all tanks in the state. The present proposal of minimum rehabilitation of 2934
minor irrigation tanks aims at mainly stabilization of existing irrigated area and also to bridge
the gap between the designed command and the present irrigation tanks where these will be
cost effective, and will ensure sustainable O&M through involvement of farmers. Thus the
project rationale for taking up of minimum rehabilitation work irrigation scheme is consistent
with the objectives of the Irrigation rehabilitation and Maintenance component under
APERP.
Project Implementation
The Government of Andhra Pradesh under G O Ms No. 84 / I & CAD (PW-APERP)
Dept. Dated 12.6.2003 of the Secretary to Govt., of A.P., A.P., Secretariat, Hyderabad has
accorded sanction to Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
for implementation of the “ Agricultural Research Demonstration and Training under APERP
under Tankfed Irrigated area” in Andhra Pradesh, initially for a period of 2 years 2003-04 &
2004-05 later extended till September 2005 again it was extended upto March 2006.
Objectives of the Study:
1. Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to
water ruse and economic returns.
2. Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation,
which include sprinkler and drip irrigation systems.
3. Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and
returns.
4. To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in
improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in
production and net returns.
5. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizer, pest control and other measures.
6. Multidisciplinary training programs for promoting farmer‟s managerial capabilities
- 4 -
Chapter-II
Benchmark Survey
&
Resource Characterization
- 5 -
Survey of the Catchment area
(Factors leading to low inflows into Tanks)
- 6 -
Resource Characterization & Bench Mark Survey
Medak
Medak has an area of 9518.18 sq km with a population of 2.6 million as per 2001 census and
is the 16th
largest district in the state. It has 46 revenue mandals and 12 ADA (Regular)
divisions, each division consists of 3 to 5 mandals and Agricultural Officer looks after
mandal agricultural activities where as at Divisional level, it is the Divisional Asst. Director
of Agriculture (Regular) is the in charge of the agricultural activities.
Land Utilization Particulars
Category 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2004-05
1 Total geographical
area
951828 951828 951828 951828 951828
2 Forests 82573 96266 96266 96266 79238
3 Barren and Un
cultivable land
59491 60950 54293 56141 60139
4 Land put to non
agricultural uses
65648 66755 68012 71668 71794
5 Cultivable waste 21594 22807 21536 26389 26804
6 Permanent pastures
and other grazing
lands
28193 26800 26184 26033 26448
7 Land under
miscellaneous tree
crops and groves not
included in net area
sown
7314 7448 6775 5364 5366
8 Current fallows and
other fallows
196364
80422
206959
78809
177055
66891
161893
72418
178053
9 Net area sown 410229 385114 434901 435741 472225
10 Normal rainfall 873 mm
Source: Chief Planning Officer, Medak Dist. at Sangareddy
Rainfall:
Mean annual rainfall in the district is 873mm with 37 rainy days. Major part of the
rainfall received during the southwest monsoon from July to October.
Soils
The predominant soil types of the district are sandy loams 55%, black clay loams
44%, and laterite soils 1%. Black clay loams are concentrated in the Asst. Director of
Agriculture divisions of Gajwel, Medak, Ramayampet, Narsapur, Sadasivpet, Shankarampet
and Narayankhed, where as the sandyloams are concentrated in the ADA divisions of
Siddipet, Dubbak, Ramayampet, Jogipet, Sangareddy and laterite soils in the district are
concentrated in Zaheerabad ADA division only.
- 7 -
Water table fluctuations in Medak district
S.no Village/
Location
Mandal Geology Depth to Water levels in m. bgl Water table
fluctuation in
Jan 2006 in
relation to
May-
2004
Jan-
2005
May-
2005
Jan-
2006
May-
2005
Jan-
2005
1 Bhoompally Mirdoddi Granite 24.60 24.83 25.49 21.35 4.14 3.48
2 Duddeda Duddeda Granite 23.20 24.25 26.50 19.84 6.66 4.41
3 Gajwel Gajwel Granite 30.63 29.75 34.50 22.89 11.61 6.86
Source: Ground Water Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh
Land Holdings
According to 1995-96 Agricultural census there are 4.23 lakh holdings owning over
6.58 lakh ha. About 55% of the holdings were below one hectare with a total of 1.07 lakh
hectares owned by them contributing one-sixth of the total extent. The area under small,
semi-medium and medium is 20.13, 24.19 and 25.6 percent. Overall the average size of
holding in the district stood at 1.55 ha.
Farmers’ category particulars
Sno Category Total
Number
Area
(ha)
SC ST
Number Area (ha) Number Area
(ha)
1 Marginal 233587 107368 54031 23155 7689 3946
2 Small 95353 132467 16043 22350 4548 6267
3 Semi
medium
59940 159134 6465 16638 2841 7323
4 Medium 28928 168421 1459 7863 1087 6127
5 Large 5878 90421 94 1300 186 2743
Total 423686 657813 78092 71306 16349 26406
Cropping Pattern
Predominant crops of the district during Kharif are Paddy, maize, Greengram,
Blackgram, Redgram, Castor, Sugarcane, Jowar etc., where as during rabi the major crops are
Bengalgram, Groundnut, Jowar, Safflower, Castor, Sunflower, and Paddy etc.
Source wise Irrigation Particulars of the District
Source Area (ha)
1 Canals 5,708
2 Wells, Bore wells, Dig wells 74,645
3 Other sources 29,929
Total 1,10,282
- 8 -
Major and Medium Irrigation sources
Medium irrigation projects in the district have a total registered ayacut of 11058 ha,
but these projects are unable to meet fully the irrigation requirements of the command area,
thus resulting in increasing the fallow lands in the command areas.
Major and Medium Irrigation sources:
Sno Major/
Medium
Name of
the Project
Registered
Ayacut
(ha)
Actual area irrigated
2003-04 (ha)
Actual area irrigated
2004-05 (ha)
Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi
1 Medium Ghanpur 8650 5000 5000 3780 --
2 Medium Nallvagu 2408 2000 612 -- --
Total 11058 7000 5612 3780 --
Minor Irrigation sources
In total there are 564 notified tanks (IB) and 5374 un-notified tanks (Panchayatraj) in
Medak district. The total command area of the tanks is 90874.08 ha. The highest number of
notified tanks is present in Hathnoora mandal (30), followed by Kowdipally (28). Medak
mandal has got the highest area under tank commands (4465.89 ha) followed by Jinnaram
(4352.54 ha). Haldi vagu project of Hakimpet mandal has got the largest command area of
1160 ha followed by Ganga Katva canal of Sadasivpet mandal with command area of 600 ha.
Mandal wise details of the Tankfed area in Medak district
S.no Mandal Name Major
(Area in ha)
Minor
(Area in ha)
Total
(Area in ha)
I Siddipet Division
1 Siddipet 1252.0 1321.724 2573.724
2 Chinnakodoor 582.532 922.316 1504.848
3 Nagnoor 677.148 972.86 1650.008
4 Dubbak 1904.636 1373.528 3278.164
5 Mirdoddi 1609.028 1193.228 2802.256
6 Kondapak 1823.38 1671.408 3494.788
7 Doulthabad 1444.924 1350.052 2794.976
8 Gajwel 1159.44 1130.652 2290.104
9 Mulugu 504.688 863.412 1368.10
10 Jagdevpur 752.444 962.912 1715.356
11 Vergal 823.728 869.464 1693.192
12 Toopran 1186.02 1241.26 2427.28
Total 13719.97 13872.82 27592.8
II Medak Division
13 Medak 2730.74 1735.156 4465.896
14 Papannapet 581.232 1087.896 1669.128
15 Shankarampet (A) 865.388 708.076 1573.464
16 Tekmal 733.144 1168.912 1902.056
- 9 -
17 Ramayampet 1948.052 1099.5 3047.552
18 Chegunta 1331.528 1287.076 2618.604
19 Shankerampet (R) 1863.068 1142.152 3005.22
20 Yeldurthy 2847.48 1215.7 4063.18
21 Kulcharam 938.04 838.212 1776.252
22 Narsapur 1656.188 936.364 2592.552
23 Shivampet 1334.108 1500.772 2834.88
24 Jinnaram 1335.36 3017.18 4352.54
25 Hathnoora 2561.976 1501.08 4063.056
26 Kowdipally 2121.14 1416.652 3537.796
Total 22847.44 18654.73 41502.2
III Sangareddy Division
27 Manoor 143.6 -- 143.6
28 Kangti 1113.388 15.616 1129.004
29 Kalher 757.324 574.512 1331.836
30 Narayankhed 540.172 1092.86 1633.032
31 Regode 536.808 371.256 908.064
32 Alladurg 866.184 534.52 1400.704
33 Andole 1086.468 994.952 2081.42
34 Raikode 567.6 94.092 661.692
35 Jharasangam 1061.696 61.308 1123.004
36 Zahirabad 411.816 143.74 555.556
37 Kohir 527.6 207.332 734.932
38 Pulkal 904.588 1100.128 2004.716
39 Sadasivpet 1345.628 455.34 1800.968
40 Kondapur 1328.068 326.516 1654.584
41 Sangareddy 1081.68 631.692 1713.372
42 Patancheru 1369.396 1148.068 2517.464
43 Ramchandrapuram 158.88 118.548 277.428
44 Munipally 0 83.708 83.708
45 Nyalkal 0 24.032 24.032
Total 13,800.9 7,978.22 21,779.12
Grand Total 50,368.32 40,505.76 90,874.08
Number of tanks 564 5,374 5,938
Particulars No. of tanks Acreage
(hectares)
Tanks with < 10 hectares ayacut 4,077 14,237.76
Tanks with 10-20 hectares ayacut 704 9,908.48
Tanks with 20-40 hectares ayacut 593 16,359.52
Tanks with > 40 hectares ayacut 564 50,368.32
Total 5,938 90,874.08
Source: Office of the Executive Engineer (I & CAD), Siddipet
Office of the Executive Engineer (I & CAD), Sangareddy
Office of the Executive Engineer (PR), Siddipet
Office of the Executive Engineer (PR), Medak
Office of the Executive Engineer (PR), Sangareddy
- 10 -
Situation of tanks and tankfed agriculture:
A survey was conducted in Medak district during April-May 2005 on the status of
irrigated tanks by randomly selecting (Two from low rainfall areas of Mirdoddi mandal, five
from high rainfall areas of Sangareddy mandal and thirteen from medium rainfall areas of
Kondapak mandal).
The salient features of the survey revealed that the average size of land holding in the
tank commands is 0.75 ha. The soil types are 62, 25 and 13% black, red and problem soils
respectively. About 55% of the tanks are not filled since 1995, 25% of the tanks are filled
only once and 20% of the tanks filled twice or more than twice since 1995.There are 39 bore
wells per tank of which only 17 are working. Most of the tanks have become defunct and
farmers of the command area neglected the tank‟s canal system, which resulted in total
destruction of field channels. Tanks are infested with perennial weeds like Ipomea, Prosophis
and the tanks are not de-silted.
Lack of high intensity rains (Which generate runoff) is the main reason for poor
filling of the tanks. In addition to this, watershed works taken up in upper catchments,
cultivation in catchments and burial of feeder channels also resulting in reduced inflows into
the tanks.
The farmers are not taking up ID crops under tank commands even though the farmers
have realized (Seen in last decade) irregular inflows in to the tanks. They prefer to wait for
rains and filling of the tank. This characteristic situation led to the low productivity of tank
commands. Paddy or Paddy based cropping systems are mostly adopted systems in tank
commands. Cultivation of ID crops / Vegetables is meager.
Benchmark survey of the selected villages
A study was made on the Resource characteristics of four tanks Kalakalamma
cheruvu of Kukunoorpally village, Kondapak mandal and Pedda cheruvu of Bhoompally
village, Mirdoddi mandal during July 2003 and Doddi cheruvu of Mangole village, Kondapak
mandal and Pedda cheruvu of Khajipur village, Mirddodi mandal during the year June 2004.
Bench Mark Survey was undertaken mainly to study the socio-economic conditions of
the farmers, existing cropping pattern under the tanks and identify the various constraints and
possibilities of achieving the project‟s major objective. A total number of 200 sample farmers
(50 under each tank) were purposefully selected, majority of which are marginal (43-60%).
The four selected tanks are more than 100 years old with primary source of water being
rainfall and excess / out flows from the above reaches, how ever a critical analysis of tankfed
area data reveals that the four tanks were fully filled only once (1996) in the past decennial
period.
i) Characterization of soil and water
Black soils (50-87%) and red chalka soils are predominant in tank commands besides
problem soils. The characteristics of soil and water are presented in table.
ii) Socio-economic characterization
Land holdings, educational status, social status, and agricultural machinery and livestock
possession details collected through benchmark survey presented in table.
11
Characteristics of the selected tanks
Name of the village Kukunoorpally
Kondapak Mandal
Bhoompally
Mirdoddi Mandal
Mangole
Kondapak Mandal
Khajipur
Mirdoddi Mandal
Name of the Tank Kalkalamma cheru
Pedda cheru
Doddi cheruvu
Pedda cheruvu
Area of the tank 56.8 ha
67.6 ha
16.0 ha
61.6 ha
Ayacut under the tank 41.27 ha
(As per I&CAD records)
41.72 ha
(As per revenue records)
170.4
(As per I&CAD records)
168.8
(As per revenue records)
62.444 ha 97.636 ha
Number of farmers 167
500
200
285
Average size of the
holding
0.244 ha
0.336
0.312 ha
0.216 ha
Source of Water Lakhadaram Medinipur
Reddy cheruvu
Kalakalamma Cheruvu
Laxmi cheruvu Dharma
Reddy cheruvu
Kodakandla vagu
Kudavelli vagu.
Kondapoor Kazipoor
Bhoompalli Kodavelli
vagu
Mathpally forest Katta
Kalva
DoddiCheruvuNalla
CheruvuOora Cheruvu
(Thipparam)Etigadda
Kistapur Kudlair Vagu
Kondapoor Kazipoor
Bhoompalli Kudavelli
vagu
Historical background of
the tank
More than 100 years
More than 100 years
More than 100 years
More than 100 years
Number of times filled 100% Filled in 1996-97
10-30% Filling each year.
Filled once in 1996-97 100% Filled in 1996-97
10-30% Filling each year.
Filled once in 1996-97
12
Soil and water characteristics under selected tank commands
Name of the Tank Kalkalamma cheru
Pedda cheru
Doddi Cheruvu Peddaa Cheruvu
Type of soils Red chalka soils – 10%
Black soils – 87%
Problematic soils – 3%
(Saline)
Red chalka soils – 35%
Black soils – 55%
Problematic soils – 10%
(Saline)
Red chalka soils – 40 %
Black soils – 55 %
Problematic soils – 5%
(Saline)
Red chalka soils – 35%
Black soils – 55%
Problematic soils – 10%
(Saline)
Soil Parameters Depth (15 Cm)
Range Range Range Range
PH
5.9-7.7
(Slightly acidic to
Slightly Alkaline)
7.3 – 8.6
(Neutral to Alkaline)
7.0-8.3
(Neutral to Alkaline)
7.0 – 8.3
(Neutral to Alkaline)
EC (dSm-1
) 0.09-0.59
(Normal)
0.20-0.36
(Normal)
0.37-0.50
(Normal)
0.21-0.34
(Normal)
Available Nitrogen
(Kg/ha)
Low to High Low to High Low to High Low to High
P2O5 (Kg/ha) Low to High Low Low Low to High
K2O (Kg/ha) Medium to High High High High
Irrigation Water Characteristics
PH
6.4 -7.1 6.7-7.4 6.5-7.2 6.6- 7.4
13
Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the selected villages
Particulars Kukunoorpally Bhumpally Mangole Khajipur
Land
holdings (%)
Marginal 60 43.3 57.3 52.5
Small 33.3 38.7 24.9 17.4
Large 6.7 17.9 17.8 30.1
Educational
Status
Illiterates 18 28 25 18
Primary
Education
20 11 19 16
Secondary
education
7 9 11 14
Graduation / PG 5 2 -- 2
Social Status OC 26 12 10 18
BC 12 30 29 16
SC 7 8 11 14
ST 5 -- 2
Buildings Own House (%) 100 100 100 100
Cattle sheds (No.) 10 6
Bore wells (No.) 15 62 21 34
Open wells (No.) 3 1
Agricultural
Machinery
(In the entire
Village)
Tractors 15 2 6 6
Bullock carts 55 31 8 22
Country ploughs 570 620 450 350
Gorru 215 126 35 58
Guntaka 240 137 20 26
Power tillers -Nil- 1 4 -Nil-
Maize shellers 4 6 3 5
Livestock
(In the entire
Village)
Cows 60 11 50 18
Buffaloes 700 830 200 645
Draft animals 960 1050 650 NA
14
iii) Cropping pattern adopted in the tankfed areas:
a) If tank is filled (August-September)
Kukunoorpall
y
Bhoompally Mangole Khajipur
Rainfed-Red soils-
Tank
Rice-fallow Rice-fallow Rice-
fallow
Rice-fallow
Rainfed-Black soils-
Tank
Rice-fallow Rice-fallow Rice-
fallow
Rice-fallow
Rainfed-Red/Black
soils-Tank supported
by bore-wells
Rice-Rice Rice-Rice
Rice-Sugarcane
Rice-Rice Rice-Rice
b) If tank is un-filled / partially filled
Kukunoorpall
y
Bhoompally Mangole Khajipur
Rainfed-Red
soils
Fallow-fallow
(5-10%)
Fallow-castor
(2-3%)
Fallow-fallow
(30-40%)
Fallow-castor
(2%)
Maize-fallow
(<1%)
Fallow-fallow
(30-35%)
Fallow-castor
(1-2%)
Maize+ Redgram
(<1%)
Cowpea-fallow
(<1%)
Fallow-fallow
(20-30%)
Fallow-castor
(5-10%)
Maize-fallow
(1-3%)
Rainfed-Black
soils
Fallow-fallow
(45-50%)
Fallow-
Bengalgram
(5-10%)
Cotton-fallow
(1%)
Fallow-fallow
(40-50%)
Fallow-
Bengalgram (1%)
Maize-fallow
(1%)
Maize-Bengalgram
(1%)
Rice-fallow (1-2%)
Fallow-fallow
(40-45%)
Fallow-
Bengalgram (1-
2%)
Cotton-fallow
(2-3%)
Rice-fallow
(3-5%)
Fallow-fallow
(40-45%)
Fallow-Bengalgram
(5%)
Maize-fallow
(2-3%)
Maize-Bengalgram
(2-3%)
Rainfed-Red
soils-
supported by
bore-wells
Rice-fallow
(1-2%)
Cotton-fallow
(<1%)
Rice-fallow
(1-2%)
Rice-Groundnut
(1-2%)
--
Rainfed-Black
soils-
supported by
bore-wells
Rice-Rice
(10%)
Rice-fallow
(20%)
Cotton-fallow
(1%)
Rice-Rice
(1%)
Rice-fallow
(5-10%)
Sugarcane (3%)
Rice-Rice
(3-5%)
Rice-fallow
(5-10%)
Cotton-fallow (1-
2%)
Rice-Rice
(1%)
Rice-fallow
(5-10%)
Sugarcane (2%)
15
iv) Production Constrains:
Maize:
Dry spells
Imbalanced fertilization
Micro nutrient deficiency (Zinc)
Weed infestation
Use of F2 seed
Paddy:
Dry spells
Non-availability of sufficient water for supplemental irrigation
Poor Nursery management
Transplanting over aged seedlings
Transplanting more seedlings per hill
Imbalanced fertilization
Micro nutrient deficiencies (Zinc)
Weed infestation
Pest and disease attack in Nursery and Main field.
Cotton:
Dry spells
In-discriminate use of pesticides (High doses, Mixing of 2-4 pesticides, Improper
time of spray, Spraying even when the pest is below threshold level etc., leading
to high Cost of Cultivation
Bengalgram:
Imbalanced fertilization
Pest attack (Pod borer)
Low Seed rate
Castor:
Dry spells
Imbalanced fertilization
Weed infestation
In-discriminate use of pesticides
16
v) Credit and Market facilities:
Availability of Institutional credit (Manjeera Grameena Bank) is mostly restricted
to large farmers. Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on local moneylenders (18-
36%) and Traders (fertilizer and pesticide dealers) for input expenses in all the selected
villages.
The farmers of Kukunoorpally and Mangole villages sell paddy at AMC,
Siddipet, and to the local traders. Cotton, pulses, oilseeds are sold to the local traders and
maize at Sub market yard Kukunoorpally. The farmers of Bhoompally and Khazipur
villages sell paddy, pulses and oilseeds to the local traders, and maize at sub market yard
Dubbaka.
17
B) MAHABOOBNAGAR DISTRICT
Climate of the district
Climate of the district is semi arid with frequent occurrence of drought. Four
distinct seasons occur in the district. They are Southwest monsoon (June-September),
Northeast monsoon (October-December), Winter (January – February) and Summer
(March-May).
Average annual rainfall of the district is 604 mm. South West monsoon is the
major contributor (75%) to the total rainfall in the district. North East monsoon and
summer showers contribute 20% and 5% respectively, to the total rainfall. Rainfall during
July, August and September months, which coincide with the active cropping season, is
very critical for survival of the crops as it contribute 62% to the total rainfall. Generally
on-set of the South West monsoon occurs during the first fortnight of June. Late on-set of
monsoon has become a common phenomenon during the past five years.
Irrigation Particulars of The District
Net area under irrigation and gross area under irrigation in the district is decreasing
over years. Area irrigated more than once has also shown decreasing trend from 1998-99
to 2002-03. Similar trend is evident in case of the area irrigated by canals, tanks, other
wells and other sources of irrigation. This decreasing trend is more prominent in case of
tanks and open wells. However, area irrigated by tube wells and filter points is increasing
at alarming rate. This trend is an indicator of over exploitation of ground water for
irrigation purposes.
SOURCE – WISE AREA IRRIGATED PARTICULARS OF MAHABOOBNAGAR DISTRICT
(Net Area-Area in Acres)
Sl
no
Source of
irrigation
1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
1 Canals 33957 36038 43322 41668 27614
2 Tanks 55870 8300 46740 18291 2381
3 Tube wells & filter
points
205072 235896 262124 243801 247131
4 Other wells 128161 95160 99438 85296 59254
5 Other sources 15667 13020 12701 15224 11797
6 Net area irrigated 438728 388414 464325 404279 348174
7 Gross area irrigated 559362 495698 579721 516326 440532
8 Area irrigated more
than once
120634 107283 115396 112047 92358
18
Major And Medium Irrigation Sources 2002 –03 (ha)
Major and medium irrigation projects in the district have a total registered ayacut
of 80,862.22 ha, but these projects are unable to meet irrigation requirements of even one
third of the command area. This is resulting in increasing fallow lands in the command
areas. Tail end areas of the command areas rarely receive water even if the water is
released in to the canals.
Major and medium irrigation sources 2002 –03 (ha)
Sl.
N
o.
Major/
Mediu
m
Name of the Project Registere
d Ayacut
Actual area irrigated
2001-2002 2002-2003
Net Gross Net Gross
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Major Priya Darshni Jurala
Project
40157.48 17716.5
4
23748.82 17716.
54
31496.0
6
Rajoli Banda
Diversion Scheme
34448.82 8399.61 8399.61 4698.8
2
4698.82
2 Medium Sarala Sagar Project 1647.63 0 0 0 0
3 Medium Koil Sagar Project 4606.29 1377.95 1377.95 0 0
Total 80860.22 27494.0
9
33526.38 22415.
35
36194.8
8
Source: 1. S.E., P.J.P., Circle, Gadwal
2. E.E., I& CAD, Mahabubnagar, Wanparthy & RDS., LOC Division, Uppal Camp.
Minor irrigation sources of the district
In total, 668 PWD tanks and 5,374 Panchayat Raj tanks are present in
Mahaboobnagar district. These tanks have total command area of 2,48,195 acres
(97714.56 ha). Highest number of notified tanks (24) is present in Ghanpur mandal and
these tanks have a command area of 6,193 acres. Lowest number of tanks (3) is present in
Malddakal mandal with a command area of 393 acres. Largest command area under
tanks is present under Addakal mandal (8232 acres) Followed by Ghanpoor mandal
(7560 acres) and Kollapur mandal (7350 acres). Tanks notified PWD (Tanks with
command area greater than 100 acres) are not present in Manopad, Waddepally and
Alampoor mandals which fal under the command area of Jurala irrigation project. In
case of PWD tanks, highest command area (2323.38 acres) under a single tank is present
under Shankara samudram tank located Kanaipally village in Kothakota mandal. Gandi
cheruvu in Lattupally village of Bijinaplly mandal has the lowest command area of 100.0
acres in the entire district.
19
Crop Wise Irrigated Area In Mahaboobnagar District
Paddy followed by groundnut is the main crop that is grown with irrigation (87%
of the total irrigated crop area) during both kharif and rabi seasons owing to their high
water requirement. Groundnut and paddy received 66% and 21 % of total irrigation
potential, respectively. Chillies, Groundnut, onion and tomato are being cultivated under
assured irrigated conditions during both the seasons. Jowar, ragi and castor are essentially
grown as rainfed crops during kharif in the district. Maize, ragi and castor receive
supplementary irrigations when
Cultivated during rabi
Soils of the Mahaboobnagar District
In Mahaboobnagar district Red sandy soils (Dubbas) occupy 57.49% of the total
cropped area. Where as the Red earths (Chalka) cover 37.20% and black soils occur in
5.30% of the total cropped area. The red soils have very low clay content consequently
the water holding capacity of the soils is less. Most of the soils are low in their organic
carbon content and poor in their fertility status. Low fertility status of the soils, low
rainfall, poor adoption modern agricultural technologies by resource poor farmers have
made the agriculture in the district a disaster.
Situation of tanks and tank fed agriculture in Mahaboobnagar
Out of the total 668 tanks notified by PWD tanks less than only 10 per cent of the
tanks receive water every year. Even in those tanks that receive water, water is generally
not sufficient for irrigating the crops. In most of the cases as the tanks have become
defunct, farmers of the command area have neglected the tank‟s canal system resulting in
total burial of field channels with debris and weeds. Even in tanks also several weeds like
Ipomoea, Prosophis are growing and tanks are not desilted.
Lack of sufficient rains is the main reason for this poor status of the tanks besides
watershed works taken up in the upper catchment areas of the tanks are also resulting in
reduced inflows in to tanks. Recurrent droughts leave the soils profiles in parched state
and this results generation of low run off from the catchment areas.
Generally the tank fed agriculture in the district presents a grim picture. Very few
tanks in the district get water every season. In the survey conducted, it was revealed that
majority of tanks are not getting sufficient water for irrigation even once in five years.
Command areas under tank are kept fallow especially during rabi season. Practice of
paddy cultivation, which was in vogue when the tanks used to get sufficient water, is
being abandoned gradually. Farmers are realizing the impact of irregular in-flows in to
tanks and the area, which was previously under paddy, is being diverted to ID crops.
20
Crops and cropping systems in tank fed areas
Paddy is the major crop cultivated in the tank commands. Rice-Rice, Rice- fallow
cropping systems were the most popular cropping systems under the tank fed area.
Currently, Irrigated Dry crops are replacing the paddy crop in the commands. Maize
appears to be best alternative crop to the paddy followed cotton. Low cost of cultivation,
low pest and disease incidence and high yield potential under moderately good
management and climatic conditions are the major factors that are making maize popular
not only in the tank commands but also in chalka soils. Even though the costs of
cultivation are higher for cotton, higher returns are encouraging the farmers to take the
risk. Under late onset of monsoon conditions or when the farmers cannot transplant the
paddy nurseries due to scanty rains, sunflower is being grown in the tank commands.
Traditional crops like castor and sorghum occupy very small areas in the tank commands.
The farmers are also cultivating commercial crops like chillies, sunflower. Bengal gram,
sunflower, safflower in black soils; groundnut and sunflower in red soils or light soils are
being cultivated mainly during the rabi season. Farmers who can provide supplementary
irrigation either with bore wells or open wells generally cultivate paddy during both
kharif and rabi seasons. Practise of cultivating the summer paddy in small pockets with
the available ground water and keeping the fields fallow during kharif is also in vogue
under some tanks.
Cropping systems that are gaining popularity in the tank commands of Mahaboobnagar
district are
Maize – fallow
Maize- sunflower
Maize – Groundnut
Cotton- fallow
Cotton- vegetables
In corollary it can be understood that,
a) Conjunctive use of Tank water and Ground water is not common in the tank
fed areas.
b) Farmers who have good ground water irrigation potential generally cultivate
Paddy during kharif and rabi seasons.
c) Farmers who can provide some supplementary irrigation cultivate commercial
crops such as cotton and chilli.
d) Groundnut, Maize, Castor, sunflower and sorghum are being cultivated
rainfed crops during Kharif and as ID crops during rabi.
e) Intercropping of cereals-pulses / Oil seeds - pulses is a common practice.
21
DETAILS OF THE SELECTED TANKS
Characterization of soils and water of the selected tank commands
a) Vattem
Name of the tank : Ragupathi cheruvu
Area of the tank : 24 ac
Command area : 120 ac
Ayacutdars : 70
Water in tank : unfilled since 8 to 10 year
Source of filling : Rainfall
Soils of command area : Black soils
Existing Cropping pattern : Rice – Rice
Rice-Fallow
b) Lattupally
Name of the tank : Gandi cheruvu
Area of the tank : 16 ac
Command area : 100 ac
Ayacutdars : 47
Water in tank : unfilled since 6 to 7 year
Source of filling : Rainfall
Soils of the command area : Red and mixed
Existing Cropping pattern : Rice – Rice Rice-Fallow
c) Indrakal
Name of the tank: : Nagula cheruvu
Command area : 136 ac
Number of farmers command area : 50
Soils of command area : Red soils
Source of filling : Rain water
Filling History : Not filled in past 15 years
Traditional cropping pattern : Rice-fallow
Rice-rice
D. Maddigatla
Name of the tank : Maddikan cheru
Command area of the tank : 336 acres
No. of farmers in the command area 73
Soils of the command area : Black & Mixed soils
Source of filling : Rain water
Soils of the command area : Black & Mixed
History of filling : Not filled in the past 15 years
Traditional crops : Paddy
22
Characterisation of Soil And Water Resources of the Selected Tanks
In vattem village, pH of the soil samples varied from 7.0 to 8.2 (7.82), where as in
Lattupally, it ranges from 6.5 to 7.8 (7.26). Electrolyte Conductivity of the soils in
Vattem ranges from 0.12 to 1.1 ds /m (0.562) and in Lattupally varied from 0.06 to 0.8
d s / m (0.352). Organic carbon status of 79.2% soils in vattem was low in and 20.8%
soils were medium, where as in Lattupally, 84.5% soils were low and 14.5% soils were
medium in their organic carbon status. In case of available nitrogen status of soil, most of
the soils in Vattem (90.1%) were low and remaining was medium (9.9%). Majority of the
soils were medium in their available P status which can be attributed to the continuous
application od DAP AND 20-20-0 fertilizers and the remaining soils were low in their
available P status. In case of available potassium, the 78.7% soils were found to be
having high in available K and remaining soils were (21.3%) medium in vattem village.
Where as in Lattupally also, 72.9% soils were high in avail. Potassium and remaining
were medium
Irrigation water samples were collected and analyzed for PH, EC and RSC. In
vattem, most of the water samples exhibited pH of 6.5 to 7.8(7.02). Where as in
Lattupally, PH ranges from 6.3 to 6.9 (6.92). In case of Electrical Conductivity, in
Vattem, it ranged from 0.04 to 0.15 ds/m (0.062). In case of Lattupally, EC varied from
0.09 - 0.3 dsm-1
(0.121). In case of RSC, Vattem water samples ranged from 1.3 to
1.6(1.45) me/l where as in Lattupally, RSC values ranged from 0.9 to 1.5 me/l (1.02)
which indicate the non salinity of irrigation water
Soil and water characteristics of the tank command areas
Soil Parameter Vattem Lattupally
PH 7.0-8.2 (7.82) 6.5-8.2 (7.26)
EC (d s /m) 0.12-1.1
(0.562)
0.06-0.8
(0.352)
Organic Carbon status 79.2% low
20.8 % Medium
84.5% Low
14.5% Medium
Avail. Nitrogen status 90.1% Low
9.9 % Medium
100% low
Available P status 34.2% Low
65.8% Medium
29.8% low
70.2 % Medium
Available K status 21.3 % Medium
78.7 % High
26.1 % Medium
73.9 % High
Irrigation Water Characterization
PH 6.5-7.8 (7.02) 6.3-6.9 (6.92)
EC (d s / m) 0.04-0.15 (0.062) 0.09-0.3 (0.14)
RSC (me / l) 1.3-1.6 (1.45) 0.9-1.5 (1.02)
In Indrakal village, pH of the soil samples varied from 7.4 to 8.1 (7.83), where as
in Maddigatla, it ranges from 6.5 to 7.8 (7.4). Electrolyte Conductivity of the soils in
Indrakal ranges from 0.19 to 0.84 ds /m (0.46) and in Maddigatla varied from 0.10 to 1.2
d s / m (0.83). Organic carbon status of 67.4% soils in Indrakal was low and 32.6% soils
23
were medium, where as in Maddigatla, 58.3% soils were low and 41.7% soils were
medium in their organic carbon status.
In case of available nitrogen status of soil, most of the soils in Indrakal (83.3%)
were low and remaining soils were medium (16.7%). Majority of the soils were low in
their available P status and the remaining soils were medium in their available P status. In
case of available potassium, the 50.6% soils were found to be having high in available K
and remaining soils were (49.6%) medium in Indrakal village. Where as in Maddigatla
also, 42.3% soils were high in available potassium and remaining were medium.
Irrigation water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, EC and RSC. In
Indrakal, most of the water samples exhibited pH of 6.8 to 7.6(7.23) where as in
Maddigatla, pH ranges from7.2to 8.0(7.45). In case of Electrical Conductivity, in
Indrakal, it ranged from 0.08 to 0.19 ds/m (0.11). In case of Maddigatla, EC varied from
0.04 - 0.14 dsm-1
(0.07). In case of RSC, Indrakal water samples ranged from 1.1 to
1.9(1.21) me/l where as in Maddigatla, RSC values ranged from 1.4 to 1.8 me/l (1.5),
which indicate the non-salinity of irrigation water.
Soil and Water Characteristics of the tank command areas
Soil Parameter Indrakal Maddigatla
PH 7.4-8.1 (7.83) 6.9-7.8 (7.4)
EC (d s /m) 0.19-0.84 (0.46) 0.10-1.2 (0.83)
Organic Carbon status 67.4% low
33.6% Medium
58.3% Low
41.7% Medium
Avail. Nitrogen status 83.3% Low
16.7% Medium
74.2%Low
25.8%medium
Available P status 54.7% Low
45.3% Medium
61.6% low
38.4% Medium
Available K status 49.4% Medium
50.6% High
57.7% Medium
42.3% High
Irrigation Water Characterization
PH 6.8-7.6 (7.23) 7.2-8.0 (7.45)
EC (d s / m) 0.08-0.19 (0.11) 0.09-0.3 (0.07
RSC (me / l)
1.1-1.9 (1.21) 1.4-1.8 (1.02)
24
BENCH MARK SURVEY OF VATTEM VILLAGE
Social and educational status of the farmers
Vattem tank command area is 120 acres. Seventy-one farmers cultivate the entire
command area. But these farmers belong to 36 families (Undivided). Of these farmers 66
percent (24 farmers) are other caste farmers, 11 (30.6%) farmers belong to backward
communities and two farmers belong to Scheduled castes. Among the farmers of Vattem
village 38 % are illiterates, 18 % have completed primary education, 6% completed
secondary education, and 32 % completed high school education. Graduates constitute
6% of the total farmers.
Land holding particulars
Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 25.1 %, 22.2 % of the farmers are small
farmers (1-2.5 ha) and large farmers (>2.5 ha) constitute 52.7 % of the total farmers of
the command area. Besides the land holding in the command area of the tank all the
farmers own dry land ranging from 0.4 ha to 12 ha.
Family and asset particulars
Average family size is 4.94 members of whom men constitute 51.2% and women
constitute 48.8%.
All the farmers in the command area own a house. 62% of large farmers own
cattle shed and machinery sheds. In the entire command area nine bore wells and three
open wells are present. All the open wells have dried up. All the bore wells are in
working condition but the well yield depend on the season and availability of water in the
tank.
Seven farmers (19.5%) own tractors and 12 farmers own pump sets (33.3). All the
farmers own small agricultural implements like Sickles, spades, crowbars, axes and
levelers. (70 %) of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 18 farmers‟ own iron ploughs.
Bullock carts are owned by 12 farmers (33.3%). 61.1% of the total farmers guntakas and
70% of the farmers (25 farmers) own gorru. 20 farmers have their own sprayers (55.5%).
25
Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the Vattem tank command farmers
S.No Parameter Vattem
1 Educational status Illierates - 38% Primary education - 18%
Secondary education- 6%
High school - 32% Graduates - 6%
2 Social status Other Castes – 66% BCs - 30.6%
SCs - 3.4%
3 Land holdings Marginal farmers- 25.1% Small farmers - 22.2%
Large farmers - 52.70%
4 Buildings Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 33.3%
Bore wells - 25% Open wells - 8.5%
5 Agricultural machinery
Tractors -19.5% Pump-sets – 33.33%
Wooden ploughs-70% Iron Ploughs-50%
Bullock carts-33.3% Guntukas-61.1%
Gorru-70% Sprayer 55 %
6 Livestock Buffloes-72.2% Cows-27.7%
Draft animals-58.3% Sheep-13.8%
Live stock
72.2 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 27.7 % farmers (10) have their own
cows. 21 farmers (58.3%) farmers have their own draft animals. 22.2% of the farmers
have calves and 13.8% of farmers have sheep.
Cropping pattern
Popular cropping systems that are practiced in the command area are rice based
cropping systems. Rice- fallow, rice-rice cropping systems are the commonly practiced
cropping systems. Farmers cultivate ID crops in their dry lands and keep the lands under
the tanks for paddy cultivation. 26 farmers (72.2 %) cultivate paddy or keep their lands
for paddy during the kharif season. 27.7% farmers cultivate ID crops if the rains are
insufficient for for cultivation of paddy. 30.5 % farmers cultivate paddy during the rabi
season also even in small patches. These farmers own either bore wells or open wells.
Only 6 farmers cultivate paddy during the summer season.
Costs of production
Paddy:
The total cost of cultivation did not vary much with the social status of the farmer.
Cost of cultivation varied from Rs 12875 to Rs 12954 for paddy. Seeds contributed
10.5% to the total cost of cultivation. Where as hiring the implements such as tractor and
ploughs contributed 23.4% to the total, labour wages from sowing to harvesting
contributed 48.5% and remaining expenditure was incurred towards purchase of inputs
such as fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 10.6% and 7 %, respectively.
26
Maize:
Cost of cultivation for maize crop ranged between Rs 8150 to Rs 8251. In case of
large farmers the cost of cultivation was relatively lesser compared to small and marginal
farmers. Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 11.5 % to the total
cost. Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and
intercultivation implements and threshing implements contributed 34.4 %, labour
expenses from sowing to harvesting contributed 30.7% to the total costs. Fertilizers and
pesticides contributed 23.4 % to the total costs. In case of small and marginal farmers
relatively higher cost cultivation can be attributed to lack usage of agricultural
machinery. However family labour involved reduced the total cost of cultivation.
Sorghum:
In case of sorghum red gram intercropping the cost of cultivation ranged between
Rs 4625 and Rs 4850/ ha. Average cost of cultivation was Rs 4700/ ha. In case castor-
redgram intercropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs 9182.5/ ha to Rs 9555
/ha Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards the total cost of
cultivation was similsr to that of maize crop.
Costs of production of important crops (Vattem village)
Crops Marginal (<1 ha) Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha)
Average
Costs Returns Costs Returns Costs Returns Costs Returns
Rice 12875 28750 12975 27595 13012 27605 12954 27983
Maize +
red gram
8150 20525 8205 20525 8400 22620 8251 21223
Castor +
red gram
9200 14050 9187.5 13750 9555 14575 9314 14125
Sorghum +
red gram
4625 9150 4625 9150 4850 10200 4700 9500
Cotton 13125 32800 14520 34600 16580 38620 14742 35340
Cotton:
In case of cotton crop, differences in cost of cultivation were much wider among
the small, marginal farmers and large farmers. In case of small farmers the cost of
cultivation is Rs13125/ ha where as for the large farmers the costs escalate to Rs15500 /
ha to Rs 17800/ha. Indicriminate appliacation of peticide is much wide spread among the
large farmers compared to the small and marginal farmers. Contribution of pesticides
towards the total cost of cultivation varied between 32 % to 38 % for the large farmers
where as for the small farmers these costs contributed 25 to 33%. Seeds contribution to
the total cost was less than 7 %. Hiring charges for the implements contributed 16-18%
among various farmers. Fertilizer contribution 13% to the total cost did not vary much
with the social strata of the farmers. Labour wages from sowing to picking of cotton
contributed around 20 % of the total costs.
27
Income
Income from the agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the
farmers, especially small and marginal farmers. Some Marginal farmers (42%) work as
farm labour or construction workers when there is no enough work to meet the family
expenses. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers belonging to the
scheduled castes community. These farmers are earning between Rs 5000-12000 per
annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come ranging between Rs
12000- Rs20000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle. But farmers are forced to sell
away their cattle due to lack of sufficient fodder especially during the summer season.
Few farmers of the command area act as small time contractors during lean season.
Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged Rs 12000 and
above one lakh. 36.11 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs 25000/ annum
and 63.89 % of farmers have total in come higher than Rs 25000 per annum.
Farmers are spending 5.55% to 60 % of their total income on education of their
children. Family expenses ranged between 36% & 89% of the total income. Share of
family expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers. Where as the
expenditure towards other expenses and farm development is higher in case of large
farmers.
Availability of institutional credit facility is mostly restricted to the large farmers.
Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide dealers
for input expenses.
Farmers in Vattem village mostly sell their farm produce in the Jadcherla market
yard, which is 25 km away from the village.
In the opinion of farmers existing rice based cropping systems are gradually
becoming non-remunerative due to insufficient rainfall, frequent breaks in the monsoon,
tanks not receiving water to provide supplementary irrigations. But cultivating the paddy
crop will provide food grains for family consumption as well fodder to the animals. If
sufficient rainfall is received they will cultivate paddy because the soils in the command
areas will be waterlogged and ID crops cannot survive under such conditions. If they
cultivate ID crops they receive at least some income instead waiting for paddy crop.
Commercial crops based cropping systems can be practiced in the tank commands
instead wasting received rainfall. Cotton, maize appear suitable alternative to the paddy
28
BENCH MARK SURVEY OF LATTUPALLY VILLAGE
Social and educational status of the farmers
Lattupally tank command area is 100 acres. Twenty-six farmers cultivate the
entire command area. Of these 26 farmers 27 percent (7 farmers) are other caste farmers,
4 (15.4%) farmers belong to backward communities and 15 (57.6 %) farmers belong to
Scheduled tribes. Among the farmers of Lattupally village 57.6 % are illiterates, 11.6 %
have completed primary education, and 27% completed secondary, 3.8 % completed high
school education.
Land holding particulars
Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 30.7 %, 50.1% of the farmers are small
farmers (1-2.5 ha) and large farmers (>2.5 ha) constitute 19.2 % of the total farmers of
the command area.
Family particulars
Average family size is 4.55 members of whom men constitute 50.8% and women
constitute 49.2%. All the farmers in the command area own a house. In the entire
command area five bore wells and three open wells are present. All the open wells have
dried up. All the bore wells are in working condition but the well yield depend on the
season and availability of water in the tank.
Seven farmers (26.9%) own tractors and 11 farmers own pump sets (42.3). All the
farmers own small agricultural implements like Sickles, spades, crowbars, axes and
levelers. 61.5 % of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 15 farmers own iron ploughs.
Bullock carts are owned by 10 farmers (38.4%). 53.8% of the total farmers own guntakas
and 57.7% of the farmers (15 farmers) own gorru.. 10 farmers have their own sprayers
(38.4%).
Live stock
60 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 38.4 % farmers (10) have their own cows.
13 farmers (50 %) farmers have their own draft animals. 20% of the farmers have calves
and 19.8% of farmers have sheep.
Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the lattupally farmers
S.No Parameter Lattupally
1 Educational status Illierates - 57.3% Primary education - 11.6%
Secondary education- 27% High school - 3.8%
Social status Other Castes – 27% BCs – 15.4%
STs - 57.6%
Land holdings Marginal farmers- 30.7% Small farmers - 50.1%
Large farmers - 19.2%
Buildings Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 40%
Bore wells -19.2% Open wells - 11.5%
29
Agricultural machinery
Tractors -26.9% Pump-sets – 42.3%
Wooden ploughs-61.5% Iron Ploughs-57.6%
Bullock carts-38.4% Guntukas-53.3%
Gorru-57.7% Sprayer 38.4 %
Livestock Buffloes-76.9% Cows-27%
Draft animals-54.5% Sheep-30.8%
Cropping pattern
Popular cropping systems that are practiced in the command area are rice based
cropping systems. Rice- fallow, rice-rice cropping systems are the commonly practiced
cropping systems. Farmers cultivate ID crops in their dry lands and keep the lands under
the tanks for paddy cultivation. 16 farmers (61.53 %) cultivate paddy or keep their lands
for paddy during the kharif season. 38.46% farmers cultivate ID crops if the rains are
insufficient for cultivation of paddy. 27 % farmers who own bore wells or open wells
cultivate paddy during the rabi season also even in small patches. Only 4 farmers (15.38
%) cultivate paddy during the summer season.
Costs of production of important crops (Lattupally village)
Crops Marginal (<1
ha)
Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha)
Average
Costs Returns Costs Returns Costs Returns Costs Returns
Rice 11600 22550 12075 21995 13012 23105 12229 22233
Maize +
red gram
7920 21425 8215 21625 8400 23640 8178 22230
Castor +
red gram
9010 15025 8925 14210 8625 14575 8853 14603
Sorghum +
red gram
4825 9230 4825 9230 4750 9680 4800 9380
Cotton 12525 28620 13160 29620 12850 30260 12845 29500
Paddy:
The total cost of cultivation did not vary much with the social status of the farmer.
Cost of cultivation varied from Rs 11600 to Rs 13012 for paddy. Seeds contributed
11.0% to the total cost of cultivation. Where as hiring the implements such as tractor and
ploughs contributed 25.0% to the total, labour wages from sowing to harvesting
contributed 44.5% and remaining expenditure was incurred towards purchase of inputs
such as fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 10.6% and 8.9 %, respectively.
Maize:
Cost of cultivation for maize crop ranged between Rs 7920 to Rs 8400. In case of
large farmers the cost of cultivation was relatively lesser compared to small and marginal
farmers. Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 12.1 % to the total
30
cost. Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and inter-
cultivation implements and threshing implements contributed 36.4 %, labour expenses
from sowing to harvesting contributed 26.8% to the total costs. Fertilizers and pesticides
contributed 24.7 % to the total costs.
In case of sorghum red gram inter cropping the cost of cultivation ranged between
Rs 4750 and Rs 4825/ ha. Average cost of cultivation was Rs 4800/ ha. In case castor-
redgram inter cropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs 8625/ ha to Rs 9010 /ha
Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards the total cost of
cultivation was similar to that of maize crop.
Cotton
In case of marginal farmers the cost of cultivation is Rs12525/ ha where as for the
small farmers the cost of cultivation is Rs.13160 /ha and large farmers the costs are
Rs.12850/ha Contribution of pesticides towards the total cost of cultivation varied
between 30-32 %. Seeds contribution to the total cost was less than 7 %. Hiring charges
for the implements contributed 16-18% among various farmers. Fertilizer contribution
18% to the total cost did not vary much with the social strata of the farmers. Labour
wages from sowing to picking of cotton contributed around 26 % of the total costs.
Income
Agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the farmers, especially
small and marginal farmers. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers
belonging to the scheduled tribe community. These farmers are earning between Rs
5000-10000 per annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come
ranging between Rs 8000- Rs12000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle.
Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged between Rs
12000 and above one lakh. 45.55 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs
25000/ annum and 55.45 % of farmers have total in come higher than Rs 25000 per
annum.Farmers are spending 10.9 % to 45 % of their total income on education of their
children. Family expenses ranged between 45 to 80% of the total income. Share of
family expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers.
Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide
dealers for input expenses and the large farmers mostly utilize institutional credit facility.
Farmers in Lattupally village mostly sell their farm produce in the Jadcherla
market yard, which is 38 km away from the village. Farmers of Lattupally village opine
that, even though they understand the importance of ID crops food grain requirements of
the family and fodder requirements of cattle force them to cultivate paddy even in small
areas with the available scanty irrigation water. Cropping systems including commercial
crops like sunflower, groundnut, cotton and maize are highly suitable to the tank
commands.
31
BENCH MARK SURVEY OF INDRAKAL VILLAGE
Social and educational status of the farmers
Indrakal tank command area is 136 acres. Fifty farmers cultivate the entire
command area. Of these farmers 52 percent (26 farmers) are other caste farmers, 21
(42%) farmers belong to backward communities and three farmers belong to Scheduled
castes. Among the farmers of Indrakal village 26 % are illiterates, 12 % have completed
primary education, 40% completed secondary education and 20 % completed high school
education. Graduates constitute 2% of the total farmers.
Land holding particulars
Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 18 %, 30 % of the farmers are small farmers
(1-2.5 ha) and large farmers (>2.5 ha) constitute 52 % of the total farmers of the
command area. Besides the land holding in the command area of the tank all the farmers
own dry land ranging from 0.2 ha to 6ha.
Family and asset particulars
Average family size is 3.94 members of whom men constitute 50.7% and women
constitute 49.3%. All the farmers in the command area own a house. 44% of large
farmers own cattle shed and machinery sheds. In the entire command area 12 bore wells
and 5 open wells are present. All the open wells have dried up. All the bore wells are in
working condition but the well yield depend on the season and availability of water in the
tank.
Four farmers (8%) own tractors and 17 farmers own pump sets (34%). All the
farmers own small agricultural implements like Sickles, spades, crowbars, axes and
levelers. (66 %)of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 24 farmers own iron ploughs.
Bullock carts are owned by 16 farmers (32%). 82% of the total farmers have guntakas
and 66% of the farmers (33 farmers) own gorru.
Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the Indrakal tank command farmers
S.No Parameter Indrakal
1 Educational status Illiterates - 26% Primary education - 12%
Secondary education - 40% High school - 20%
Graduates -2%
Social status Other Castes – 52% BCs – 42%
SCs - 6%
Land holdings Marginal farmers-18% Small farmers - 30%
Large farmers - 52%
Buildings Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 44%
Bore wells - 24% Open wells - 10%
Agricultural Tractors -8% Pump-sets – 34%
32
machinery
Wooden ploughs-66% Iron Ploughs-24%
Bullock carts-32% Guntukas-82%
Gorru-66% Sprayer 96 %
Livestock Buffloes-88% Cows-34%
Draft animals-80% Sheep-22%
Live stock
88 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 34 % farmers (17) have their own cows.
40 farmers (80%) have their own draft animals. 18% of the farmers have calves and 22%
of farmers have sheep.
Cropping pattern
Popular cropping systems that are practiced in the command area are rice based
cropping systems. Rice- fallow, rice-rice cropping systems are the commonly practiced
cropping systems. Farmers cultivate ID crops in their dry lands and keep the lands under
the tanks for paddy cultivation. 30 farmers (72.2 %) cultivate paddy or keep their lands
for paddy during the kharif season. 30 % farmers cultivate paddy during the rabi season
also even in small patches. These farmers own either bore wells or open wells. Only 4
farmers cultivate paddy during the summer season.
Costs of production
Paddy:
The total cost of cultivation did not vary much with the social status of the farmer.
Cost of cultivation varied from Rs 13538 to Rs 15463 for paddy. Seeds contributed
12.9% to the total cost of cultivation. Where as hiring the implements such as tractor and
ploughs contributed 26% to the total, labour wages from sowing to harvesting contributed
35.7% and remaining expenditure was incurred towards purchase of inputs such as
fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 14.5% and 10.9 %, respectively.
Maize:
Cost of cultivation for maize crop ranged between Rs 6564 to Rs 7250. In case of
large farmers the cost of cultivation was relatively higher compared to small and
marginal farmers. Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 11.5 % to
the total cost. Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and
inter-cultivation implements and threshing implements contributed 33.3 %, labour
expenses from sowing to harvesting contributed 31.8% to the total costs. Fertilizers and
pesticides contributed 23.4 % to the total costs.
In case castor- redgram intercropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs
6175 to Rs7275 /ha. Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards the
total cost of cultivation was similar to that of maize crop.
33
Costs of production of important crops (Indrakal village)
Crops Marginal (<1
ha)
Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha)
Average
Costs Returns Costs Returns Costs Returns Costs Returns
Rice 13538 29750 14213 29590 15463 30605 14405 29982
Maize +
red gram
6564 18750 6780 1960 7250 20825 6865 19725
Castor +
red gram
6175 11360 6625 12060 7275 12800 6692 12073
Cotton 9525 28125 10500 29250 11725 30150 10583 29175
Cotton:
In case of cotton crop, differences in cost of cultivation were much wider among
the small, marginal farmers and large farmers. In case of small farmers the cost of
cultivation is Rs10500/ ha. Indiscriminate application of pesticides is much wide spread
among the large farmers compared to the small and marginal farmers. Contribution of
pesticides towards the total cost of cultivation varied between 33 % & 36 % for the large
farmers where as for the small farmers these costs contributed 25 to 32%. Seeds
contribution to the total cost was 15 %. Hiring charges for the implements contributed
16-18% among various farmers. Fertilizer contribution 13% to the total cost did not vary
much with the social strata of the farmers. Labour wages from sowing to picking of
cotton contributed around 20 % of the total costs.
Income
Income from the agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the
farmers, especially small and marginal farmers. Some Marginal farmers (40%) work as
farm labour or construction workers when there is no enough work to meet the family
expenses. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers belonging to the
scheduled castes community. These farmers are earning between Rs 6000-12000 per
annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come ranging between Rs
10000- Rs16000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle. But farmers are forced to sell
away their cattle due to lack of sufficient fodder especially during the summer season.
Few farmers of the command area act as small time contractors during lean season.
Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged between Rs
10000 and above one lakh. 14 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs 30,000/
annum and 86 % of farmers have total in come higher than Rs 25000 per annum.
Farmers are spending6% to35 % their total income on education of their children.
Family expenses ranged between 30% & 75% of the total income. Share of family
expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers. Where as the expenditure
towards other expenses and farm development is higher in case of large farmers.
34
Availability of institutional credit facility is mostly restricted to the large farmers.
Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide dealers
for input expenses.
Farmers in Indrakal village mostly sell their farm produce in the Nagarkurnool
market yard, which is 10 km away from the village.
In the opinion of farmers existing rice based cropping systems are gradually
becoming non-remunerative due to insufficient rainfall, frequent breaks in the monsoon,
tanks not receiving water to provide supplementary irrigations. But cultivating the paddy
crop will provide food grains for family consumption as well fodder to the animals..
Commercial crops based cropping systems can be practiced in the tank commands
instead wasting received rainfall. Cotton, maize appear suitable alternative to the paddy
BENCH MARK SURVEY OF MADDIGATLA VILLAGE
Social and educational status of the farmers
Maddigatla tank command area is 332 acres. Seventy-three farmers cultivate the
entire command area. Of these 73 farmers 72.6 percent (53 farmers) are other caste
famers, 14 (19.2%) farmers belong to backward communities and 6 (8.2 %) farmers
belong to Scheduled tribes. Among the farmers of Maddigatla village 21.9 % are
illiterates, 20.5 % have completed primary education, 15.1% completed secondary,
42.5% completed high school education.
Land holding particulars
Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 43.8 %, 39.7% of the farmers are small
farmers (1-2.5 ha) and large farmers ( >2.5 ha) constitute 16.5 % of the total farmers of
the command area.
Family particulars
Average family size is 4 members of whom men constitute 50.1% and women
constitute 49.9%. All the farmers in the command area own a house. In the entire
command area twenty-five bore wells and ten open wells are present. All the open wells
have dried up. All the bore wells are in working condition but the well yield depend on
the season and availability of water in the tank.
28 farmers own pump sets (38.3). All the farmers own small agricultural
implements like Sickles, spades, crowbars, axes and levelers..58.9 % of the farmers own
wooden ploughs. 45 farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by 30 farmers
(41%). 64.4% of the total farmers own guntakas and 63% of the farmers (46 farmers)
own gorru.. 34 farmers have their own sprayers (46.6%).
35
Live stock
27.41 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 38.4 % farmers (16) have their own
cows. 48 farmers (65.7 %) farmers have their own draft animals. 20% of the farmers
have calves and 20.5% of farmers have sheep.
Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the Maddigatla farmers
S.No Parameter Maddigatla
1 Educational status Illierates - 21.9% Primary education - 20.5%
Secondary education- 15.1% High school - 42.5%
Social status Other Castes – 72.6% BCs – 19.2%
STs - 8.2%
Land holdings Marginal farmers- 43.8% Small farmers - 39.7%
Large farmers - 16.5%
Buildings Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 46.6%
Bore wells -34.2% Open wells - 13.6%
Agricultural
machinery
Tractors -0% Pump-sets –38.3%
Wooden ploughs-58.9% Iron Ploughs-61.6%
Bullock carts-41% Guntukas-64.4%
Gorru-63% Sprayer 46.6 %
Livestock Buffloes-27.4% Cows-21.9%
Draft animals-65.7% Sheep-20.5%
Cropping pattern
Popular cropping systems that are practiced in the command area are rice based
cropping systems. Rice- fallow, rice-rice cropping systems are the commonly practiced
cropping systems. Farmers cultivate ID crops in their dry lands and keep the lands under
the tanks for paddy cultivation. 40 farmers (54.8 %) cultivate paddy or keep their lands
for paddy during the kharif season. 45.2% farmers cultivate ID crops if the rains are
insufficient for cultivation of paddy. 30 % farmers who own bore wells or open wells
cultivate paddy during the rabi season also even in small patches. Only 12 farmers
(16.43 %) cultivate paddy during the summer season.
Costs of production of important crops (Maddigatla village)
Crops Marginal (<1 ha) Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha)
Average
Costs Returns Costs Returns Costs Returns Costs Returns
Rice 13900 29550 14250 30250 14975 31560 14375 30453
Maize +
red gram
6575 18600 6850 18850 7260 19150 6895 18867
Castor +
red gram
6125 11050 6525 11300 7100 11210 6583 11187
36
Paddy:
The total cost of cultivation did not vary much with the social status of the farmer.
Cost of cultivation varied from Rs 13900 to Rs 14975 for paddy. Seeds contributed
12.0% to the total cost of cultivation. Where as hiring the implements such as tractor and
ploughs contributed 16.7% to the total, labour wages from sowing to harvesting
contributed 4.6% and remaining expenditure was incurred towards purchase of inputs
such as fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 14.5% and 10.8 %, respectively.
Maize:
Cost of cultivation for maize crop ranged between Rs 6575to Rs 7260.
Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 12.1 % to the total cost.
Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and intercultivation
implements and threshing implements contributed 34.5 %, labour expenses from sowing
to harvesting contributed 27.6% to the total costs. Fertilizers and pesticides contributed
25.8 % to the total costs.
In case castor- redgram inter cropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs
6125/ ha & Rs 7100 /ha Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards
the total cost of cultivation was similar to that of maize crop.
Income
Agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the farmers, especially
small and marginal farmers. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers
belonging to the scheduled tribe community. These farmers are earning between Rs
4000-9000 per annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come ranging
between Rs2000- Rs8000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle. Total income of the
farmers from all the sources of income ranged between Rs 8000 and above one lakh.
31.55 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs 20000/ annum and 68.45 % of
farmers have total in come higher than Rs 20000 per annum.
Farmers are spending 9 % to 45 % of their total income on education of their
children. Family expenses ranged between 35% & 75% of the total income. Share of
family expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers.
Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide
dealers for input expenses and the large farmers mostly utilize institutional credit facility.
Farmers in Maddigatla village mostly sell their farm produce in the Jadcherla market
yard, which is 25 km away from the village.
Farmers of Maddigatla village opinion that, even though they understand the
importance of ID crops food grain requirements of the family and fodder requirements of
cattle force them to cultivate paddy even in small areas with the available scanty
irrigation water. Cropping systems including commercial crops like maize and castor are
highly suitable to the tank commands.
37
Constraints for crop production in tankfed areas
The misapprehension as well as rational outlook about the various crop
management practices has come to scrutiny during our investigation about farmer‟s
traditional way of cultivation. Farmers were well aware about impact of different
dates of sowing, climatic calamities and land preparation for various crops, but lack
of knowledge on new mode of agriculture such as entrepreneurial farming and
integrated approach for farm problems.
The capital poor farmer with less risk bearing ability is unable to invest money on
modern crop management strategies in general and plant protection in particular.
Due to small land holdings, practices such as such crop rotation, diversification of
crops etc are being unfeasible.
Due to lack of community approach crop protection measures are not long lasting
as the inoculums spread from neighbouring field.
Farm operations are not being carried out in time due to labour shortage.
Lack of own seed for further use and dependence on unauthorised sources for
seed.
Lack of storage facilities.
Higher cost of cultivation due to wastages of inputs.
Mono cropping with over emphasis on rice.
Lack of value addition to products.
Over exploitation of ground water resources.
Inadequate supply of water from tank.
Salinity, alkalinity in the command area.
Water logging in low-lying areas and seepage in below tank area.
Poor water management and very low irrigation efficiency.
Technological Constraints
Seeds from un-authorized sources, untreated with plant protection chemicals
Use seedlings raised in somewhere without knowing even varieties.
Lack of knowledge on chemical weed control
Improper timing and imbalanced fertilizer application
Lack of awareness regarding critical stages of crop growth.
Unawareness about micronutrient deficiencies
Indiscriminate application of pesticides without either knowledge on proper
pesticides or ETL of pests
Excessive use of Pyrethroids / single pesticides
Lack of awareness about bio-fertilizers, bio pesticides and integrated approach for
nutrient, pest and weed management
38
Constraints in Paddy Cultivation
Transplanting of over aged seedlings.
Late Planting
Imbalanced Fertilization
Low Organic manure application.
Zinc Deficiency
High Cost of Cultivation due to wastages of inputs
Improper Water Management
Moisture stress during critical stages
Repeated application of pesticides either Monocrotophos or Quinolphos
Labour intensive manual weeding
Awareness of Farmers
Field preparation requirements for various crops
Seasonal influence on crops and pest occurrence
Awareness about organic matter addition
Timely weeding
Intercropping as insurance against crop failure
Knowledge on varieties especially on leading hybrids of commercial crops
Advantages of intercultural operations
Use of agricultural machinery
39
C) Anantapur district
The bench mark survey conducted to assess the initial status of the farmers in four
tankfed villages of tankfed area under APERP in Anantapur district revealed that 33.3%
to 66% of the farmers are marginal (<1ha), 20%-30% farmers are small (1-2.5ha) and
10% to 42.9% are large (>2.5ha). In educational status 20 to 51 % of the farmers are
illiterates, while, graduates were 1.75 to 2.4% only. Majority of the small and marginal
farmers avail the loan facility from local moneylenders, while, large farmers borrow
loans from commercial banks and co-operative societies etc. When water is available in
the tank or bore wells in tankfed area farmers prefer to cultivate paddy during kharif
season. The farmer opined that providing technical know how through field
demonstrations and trainings largely enhance the productivity of the crops grown by
them.
Benchmark survey is an important tool conducted prior to implementation of the
any project. It reveals the initial status of the farmers. It guides how to plan the project
based on the constraints and how to combat the bottlenecks during project
implementation. Hence the survey was taken up with the objectives of knowing the
constraints of the crop production, social status of the farmers, and economic condition of
the farmers, existing crops and cropping patterns in 4 villages of tankfed irrigation of
Anantapur.
A survey has been conducted prior to implementation of the project entitled
“Agricultural Research, Demonstrations and Training under APERP under Tankfed
irrigated areas in A.P” in four tankfed villages of Anantapur district viz., Pamurai,
Pullalarevu, Rangampeta and Madigubba tank aycut. In Pamurai tank out of 80 farmers 65
members were surveyed, in Pullalarevu tank 45 members were surveyed out of 50 members,
where as in Rangampeta and Madigubba 30 and 50 farmers were surveyed out of 50 and
120 farmers respectively. Data was collected on educational status (i.e., primary, secondary,
high school, college), social status (open category, back ward cast and schedule cast and
tribe), landing holdings (i.e, marginal (<1ha) small (1-2.5ha) and big farmers (>2.5 ha),
fixed assets owned by the farmers, live stock status of the farmers. In addition to this data on
crops and cropping pattern which they were practicing, cost of cultivation and net returns of
the crops, annual income of the farmers, availability of the credit to the farmers, marketing
facility and opinion of the farmers on existing cropping systems were collected from the
farmers.
a) Social and educational status of the farmers
The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 1. Pamurai
tank command area is 90 acres, which is being cultivated by 80 farmers. Out of 65
farmers surveyed, 69% are other caste farmers, 28% farmers belong to backward
community and 3.0% belong to schedule tribe community. Among these 62% are
illiterates, 14% have completed primary education, 21% have completed secondary
education. 12.3% have completed high school education and 1.75% has graduate level
education.
Pullalarevu tank command area is 130 acres, which is being cultivated by 50
farmers. Out of 50 farmers surveyed, 76.2% are other caste farmers and 23.8% farmers
belong to backward community. Among the farmers 42.9% are illiterates, 33.3% have
40
completed primary education, 7.1% have completed secondary education. 9.5% have
completed high school education and 2.4% have graduate level education
Rangampeta tank command area is 90 acres, which is being cultivated by 50
farmers. Survey covered for socio-economic status of the farmers in command area is 30
farmers. Of these, 33.3% farmers are other caste farmers. 50% farmers belong to
backward communities and 16.6% farmers are scheduled castes. Among the farmers of
Rangampeta village 60% have primary education, 20% are illiterates, and 20% farmers
have secondary school education.
Madigubba tank command area is 350 acres, which is being cultivated by 120
farmers. Survey covered for socio-economic status of the farmers in command area is 50
farmers. Of these, 60% farmers are other caste farmers, 30% farmers belong to backward
communities and 10% farmers are scheduled castes. Among the farmers of Madigubba
village 58% have primary education, 30% farmers are illiterates and 12% have secondary
school education.
Educational and Social status of the farmers of the of four tankfed villages
Parameter Items Pamurai Pullalarevu Rangampeta
Madigubba
(%)
Social
status
Other castes 69 76.2 33.3 36
BCs 28 23.8 50 40
SCs 3 --- 16.6 24
Educational
status
Illiterates 51 42.9 20 30
Primary
education
14 33.3 60 58
Secondary
education
21 7.1 20 12
High school 12.3 9.5 ---- ----
Graduates 1.75 2.4 ---- ----
b. Land holding and family particulars:
The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 2. Among
the farmers of Pamurai, marginal farmers (< 1 ha) constitute 46.6%, 29.8% of the farmers
are small (1 – 2.5 ha) and 22.8% of the farmers are big (> 2.5 ha). Besides the land
holding in the tank command area, farmers have own dry lands. Average family size is
4.8 members. Among them men constitute 57% and women constitute 43%. Among the
farmers of Pullalarevu, marginal farmers constitute 33.3%, 23.8% of the farmers are
small and 42.9% of the farmers are big. Besides the land holding in the tank command
area, farmers have own dry lands. Average family size is 4.3 members. Among them
men constitute 54% and women constitute 46%.
Among the farmers of Rangampeta, marginal farmers constitute 66.6%, 20% of
the farmers are small and big farmers constitute 13.3% of the total farmers of the
41
command area surveyed. Average family size is 3.5 members of whom men constitute
52% and women constitute 48%. Among the farmers of Madigubba, marginal farmers
constitute 60%, 30% of the farmers are small and big farmers constitute 10% of the total
farmers of the command area surveyed. Average family size is 4 members of whom men
constitute 53.7% and women constitute 46.3%.
Land holdings particulars of the farmers of the of four tankfed villages of
Anantapur district
S.No. Items Pamurai Pullalarevu
Rangampeta
Madigubba
% of farmers
1. Marginal farmers 47 33.3 66.6 60
2. Small farmers 30 23.8 20 30
3. Big farmers 23 42.9 13.3 10
c. Status of the fixed assets
The details of the assets owned by farmers of four villages are presented. All the
farmers surveyed in the tank command area of Pamurai have own houses. Among the
ayacut farmers, 38.6% have own cattle sheds, 29.8% of the farmers own bore wells in the
tank ayacut. Only one farmer has opened well in the ayacut area. All the bore wells are
in working condition. All the farmers in the command area of Pullalarevu have own
buildings. Among the ayacut farmers, 59.5% have own cattle sheds, 45.2% of the
farmers have own borewells in the tank aycut. Only one farmer has opened well in the
aycut area. 50% of the borewells are in working condition.21.4% of the farmers has
farmhouses and 4.8% of them have machinery sheds.
All the farmers surveyed in the tank command area of Rangampeta have own
houses. In entire command area 20 bore wells and 5 open wells are present. All the bore
wells are in working condition but the open well yield depends on the season and
availability of water in the tank. All the farmers in the command area of Madigubba have
own houses. In entire command area 35 bore wells and 15 open wells are present. All
the bore wells are in working condition but the open well yield depends on the season and
availability of water in the tank
Fixed assets of the farmers of the of four tankfed villages
Items Pamurai Pullalarevu Rangampeta
Madigubba
% of farmers
Own house 100 100 100 100
Cattle sheds 39 60 62 60
Bore wells 30 45 67 60
Open wells 2 5 10 10
42
d. Agricultural machinery and livestock status of the farmers
The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 4. Almost
all the farmers in the all the tank command area of Pamurai, Pullalarevu, Rangampeta and
Madigubba own small agricultural implements like sickles, spades, crow bars and axes.
In Pamurai tank aycut, 30% of the farmers have own pump sets, 57.9% of the farmers
have wooden ploughs. Only 3.5% of the farmers have iron ploughs, bullock carts are
owned by 28.1% of the farmers, 70.2% of the farmers have blade harrows, 54.4% of the
farmers have bullock drawn seed drills, 14% of the farmers own sprayers and 5.3% of the
farmers have levelers. Among the livestock, 42.1% of the farmers have buffaloes and
10.5% farmers have cows. 36.8% of the farmers have their own bullocks, 12.3% farmers
have sheep and 15.8% have poultry. In Pullalarevu tank aycut area, 9.5% of the farmers
have tractors, 42.9% of the farmers have own pump sets, and 61.9% of the farmers have
wooden ploughs. Only 14.3% of the farmers have iron ploughs, bullock carts are owned
by 64.3% of the farmers, 90.5% of the farmers have blade harrows, 80.9% of the farmers
have bullock drawn seed drills, and 38.1% of the farmers have sprayers and 4.8% of the
farmers have levelers.
In Rangampeta tank aycut area, 66.6% of the farmers own wooden ploughs.
16.6% of the farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by 22 farmers 60% of
the total farmers own blade harrows and 73.3% of the farmers own bullock drawn seed
drills. 30% farmers have their own sprayers. 73.3% of the farmers have buffaloes and
26.6% farmers have their own cows. 73.3% farmers have their own draft animals. 30%
of farmers have sheep. In Madigubba tank aycut area, 64% of the farmers own wooden
ploughs. 24% of the farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by (76%) of the
farmers. 84% of the total farmers own blade harrows and 80% of the farmers own
bullock drawn seed drills. 40% farmers have their own sprayers. 84% of the farmers
have buffaloes and 12% farmers have their own cows. 42% of the farmers have their
own draft animals. 16% of farmers have sheep.
Agricultural machinery and livestock status of the farmers
Parameter Items Pamurai Pullalarevu Rangampeta
Madigubba
% of farmers
Agricultural
machinery
Tractors --- 9.5 6.6 20
Pumpsets 30 42.9 66.6 66.6
Wooden
ploughs
58 61.9 66.6 64.6
Iron ploughs 3.5 14.3 16.6 24.6
Bullock carts 28 64.3 60 70
Guntaka 70 90.5 60 84
Gorru 54.4 80.9 73.3 80
Sprayer 14 38.1 40 40
Levelers 5.3 4.8 73.3 84
Livestock Buffaloes 42 52.4 26.6 12
Cows 1.5 21.4 73.3 42
Draft animals 37 62 30 16
Sheep 12.3 --- --- ---
43
Cropping pattern
Rice based cropping system is practiced in all the four tank command areas of
Anantapur district. If tanks filled during August – September, fallow – rice – fallow is
followed. Rice-rice-fallow under borewells in tank ayacut is the commonly practiced
cropping system. Farmers in the district have drylands in which groundnut is the
predominant under rainfed situation. Especially in tank ayacut farmers go for paddy if
tanks are filled. Even under borewells in tank command area, farmers grow paddy in
both the seasons and keep the land fallow during summer.
Cost of cultivation and net returns
a. Paddy
The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 5. The cost
of cultivation for paddy did not vary much among the farmers (i.e., marginal, small and
large farmers) of tank command area. Cost of cultivation for paddy ranged between Rs.
5705/- to Rs. 8280/- in case of marginal farmers, Rs. 5300/- to Rs. 8065/-, in case of
small farmers and Rs. 5700/- to Rs. 7710/- in case of big farmers. Net returns in paddy
ranged between Rs. 10855/- to Rs. 16860/- acre in case of marginal farmers, Rs. 9735/- to
Rs. 14870/- and Rs. 9955/- to Rs. 16005/- in case of small and big farmers respectively.
b. Groundnut
The cost of cultivation for groundnut did not vary much among different
categories of the farmers. It is ranged between Rs. 3675/- to Rs. 4995/- with average net
returns of Rs. 7860/- in case of marginal farmers; Rs. 3465/- to Rs.5350/- with an average
net returns of Rs. 5343/- in case of small farmers and Rs. 3628/- to Rs. 6040/- with an
average net returns of Rs. 7855/- in case of large farmers. These costs and net returns of
groundnut are under rainfed conditions. It is purely depends on rainfall of particular year.
c. Sunflower
The cost of cultivation for sunflower ranged between Rs. 4300/- to Rs. 5875/-
with average net returns of Rs. 7863/acre.
Cost of cultivation and net returns of the different crops under tankfed area of
Anantapur district
Crop Marginal farmers Small farmers Big farmers
Cost of
cultivation
(Rs./acre)
Net returns
(Rs./acre)
Cost of
cultivation
(Rs./acre)
Net returns
(Rs./acre)
Cost of
cultivation
(Rs./acre)
Net
returns
(Rs./acre)
Paddy 5705-8280 10855-16860 5300-8065 9735-14870 5700-7710 9955-
16005
Groundnut 3675-4995 7860 3465-5350 5343 3628-6040 7855
Sunflower Cost of cultivation (Rs./acre) Net returns (Rs./acre)
4300-5875 7863
44
Annual income and credit facility
Income from agriculture and livestock is main source of livelihood to the farmers
of all the 4 villages. Some of the farmers work as agriculture labour and other contract
works during lean season to meet the family expenses. Some of the farmers in the tank
aycut are working as contract labour in nearby factories during lean season and also have
small business shop in the near by town.
Annual income of the farmer from all sources ranged between Rs. 21740/- to
Rs.264597/- at Pamurai tank aycut. Annual income of the farmer from all sources ranged
between Rs. 34654/- to Rs. 35240/- at Pullalarevu tank aycut. Total income of the
farmers from all the sources ranged from Rs. 15000/- to Rs. 75000/- per annum at
Rangampeta tank aycut. Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income
ranged from Rs. 10000/- to Rs. 80000/- per annum at Madigubba tank aycut.
Availability of credit facility from Co-Operative and commercial banks is mostly
to large farmers. Small and marginal farmers have credit from local moneylenders. Some
farmers have credit facility from more than two sources i.e., commercial banks, local
moneylenders, pesticide dealers and Co-Operative societies. Similar trend of credit
facility is being noticed in the rest of the 3 villages.
Opinion of the farmers
Farmers are of the opinion that the existing cropping pattern is not remunerative
as soils in the tank aycut are alkaline in nature. Further, in spite of this, they are
cultivating paddy crop since it is a staple food and also giving fodder to their livestock.
From the benchmark survey conducted in 4 villages, the results indicated that
tanks are get filled occasionally and the rest of the time land is kept fallow. Paddy is
predominant crop under tankfed and bore wells in tank aycut area. Smallholdings are
main problem in tank command area. Majority of the farmers still depends on
moneylenders for the finance both for agricultural and family expenses. Hence, the
experiments and demonstrations are planned to solve these problems.
General characteristics of soils under tank command areas
Alkaline nature of the soils
Severe Zn deficiency
Shallow depth of the soil with poor fertility status
Soil depth is up to 20-25 cm in light black soils
In clay loam and sandy loam soils up to 45 cm soil depth.
In top layers (0 – 15 cm) 8.2 – 10.0 pH
Lower layers 8.1 – 9.9 pH
EC top layers 0.103 to 1.791 dSm-1
Lower layer EC 0.142 to 1.256 dSm-1
Soils are low in nitrogen (88 – 239 kg/ha available nitrogen)
The available phosphorus and potassium are medium to high
45
Physicochemical characteristics of soils of tankfed villages
i) Pamurai tank
Characters Depth (cm)
0 – 15 15 – 30
Range Mean Range Mean
PH 8.1 – 9.6 8.7 8.2 – 10.1 8.9
EC (dSm-1
) 0.235 – 2.41 0.900 0.234 – 2.42 1.02
Available nitrogen (kg/ha) 110 – 169 136 73 – 218 130
P2O5 (kg/ha) 10 – 96 25 10 – 83 26
K2O (kg/ha) 122 – 592 289 141- 567 268
At Pamurai, soils are light black in colour and PH ranged between 8.1-9.6 in surface
soil and 8.2 – 10.1in subsurface and EC ranged between 0.235 – 2.41 in surface soil and
0.234 – 2.42 in sub surface soil which falls under category of alkaline soils based on EC
and PH classification. Available nitrogen is low in both the layer of the soil. Whereas,
available P and K are medium to high in both surface and sub surface layers.
ii) Rangampeta tank
Characters Depth (cm)
0 – 15 15 – 30
Range Mean Range Mean
PH 8.2 – 9.9 8.9 8.1 – 9.9 9.1
EC (dSm-1
) 0.103 – 1.791 0.624 0.118-1.256 0.609
P2O5 (kg/ha) 3.3 – 48.8 12.0 3.3 – 48.8 11.8
K2O (kg/ha) 58 – 618 309 37 – 593 260
At Rangampeta, soils are shallow in depth, light black sandy soils. PH and EC ranged
between 8.2 & 9.9 and 0.103 & 1.791 in surface layer and 8.1 – 9.9 and 0.118 – 1.256 in
sub surface layer respectively.
46
iii) Pullalarevu and Madigubba tanks
Characters Depth (cm)
0 – 15 15 – 30
Range Range
Pullalarevu tank
PH 7.92 – 8.8 8.0 – 9.0
EC (dSm-1
) 0.169 – 0.744 0.186-0.708
Madigubba tank
PH 7.6 – 8.5 7.8 – 8.9
EC (dSm-1
) 0.176 – 0.680 0.190-0.720
In Pullalarevu tank, pH of the soils ranged between 7.9 & 8.8 at surface level (0 –
15 cm), where as in sub surface level (15 – 30 cm) it ranged between 8.0 & 9.0.
Electrical conductivity of the soils at surface level ranged between 0.169 & 0.744,
whereas at sub surface level it ranged between 0.186 & 0.708.
In Madigubba tank, pH of the soil samples ranged between 7.6 & 8.5 at surface
level whereas in sub surface level samples it ranged between 7.8 & 8.9. In case of
electrical conductivity of the soils at surface level ranged between 0.176 to 0.680, where
as at sub surface level it ranged between 0.190 & 0.720.
47
D) KADAPA
Benchmark survey of selected villages of kadapa
Two tanks were selected under APERP at Thippanapalli of Badvel Mandal and
Gangaperuru of Vontimitta Mandal. Benchmark survey was conducted and data was
collected according to the proforma of Benchmark survey of tank fed areas to suggest
better alternative crop strategies.
Thippanapalli
Mandal : Badvel
Location : Westren side of Badvel to
Cuddapah main Road
Geographical Area : 613 hectares
Gross cropped area : 355 ha
Net sown area : 237 ha
Small farmers : 148 (185ha)
Marginal farmers : 119 (52ha)
Soils : Red clay loams
Gangaperuru
Mandal : Vontimitta
Location : 3kms away from penna river
Geographical Area : 720.26hectares
Gross cropped area : 565.4ha
Net sown area : 409.4ha
Small farmers : 60 (168.4ha)
Marginal farmers : 307 (484ha)
Others : 6 (50ha)
Soils : Red clay loams
Tank particulars: Two tanks were selected at Thippanapalli and Gangaperuru of Badvel
and Vontimitta Mandals respectively. Data pertaining to the tanks were furnished here
under.
1. THIPPANAPALLI TANK: Area of tank : 91.25 acres
History of the tank : From 1990- 3 times-Full
4 times-1/3rd
filled
6 times-half filled
Source of filling : Rain water
No.of times filled : Only 75% filled during the year
Ayyucut area : 40.6 acres
48
Crops grown in tank : Rice, Sesamum, cotton
Soils of tank command area : Red and Red clay loam
Soil PH : 7.7 – 8.3
EC : 0.35-0.90 m. mhos/cm
Organic carbon : Low
Available P : Low
Available K : High
2. GANGAPERUR TANK
Area of tank : 116.5 acres
History of the tank : From 1990- only 4 times filled
Source of filling : Rain water
No. of times filled : Only 20% filled during the year
Ayyucut area : 95 acres
Crops grown in tank : Rice, Cucumber, Sesamum
Soils of tank command area : sandy clay loams
Soil PH : 7.9-8.1
EC : 0.32-0.57 m. mhos/cm
Organic carbon : Low
Available P : Low
Available K : High
Irrigation facilities:
Source of irrigation is mainly through bore wells; tanks and tanks supported with
bore wells. At Gangaperuru, twenty-five bore wells were noticed in tank ayacut covering
an area of 93.5acres and at Thippanapalli nine bore wells were identified covering an area
of 25.5acres.
Soil Problems:
A total of 48 soil samples from the two tank fed areas were analyzed at Soil
testing laboratory, Kadapa. Soil analysis data indicates that the soils are red and red sandy
clay loams, Soil PH ranges from 7.7-8.3. Soils are slightly saline in nature. Soils of the
tank fed areas were low in organic carbon content, available P and high in available K.
Use of organic manures:
Very few farmers are applying the organic manures like FYM, Compost etc. But
most of the farmers were aware of the use of concentrated organic manures like Castor
and Neem cakes. Even though the soils were poor in organic carbon content. So there is a
need to encourage the farmers to raise the green manure and green leaf manure crops in
tank fed areas.
49
Land holdings: The farmers of the both the villages are small and marginal. The details
of the no.of small and marginal farmers and the extent of land holding particulars are
furnished here under.
THIPPANAPALLI:
Sl.No. Farm holdings Number of farmers Extent of holding in
hectares
1 Small farmers 148 185
2 Marginal 119 52
Total 237
GANGAPERURU:
Sl.No. Farm holdings Number of farmers Extent of holding in
hectares
1 Small farmers 60 168.4
2 Marginal 307 484.0
3 Others 6 50.0
Total 702.4
Household’s particulars: Most of the farmers of two villages are small and marginal.
The farmers are mostly illiterate and their main occupation is agriculture.
Agricultural Machinery: Most of the farmers are using traditional implements. In two
villages one or two farmershaving the tractor and tractor drawn implements. Few farmers
have bullock carts and implements like country plough, Gorru, Guntaka and puddlers.
Awareness of the farmers towards crop threshers and their use is poor. Farmers wise farm
inventory particulars are listed in the table.
Live stocks: In both the villages most of the farmers are rearing the live stock animals
like buffaloes, sheep and few farmers are having cows, bullocks and bullock carts. Most
of the farmers are depending on the tractor and tractor drawn implements for cultivation
of crops. Farmer wise live stock list was enclosed at the end in summary table of
Benchmark survey.
Cost of cultivation: Most of the farmers are applying concentrated organic manures like
castor cake, Neemcake etc. at the time of transplanting instead of applying recommended
dose of fertilizers. As a result the cost of cultivation of rice increases at Rs.1500-
2000/acre. In addition to that farmers of both villages were spending more amount
towards purchase of seeds and fertilizers through the application of higher doses instead
of recommended dose.
50
Annual income and expenditure of the household: Farmers of the both the villages are
incurring the income from agriculture, dairy and other sources. Most of the farmers in
both the villages spend their total annual income on agriculture and children‟s education.
Credit facilities: In both the villages farmers are using Credit facilities like crop loans
from Rayalseema Grameena bank and also getting from local moneylenders, fertilizers,
seed & pesticides traders and middlemen.
Marketing facilities: Farmers in both the villages are mostly small and marginal and sale
their produce to the local middlemen. Only few farmers are selling their produce in the
market yards.
Village problems: In both the villages cattle‟s trespassing in field crops is a major problem.
Some other problems encountered by the farmers are Power shortage, high interest rates
from local moneylenders, non-availability of specific pesticides, fungicides and herbicides
to the crops. Marketing and transport facilities are very limited
Resource Characterasation Of Tankfed In Kadapa Distrist Under Aperp
The geographical distribution of Kadapa district 15,35,900 ha. Kadapa distrist can
divided three divisions Kadapa ,Rajampet and Jamalamadugu .The tanks divided based
on the area the tanks are large, (>100acre) small (<100 acre) under control of irrigation
department. The minor tanks are under the control of Panchayatraj department. The large
tanks are distributed in three divisions Kadapa (55 no), Rajampet (139 no) and
Jammalamadugu.(65 no).The small tanks are Kadapa (984 no) ,Rajampet (1340 no) and
Jammalamadugu.(95 no) respectively.
51
Chapter-III
Objective wise Workdone
52
Objective wise workdone
I) MEDAK
a) (2003-04)
Objective Work done
1 Demonstration / evaluation of crops and
crop sequences
Introduced Maize and Soybean during
Kharif.
Introduced Castor and Bengalgram
during Rabi.
2 Improved water management techniques to
crop or situation
Alternate wetting and drying in
transplanted paddy.
3 Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Dry seeding of Rice under limited
water availability was introduced.
4 To explore the potentiality of conjunctive
use of surface and ground water.
Since the tanks were not filled during
the study period, in order to utilize
rainfall and ground water efficiently,
crops like castor and bengalgram were
introduced during rabi.
5 Improved on-farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements, cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures
Formation of Alleyways, herbicide
application, clipping of leaf tips before
transplanting in paddy. Integrated Pest
Management in cotton, Balanced
fertilization in Maize and paddy.
Production technologies in castor and
bengalgram.
6 Multidisciplinary training programs Farmers training programs were
conducted with multi disciplinary
scientists, Department of Agriculture,
Horticulture, Sericulture, Animal
Husbandry specialists.
Training programs were conducted on
tankfed situation in the district and
production technology of castor and
bengalgram.
53
b) 2004-05
Objective Work done
1 Demonstration / evaluation of crops and crop
sequences
Introduced Maize, Soybean,
Genetically Modified Cotton,
Desi Cotton during Kharif.
Introduced Sunflower, Castor,
Bengalgram, Groundnut,
Coriander and Redgram during
Rabi.
2 Improved water management techniques to crop or
situation
Alternate wetting and drying in
transplanted paddy.
3 Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and returns
Dry seeding of Rice under limited
water availability was introduced.
4 To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of
surface and ground water.
Since the tanks were not filled
during the study period, in order
to utilize rainfall and ground
water efficiently, crops like
castor, bengalgram, sunflower,
groundnut redgram, and coriander
were introduced during rabi.
5 Improved on-farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of appropriate
farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest control
and other measures
Formation of Alleyways,
herbicide application, clipping of
leaf tips before transplanting in
paddy.
Integrated Pest Management in
cotton, Bengalgram, and
Groundnut, balanced fertilization
in groundnut etc.
6 Multidisciplinary training programs Farmers training programs were
conducted with multi disciplinary
scientists, Department of
Agriculture, Horticulture,
Sericulture, Animal Husbandry
specialists.
Training programs were
conducted on IPM, Production
technology of Bengalgram,
Groundnut etc.
54
c) 2005-06
Objective Work done
1 Demonstration / evaluation of crops and crop
sequences
Introduced Maize, Genetically
Modified Cotton during Kharif.
Introduced Sunflower, Castor,
Bengalgram, Groundnut, Coriander,
Safflower and Vegetables during Rabi.
2 Improved water management techniques to
crop or situation
Alternate wetting and drying in
transplanted paddy.
3 Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Dry seeding of Rice under limited
water availability was introduced.
Inter cropping studies done Maize with
Redgram, Cowpea and Beans.
4 To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use
of surface and ground water.
In order to utilize rainfall and ground
water efficiently, crops like castor,
bengalgram, sunflower, groundnut,
coriander and vegetables were
introduced during rabi.
5 Improved on-farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements, cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures
Formation of Alleyways, herbicide
application, planting 1-3 seedlings/hill,
clipping of leaf tips, before
transplanting in paddy.
Integrated Pest Management in cotton,
Production technologies in
Bengalgram, and Groundnut, balanced
fertilization in groundnut etc.
6 Multidisciplinary training programs Training programs were conducted on
IPM, Production technology of
Sunflower, Bengalgram and
Groundnut.
55
II) Mahaboobnagar
a) 2003-04
Sl.No Objective Work done
1 Demonstration / Evaluation of crops
and crop sequences
Paddy and Irrigated dry crop based
cropping systems- maize, cotton, castor
were taken up during kharif season and
sunflower, vegetables were taken up during
rabi season.
2 Improved water management
techniques to crop or situation
Rotational irrigation system in paddy,
Direct seeding in paddy
3 Optimal crop planning under limited
water availability to maximize
production and returns
Introduced maize, cotton, castor in kharif
season and sunflower, vegetables, fodder
Jowar during rabi season in place of paddy.
4 To explore the potentiality of
conjunctive use of surface and
ground water
Cotton and Maize crops were taken with
rainfall and supplemental irrigation was
provided through wells.
5 Improved on farm agronomic
practices and production parameters
including use of appropriate farm
implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest
control and other measures
Integrated Weed Management in Paddy
Integrated Nutrient Management in paddy
6 Multidisciplinary training programs Training programmes were conducted on
Production technology of Irrigated dry
crops, crop protection in different kharif
crops, suitability of ID crops for rabi,
irrigation management in ID crops, crop
protection in rabi crops and vegetable and
fodder crop production
7 Other activities Bench mark survey of the Vattem and
Lattupally villages to study
1.Socio-economic conditions in the
villages
2.Soil and water sample collection and
analysis of the command area samples.
3.Resource characterization of the
district
4. Reasons for low inflows in to the
tanks
56
b) 2004-05
Sl.No Objective Work done 1 Demonstration / Evaluation of crops and crop
sequences
Irrigated dry crop based system-
maize, cotton and castor were taken
up during kharif season and
sunflower and vegetables were taken
up during rabi season.
2 Improved water management techniques to
crop or situation
Critical stage irrigation approach
was followed in maize and castor
crops
3 Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Introduced maize, cotton, castor in
kharif season and sunflower,
vegetables, fodder Jowar during rabi
season in place of paddy.
4 To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use
of surface and ground water
Cotton and Maize crops were taken
up with as rainfed crops and
supplemental irrigations were
provided through borewells.
5 Improved on farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements, cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures
Integrated Pest Management in
cotton
Intercropping studies in maize and
castor crops.
6 Multidisciplinary training programs Training programmes were
conducted on Production technology
of Irrigated dry crops, crop
protection in different kharif crops,
suitability of ID crops for rabi,
irrigation management in ID crops,
crop protection in rabi crops and
vegetable and fodder crop
production
Two television programmes were
recorded in the project villages
(Vattem and Indrakal)
One AIR programme, Field day,
press meet & exposure visit
7 Other activities Bench mark survey of the Vattem
and Lattupally villages to study
Socio-economic conditions in the
village, Soil and water sample
collection and analysis of the
command area samples, resource
characterization of the district and
reasons for low inflows in to the
tanks
57
c) 2005-06
Sl.
No
Objective Work done
1 Demonstration / Evaluation of crops and
crop sequences
Irrigated dry crop based system- maize, cotton
and castor were taken up during kharif season
and sunflower and vegetables were taken up
during rabi season.
2 Improved water management techniques to
crop or situation
Critical stage irrigation approach was followed
in maize and castor crops
3 Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Introduced maize, cotton, castor in kharif
season and sunflower, vegetables, fodder Jowar
during rabi season in place of paddy.
4 To explore the potentiality of conjunctive
use of surface and ground water
Cotton and Maize crops were taken with
rainfall and supplemental irrigation was
provided through wells.
5 Improved on farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements, cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures
Intercropping studies in maize (2:1) and castor
(4:1) crops with redgram as intercrop.
6 Multidisciplinary training programs Training programmes were conducted on
Production technology of Irrigated dry crops,
crop protection in different kharif crops,
suitability of ID crops for rabi, irrigation
management in ID crops, crop protection in rabi
crops and vegetable and fodder crop production
58
III) ANANTHAPUR
a) 2003-04
S. No. Objective Work done
1. Demonstrations/evaluation of crops and
crop sequences
Sunhemp and diancha were introduced as
preceding crops to paddy.
2. Improved water management techniques
to crop or situation
Critical irrigation approach was adopted
for hybrid jowar which sown during early
kharif.
3. Optimal crop planning under limited
water availability to maximize production
and returns
Seed sorghum and fodder joawar were
introduced during early kharif. During late
kharif and rabi sunflower were introduced
in the tank command areas of Anantapur.
4. To explore the potentiality of conjugative
use of surface and ground water
In order to utilize rainfall and ground water
efficiently sorghum/sunflower followed by
paddy sequence was introduced
5. Improved on-farm agronomic practices
and production parameters including use
of appropriate farm implements, cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures
Sorghum : NTJ – 2, Haritha hybrid, M35 –
1 were introduced
Sunflower : Siri, and Arunodaya
Paddy : Application of gypsum and ZnSO4
for soil amelioration
6. Multidisciplinary training programmes Training programmes to line departments,
Rythu mitra groups and extensional
personnels on different aspects
Training programmes to farmers on SRI
cultivation practice.
7. Other activities Bench mark survey of the Pamurai and
Rangampeta villages to study
Socio economic condition in the
village
Resource characterization of the
district
Constrains identified for low
inflows and low productivity
59
b) 2004-05
S. No. Objective Work done
1. Demonstrations/evaluation of crops and
crop sequences
Sunhemp and greengram were
introduced as preceding crops to
paddy.
2. Improved water management techniques to
crop or situation
Critical irrigation approach was
adopted for hybrid jowar which sown
during early kharif. A survey has been
conducted on water trade practices
followed in tank command areas of
Anantapur district in different crops.
3. Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Seed sorghum and fodder joawar were
introduced during early kharif. During
late kharif and rabi sunflower were
introduced in the tank command areas
of Anantapur.
4. To explore the potentiality of conjugative
use of surface and ground water
In order to utilize rainfall and ground
water efficiently sorghum/sunflower
followed by paddy sequence was
introduced
5. Improved on-farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements, cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures
Sorghum : NTJ – 2, Haritha hybrid,
M35 – 1 were introduced
Sunflower : Siri, Sunbred and
Arunodaya
Paddy: Application of gypsum and
ZnSO4 for soil amelioration and
herbicide application
6. Multidisciplinary training programmes Training programmes on management
of PSND in groundnut, cultivation
aspects of different crops, fertilizer
management in different crops,
reclamation of soils and crop
diversification
7. Other activities Bench mark survey of the Pullalarevu
and Madigubba villages to study
Socio economic condition in
the village
Resource characterization of
the district
Constrains identified for low
inflows and low productivity
60
c) 2005-06
S. No. Objective Work done
1. Demonstrations/evaluation of crops
and crop sequences
Sunhemp and greengram was introduced
as preceding crops to paddy.
2. Improved water management
techniques to crop or situation
Critical irrigation approach was adopted
for hybrid jowar which sown during early kharif. A
survey has been conducted on water trade practices
followed in tank command areas of Anantapur
district in different crops.
3. Optimal crop planning under
limited water availability to
maximize production and returns
Seed sorghum and fodder joawar were
introduced during early kharif. During
late and rabi sunflower were introduced
in the tank command areas of Anantapur.
4. To explore the potentiality of
conjugative use of surface and
ground water
In order to utilize rainfall and ground
water efficiently sorghum/sunflower
followed by paddy sequence was
introduced
5. Improved on-farm agronomic
practices and production parameters
including use of appropriate farm
implements, cultivars, fertilizers,
pest control and other measures
Sorghum: NTJ – 2 and Haritha hybrid,
Sunflower: Siri, Sunbred and Arunodaya
Paddy: Application of gypsum and
ZnSO4 for soil amelioration and
herbicide application
6. Multidisciplinary training
programmes
Training programmes on cultivation
aspects of vegetables and short duration
horticultural crops, fertilizer management
in different crops.
61
IV) VIZIANAGRARM
a) 2003-04
Objective Work done
Demonstration / evaluation of crops and
crop sequences
Introduced I.D crops like maize, in Kharif,
sunflower, sesamum and ragi in rabi after
paddy.
Improved water management techniques to
crop or situation
Rotational irrigation schedules in transplanted
paddy.
Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Dry seeding of Rice under limited water
availability was introduced.
To explore the potentiality of conjunctive
use of surface and ground water.
In order to utilize rainfall and tank water
efficiently, crops like Sunflower, Sesamum
and vegetables were introduced during rabi.
Improved on-farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements, cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures
Demonstration of puddle seeded rice and
production technology of sugarcane.
Demonstration of chemical weed control
methods in direct sown paddy and maize.
Multidisciplinary training programs Training programs were conducted on
package of practices of maize and sunflower
cultivation. Efficient utilization of available
water in the tanks.
b) 2004-05
Objective Work done
Demonstration / evaluation of crops and
crop sequences
Introduced I.D crops like maize, in Kharif
,sunflower,sesamum and ragi in rabi
After paddy.
Improved water management techniques to
crop or situation
Rotational irrigation schedules in transplanted
paddy.
Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Dry seeding of Rice under limited water
availability was introduced.
To explore the potentiality of conjunctive
use of surface and ground water.
In order to utilize rainfall and tank water
efficiently, crops like Sunflower, Sesamum
and vegetables were introduced during rabi.
Improved on-farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements, cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures
Demonstration of puddle seeded rice and
production technology of sugarcane.
Demonstration of chemical weed control
methods in direct sown paddy and maize.
Multidisciplinary training programs Training programs were conducted on
package of practices of maize and sunflower
cultivation. Efficient utilization of available
water in the tanks.
62
c) 2005-06
Objective Work done
Demonstration / evaluation of crops
and crop sequences
Introduced I.D. crops like maize in Kharif and
maize, ragi and sunflower in rabi under
Introduced green manure crops before rice.
Improved water management
techniques to crop or situation
Demonstration of direct sowing of paddy under dry
conditions later converted to wet was introduced.
Alternate / rotational irrigation schedules were
practiced in transplanted paddy.
Optimal crop planning under limited
water availability to maximize
production and returns
Introduction of maize, groundnut in Kharif, and
sunflower under limited water availability.
To explore the potentiality of
conjunctive use of surface and ground
water.
Dry seeding of paddy under limited water
availability was introduced. Evaluating the new
crop sequences with I.D crops
Improved on-farm agronomic
practices and production parameters
including use of appropriate farm
implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest
control and other measures
Demonstration of varietal performance in both
direct sown and transplanted paddy with early &
medium duration varieties.
Multidisciplinary training programs Awareness and trainings camps were conducted
during both pre-season and mid-season for effective
use of limited water resources and management of
pest/diseases.
63
Chapter-IV
Action plan -Execution
64
Action plan and work done report during Kharif & Rabi-2004 under different tank commands (mahaboobnagar district)
Location: Vattem
Ayacut area:48 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Area
(ha)
Date of sowing Remarks
Evaluation of cropping
systems and introduction
of new crops
Kharif &
rabi 2004
10
Maize- Bengal gram
Maize- Sorghum
Maize- Sun flower
Cotton- Sunflower
Maize- Safflower
Cotton – vegetables
Maize- vegetables
10ha 2nd
week of July to
second week of
August
Maize vegetable cropping system
was found to be economically most
remunerative
Crop diversification for
increasing the
productivity of the tank
commands
Kharif &
rabi 2004
40 ha Kharif
Maize+Redgram
(Inter Crop)
Cotton
Maize (sole crop)
Rabi-2004
Sunflower
Tomato
Fodder Jowar
45
22.0 11.0 12.0
6.4
1.6
19.60
2nd
week of July
Last week of Nov to
last week of Dec
93.75 % of the total tank command
area was brought under cultiuvation
maize + redgram yield of 3.15+0.14
t/ha, 1.58 t/ha in cotton 3.02 in case
of sole maize were recorded in the
command areas.
Average yoield of 1.14 t/ha in
sunflower, 10.2t/ha in case of
tomato and 19.60 t/ha fodder jowar
yield were recorded.
Irrigation scheduling
based on critical stage
approach in Maize
crop in
different soils types
Kharif
2004-05
1.5 Two irrigations were given
at critical stages of crop
growth in case of maize
1.5 2nd
week of July
An increase in yield ranging from
10.92 to 13.78 % was recoded with
two irrigations at critical stages of
crop growth
Introduction of
popularization of low cost
technologies
Kharif
2004-05
3
Demonstration of IPM
technology in the farmers
fields
3
2nd
week of July
Increased ner returns were recorded
with adoption of IPM practices by
the farmers.
B: C ratio of 2.46 was recorded in
65
Kharif
2004-05
3
Intercropping studies in
Maize and Castor crops
3
2nd
week of July
case of IPM adopted farmers
compared to 2.08 in case of non-
IPM farmers.
The results of the study revealed
that the economic returns are much
higher under inter cropping system
to that of cultivation of single crop.
There was 6.5% increase in net
returns with Maize + Redgram
system over sole Maize crop.
Demonstration of crop
production technologies
Kharif &
rabi
2004-05
45 ha Improved Crop production
technologies were
demonstrated in the entire
command area of the tank
445 ha Kharif and rabi
seasons
Demonstrations were conducted in
the farmers fields for their
dissemination and large scale
adoption.
Popularization of the
project results in the tank
commands of the district
Kharif &
rabi
2004-05
Conducted Telivision, radio
prgrammes with the farmers.
Conducted field days in the
villages
Field visit was conducted
for Dept of Agriculture
Officials
Message was given through
news papers
Kharif & rabi 2004-
05
Capacity building to the
farmers through on-farm
and off-farm trainings
Kharif &
rabi
2004-05
on-farm and off-farm
trainings were conducted
for the benefit of the farmers
Kharif & rabi 2004-
05
66
Location :Lattupally
Ayacut area:44 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Area
(ha)
Date of sowing Remarks
Evaluation of cropping
systems and introduction of
new crops
Kharif &
rabi 2004
10 Maize- sorghum
Maize-Ground nut
Maize-Sun flower
Cotton- Sunflower
Castor- sunflower
10ha 2nd
week of July to
second week of
August
Maize groundnut cropping system was
found to be economically most
remunerative
Crop diversification for
increasing the productivity of
the tank commands
Kharif &
rabi 2004
40.2 ha Kharif
Maize+Redgram (Inter Crop) Cotton Castor+ R’gram
Rabi-2004
Sunflower
Tomato
Fodder Jowar
36.2
25.2 5.60 2.40
4.8
2.4
0.4
2nd
week of July
Last week of Nov
to last week of Dec
90.05 % of the total tank command
area was brought under cultiuvation
maize + redgram yield of 3.60 + 0.15
t/ha, 1.26 t/ha in cotton 1.04 + 0.13
t/ha in case of castor + redgram were
recorded in the command areas.]
Average yield of 0.98 t/ha in
sunflower, 10.8t/ha in case of tomato
and 20.76 t/ha fodder jowar yield were
recorded.
Irrigation scheduling
based on critical stage
approach in castor crop in
different soils types
Kharif 2004-
05
1.5 Two irrigations were
given at critical stages of
crop growth in case
ofcastor
1.5 2nd
week of July An increase in yield ranging from
16.06 to 26.33 % and average yield
increase of 21.23 percent was recoded
with two irrigations at critical stages
of crop growth
Introduction of
popularization of low cost
technologies
Kharif 2004-
05
3
Demonstration of IPM
technology in the farmers
fields
3
2nd
week of July
Increased ner returns were recorded
with adoption of IPM practices by the
farmers.
B: C ratio of 2.73 was recorded in
case of IPM adopted farmers
compared to 2.17 in case of non-IPM
farmers.
67
Kharif 2004-
05
3 Intercropping studies in
Castor crop
3 2nd
week of July The results of the study revealed that
the economic returns are much higher
under inter cropping system to that of
cultivation of single crop. 17.34%
increased in net returns are observed
with Castor + Redgram inter cropping
over solo Castor crop.
Demonstration of crop
production technologies
Kharif &
rabi 2004-
05
40 ha Improved Crop
production technologies
were demonstrated in
case of maize, castor and
other crops during Karif
and sunflower,
vegetables, and fodder
jowar during the rabi
season in the entire
command area of the
tank
36 ha Kharif and rabi
seasons
Demonstrations were conducted in the
farmers fields for their dissemination
and large scale adoption.
Popularization of the project
results in the tank commands
of the district
Kharif &
rabi 2004-
05
Conducted Telivision,
radio prgrammes with
the farmers.
Conducted field days in
the villages
Field visit was conducted
for Dept of Agriculture
Officials
Message was given
through news papers
Kharif & rabi
2004-05
Capacity building to the
farmers through on-farm and
off-farm trainings
Kharif &
rabi 2004-
05
on-farm and off-farm
trainings were
conducted for the benefit
of the farmers
Kharif & rabi
2004-05
68
Action plan and work done report during kharif-2004 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district
Location : Indrakal
Ayacut area : 54.4 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Area
(ha)
Date of sowing Remarks
Socio-economic
characterization of farmers of
the command area
Karif-2005 Entire
command
area
Benchmark survey
conducted in the
village
Comma
nd area
Data regarding the resources, potentials
and problems and awareness constraints
was collected and analyzed
Resource characterization of
the physical resources of the
command area
Karif-2005 Entire
command
area
Collection of soil and
water samples of the
command area
Comma
nd area
Chemical characterization of the soil and
water samples was done to understand the
constraints related to the crop production
Evaluation of cropping
systems and introduction of
new crops
Kharif &
rabi 2004
10
Maize- Bengal gram
Maize- Sorghum
Maize- Sun flower
Cotton- Sunflower
Maize- Safflower
Cotton-sunflower
Cotton - vegetables
10ha 2nd
week of July to
second week of
August
Maize-vegetable cropping system was
found to be economically most
remunerative followed by cotton -
vegetables
Crop diversification for
increasing the productivity of
the tank commands
Kharif &
rabi 2004
54 ha Kharif
Maize (sole crop)
Rabi-2004 SunflowerTomato
45.9
45.9
0.81.6
2nd
week of July
Last week of Nov to
last week of Dec
84.35% of the total tank command area
was brought under cultivation
maize yield of 4.57 t/ha was recorded
Average yield of 1.8 t/ha in sunflower,
10.64t/ha in case of tomato were recorded
Irrigation scheduling
based on critical stage
approach in Maize crop in
different soils types
Kharif
2004-05
1.5 Two irrigations were
given at critical stages
of crop growth in case
of maize
1.5 2nd
week of July
An increase in yield ranging from 11.02
to 13.56 % was recoded with two
irrigations at critical stages of crop
growth
69
Introduction of popularization
of low cost technologies
Kharif
2004-05
3 Intercropping studies in
Maize and Castor crops
3
2nd
week of July The results of the study revealed that the
economic returns are much higher under
inter cropping system to that of
cultivation of single crop. There was 7.6
% increase in net returns with Maize +
Redgram system over sole Maize crop.
Demonstration of crop
production technologies
Kharif &
rabi 2004-
05
54 ha Improved Crop
production technologies
were demonstrated in
the entire command
area of the tank
45.9 ha Kharif and rabi
seasons
Demonstrations were conducted in the
farmers fields for their dissemination and
large scale adoption.
Popularization of the project
results in the tank commands
of the district
Kharif &
rabi 2004-
05
Conducted Telivision,
radio prgrammes with
the farmers.
Conducted field days
in the villages
Field visit was
conducted for Dept of
Agriculture Officials
Kharif & rabi 2004-05
Capacity building to the
farmers through on-farm and
off-farm trainings
Kharif &
rabi 2004-
05
on-farm and off-farm
trainings were
conducted for the
benefit of the farmers
Kharif & rabi 2004-05
70
Action plan and work done report during kharif-2004 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district
Location: Maddigatla
Ayacut area:132.8 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Area
(ha)
Date of sowing Remarks
Socio-economic
characterization of farmers
of the command area
Karif-2005 Entire
command
area
Benchmark survey
conducted in the village
Com
mand
area
Data regarding the resources, potentials
and problems and awareness constraints
was collected and analyzed
Resource characterization
of the physical resources of
the command area
Karif-2005 Entire
command
area
Collection of soil and
water samples of the
command area
Com
mand
area
Chemical characterization of the soil and
water samples was done to understand the
constraints related to the crop production
Evaluation of cropping
systems and introduction of
new crops
Kharif & rabi
2004
10 Maize- Bengal gram
Maize- Sorghum
Maize- Sun flower
Cotton- Sunflower
Maize- Safflower Maize-
vegetables
Cotton- sunflower
10ha 2nd
week of July to
second week of
August
Maize vegetable cropping system was
found to be economically most
remunerative
Crop diversification for
increasing the productivity
of the tank commands
Kharif & rabi
2004
132.6 Kharif
Maize (sole crop)
Rabi-2004
Tomato
Chillies
102.8
ha
3.6
1.6
2nd
week of July
Last week of Nov
to last week of Dec
93.75 % of the total tank command area
was brought under cultivation
maize + redgram yield of 3.15+0.14 t/ha,
1.58 t/ha in cotton 3.02 in case of sole
maize were recorded in the command
areas.
Average yield of 11.1 t/ha in case of
tomato and 2.87 t/ha fodder jowar yield
were recorded.
71
Action plan and work done report during Kharif & Rabi-2003 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district
Location : Vattem
Ayacut area :48 ha Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Area
(ha)
Date of sowing Remarks
Socio-economic characterization
of farmers of the command area
Karif-2003 Entire
comm
and
area
Benchmark survey
conducted in the village
Com
mand
area
Data regarding the resources,
potentials and problems and
awareness constraints was collected
and analyzed
Resource characterization of the
physical resources of the command
area
Karif-2003 Entire
comm
and
area
Collection of soil and water
samples of the command
area
Com
mand
area
Chemical characterization of the
soil and water samples was done to
understand the constraints related to
the crop production
Evaluation of cropping systems
and introduction of new crops
Kharif & rabi
2003
8 Paddy-vegetables
Paddy-bengal gram
Paddy ragi
Maize- Bengal gram
Maize- Sorghum
Maize- Sun flower
Maize- Safflower
Cotton – vegetables
Maize- vegetables
8 2nd
week of July
to second week
of August
Second week of
November to
December 3rd
week
Paddy-vegetable cropping system
was found to be economically most
remunerative among paddy based
cropping systems
Maize vegetable cropping system
was found to be economically most
remunerative in ID crop based
cropping systems
Crop diversification for increasing
the productivity of the tank
commands
Kharif & rabi
2003
40 ha Kharif
Maize+Redgram
(Inter Crop)
Cotton
Rabi-2003
Bengal gram
Ragi
Fodder jowar
Sunflower
Tomato
Other vegetables
45
0.8 0.8 2
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
2nd
week of July
Last week of
Nov to last week
of Dec
Irrigated Dry crops can be
successfully cultivated in the tank
commands during Kharif and Rabi
seasons
72
Water saving technologies in
paddy
Kharif 2003-4 1.5 Rotational irrigation in
paddy
1.5 2nd
week of July
The results indicated that rotational
water management recorded
slightly lower yields varying from -
11.6 to + 3.75 yield and - 0.81% to
– 3.89% straw yield than the yields
recorded in continuous
submergence treatment
Introduction of popularization of
low cost technologies
Kharif 2003-04
0.8
Introduction and
popularization of IWM in
paddy
0.8
2nd
week of July
Grain yield was more in case of
IWM method (6.15t/ha) by 33.7
%compared to farmers method (4.6
t/ha.) This reduction in manual
labour requirement resulted in
lower cost of cultivation
Demonstration of crop production
technologies
Kharif 2003-
04
0.8 ha Popularization of Integrated
Nutrient
Management in paddy
0.8 ha 2nd
week of July
On an average grain yield
increased by 20.77 % in the two
villages over farmers method
Popularization of the project
results in the tank commands of
the district
Kharif & rabi
2003-04
Conducted field days in the
villages
Field visit was conducted
for Dept of Agriculture
Officials
Message was given through
news papers and pamphlets
Kharif & rabi
2003-04
Capacity building to the farmers
through on-farm and off-farm
trainings
Kharif & rabi
2003-04
on-farm and off-farm
trainings were conducted
for the benefit of the
farmers
Kharif & rabi
2003-04
73
Location :Lattupally
Ayacut area:44 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Area
(ha)
Date of sowing Remarks
Socio-economic characterization
of farmers of the command area
Karif-2003 Entire
comm
and
area
Benchmark survey
conducted in the village
Comma
nd area
Data regarding the resources,
potentials and problems and
awareness constraints was collected
and analyzed
Resource characterization of the
physical resources of the command
area
Karif-2003 Entire
comm
and
area
Collection of soil and water
samples of the command
area
Comma
nd area
Chemical characterization of the
soil and water samples was done to
understand the constraints related to
the crop production
Evaluation of cropping systems
and introduction of new crops
Kharif & rabi
2003
8 Paddy-vegetables
Maize- Sorghum
Maize- Sun flower
Castor– vegetables
Maize- vegetables
Sorgum-vegetables
Maize-groundnut
8 2nd
week of July
to second week
of August
Second week of
November to
December 3rd
week
Paddy-vegetable cropping system
was found to be economically most
remunerative among paddy based
cropping systems
Maize vegetable cropping system
was found to be economically most
remunerative in ID crop based
cropping systems
Crop diversification for increasing
the productivity of the tank
commands
Kharif & rabi
2003
40 ha Kharif
Maize+Redgram
(Inter Crop)
Sorghum + redgram
Castor + redgram
Rabi-2003 Ground nut
Fodder jowar
Sunflower
Tomato
Other vegetables
45 0.8 0.4 0.8
2
0.8
0.8
2
0.8
2nd
week of July
Last week of
Nov to last week
of Dec
Irrigated Dry crops can be
successfully cultivated in the tank
commands during Kharif and Rabi
seasons
Water saving technologies in
paddy
Kharif 2003-4 1.5 Rotational irrigation in
paddy
1.5 2nd
week of July
The results indicated that rotational
water management recorded
slightly lower grain yields varying
from -1.32 to –26.13% and –
2.26% to – 6.98 % straw yield than
74
the yields recorded in continuous
submergence treatment
Introduction of popularization of
low cost technologies
Kharif 2003-04
0.8
Introduction and
popularization of IWM in
paddy
0.8
2nd
week of July
Grain yield was more in case of
IWM method (4.13-5.35t/ha) by
32.65 %compared to farmers
method (3.15 – 3.91 t/ha.) This
reduction in manual labour
requirement resulted in lower cost
of cultivation
Demonstration of crop production
technologies
Kharif 2003-
04
0.8 ha Popularization of Integrated
Nutrient
Management in paddy
0.8 ha 2nd
week of July
On an average grain yield
increased by 22.78 % in the two
villages over farmers method
Popularization of the project
results in the tank commands of
the district
Kharif & rabi
2003-04
Conducted field days in the
villages
Field visit was conducted
for Dept of Agriculture
Officials
Message was given through
news papers and pamphlets
Kharif & rabi
2003-04
Capacity building to the farmers
through on-farm and off-farm
trainings
Kharif & rabi
2003-04
on-farm and off-farm
trainings were conducted
for the benefit of the
farmers
Kharif & rabi
2003-04
75
Action plan and work done report during Kharif Rabi-2005-06 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district
Location: Vattem
Ayacut area:48 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Area
(ha)
Date of sowing Remarks
Evaluation of cropping systems
and introduction of new crops
Kharif & rabi
2005
10 Maize- Sun flower
Cotton- Sunflower
Cotton – vegetables
Maize- vegetables
Maize-paddy
10ha 2nd
week of July
to second week
of August
Experiment under progress
Crop diversification for increasing
the productivity of the tank
commands
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
40 ha Kharif
Maize + redgram-
Cotton-
Cotton-
Castor-
Paddy-
Rabi-2004
Sunflower
Chilles
Fodder Jowar
14
12
10.8(far
mers
own)
0.8
7.2(Far
mers
own)
1.5
0.8
1.5
2nd
week of July
Last week of
Nov to last week
of Dec.
93.33 % of the total tank command
area was brought under cultivation
maize + redgram yield of 3.97+0.21
t/ha, 1.40 t/ha in cotton 1.12 t/ha in
castor,4.4 t/ha in case of paddy
were recorded in the command
areas.
Experiment under progress
Demonstration of crop production
technologies
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
45 ha Improved Crop production
technologies were
demonstrated in the entire
command area of the tank
445 ha Kharif and rabi
seasons
Demonstrations were conducted in
the farmers fields for their
dissemination and large scale
adoption.
Popularization of the project
results in the tank commands of
the district
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
Conducted Telivision, radio
prgrammes with the
farmers.
Conducted field days
Kharif & rabi
2004-05
76
in the villages
Field visit was conducted
for Dept of Agriculture
Officials
Message was given through
news papers
Capacity building to the farmers
through on-farm and off-farm
trainings
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
on-farm and off-farm
trainings were conducted
for the benefit of the
farmers
Kharif & rabi
2004-05
Water saving technologies in
paddy
Kharif 2005-06 3.0 Rotational irrigation in
paddy
3.0 2nd
week of
September
The results indicated that rotational
water management recorded yields
varying from –2.42 % to +4.8 %
grain yield in case of black soils
compared to continuous
submergence conditions.
Irrigation scheduling
based on critical stage
approach in Maize crop in
different soils types
Kharif 2005-06 1.5 Critical stage irrigations in
maize
1.5 2nd
week of July
No moisture stress was noticed
during critical stages of crop
growth
77
Location :Lattupally
Ayacut area:44 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Area
(ha)
Date of sowing Remarks
Evaluation of cropping systems
and introduction of new crops
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
10 Maize- vegetables
Cotton-vegetables
Castor-vegetables
Maize-sunflower
Maize-ground nut
10ha 2nd
week of July
to second week
of August
Experiment under progress
Crop diversification for increasing
the productivity of the tank
commands
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
40.2
ha Kharif
Maize
Castor
Cotton
Cotton
Paddy
Sorghum
Chilli
Ragi
Rabi-2004
Sunflower
Tomato
Fodder Jowar
Chillies
21.2 PI
14.4 PI
0.8 PI
4 FO
4 FO
2 FO
1.6 PI
0.4 FO
2
2
0.4
2
2nd
week of July
Last week of
Nov to last week
of Dec
96.8 % of the total tank command
area was brought under
cultiuvation
maize yield of 3.70 t/ha, 1.26 t/ha
in cotton 0.98 t/ha in case of
castor, 4.2 t/ha in paddy, 4t/ha in
case of sorghum, 2.6 t/ha chillies
and 2.25 t/ha in ragi were recorded
in the command areas
Experiment under progress
Irrigation scheduling
based on critical stage
approach in maize and castor
castor crops
Kharif 2005-06 1.5 Irrigations at critical
stages of crop growth in
case of moisture deficit
1.5 2nd
week of July
No moisture deficit has occurred
through out the crop growth period
Introduction of popularization of
low cost technologies
Kharif 2005-06 3 Intercropping studies in
Castor crop
3 2nd
week of July The results of the study revealed
that the economic returns are much
78
higher under inter cropping system
to that of cultivation of single
crop.21.0 % increased in grain
yield were observed with Castor +
Redgram inter cropping over sole
Castor crop.
Demonstration of crop production
technologies
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
40 ha Improved Crop
production technologies
were demonstrated in
case of maize, castor and
other crops during Karif
and sunflower,
vegetables, and fodder
jowar during the rabi
season in the entire
command area of the
tank
36 ha Kharif and rabi
seasons
Demonstrations were conducted in
the farmers fields for their
dissemination and large scale
adoption.
Popularization of the project
results in the tank commands of
the district
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
Conducted Television
with the farmers.
Conducted field days in
the villages
Field visit was
conducted for Dept of
Agriculture Officials
Message was given
through news papers
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
Capacity building to the farmers
through on-farm and off-farm
trainings
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
on-farm and off-farm
trainings were
conducted for the benefit
of the farmers
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
79
Action plan and work done report during kharif-2005-06 under different tank commands
Location : Indrakal
Ayacut area : 54.4 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Area
(ha)
Date of sowing Remarks
Evaluation of cropping systems
and introduction of new crops
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
10
Maize- Paddy
Maize-sunflower
10ha 2nd
week of July
to second week
of August
Second week of
November
Experiment under progress
Crop diversification for increasing
the productivity of the tank
commands
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
54 ha Kharif
Maize
Cotton
Cotton
Paddy
Paddy
Maize +redgram
Rabi-2004 Sunflower
Paddy
34.4 PI
0.8 PI
4.4 FO
0.8 PI
7.2 FO
2 ha PI
2nd
week of July
Last week of
Nov to last week
of Dec
87.5% of the total tank command
area was brought under cultivation
maize yield of 4.67 t/ha, 1.30 in
cotton crop, 4.28 t/ha in paddy was
recorded.
Irrigation scheduling
based on critical stage
approach in Maize crop in
different soils types
Kharif 2005-
06
2 Irrigations at critical stages
of crop growth in case of
moisture deficit
2 2nd
week of July
No moisture deficit has occurred
through out the crop growth period
80
Introduction of popularization of
low cost technologies
Kharif 2005-
06
2 Intercropping studies in
Maize and Castor crops
2
2nd
week of July The results of the study revealed
that the economic returns are much
higher under inter cropping system
to that of cultivation of single crop.
There was 7.98 % increase in net
returns with Maize + Redgram
system over sole Maize crop.
Demonstration of crop production
technologies
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
54 ha Improved Crop production
technologies were
demonstrated in the entire
command area of the tank
45.9 ha Kharif and rabi
seasons
Demonstrations were conducted in
the farmers fields for their
dissemination and large scale
adoption.
Popularization of the project
results in the tank commands of
the district
Kharif & rabi
2004-05
Conducted Telivision, radio
prgrammes with the
farmers.
Conducted field days in the
villages
Field visit was conducted
for Dept of Agriculture
Officials
Kharif & rabi
2004-05
Capacity building to the farmers
through on-farm and off-farm
trainings
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
on-farm and off-farm
trainings were conducted
for the benefit of the
farmers
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
81
Action plan and work done report during kharif-2004 under different tank commands
Location: Maddigatla
Ayacut area:132.8 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Area
(ha)
Date of sowing Remarks
Evaluation of cropping systems
and introduction of new crops
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
10 Maize-rabi sorghum
Maize-sunflower
Maize-paddy
Maize-vegetables
Paddy-sunflower
Castor-vegetables
Castor-sunflower
10ha 2nd
week of July
to second week
of August
Second fortnight
of November
Experiment under progress
Crop diversification for increasing
the productivity of the tank
commands
Kharif & rabi
2005-06
132.6 Kharif
Maize-
Maize + redgram
Maize-
Cotton
Castor-
Castor + redgram
Castor-
Paddy-
Rabi-2005
Paddy
Tomato
Chillies
Fodder jowar
112.8
32.0 PI
2.0 PI
48.8 FO
16.0 FO
4 .0 PI
2.0 PI
2.0 FO
8.0 FO
8
1.5
2.0
2.0
2nd
week of July
Last week of
Nov to last week
of Dec
84.94 % of the total tank command
area was brought under cultivation
maize yield of 2.12 t/ha & 4.16
t/ha, 1.34 t/ha in cotton 1.17 t/ha in
case of castor and 4.6 t/ha in case of
paddy were recorded in the
command areas.
Irrigation scheduling
based on critical stage
approach in Maize crop in
different soils types
Kharif 2004-
05
5.00 Irrigations at critical
stages of crop growth in
maize
5.0 2nd
week of July
No moisture deficit was observed at
critical stages of crop growth
82
Action plan and work done report during the year 2003 – 04 under different tank commands (ANANTAPUR District)
Location : Pamurai tank
Aycut area : 90 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(Acres)
Activity Crop Area
(acres)
Avg. yield (t/ha)
Introduction of green manure crops under tank
command areas Early Kharif 90 Introduced Sunhemp
Daincha
67
18
27.5 of fodder yield
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid
sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum --- --- --- --- --- ---
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in
paddy Kharif 2003 20 Introduced Paddy 10 5.8
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency
with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2003 40 Introduced Paddy 30 5.5
Diversification of crops like sunflower under
borewell irrigation in place of paddy
Rabi
2003 - 04
5 Introduced Sunflower 1.0 1.5
83
Location : Rangampeta tank
Aycut area : 110 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(Acres)
Activity Crop Area
(acres)
Avg. yield (t/ha)
Introduction of green manure crops under tank
command areas Early Kharif --- --- --- --- ---
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid
sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Early Kharif 50 Introduced Hybrid sorghum
Fodder sorghum
10
20
4.35
27.8 of fodder yield
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in
paddy Kharif 2003 20 Introduced Paddy 10 6.6
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency
with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2003 40 Introduced Paddy 35 5.6
Diversification of crops like sunflower under
borewell irrigation in place of paddy
Rabi
2003 - 04
10 Introduced Fodder jowar 7 1.63
84
Action plan and work done report during the year 2004 – 05 under different tank commands
Location : Pamurai tank
Aycut area : 90 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(Acres)
Activity Crop Area
(acres)
Avg. yield
(t/ha)
Introduction of green manure crops under tank
command areas Early Kharif
2004
30 Introduction of green manure crops
under tank command areas Sunhemp
Greengram
8
9
20.2 of fodder
yield
8.5 of fodder
yield
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid
sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum --- ---
Introduction of irrigated dry crops
like hybrid sorghum (Haritha)
fodder sorghum
--- --- ---
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in
paddy Kharif 2004 20
Soil reclamation with gypsum @
4.5 t/ha in paddy Paddy 10 4.9
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency
with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2004 30
Soil reclamation and correction of
Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate
@ 50 kg/ha in paddy
Paddy 20 4.7
Introduction of vegetable crops under tank
command areas Summer 10
Introduction of vegetable crops
under tank command areas Vegetables 5 ---
85
Location : Rangampeta tank
Aycut area : 110 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(Acres)
Activity Crop Area
(acres)
Avg. yield
(t/ha)
Introduction of green manure crops under tank
command areas Early Kharif
2004
15 Introduction of green manure
crops under tank command areas Greengram 6 9.45 of fodder
yield
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like fodder
sorghum Early Kharif
2004
50 Introduction of irrigated dry
crops like fodder sorghum Fodder
sorghum
6 11.6 of fodder
yield
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in
paddy Kharif 2004 20
Soil reclamation with gypsum @
4.5 t/ha in paddy Paddy 10 4.9
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency
with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2004 50
Soil reclamation and correction
of Zn deficiency with zinc
sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy
Paddy 40 4.7
Diversification of crops like sunflower under
borewell irrigation in place of paddy
Summer
20 Diversification of crops like
sunflower under borewell
irrigation in place of paddy
Sunflower 7 1.35
86
Location : Pullalarevu tank
Aycut area : 90 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(Acres)
Activity Crop Area
(acres)
Avg. yield (t/ha)
Introduction of green manure crops under tank command
areas --- --- --- --- --- ---
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum
(Haritha) fodder sorghum Late kharif 40 Introduced Jowar 22 13.8 of green fodder
yield
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Kharif 2004 5 Introduced Paddy 3 5.0
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with
zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2004 30 Introduced Paddy 24 5.2
Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell
irrigation in place of paddy
Rabi
2004 - 05
20 Introduced Sunflower 15 1.9
87
Location : Madigubba tank
Aycut area : 110 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(Acres)
Activity Crop Area
(acres)
Avg. yield (t/ha)
Introduction of green manure crops under tank
command areas Early Kharif 20 Introduced sunhemp 6 22.1 of fodder yield
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid
sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum --- --- --- --- --- ---
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in
paddy Kharif 40 Introduced Paddy 28 5.9
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency
with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 100 Introduced Paddy 83 5.6
Diversification of crops like sunflower under
borewell irrigation in place of paddy
Rabi
150 Introduced Sunflower 110 1.9
88
Action plan and work done report during the year 2005 – 06 under different tank commands
Location : Pamurai tank
Aycut area : 90 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(Acres)
Activity Crop Area
(acres)
Avg. yield
(t/ha)
Introduction of green manure crops under tank
command areas Early Kharif
2005
40 Introduction of green manure crops
under tank command areas Sunhemp
28
18.5
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid
sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum --- ---
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like
hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder
sorghum
--- --- ---
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in
paddy Kharif 2005 30
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5
t/ha in paddy Paddy 25 5.0
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency
with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2005 50
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn
deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50
kg/ha in paddy
Paddy 45 4.8
Introduction of vegetables crops under tank
command areas Summer 20
Introduction of green manure crops
under tank command areas ---- ---- ----
89
Location : Rangampeta tank
Aycut area : 110 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(Acres)
Activity Crop Area
(acres)
Avg. yield
(t/ha)
Introduction of green manure crops under tank
command areas Early Kharif
2005
40 Introduction of green manure
crops under tank command areas Sunhemp 33 16.1
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like fodder
sorghum Early Kharif
2005
40 Introduction of irrigated dry crops
like fodder sorghum Fodder
sorghum
--- ---
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in
paddy Kharif 2005 20
Soil reclamation with gypsum @
4.5 t/ha in paddy Paddy 15 4.6
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency
with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2005 40
Soil reclamation and correction of
Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate
@ 50 kg/ha in paddy
Paddy 30 4.5
Diversification of crops like sunflower under
borewell irrigation in place of paddy
Late kharif
Summer
40
30
Diversification of crops like
sunflower under borewell
irrigation in place of paddy
Sunflower
Sunflower
36
---
1.7
---
90
Location : Pullalarevu tank
Aycut area : 90 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(Acres)
Activity Crop Area
(acres)
Avg. yield
(t/ha)
Introduction of green manure crops under
tank command areas Early kharif
2005
20 Introduction of green manure crops
under tank command areas Sunhemp 10 16.7
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like
hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Late kharif
2005
40 Introduction of irrigated dry crops like
hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder
sorghum
Jowar
(NTJ – 2)
22 15.6 of fodder
yiled
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in
paddy Kharif 2005 20
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5
t/ha in paddy Paddy 13 5.0
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn
deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in
paddy
Kharif 2005 40 Soil reclamation and correction of Zn
deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50
kg/ha in paddy
Paddy 33 4.8
Diversification of crops like sunflower
under borewell irrigation in place of paddy
Rabi 2005 -
06
20 Diversification of crops like sunflower
under borewell irrigation in place of
paddy
Sunflower --- ---
91
Location : Madigubba tank
Aycut area : 110 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(Acres)
Activity Crop Area
(acres)
Avg. yield
(t/ha)
Introduction of green manure crops under
tank command areas Early Kharif
2005
100 Introduction of green manure
crops under tank command areas sunhemp 70 19.55
Introduction of irrigated dry crops like
hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Late Kharif
2005
20 Introduction of irrigated dry crops
like hybrid sorghum (Haritha)
fodder sorghum
Jowar (NTJ
– 2)
--- ---
Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha
in paddy Kharif 2005 40
Soil reclamation with gypsum @
4.5 t/ha in paddy Paddy 28 4.7
Soil reclamation and correction of Zn
deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha
in paddy
Kharif 2005 100 Soil reclamation and correction of
Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate
@ 50 kg/ha in paddy
Paddy 83 4.6
Diversification of crops like sunflower
under borewell irrigation in place of paddy
Rabi 2005 - 06
150 Diversification of crops like
sunflower under borewell
irrigation in place of paddy
Sunflower --- ---
92
Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2003-04 under different tank commands (MEDAK District)
Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 170.4 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Results / Remarks
Demonstration of Dry
seeding of Rice under tankfed
area
Kharif
2003
2.0 Dry seeding of rice Paddy 1.6 A mean grain yield of 4.15 and 3.17 t/ha with two
supplemental irrigations and without any
supplemental irrigation
Integrated Nutrient Supply
Management in Paddy
Kharif
2003
1.0 120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ Green
leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha
is recommended for Paddy under
tank commands.
Paddy 1.0 Integrated nutrient supply management in paddy
recorded a mean grain yield of 5.52 t/ha i.e an
additional yield of 0.9 t/ha.
Introduction of Maize ,
soybean under tank
commands
Kharif
2003
25.0
20.0
Maize and soybean was introduced
under tank commands
Maize
Soybean
21.6
15.2
A mean grain yield of 2.16 and 0.54 t/ha was
obtained by growing maize and soybean during
Kharif under tank command.
Integrated Pest Management
in Cotton
Kharif
2003
2.0 Cotton 2.0 There is a reduction of Rs.9900 per ha in Cost of
cultivation in IPM plots over non-IPM plots.
Balanced fertilizer
management in Maize
Kharif
2003
2.0 90-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ 50 Kg
ZnSO4 /ha was applied to Maize
under tank commands
Maize 2.0 Balanced fertilizer management in maize resulted
in an additional yield of 0.26 t/ha
Demonstration of Production
Technology in Paddy
Kharif
2003
2.0 Seed treatment, raising nursery on
raised seedbeds, need based plant
protection measures planting 2-3
seedlings per hill, making alley ways
for every 2-3m, Integrated nutrient
supply management
Paddy 2.0 Improved management practices in paddy yielded
an additional yield of 1.25t/ha
Demonstration of production
technology in castor
Rabi 03-
04
2.0 Seed treatment, balanced fertilization
and need based plant protection
measures were adopted
Castor 2.0 Improved management practices in castor resulted
in an additional yield of 0.334 t/ha.
Introduction of Bengalgram
under
tank commands after maize
Rabi 03-
04
50.0 Bengalgram was introduced under
tank commands
Bengalgr
am
44.0 A mean grain yield of 0.77t/ha was obtained by
growing bengalgram during rabi under tank
commands.
93
Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2003-04 under different tank commands
Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma cheruvu Ayacut area: 41.712 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Results / Remarks
Integrated Nutrient Supply
Management in Paddy
Kharif
2003
1.0 120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+
Green leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg
ZnSO4 /ha is recommended for
Paddy under tank commands.
Paddy 1.0 Integrated nutrient supply management in paddy
recorded a mean grain yield of 6.3 t/ha i.e an
additional yield of 0.74 t/ha.
Introduction of Maize ,
soybean under tank
commands
Kharif
2003
5.0
3.0
Maize and soybean was
introduced under tank commands
Maize
Soybean
4.0
2.4
A mean grain yield of 2.66 and 0.588 t/ha was
obtained by growing maize and soybean during
Kharif under tank command.
Integrated Pest Management
in Cotton
Kharif
2003
2.0 Cotton 2.0 There is a reduction of Rs.11750 per ha in Cost of
cultivation in IPM plots over non-IPM plots.
Balanced fertilizer
management in Maize
Kharif
2003
2.0 90-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ 50
Kg ZnSO4 /ha was applied to
Maize under tank commands
Maize 2.0 Balanced fertilizer management in maize resulted in
an additional yield of 0.3 t/ha
Demonstration of Production
Technology in Paddy
Kharif
2003
2.0 Seed treatment, raising nursery on
raised seedbeds, need based plant
protection measures planting 2-3
seedlings per hill, making alley
ways for every 2-3m, Integrated
nutrient supply management
Paddy 2.0 Improved management practices in paddy yielded an
additional yield of 1.64t/ha
Demonstration of production
technology in castor
Rabi 03-
04
2.0 Seed treatment, balanced
fertilization and need based plant
protection measures were adopted
Castor 2.0 Improved management practices in castor resulted in
an additional yield of 0.268 t/ha.
Introduction of Bengalgram
under
tank commands after maize
Rabi 03-
04
15.0 Bengalgram was introduced under
tank commands
Bengalgr
am
12.8 A mean grain yield of 0.72t/ha was obtained by
growing bengalgram during rabi under tank
commands.
94
Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2004-05 under different tank commands (MEDAK district)
Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 170.4 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area (ha) Results / Remarks
Water management practices
for transplanted rice under
tankfed irrigated areas
Kharif
2004
10.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate
wetting and drying)
Rice 11.4 A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was
recorded
Demonstration of Dry seeding
rice under tankfed area
Kharif
2004
5.0 Dry seeding of rice Rice 1.6 A mean grain yield of 2.39 t/ha was
recorded
Introduction of Maize (sole and
inter cropped) under tank
commands
Kharif
2004
50.0
(Sole
&Inter
crop)
Introduction of maize, Inter crop
Redgram.
Maize,
Redgram
72.0
8.8
A mean grain yield of 2.98 t/ha was
recorded in sole maize and 4.24 t/ha
(MGEY) by Maize + Cowpea
intercropping. Redgram yields are yet to
be recorded.
Introduction of Genetically
modified cotton (Bt) under tank
commands
Kharif
2004
5.0 Introduction of RCH-2 and
Bunny Bt cotton
Cotton 0.8 A seed cotton yield of 8.1 q/ha was
recorded
Introduction of Bengalgram
under
Tank command
Rabi 04-
05
75.0 Bengalgram was introduced
under tank commands
Bengalgram 64.0 A mean grain yield of 0.77t/ha was
obtained by growing bengalgram during
rabi under tank commands.
Introduction of Castor under
tank commands
Rabi 04-
05
15.0 Castor was introduced under
tank commands
Castor 12.8 A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was
obtained by growing bengalgram during
rabi under tank commands.
95
Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2004-05 under different tank commands
Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma cheruvu Ayacut area: 41.712 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Results / Remarks
Water management practices
for transplanted rice under
tankfed irrigated areas
Kharif
2004
5.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate
wetting and drying)
Rice 14.2 A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was recorded
Introduction of Maize (sole and
inter cropped) under tank
commands
Kharif
2004
10.0
(Sole)
3.0
(Inter
crop)
Introduction of maize Maize 9.2
(sole)
A mean grain yield of 2.63 t/ha was recorded
in sole.
Introduction of Genetically
modified cotton (Bt) under tank
commands
Kharif
2004
5.0 Introduction of RCH-2 and
Bunny Bt cotton
Cotton 4.6 A seed cotton yield of 2.08 t/ha was recorded
Introduction of Bengalgram
under
Tank command
Rabi 04-
05
15.0 Bengalgram was introduced
under tank commands
Bengal
gram
14.0 A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was obtained
by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank
commands.
Introduction of Castor under
tank commands
Rabi 04-
05
3.0 Castor was introduced under
tank commands
Castor 2.4 A mean grain yield of 0.85/ha was obtained
by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank
commands.
96
Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2004-05 under different tank commands Location: Khajipur Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 97.636 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Results / Remarks
Water management practices
for transplanted rice under
tankfed irrigated areas
Kharif
2004
10.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate
wetting and drying)
Rice 7.2 A mean grain yield of 4.5 t/ha was recorded
Introduction of Maize (sole and
inter cropped) under tank
commands
Kharif
2004
50.0
(Sole
&Inter
crop)
Introduction of maize, Inter crop
Redgram.
Maize,
Redgra
m
33.6
2.8
A mean grain yield of 3.24 t/ha was recorded in
sole maize and 4.25 t/ha (MGEY) by Maize +
Redgram intercropping.
Introduction of Genetically
modified cotton (Bt) under tank
commands
Kharif
2004
5.0 Introduction of RCH-2 and
Bunny Bt cotton
Cotton 0.8 A seed cotton yield of 1.5 q/ha was recorded
Introduction of Bengalgram
under
Tank command
Rabi 04-
05
40.0 Bengalgram was introduced
under tank commands
Bengalg
ram
32.0 A mean grain yield of 0.80t/ha was obtained by
growing bengalgram during rabi under tank
commands.
Introduction of Castor under
tank commands
Rabi 04-
05
25.0 Castor was introduced under
tank commands
Castor 26.0 A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was obtained by
growing bengalgram during rabi under tank
commands.
97
Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2004-05 under different tank commands
Location: Mangole Tank: Doddi Cheruvu Ayacut area: 62.44 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Results / Remarks
Water management practices
for transplanted rice under
tankfed irrigated areas
Kharif
2004
5.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate
wetting and drying)
Rice 8.2 A mean grain yield of 3.8 t/ha was recorded
Introduction of Maize (sole and
inter cropped) under tank
commands
Kharif
2004
20.0
(Sole)
5.0
(Inter
crop)
Introduction of maize Maize 16.8
(sole)
4.8
A mean grain yield of 2.45 t/ha was
recorded in sole.
Introduction of Genetically
modified cotton (Bt) under tank
commands
Kharif
2004
5.0 Introduction of RCH-2 and
Bunny Bt cotton
Cotton 1.4 A seed cotton yield of 1.75 t/ha was
recorded
Introduction of Bengalgram
under
Tank command
Rabi 04-
05
15.0 Bengalgram was introduced
under tank commands
Bengalgram 14.0 A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was obtained
by growing bengalgram during rabi under
tank commands.
Introduction of Castor under
tank commands
Rabi 04-
05
3.0 Castor was introduced under
tank commands
Castor 6.0 A mean grain yield of 0.85/ha was obtained
by growing bengalgram during rabi under
tank commands.
98
Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005 under different tank commands.
Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 170.4 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Date of
sowing
Results / Remarks
Water management practices
for transplanted rice under
tankfed irrigated areas
Kharif
2005
10.0 Transplanted paddy
(alternate wetting and
drying)
Rice 10.4 10th
July-
31st
August
A mean grain yield of 4.27 t/ha
was recorded
Demonstration of Dry
seeding rice under tankfed
area
Kharif
2005
5.0 Dry seeding of rice Rice 1.6 1st Week
of July
A mean grain yield of 4.5 t/ha was
recorded
SRI cultivation in paddy Kharif
2005
1.0 SRI technology in Rice Rice -- -- Since, the monsoon was delayed
by three weeks and due to high
intense rains in July SRI wasn‟t
taken up.
Introduction of Maize (sole
and inter cropped) under tank
commands
Kharif
2005
50.0
(Sole)
50.0
(Inter
crop)
Introduction of maize
hybrid (Kanchan-2002)
and Inter crops cowpea
and Redgram.
Maize,
Cowpea,
Redgram
25.8
(sole)
20.4
(M+C)
18.9
(M+R)
Last week
of June-
14th
July
A mean grain yield of 3.3 t/ha was
recorded in sole maize and 4.46
t/ha (MGEY) by Maize + Cowpea
intercropping. Redgram yields are
yet to be recorded.
Introduction of Genetically
modified cotton (Bt) under
tank commands
Kharif
2005
5.0 Introduction of RCH-2
and Bunny Bt cotton
Cotton 0.4 1st week
of July
A seed cotton yield of 10.5 q/ha
was recorded
Introduction of castor under
tank commands
Late
Kharif /
Maghi
3.0 Introduction of castor
under tank commands
Castor 1.2 Last week
of August-
September
.
Castor yields are yet to be
recorded.
Introduction of fodder
sorghum/maize
Kharif
2005
1.0 Introduction of fodder
sorghum
Fodder
sorghum
0.1 September
1st week
4.5 t/ha of green fodder was
recorded.
99
Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005
Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma cheruvu Ayacut area: 41.712 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Date of
sowing
Remarks
Water management practices for
transplanted rice under tankfed
irrigated areas
Kharif 2005 5.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate
wetting and drying)
Rice 9.6 10th
July-
31st
August
A mean grain yield of 4.62 t/ha
was recorded
Demonstration of Dry seeding rice
under tankfed area
Kharif 2005 4.0 Dry seeding of rice Rice -- -- --
SRI cultivation in paddy Kharif 2005 1.0 SRI technology in Rice Rice -- -- Since, the monsoon was delayed
by three weeks and due to high
intense rains in July SRI wasn‟t
taken up.
Introduction of Maize (sole and inter
cropped) under tank commands
Kharif 2005 15.0
(Sole)
3.0
(Inter
crop)
Introduction of maize hybrid
(Kanchan-2002) and
Redgram (Maruthi)
Maize,
Redgram
17.1
(sole)
1.4
(inter
crop)
Last week
of June-
14th
July
A mean grain yield of 3.54 t/ha
was recorded in sole maize.
Redgram yields are yet to be
recorded.
Introduction of Genetically modified
cotton (Bt) under tank commands
Kharif 2005 5.0 Introduction of RCH-2 and
Bunny Bt cotton
Cotton 6.6 1st week of
July
A seed cotton yield of 19.1 q/ha
was recorded
Introduction of castor under tank
commands
Late Kharif
/ Maghi
3.0 Introduction of castor under
tank commands
Castor 1.2 Last week
of August-
September
.
Castor yields are yet to be
recorded.
Introduction of fodder
sorghum/maize
Kharif 2005 1.0 Introduction of fodder
sorghum
Fodder
sorghum
0.1 September
1st week
4.5 t/ha of green fodder was
recorded.
100
Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005 Location: Khajipur Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 97.636 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Date of
sowing
Remarks
Water management practices
for transplanted rice under
tankfed irrigated areas
Kharif
2005
5.0 Transplanted paddy
(alternate wetting and
drying)
Rice 9.9 10th
July-
31st August
A mean grain yield of 4.66 t/ha
was recorded
Demonstration of Dry
seeding rice under tankfed
area
Kharif
2005
5.0 Dry seeding of rice Rice 0.4 1st Week of
July
A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was
recorded
SRI cultivation in paddy Kharif
2005
1.0 SRI technology in Rice Rice -- -- Since, the monsoon was delayed
by three weeks and due to high
intense rains in July SRI wasn‟t
taken up.
Introduction of Maize (sole
and inter cropped) under
tank commands
Kharif
2005
30.0
(Sole)
30.0
(Inter
crop)
Introduction of maize
hybrid (Kanchan-2002)
and Inter crops cowpea
and Redgram.
Maize,
Cowpea,
Redgram
23.4
(sole)
22.5
(M+C)
16.9
(M+R)
Last week
of June-
14th
July
A mean grain yield of 4.1 t/ha was
recorded in sole maize and 5.64
t/ha (MGEY) by Maize Cowpea
intercropping. Redgram yields are
yet to be recorded.
Introduction of Genetically
modified cotton (Bt) under
tank commands
Kharif
2005
5.0 Introduction of RCH-2
and Bunny Bt cotton
Cotton 0.2 1st week of
July
A seed cotton yield of 10.75 q/ha
was recorded
Introduction of castor under
tank commands
Late
Kharif /
Maghi
3.0 Introduction of castor
under tank commands
Castor 1.2 Last week
of August-
September.
Castor yields are yet to be
recorded.
Introduction of fodder
sorghum/maize
Kharif
2005
1.0 Introduction of fodder
sorghum
Fodder
sorghum
-- September
1st week
4.0 t/ha of green fodder was
recorded.
101
Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005
Location: Mangole Tank: Doddi Cheruvu Ayacut area: 62.44 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area (ha) Date of
sowing
Remarks
Water management practices
for transplanted rice under
tankfed irrigated areas
Kharif 2005 5.0 Transplanted paddy
(alternate wetting and
drying)
Rice 9.1 10th
July-
31st
August
A mean grain yield of 2.6
t/ha was recorded
Demonstration of Dry seeding
rice under tankfed area
Kharif 2005 4.0 Dry seeding of rice Rice -- -- --
SRI cultivation in paddy Kharif 2005 1.0 SRI technology in Rice Rice -- -- Since, the monsoon was
delayed by three weeks
and due to high intense
rains in July SRI wasn‟t
taken up.
Introduction of Maize (sole and
inter cropped) under tank
commands
Kharif 2005 25.0
(Sole)
4.0
(Inter
crop)
Introduction of maize,
Maize intercropped with
Beans (Under irrigated
conditions) and
Redgram under rainfed
conditions.
Maize,
Beans,
Redgram
17.1 (sole)
2.4 (M+B)
1.4 (M+R)
Last week
of June-
14th
July
A mean grain yield of 2.8
t/ha was recorded in sole
maize. Redgram and beans
yields are yet to be
recorded.
Introduction of Genetically
modified cotton (Bt) under tank
commands
Kharif 2005 8.0 Introduction of RCH-2
and Bunny Bt cotton
Cotton 5.9 1st week
of July
A seed cotton yield of
18.0 q/ha was recorded
Introduction of castor under
tank commands
Late Kharif
/ Maghi
10.0 Introduction of castor
under tank commands
Castor 5.5 Last week
of Aug-
Sep
Castor yields are yet to be
recorded.
Introduction of fodder
sorghum/maize
Kharif 2005 1.4 Introduction of fodder
sorghum
Fodder
sorghum
0.1 September
1st week
4.5 t/ha of green fodder
was recorded.
102
Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06 under different tank commands.
Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 170.4 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Remarks
Water management practices for
transplanted rice under tankfed
irrigated areas
Rabi 2005-06 10.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and
drying)
Rice 2.4 A mean grain yield of 5.0
t/ha was recorded
SRI cultivation in paddy Rabi 2005-06 0.4 SRI technology in Rice Rice --
Introduction of Sunflower under
tank commands
Rabi 2005-06 8.0 Introduction of Sunflower under tank
commands
Sunflower 0.8 A mean grain yield of
13.5 q/ha was recorded
Introduction of Bengalgram under
tank commands
Rabi 2005-06 75.0 Introduction of Bengalgram under tank
commands
Bengalgra
m
35.2 A mean grain yield of 9.0
q/ha was recorded
Introduction of castor under tank
commands
Rabi 2005-06 15.0 Introduction of castor under tank
commands
Castor 10.0 A mean grain yield of 8.4
q/ha was recorded
Introduction of Safflower Rabi 2005-06 1.0 Introduction of coriander Safflower 0.4 A mean grain yield of
10.0 q/ha was recorded
103
Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06
Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma cheruvu Ayacut area: 41.712 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Remarks
Water management practices for
transplanted rice under tankfed
irrigated areas
Rabi 05-06 5.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting
and drying)
Rice 11.2 A mean grain yield of 5.2
t/ha was recorded
SRI cultivation in paddy Rabi 05-06 0.4 SRI technology in Rice Rice 0.4 A mean grain yield of 6.4
t/ha was recorded
Introduction of Sunflower under
tank commands
Rabi 05-06 10.0 Introduction of Sunflower under tank
commands
Sunflower 6.0 A mean grain yield of 15.0
q/ha was recorded
Introduction of Bengalgram under
tank commands
Rabi 05-06 20.0 Introduction of Bengalgram under tank
commands
Bengalgra
m
4.0 A mean grain yield of 8.0
q/ha was recorded
Introduction of castor under tank
commands
Rabi 05-06 2.0 Introduction of castor under tank
commands
Castor 0.4 A mean grain yield of 8.4
q/ha was recorded
Introduction of Coriander
(sole or intercropped with
Bengalgram)
Rabi 05-06 1.0 Introduction of coriander Coriander 0.6 A mean grain yield of 14.0
q/ha was recorded
104
Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06 under different tank commands.
Location: Khajipur Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 97.636 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area (ha) Remarks
Water management practices for
transplanted rice under tankfed
irrigated areas
Rabi
05-06
5.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate
wetting and drying)
Rice 3.6 A mean grain yield of 4.8 t/ha
was recorded
SRI cultivation in paddy Rabi
05-06
0.4 SRI technology in Rice Rice --
Introduction of Sunflower under tank
commands
Rabi
05-06
8.0 Introduction of Sunflower
under tank commands
Sunflower 0.4 A mean grain yield of 12.5 q/ha
was recorded
Introduction of Bengalgram under
tank commands
Rabi
05-06
40.0 Introduction of Bengalgram
under tank commands
Bengalgram 24.0 A mean grain yield of 9.0 q/ha
was recorded
Introduction of castor under tank
commands
Rabi
05-06
35.0 Introduction of castor under
tank commands
Castor 7.2 A mean grain yield of 8.0 q/ha
was recorded
Introduction of Safflower Rabi
05-06
1.0 Introduction of Safflower Safflower 0.4 A mean grain yield of 10.0 q/ha
was recorded
105
Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06
Location: Mangole Tank: Doddi Cheruvu Ayacut area: 62.44 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area (ha) Remarks
Water management practices for
transplanted rice under tankfed
irrigated areas
Rabi
05-06
10.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate
wetting and drying)
Rice 16.0 A mean grain yield of 5.4 t/ha
was recorded
SRI cultivation in paddy Rabi
05-06
0.4 SRI technology in Rice Rice 0.8 A mean grain yield of 6.4 t/ha
was recorded
Introduction of Sunflower under tank
commands
Rabi
05-06
5.0 Introduction of Sunflower under
tank commands
Sunflower 5.0 A mean grain yield of 18.0
q/ha was recorded
Introduction of Bengalgram under
tank commands
Rabi
05-06
20.0 Introduction of Bengalgram under
tank commands
Bengalgram 6.0 A mean grain yield of 12.0
q/ha was recorded
Introduction of Groundnut under tank
commands
Rabi
05-06
5.0 Introduction of Groundnut under
tank commands
Groundnut
0.8 A mean grain yield of 30.0
q/ha was recorded
Introduction of castor under tank
commands
Rabi
05-06
15.0 Introduction of castor under tank
commands
Castor 0.8 A mean grain yield of 10.0
q/ha was recorded
106
Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2005 under different tank commands (KADAPA District)
Location: Vontimitta Tank: Gangaperuru
Ayacut area: 38ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area (ha) Date of
sowing
Date of harvest Avg.yield
(Kg/ha)
Demonstration / Evaluation of potential
crops and crop sequences with reference to
water use and economic returns
Kharif
2005
38.0 Green gram
preceding to Rice
Green gram 38.0 20.5.05 5.7.05 300
Application of identified improved water
management techniques to crop or
situation, which sprinkler and drip
irrigation systems
Kharif
2005
38.0 Rotational water
management
practice in Rice
Rice 38.0 1.8.05 1stweek of Jan
06
4500
Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Rabi
2005
36.0
2.0
Introduction
Sunflower and
Vegetable crop of
French bean
Sunflower
French bean
37.8
0.20
1st week of
Feb06
1ST
WEEK OF
may
2050
To explore the potentiality of conjunctive
use of surface and ground water in
improving WUE and in increasing
cropping intensity leading to increase in
production and net returns.
Rabi
2005
38.0 Introduce
I.D.Crops like
Sunflower and
Jowar crop as
contingent crop to
Rice
Sunflower -do- -do- -do-
Improved on farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures.
Rabi
2005
Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice. Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application
in Sunflower
Multidisciplinary training programs for
farmers managerial capabilities
Kharif
2005
5 No. 1. Alternate crops to Rice
2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar
107
Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2005 under different tank commands
Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ibrahimpet
Ayacut area: 176.78ha
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Date of
sowing
Date of
Harvest
Avg.yield
Kg/ha
Demonstration / Evaluation of
potential crops and crop sequences
with reference to water use and
economic returns
Kharif
2005
176.78 Green gram
preceding to Rice
Green gram
Green manure
6.4
110
20.5.05 30.7.05 500
Application of identified improved
water management techniques to crop
or situation, which sprinkler and drip
irrigation systems
Kharif
2005
176.78 Rotational water
management in
Rice Ridge&
Furrow in
Sunflower
Rice
Sunflower
160.0
16.4
2.8.05
15-10-05
1st week of
Jan06
2nd
fortnight of
Jan 06
1800
500
Optimal crop planning under limited
water availability to maximize
production and returns
Rabi
2005
174.78
2.0
Introduction
Sunflower and
Vegetable crop of
French bean
Sunflower
Vegetables
160.0
2.0
1st week of
Feb 06
1st week of
May 2006
1700
To explore the potentiality of
conjunctive use of surface and ground
water in improving WUE and in
increasing cropping intensity leading
to increase in production and net
returns.
Rabi
2005
174.78
2.0
Introduce
I.D.Crops like
Sunflower and
Jowar crop as
contingent crop to
Rice
Sunflower
Vegetables
160.0
2.0
1st week of
Feb 06
1st week of
May 2006
1700
Improved on farm agronomic practices
and production parameters including
use of appropriate farm implements
cultivers, fertilizers, pest control and
other measures.
Rabi
2005
8.0 Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron
application in Sunflower
Multidisciplinary training programs
for farmers managerial capabilities
1.Alternate crops to Rice.
2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar
108
Action plan and work done report Kharif –2005 under different tank commands
Location: Badvel Tank: Thippanapalli
Ayacut area: 16.6ha
Activity Season Area (ha) Activity Crop Area (ha) Date of
sowing
Date of
harvest
Yield (Kg/ha)
Demonstration / Evaluation of potential
crops and crop sequences with
reference to water use and economic
returns
EarlyKhar
if
2005
16.24 Bajra preceding
to Rice
Bajra
Dhaincha
4.0
12.0
30-5-05
30-5-05
10-8-05 1800
Application of identified improved
water management techniques to crop
or situation, which sprinkler and drip
irrigation systems
Late
Kharif
2005
16.24 Rotational water
management in
Rice Ridge
&Furrow In
Sunflower
Rice
Sunflower
14.0
2.0
12-8-05
10-10-05
2nd
fortnight
of Jan‟06
-do-
3875
1125
Optimal crop planning under limited
water availability to maximize
production and returns
Rabi
2005
0.2
8.0
8.0
Introduction of
SRI Sunflower
and Cotton
Rice
Sunflower
Cotton
0.2
4.0
12.0
9-8-05
12-1-06 1827
To explore the potentiality of
conjunctive use of surface and ground
water in improving WUE and in
increasing cropping intensity leading to
increase in production and net returns.
Rabi
2005
8.0
8.0
Introduce
I.D.Crops like
Sunflower
Cotton
Sunflower
Improved on farm agronomic practices
and production parameters including
use of appropriate farm implements
cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and
other measures.
Kharif
2005
Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice. Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron
application in Sunflower
Sunflower
Multidisciplinary training programs for
farmers managerial capabilities
Kharif
2005
4 Alternate crops to Rice
Production technologies for Sunflower &Jowar
109
Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2005 under different tank commands
Location: Badvel Tank: Puttayapalli
Ayacut area: 59.8 ha
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Date of
sowing
Date of
harvest
Yield
(kg/ha)
Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops
and crop sequences with reference to water
use and economic returns
Early
Kharif
59.8 Bajra preceding to
Rice
Bajra
Greengram
40.0
14.0
30-5-05
29-5-05
18.8.05
12.8.05
1725
575
Application of identified improved water
management techniques to crop or situation,
which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems
Rabi
2005
Rotational water
management practice
in Rice
Ridge and Furrow in
Sunflower
Rice
Sunflower
40.0
16.0
20-11-05
11-11-05
15-1-06
500
Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Rabi
2005
19.8
40.0
Introduction
Sunflower and
Vegetables
Sunflower
16.0
11-11-05
15-1-06
1250
To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use
of surface and ground water in improving
WUE and in increasing cropping intensity
leading to increase in production and net
returns.
Rabi
2005
Introduced Medium
duration, resistant to
rice blast variety of
NLR 34449
Rice 40.0 11-11-05 12-2-06 5500
Improved on farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements cultivers,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures.
Rabi
2005
8.0 Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron
application in Sunflower
Multidisciplinary training programs for
farmers managerial capabilities
Kharif
2005
4 No. Alternate crops to Rice &production technologies for Sunflower
110
Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2004 under different tank command
Location: Vontimitta Tank: Gangaperuru
Ayacut area: 38ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area (ha) Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Date of
sowing
Date of
harvest
Avg.yield
(Kg/ha)
Demonstration / Evaluation of potential
crops and crop sequences with reference to
water use and economic returns
Kharif
2004
38.0 Green gram
preceding to Rice
Green
gram
38.0 25.5.045 2.8.04 725
Application of identified improved water
management techniques to crop or situation,
which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems
Kharif
2004
38.0 Rotational water
management
practice in Rice
Rice 31.2 29.8.04 10.12.04 5875
Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Summer
2004
36.0
2.0
Introduction
Sunflower and
Vegetable crop of
French bean
Sunflower
French
bean
37.60
0.2
Jan 1st 04
16.12.04
7.4.05
25.1.05
1600
6625
To explore the potentiality of conjunctive
use of surface and ground water in
improving WUE and in increasing cropping
intensity leading to increase in production
and net returns.
Summer
2004
38.0 Introduce
I.D.Crops like
Sunflower and
Jowar crop as
contingent crop to
Rice
Sunflower -do- -do- -do-
Improved on farm agronomic practices Rabi
2004
Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice. Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron
application in Sunflower
Multidisciplinary training programs for
farmers managerial capabilities
Kharif
2004
5 No. 1. Alternate crops to Rice
2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar
111
Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2004 under different tank commands
Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ibrahimpet
Ayacut area: 176.78ha
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area (ha) Date of
sowing
Date of
Harvest
Avg.yield
(kg/ha)
Demonstration / Evaluation of
potential crops and crop sequences
with reference to water use and
economic returns
Early
Kharif
2004
176.78 Green gram
preceding to Rice
Green gram
Green
manure
66.0
70.0
29.5.04
24.6.04
10.8.04 675
Application of identified improved
water management techniques to
crop or situation, which sprinkler
and drip irrigation systems
Kharif
2004
176.78 Rotational water
management
practice in Rice
Semi dry paddy
Direct seeding
Ridge &Furrow in
Sunflower
Rice
Rice
Rice
Sunflower
101.6
0.4
0.4
74.0
15.8.04
16.8.04
14.9.04
15.11.04
16.1.05
2.1.05
8.1.05
12.2.05
5500
2612.5
5225.0
1700
Optimal crop planning under
limited water availability to
maximize production and returns
Summer
2004
174.78
2.0
Introduction
Sunflower and
Vegetable crop of
French bean
Sunflower
Vegetables
96.0 1st week
of Jan 05
9.4.05 1562.5
To explore the potentiality of
conjunctive use of surface and
ground water in improving WUE
and in increasing cropping intensity
leading to increase in production
and net returns.
Summer
2004
174.78
2.0
Introduce I.D.Crops
like Sunflower and
Jowar crop as
contingent crop to
Rice
Sunflower
Vegetables
160
2.0
1st week
of Feb 06
1st of May 1700
Improved on farm agronomic
practices and production parameters
including use of appropriate farm
implements cultivers, fertilizers,
pest control and other measures.
Rabi
2004
8.0 Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in
Sunflower
Rice
Sunflower
Multidisciplinary training programs
for farmers managerial capabilities
5 No. 1.Alternate crops to Rice.
2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar
112
Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2004 under different tank commands
Location: Badvel Tank: Thippanapalli
Ayacut area: 16.6 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
(ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Date of
sowing
Date of
harvest
Avg.yield
(Kg/ha)
Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops
and crop sequences with reference to water
use and economic returns
Early
Kharif
2004
16.6 Green gram
preceding to Rice
Green
gram
Dhaincha
2.0
12.0
25.5.04
29.8.04
5.8.04 700
Application of identified improved water
management techniques to crop or situation,
which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems
Late
Kharif
2004
16.6 Rotational water
management practice
in Rice
Ridge &Furrow in
Sunflower
Rice
Sunflower
11.6
4.4
7-10-04
10-11-04
20.1. 05
8.2.05
5700
1125
Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Rabi
2004
0.2
8.0
8.0
Introduction of SRI
Sunflower and
Cotton crop
Rice
Sunflower
Cotton
0.2
8.0
8.0
1-10-05
1st weekof
Feb
5-2-06
1st week
of May
5800
2050
600
To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use
of surface and ground water in improving
WUE and in increasing cropping intensity
leading to increase in production and net
returns.
Rabi
2004
8.0 Introduce I.D.Crops
like Sunflower
Sunflower -- -- -- -
Improved on farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements cultivers,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures.
Kharif
2004
4.0 Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron
application in Sunflower
Sunflower
Multidisciplinary training programs for
farmers managerial capabilities
Kharif
2004
5 No. Alternate crops to Rice
Production technologies for Sunflower &Jowar
113
Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2004 under different tank commands
Location: Badvel Tank: Puttayapalli
Ayacut area: 59.8 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Are
a
(ha)
Activity Crop Area (ha) Date of
sowing
Date of harvest Avg.yield
(Kg/ha)
Demonstration / Evaluation of
potential crops and crop
sequences with reference to water
use and economic returns
Early
Kharif
2004
59.8 Bajra preceding to
Rice
Greengram
Bajra
40
14
25.5.04
20.5.04
5.8.04
28.7.04
575
1950
Application of identified
improved water management
techniques to crop or situation,
which sprinkler and drip irrigation
systems
Kharif
2004
48.0 Rotational water
management
practice in Rice
Redge &Furrow in
Sunflower
Semi dry
paddy
0.4
5.9-04
5.2. 05
4637.5
Optimal crop planning under
limited water availability to
maximize production and returns
Rabi
2004
28 Introduction of
Sunflower and
Vegetable crops
Jowar
French bean
24.0
0.2
20.10.04
5.12.04
7.2.05
21.1.05
2040
13000
To explore the potentiality of
conjunctive use of surface and
ground water in improving WUE
and in increasing cropping
intensity leading to increase in
production and net returns.
Rabi
2004
28.0 Introduce
I.D.Crops like
Jowar
---do---- ---d0--- ---do--- ---do--- ---do-
Improved on farm agronomic
practices and production
parameters.
Kharif
2004
4.0 Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower
Multidisciplinary training
programs for farmers managerial
capabilities
Kharif
2004
5
No.
Alternate crops to Rice
Production technologies for Sunflower &Jowar
114
Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2003 under different tank commands
Location: Vontimitta Tank: Gangaperuru
Ayacut area: 38.0 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area
ha)
Activity Crop Area
(ha)
Date of
sowing
Date of
harvest
Avg.yield
(Kg/ha)
Demonstration / Evaluation of potential
crops and crop sequences with reference to
water use and economic returns
Early
Kharif
2003
38.0 Greengram preceding to
Rice
Greengra
m
38.0 11.7.03 10.9.03 630
Application of identified improved water
management techniques to crop or
situation, which sprinkler and drip
irrigation systems
Kharif
2003
38.0 Rotational water
management practice in
Rice
Direct seeded Rice
RICE
Rice
32.5
0.5
27.8.03
14-.9.03
5.12.03
28.1.03
6080
4725
Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Rabi
2003
36.0
2.0
Introduction Sunflower
and Vegetable crop of
French bean
Sun
flower
38
1st week of
Jan 04
1st week of
Apr04
2150
To explore the potentiality of conjunctive
use of surface and ground water in
improving WUE and in increasing
cropping intensity leading to increase in
production and net returns.
Rabi
2003
38.0 Introduce I.D.Crops like
Sunflower and Jowar crop
as contingent crop to Rice
Sunflower 5.0 2nd
week of
Oct 03
1s&2nd
week of Feb
04
2075
Improved on farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures.
Rabi
2003
Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application
in Sunflower
Multidisciplinary training programs for
farmers managerial capabilities
Kharif
2003
No. training programmes-4
No.Group discussion-4
1. Alternate crops to Rice
2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar
Group discussion -2
115
Action plan and work done report DURING Kharif –2003 under different tank commands
Location: Badvel Tank: Thippanapalli
Ayacut area: 16.6 ha
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area (ha) Activity Crop Area (ha) Date of
sowing
Date of
harvest
Avg.yield
(Kg/ha)
Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops
and crop sequences with reference to water
use and economic returns
Early
Kharif
2003
16.6 Green gram
preceding to
Rice
Green gram
Bajra
2.0
12.0
11.7.03
16.7.03
29.9.03
28.9.03
700
2500
Application of identified improved water
management techniques to crop or situation,
which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems
Late
Kharif
2003
16.24 Rotational water
management
practice in Rice
Semidry paddy
Direct seeded
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
10.0
0.4
0.4
2.10.03
22.9.03
6.9.03
12.1.04
25.1.04
21.1.04
5812.5
3162.5
4862.5
Optimal crop planning under limited water
availability to maximize production and
returns
Rabi
2003
0.2
8.0
8.0
Contingency
crop Sunflower
and French bean
Sunflower
French bean
4.0
0.5
2nd
week of
Oct 03
1st week of J
an 04
1st&2
nd week
of
Jan 04
2nd
week
of Mar 04
1900
6500
To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use
of surface and ground water in improving
WUE and in increasing cropping intensity
leading to increase in production and net
returns.
Summer
2003
16.0 Introduce
I.D.Crops like
Sunflower
Sunflower
cotton
8.0
8.0
1st week of
Feb 04
--do--
2nd
week
o f May
04
2062.5
1150
Improved on farm agronomic practices and
production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements cultivars,
fertilizers, pest control and other measures.
Kharif
2003
Zinc , potash and weedicide application Tricho cards and alleyways in rice
.Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower
Multidisciplinary training programs for
farmers managerial capabilities
Kharif
2003
Training programmes, Group discussion & Workshop
Alternate crops to Rice
Production technologies for Sunflower &Jowar
Group discussions-4
Two day workshop –8th
and 9th
March 2004
116
Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005 (Vizianagaram district) Location: Ramasagaram, Gujjangivalasa, Gurla Mandal
Ayacut: 60 acres
2005-06
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area, acres Activity Crop Area
,acre
s
Avg Yield,
kg/ha
Cultivation of grrengram/black
gram preceeding rice
Early kharif 20
15
Cultivation of grrengram/black
gram preceeding rice
Greengram
black gram
3
0.8 – 2 q/ac
Demonstration of dry seeded
paddy and converted to wet
with early, medium and long
duration var.
Kharif 25 Demonstration of aerobic rice rice 13.5 Threshing
under progress
Water management practices in
transplanted paddy
kharif 05 Water management practices in
paddy
Paddy 19 - do -
Introduction of non traditional
crops
kharif 10
5
Non traditional crops Maize
Groundnut
Casuarinas
12.5
08
02
4 – 9 q/ac
5 – 8 bags/ac
Demonstration of direct sown
paddy under puddled conditions
Kharif - Paddy under puddle conditions Paddy 04 Failed due to
terminal
moisture stress
Sowing of pulses in rice fallows rabi 15
-
Cultivation of pulses Black gram
Green
gram
14
02
At vegetative
growth
Cultivation of I.D. crops Rabi 15
5
I.D. crops Maize
Ragi
5
3
- do -
117
Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005-06
Location: Puchabanda, Gujjangivalasa, Gurla Mandal
Ayacut: 70 acres
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area, acres Activity Crop Area, acres
Sowing of sesamum preceeding
paddy
Early kharif 35
Sesamum cultivation Sesamum 21
Demonstration of dry seeded
paddy an converted to wet with
early, medium, and long
duration var.
Kharif 30 Demonstration of aerobic
rice
rice 12.5
Water management practices in
paddy
kharif 10 Water management practices
in paddy
Paddy 17
Introduction of non traditional
crops
Kharif 15 Non traditional crops Maize
Groundnut
8
10
Sowing of rice fallow pulses Rabi 15
Pulse cultivation Green gram
Black gram
Horse gram
02
06
04
Introduction of non traditional
crops
Rabi 15
04
Non traditional crops Maize
Ground nut
1.5
06
Cultivation of ragi and
vegetables
Rabi 13 Ragi and vegetables
cultivation
Ragi
Vegetables
Casuarinas
03
01
06
118
Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005
Location: Neellacheruvu, Galavilli, Balijapeta Mandal
Ayacut : 97 acres
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area, acres Activity Crop Area, acres
Cultivation of sesamum, Ragi and
Mesta
Early kharif 05 Cultivation of Seasamum Seasamum
04
Sowing green manure crops before rice Early kharif 10
05
10
Sowing green manure
crops
Sunhemp
Dhaincha
10
03
Demonstration of production
technology of Sugarcane
kharif 14 Prouction technology of
Sugarcane
Sugarcane 14
Demonstration of dry seeded paddy and
converted to wet with early,medium,and
long duration var.
kharif 45 Demonstration of aerobic
rice
rice 43 + 8
Water management practice in
transplanted paddy including INM and
IPM
Kharif 20 Water management practice
in paddy
Rice 26
Introduction of non traditional crop kharif 13 Maize cultivations Maize 06
Sunflower after maize rabi 15 Sunflower after maize Sunflower 11
Vegetables cultivation in rice fallows rabi 13 Vegetables cultivation in
rice fallows
Vegetables 1.5
Cultivation of maize rabi 03 Maize cultivation Maize 02
Cultivation of rice Rabi - Rabi rice Rice 10
Cultivation of sugarcane Rabi - Sugran cane cultivation Sugra cane 05
119
Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005 Location: Hasankhan tank, Gangada, Balijapeta Mandal
Ayacut: 167 acres
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area (Acres) Activity Crop Area, acres Avg Yield,
kg/ha
Cultivation of Finger millet and
sesamum
Early
kharif
15
60
- - - -
Sowing green manure crops
before rice
Early
kharif
Sunhemp 20
Dhaincha 20
Sowing green
manure crops
Sunhemp
Dhaincha
14 Incorporation
Demonstration of production
technology of Sugarcane
kharif 10 Prouction
technology of
Sugarcane
Sugarcane 10 72 t/ha
Demonstration of dry seeded
paddy and converted to wet
with early, medium, and long
duration var.
kharif 60 Demonstration of
aerobic rice
rice 40+20 3000to 4200
Water management practice in
transplanted paddy
kharif 80 Water management
practice in
transplanted paddy
rice 80 4000
Introduction of Maize(non
traditional crop)
kharif 14 Introduction of
Maize
maize 5
(12 farmers)
2800-3000
Cultivation of ragi kharif 03 Cultivation of ragi ragi 02
(3 farmers)
Growing sesamum after rice rabi 60 Rice-sesamum
cropping system
sesamum 20 1.5 t/ha
Introduction of non traditional
crop- sunflower
rabi 05 sunflower rabi 0.5
Cultivastion of pulses Rabi Green gram 40
Black gram 40
Horse gram 20
Cultivation of
pulses
Rabi 4
Cultivastion of maize Rabi Cultivastion of
maize
rabi 0.6
120
Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2003-04
Location: Neellacheruvu, Galavilli, Balijapeta Mandal
Ayacut: 97 acres
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area,
Acres
Activity Crop Area,
acres
Avg Yield, kg/ha
Cultivation of maize Kharif 06 Cultivation of maize maize 3.5 2.12 – 3.62
Rotational irrigation schedules in
transplanted paddy
Kharif 30 Rotational irrigation
schedules in paddy
paddy 35 2.5 – 4.4
Demonstration of dry seeded
paddy and converted to wet with
early, medium, and long duration
var.
Kharif 30 Cultivation of direct
sown paddy
Paddy 30 2.5 – 3.28
Demonstration of chemical weed
control methods in direct sown
paddy
kharif 10 Chemical weed
control in paddy
rice 06 2.5 – 2.8
Introduction of non traditional
crop – sunflower
Rabi 2 Sunflower cultivation Sunflower 1 1 – 1.3
Production technology of
sesamum
Rabi 40 Sesamum cultivation Sesamum 38 0.25 – 0.42
121
Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2004-05
Location : Neellacheruvu, Galavilli, Balijapeta Mandal
Ayacut : 97 acres
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area, acres Activity Crop Area,
acres
Cultivation of sesamum, Ragi and
Mesta
Early kharif 42
05
01
Cultivation of
Seasamum
Mesta
Seasamum
Mesta
38
01
Sowing green manure crops bfore
rice
Early kharif Sunhemp 12
Dhaincha 10
Sowing green manure
crops
Sunhemp
Dhaincha
13.5
Demonstration of production
technology of Sugarcane
kharif 8 Prouction technology
of Sugarcane
Sugarcane 15
Demonstration of dry seeded paddy
and converted to wet with
early,medium,and long duration var.
kharif 40 Demonstration of
aerobic rice
rice 40
Demonstration of puddle seeded rice
under late conditions
kharif 10 Demonstration of
puddle seeded rice
rice 2 farmers
Water management practice in
transplanted paddy
kharif 22 Water management
practice in transplanted
paddy
rice 30
Introduction of Maize(non traditional
crop)
kharif 15 Introduction of Maiz maize 5
Growing sesamum after rice rabi 60 Rice-sesamum
cropping system
sesamum 10
Veg cultivation in rice fallows rabi 05
05
02
03
Veg cultivation in rice
fallows
Bhendi
French bean
Tomato & brinjal
-
1.25
1.5
Cultivastion of maize Rabi 05 - - -
122
Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005-06 Location: Hasankhan tank, Gangada, Balijapeta Mandal Ayacut: 167
acres
Action plan Executed
Activity Season Area,
Acres
Activity Crop Area,
acres
Avg
Yield,
kg/ha Sowing of sesamum, ragi
and mesta
Early
kharif
10
--
04
Cultivation
of sesamum
and mesta
Seseamum
Mesta
10
04
1-2 q/ac
6-6.75
q/ac
Sowing green manure
crops before rice
Early
kharif
15
15
Sowing green
manure crops
Sunhemp
Dhaincha
08 Incorpora
tion
Demonstration of
production technology of
Sugarcane
kharif 12 Prouction
technology of
Sugarcane
Sugarcane 12 + 3
Demonstration of dry
seeded paddy and
converted to wet with
early, medium, and long
duration var.
kharif 60 Demonstratio
n of aerobic
rice
rice 30 +30 3 – 4.4
t/ha
Water management
practice in transplanted
paddy
kharif 20 Water
management
practice in
transplanted
paddy
rice 83
Sowing contingent crops kharif 28 Contingent
crop
Ragi
Pulses
Millets
-
-
-
-
Cultivation of vegetables kharif 07 Cultivation
of vegetables
Vegetable
s
07 -
Introduction of non
traditional crops
Kharif 20 Maize
cultivation
maize 02
Sowing of sesamum
succeeding paddy
rabi 30 Seseamum
cultivation
Sesamum 15 + 25
Pulses cultivation in rice
fallows
rabi 20
10
Pulses
cultivation in
rice fallows
Green
gram
Black
gram
10
-
Introduction of non
traditional crops
Rabi 05
02
Non
traditional
crops
Sunflower
Maize
01
02
123
Research & Demonstration activities in Mahaboobnagar district
On-Farm Research Experiment on Aerobic rice
On-Farm Research Experiment on Integrated Weed Management in Rice
124
On-farm demonstration on Castor & Redgram intercropping
OFD on Sunflower during Rabi Season
125
Tank command area in Indrakal with Maize crop
Tank Command area in Vattem Village with Cotton crop
126
GREENGRAM PRECEDING TO RICE
BAJRA PRECEDING TO RICE
127
GREENMANURE FOLLOWED BY RICE
DHAINCHA PRECEDING TO RICE
SEMI-DRY PADDY
128
SEMI-DRY PADDY
SEMI-DRY PADDY
129
Chapter-V
Results of Experiments & Demonstrations
130
131
Results Of Research And Demonstrations
MAHABOOBNAGAR
OBJECTIVE
Demonstration / evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to
water use and economic returns.
Experiment No.1
1 Title of the experiment : Crop diversification - evaluation of cropping
systems.
2. Location : a) Tankfed area of Vattem village
b).Tankfed area of Lattupally village
3. Year and season : Kharif/rabi – 2003-04
4. Crop and variety : Paddy (BPT-5204),
Maize(Ratna),
Castor(Jyothi)
Cotton (Bunny)
Red gram (Asha)
Sorghum (CSV – 15)
Chilli (jwala)
Sunflower
Vegetables
Bengal gram (ICCV-2 and 10)
5.Basic information for
prioritization of the experiment. Rice – rice or rice -fallow cropping system is
predominant in the tank command areas of both
Vattem & Lattupally villages. In view of water
scarcity and electricity problems, this experiment
was carried out show them benefits of
diversification of crops to increase productivity of
tank fed command area.
6.Objectives 1) To evaluate various crops and cropping systems
Suitable for tank command area.
2) To evaluate economics of various cropping
systems.
7. Treatments: T1: Rice fb Rice
T2: Rice fb ID crops
T3: ID crops fb ID crops.
132
8. Date of commencement : July 2003.
9. Results
Yield data of Rice fb ID crops cropping system
Village Farmers Crop Yield Gross
Name (t/ha) returns ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vattem Sreenivas Reddy Rice 5.5 (K) 44,000
Ragi 1.76 (R) 6,160
Bengalgram 0.67(R) 1005
Beans 2.95 (R) 11,800
Vattem R.Krishna Reddy Rice 4.65 (K) 37,200
Ragi 1.56 (R) 5,460
Fodder jowar 21.5 (R) 2580
Tomato 10.25 (R) 30,750
Brinjal 8.25 (R) 24,750
Lattupally Balaiah Rice 4.05 (K) 32,400
Ground nut 1.43 (R) 28,600
The results indicated that Rice fb vegetable crops recorded highest gross returns fallowed by Rice-
Groundnut cropping system, Rice-ragi and rice-Bengal gram cropping system. In case of Bengal gram
crop, because of late planting in rabi, the yield were low.
Yield data of ID crops followed by ID crops cropping system
Village Farmers Crop Yield Gross
Name (t/ha) returns
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vattem A.Ram Reddy Maize + 5.46 (K) 24,570
Red gram (CEY)
Bengal gram 0.78 (R) 11,700
N.Venkat Reddy Maize + 5.65 (K) 25,425
Red gram (CEY)
Castor + 1.43 (K) 17,160
Red gram (CEY)
Cotton 1.5 (K) 30,000
Maize 3.55 (R) 15,975
Ragi 1.65 (R) 5,775
Tomato 17.60 (R) 35,200
Fodder Jowar 13.25 (R) 1,590
Beans 3.21 (R) 12,840
133
In case of ID crops followed ID crops cropping system experiment maize followed by
vegetables was economically in case of farmers who could provide supplementary
irrigations to the vegetable crop during the rabi season. Cotton crop was found to be
suitable to the tank command areas where soils have higher clay content but the cost of
cultivation is high compared to the other ID crops. Maize- red gram intercropping was
found to be economically more remunerative compared to castor –red gram or sorghum –
red gram intercropping. Ragi crop was cultivated during rabi with few irrigations which
indicated its potentiality as suitable crop for rabi where providing supplementary irrigation
is not possible.
Experiment No : 2
1. Title of the experiment : Evaluation of suitable cropping systems in
command areas
2. Location : 1) Vattem tank command area
2) Lattupally tank command area
3) Indrakal tank command area
4) Maddigatla tank command area
3. Year & season : Kharif and rabi, 2004-05
4. Crop & variety : - Paddy, Maize, Cotton, Sunflower, Castor and
Vegetables
5. Basic information for : At present situation due to erratic distribution of
rain fall
Prioritization of the Experiment and due to siltation and damage to the bunds most
of the tanks lost their 50% of their storage
capacity. To utilise the limited water recourses
judiciously to increase the WUE and to increase
the cropping intensity and economic returns to the
farmers there is a need to evaluate suitable
cropping system in particular command area
6. Objectives : 1) To evaluate suitable and remunerative copping
system in command areas
7. Treatment : 1) Rice – Rice
2) Rice – Fallow
3) Rice - ID crops
4) ID crops- ID crops
5) ID crops- fallow
134
8. Date of commencement : Kharif 2004
9. Results
Table: 25 Rabi crops acreage during 2004-05
Crops (acre)
Village Sunflower Vegetables Chillies Fodder
Vattem 16 4 - 1.0
Lattupally 12 6 6 1.0
Indrakal 2 4 - 2.0
Maddigatla - 9 4 2.0
Experiment No: 3
1. Title of the experiment : Evaluation of suitable cropping systems in
command areas
2. Location : 1) Vattem tank command area
2) Lattupally tank command area
3) Indrakal tank command area
4) Maddigatla tank command area
3. Year & season : Kharif and rabi, 2005-06
4. Crop & variety : Paddy, Maize, Cotton, Sunflower, Castor
and Vegetables
5. Basic information for
Prioritization of the Experiment : At present situation due to erratic distribution of
rain fall and due to siltation and damage to the
bunds most of the tanks lost their 50% of their
storage capacity. To utilise the limited water
recourses judiciously to increase the WUE and to
increase the cropping intensity and economic
returns to the farmers there is a need to evaluate
suitable cropping system in particular command
area
135
6. Objectives : 1) To evaluate suitable and remunerative copping
system in command areas
7. Treatment : 1) Rice – Rice
2) Rice – Fallow
3) Rice - ID crops
4) ID crops- ID crops
5) ID crops- fallow
8. Date of commencement : Kharif 2005
Rabi crops acreage ( acres) during 2005-06
Village Paddy Sunflower Vegetables Chillies Fodder Fallow
Vattem 40 3 1 2 3.0 63.0
Lattupally 60 4 5 5 1.0 46.0
Indrakal 15 6 4 - 2.0 92.2
Maddigatla 20 - 3 4 2.0 253.0
OBJECTIVE
Application of identified improved water management techniques to crops or
situation, which include sprinkler and drip irrigation.
Experiment No : 1
1. Title of the experiment : Irrigation scheduling based on critical stage
approach in
Maize crop in different soils types
2. Location : 1) Tank fed area of Nagulu cheruvu (mixed soils)
2) Tank fed area of Gandi cheruvu (Red soils)
3. Year & season : Kharif 2004-05
4. Crop & variety : - Maize,
5. Basic information for
Prioritization of the Experiment : Farmers in the tank fed area of both the villages
are cultivating Maize crop under rain fed
situation. Due to erratic distribution of rain fall
crop is exposed to moisture stress conditions at
136
critical growth stages which adversely affects the
yields of Maize crop.
6. Objectives : To study the effect of irrigations at critical crop
growth stages of rainfed maize on growth and
yield under different soils type
7. Treatment : 1) Rain fed
2) Irrigations at critical stages
8. Date of commencement : Kharif 2004
9. Results:
The results of the experiment conducted in Mixed (Indrakal) and Red soils(Lattupallyu)
revealed that irrigation given at critical crop growth stages increased the seed yield to that
of cultivation under rain fed situation. There was 10.94 and 21.23 percent increased in
seed yield in mixed and red soils respectively with two irrigations.
Maize crop Yield (in mixed soils)
S.No Farmer Name Area
(ac)
Yields (t/ha)
Rainfed Irrigation at critical stages
1 D. Janaki Ram Reddy 0.5 5.2 5.86 (12.69)
2 K. Jangamma 0.5 4.9 5.43 (10.92)
3 K. Mallaiah 0.5 4.5 5.12 (13.78)
Maize crop Yield (in Red soils)
S No Farmer Name Area
(ac)
Yields (t/ha)
Rainfed Irrigation at critical stages
1 Somla 0.5 3.45 4.36 (26.33)
2 Dakya 0.5 3.92 4.75 (21.30)
3 Venkataiah Goud 0.5 4.01 4.66 (16.06)
137
OBJECTIVE
Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and
returns.
Experiment No :1
1. Title of the experiment : Crop diversification for increasing cropping
intensity in the tank command areas
2. Location : 1) Vattem Village
2) Lattupally village
3) Indrakal Village
4) Maddigatla Village
3. Year & season : Kharif 2004-05
4. Crop & variety : - Maize ( Proagro, PHI, Seedtech)
Cotton ( Binny, MECH-12)
Castor ( Kranthi)
Redgram ( PRG-100, Maruthi)
5. Basic information for
Prioritization of the Experiment : The formers in the selected villages are habituated
to cultivate rice or keeping the land fallow in the
tank command areas. During current years, due to
erratic distribution of scanty rain fall limited water
is available in the tanks. So as to utilise the limited
water resources there is a need to cultivate ID crops
instead paddy crop or keeping land as fallow.
6. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing different
irrigated dry crops during kharif season .
7. Treatment :
8. Investigators : 1. Dr.N.Venkat Reddy
ADR, RARS, Palem.
2. Sri.T.Ram Prakash
Scientist (Soil science)
3. Dr. Y. Praveen Kumar
Research Associate
4. Sri G. Srinivas
Research Associate
9. Date of commencement : Kharif 2004
138
10. Results
a) Crop Diversification - Vattem village
Command area of the tank : 48 ha
Total cultivated area (2004-05 Kharif) : 45.0ha(93.75%)
Uncultivated area : 3 ha (6.25%)
Project interventions : 45.0ha(100%)
Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2004-05)
\
b) Crop Diversification - Lattupally village
Command area of the tank : 40.2 ha
Total cultivated area (2004-05 Kharif) : 36.2ha (90.05%)
Uncultivated area : 4ha (9.95%)
Project interventions : 33.2ha (91.71%)
Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2004-05)
3.15+0.14
1.58
3.02
48.88
24.44
26.66
100
22.0
11.0
12.0
45.0
Maize+Redgram
(Inter Crop)
Cotton
Maize (sole crop)
Total
1.
Average yield
(t/ha)
% to the total
cultivated area
Area
(ha)
Crop S. No
3.60+0.15 1.26 1.04+0.13
69.61 15.46 6.62
91.69
25.2 5.60 2.40
33.2
Maize+Redgram (Inter Crop) Cotton Castor+ R’gram
Total
1.
Average yield (t/ha)
% to the total cultivated area
Area (ha)
Crop S. No
139
c) Crop Diversification - Indrakal village
Command area of the tank : 54.4 ha
Total cultivated area (2004-05 Kharif) : 45.9ha(84.35%)
Uncultivated area : 8.5ha (15.62%)
Project interventions : 36.8ha(67.64%)
Cultivated Area and Maize crop yield during Kharif season (2004-05)
d) Crop Diversification - Maddigatla village
Command area of the tank : 132.8 ha
Total cultivated area (2004-05 Kharif) : 102.8ha (77.41%)
Uncultivated area : 30 ha (9.95%)
Project interventions : 32.0 (24.09%)
Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season(2004-05)
4.57
80.17
36.8
Maize (sole crop)
1.
Average yield (t/ha)
% to the total
cultivated area
Area (ha)
Crop S. No
4.56 + 0.16
31.12 32.0 ha Maize + Redgram
1.
Average yield (t/ha)
% to the total
cultivated area
Area (ha)
Crop S. No
140
Experiment No : 2
1. Title of the experiment : Crop diversification for increasing cropping
intensity in the tank command areas
2. Location : 1) Vattem Village
2) Lattupally village
3) Indrakal Village
4) Maddigatla Village
3. Year & season : Kharif 2005-06
4. Crop & variety : - Maize ( BH-2187, Seedtech- Suraj)
Cotton ( Bunny, Raasi-2 Bt cotton))
Castor ( Kranthi)
Redgram ( PRG-100, Maruthi)
5. Basic information for : The farmers in the selected villages are habituated to cultivate
Prioritization of the Experiment rice or keeping the land fallow in the tank
command areas. During current years, due to
erratic distribution of scanty rain fall limited water
is available in the tanks. So as to utilise the
limited water resources there is a need to cultivate
ID crops instead paddy crop or keeping land as
fallow.
6. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing different
irrigated dry crops during kharif season.
7. Treatment :
8. Results
141
a) Crop Diversification - Vattem village
Command area of the tank : 48 ha
Total cultivated area (2005-06 Kharif) : 44.8 ha(93.33%)
Uncultivated area : 3.2 ha (6.66%)
Project interventions : 26.8 ha (55.83%)
Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2005-06)
S.No Crop Area (ha) % to the total
cultivated area
Average yield
t/ha
1 Maize + redgram-
Cotton-
Cotton-
Castor-
Paddy-
14 ha
12 ha
10.8 ha
(farmers own)
0.8 ha
7.2 ha
(Farmers own)
31.25
26.79
24.11
1.79
16.07
3.97+0.21
1.37
1.40
1.12
4.4
CROP DAMAGE : Out of 14ha of maize cultivated in the Vattem village, 60 % of the
cropped area was damaged due to water logging. Similarly in case of cotton out of 22.8
ha total area 16 ha ( 7012%) was damaged due to excessive moisture.
b) Crop Diversification -
c) Lattupally village
Command area of the tank : 50.2 ha
Total cultivated area (2005-06 Kharif) : 48.4ha (96.8%)
Uncultivated area : 1.6ha (3.2%)
Project interventions : 38.0ha (76.00%)
142
Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2005-06)
S.No Crop Area (ha) % to the total
cultivated area
Average
yield t/ha
1 Maize
Castor
Cotton
Cotton
Paddy
Sorghum
Chilli
Ragi
21.2 ha (Project intervention)
14.4 ha (Project intervention)
0.8 ha (Project intervention)
4 ha (Farmers own)
4 ha (Farmers own)
2 ha (Farmers own)
1.6 ha (Project intervention)
0.4 ha (Farmers own)
43.80
29.79
1.65
8.26
8.26
4.13
3.30
0.81
4.20
0.98
1.26
1.18
4.20
4.0
2.60
2.25
Crop Damage: Damage due to water logging was recorded in case castor crop, wherein
69.4 % of the area (25 acres) was damaged. In case of cotton and maize crops also yield
reduction was observed due to excessive moisture.
c) Crop Diversification - Indrakal village
Command area of the tank : 54.4 ha
Total cultivated area (2005-06 Kharif) : 47.6 ha(87.5%)
Uncultivated area : 6.8ha (12.5%)
Project interventions : 36.0ha(66.18%)
Cultivated Area and Maize crop yield during Kharif season (2005-06)
S.No Crop Area (ha) % to the total
cultivated area
Average
yield t/ha
1 Maize
Cotton
Cotton
Paddy
Paddy
34.4ha (Project intervention)
0.8 ha (Project intervention)
4.4 ha (Farmers own)
0.8 ha (project intervention)
7.2 ha (Farmers own)
72.27
1.68
9.24
1.68
15.13
4.67
1.31
1.30
4.80
4.72
143
d) Crop Diversification - Maddigatla village
Command area of the tank : 132.8 ha
Total cultivated area (2005-06 Kharif) : 112.8ha(84.94%)
Uncultivated area : 20 ha (15.06%)
Project interventions : 36.0 (27.11%)
Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2004-05)
S.No Crop Area (ha) % to the total
cultivated area
Average
yield t/ha
1 Maize-
Maize-
Cotton
Castor-
Castor-
Paddy-
34.0 ha (Project intervention)
48.8 ha (Farmers own)
16.0 ha (Farmers own)
4 ha (Project intervention)
2ha (Farmers own)
8 ha (Farmers own)
30.14
43.26
14.18
3.55
1.77
7.09
2.12
4.1
1.34
1.17
1.09
4.6
144
4. To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in
improving W.U.E and in increasing the cropping intensity leading increase in
production and net returns.
Experiment number : 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Title of the experiment : Introduction of improved water management
techniques in Paddy in tank command areas
2. Location : 1. Ragupathi tank command area of Vattem village
2. Gandi tank command area of Lattupally village
3. Year and season : Kharif –2003-04
4. Crop & Variety : Paddy, BPT-5204 and Tellahamsa
5. Basic information for : In tank fed area water use efficiency in paddy is
Prioritization of the Experiment very low as the farmers usually apply water as
and When it is convenient and available and
the awareness regarding the application of different
depths of water at different stages of paddy crop to
reduce the total water requirement is generally
lacking. To address the problem this experiment
was formulated to demonstrate the possibility of
taking up the paddy crop with rotational irrigation
in farmer‟s fields.
6. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing rotational
Irrigation in paddy.
2. To reduce amount of water i.e, required for
paddy crop cultivation.
7. Treatments : T1 : Control (Flooding or continuous submergence)
T2 : Rotational irrigation.
8. Date of commencement : July 2003.
9 .Results: -
Generally farmers in both Vattem & Lattupally areas daily give irrigation to keep
their paddy field in submerged condition. Insufficient ground water and frequent power
failures are the major problems in irrigating the paddy fields. Water Use Efficiency in
case of paddy is very low due to high transmission losses and improper water
145
management by the farmers. To over come this problem, irrigations at every 3 to 5 days
interval depending on water availability were applied till maximum tillering stage of
crop, later from PI stage on words submerged condition was maintained by farmers.
Yield data was recorded at harvest. Data was presented in table no.
The results indicated that in both Villages rotational water management recorded
slightly lower yields varying from 1.23% to 26.13 % grain yield and 0.81% to 6.98%
straw yield than the yields recorded in continuous submergence treatment. Average
reduction in the grain as well as straw yields were comparatively higher in case of
Lattupally village (11.46 % and 3.90% than in vattem village (9.54 % and
2.546%)This trend in the yield can be attributed to the water holding capacity of the soils
of the lattupally (red soils) village compared to the soils of vattem village (black soils)
Total number of irrigations applied in the treatment-1 were 45-50 where as the
total no of irrigation applied in case of the rotational irrigation were 35-40. This indicates
that the water saving incase of the rotational irrigation treatment, in terms of number of
irrigations is i.e., 20-25 %.
Yield data of rotational irrigation experiment
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name of the Experimental Grain Yield (t/ha) straw yield (t/ha)
Village&farmer area (ha) FP IP FP IP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vattem
N. Ram Reddy 0.4 5.95 5.25 (-11.76) 6.28 6.10 (-2.86)
R. Kesava Reddy 0.4 4.64 4.30 (-7.32) 6.54 6.28 (-3.97)
D. Yadamma 0.4 4.00 4.15 (3.75) 6.10 6.05 (-0.81)
Lattupally
Ramachandra Reddy 0.2 4.05 4.00 (-1.23) 6.56 6.29 (-4.11)
Venkat Reddy 0.4 4.10 3.75 (-8.5) 6.73 6.22 (-2.26)
Bucchanna 0.4 4.00 3.60 (-10.0) 6.18 6.04 (-2.26)
Heeralal 0.4 4.40 3.25 (-26.13) 6.87 6.39 (-6.98)
146
Experiment number: 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Title of the experiment : Introduction of improved water management
techniques in Paddy in tank command areas
2. Location : 1. Ragupathi tank command area of Vattem village
2. Gandi tank command area of Lattupally village
3. Year and season : Kharif –2005-06
4. Crop & Variety : Paddy, BPT-5204
5. Basic information for : In tank fed area water use efficiency in paddy is
Prioritization of the Experiment very low as the farmers usually apply water as
and When it is convenient and available and the
awareness regarding the application of different depths
of water at different stages of paddy crop to reduce the
total water requirement is generally lacking. To address
the problem this experiment was formulated to
demonstrate the possibility of taking up the paddy crop
with rotational irrigation in farmer‟s fields.
6. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing rotational
Irrigation in paddy.
2. To reduce amount of water i.e, required for
paddy crop cultivation.
7. Treatments : T1 : Control (Flooding or continuous submergence)
T2 : Rotational irrigation.
8. Date of commencement : July 2005.
9.Results: -
Generally farmers in both Vattem & Lattupally areas daily give irrigation to keep
their paddy field in submerged condition. Insufficient ground water and frequent power
failures are the major problems in irrigating the paddy fields. Water Use Efficiency in
case of paddy is very low due to high transmission losses and improper water
management by the farmers. To over come this problem, irrigations at every 3 to 5 days
interval depending on water availability were applied till maximum tillering stage of
crop, later from PI stage on words submerged condition was maintained by farmers.
Yield data was recorded at harvest. Data was presented in table no.
147
The results indicated that in both Villages rotational water management recorded
slightly lower yields varying from 1.23% to 26.13 % grain yield and 0.81% to 6.98%
straw yield than the yields recorded in continuous submergence treatment. Average
reduction in the grain, as well as straw yields were comparatively higher in case of
Lattupally village (11.46 % and 3.90% than in vattem village (9.54 % and 2.546%) This
trend in the yield can be attributed to the water holding capacity of the soils of the
lattupally (red soils) village compared to the soils of vattem village (black soils)
Total number of irrigations applied in the treatment-1 were 45-50 where as the
total no of irrigation applied in case of the rotational irrigation were 35-40. This indicates
that the water saving incase of the rotational irrigation treatment, in terms of number of
irrigations is i.e., 20-25 %.
Yield data of rotational irrigation experiment
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name of the Experimental Grain Yield (t/ha) straw yield (t/ha)
Village & farmer area (ha) FP IP FP IP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vattem
N. Ram Reddy 0.4 5.53 5.80 (-) 5.90 6.21
R. Kesava Reddy 0.4 5.18 5.43 (-) 6.01 6.28
D. Yadamma 0.4 5.32 5.41 () 5.94 6.13
Lattupally
Ramachandra Reddy 0.4 4.98 5.31 5.60 5.94
Venkat Reddy 0.4 5.17 5.36 5.80 5.93
Bucchanna 0.4 4.65 4.84 5.70 6.01
148
OBJECTIVE
Improved on-farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of
appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest controls and other measures.
Experiment No : 1
1. Title of the experiment : Popularization of Integrated Weed Management in
paddy
2. Location : 1) Tank command area of Vattem village
2) Tank command area of Lattupally village
3. Year & season : Kharif-2003-04
4. Crop & variety : Paddy,
BPT-5204, Tellahamsa
5. Basic information for the Prioritisation of the Experiment :
Farmers usually practice manual weeding to control weeds in paddy. If there is
any labour shortage problem, Then it‟s not possible to control weeds in time. Farmers
usually employ 60-70 man days/ ha for weeding in case of paddy and the requirement is
lower in case of other crops. However, labour cost for weeding is one of the major
contributors for cost of cultivation. Moreover, farmers usually do not practice timely
weeding resulting in lower yields. Keeping these problems in
view a demonstration on Integrated Weed Management was
taken up.
6. Objectives : a) to popularize herbicide usage in paddy for
timely weed control and to reduce the cost of
cultivation.
b) to estimate the economics involved in IWM in
paddy.
7. Treatment : T1 : Control (FP)
T2 : IWM ( Inter cultivation + Manual weeding +
Butachlor) application.
8. Date of commencement : July 2003.
149
Yield and yield parameters of paddy
Village &
farmer name
Experimental
area (ha)
No of panicles
/m2
No. of grains/
panicle
Grain yield
(t/ha)
%
increase
in the
yield
FP IP FP IP FP IP
Vattem
K.Veerachari 0.8 367 416 96 124 4.60 6.15 33.7
Lattupally
Sekhar Reddy 0.4 338 373 85 91 3.15 4.13 31.1
Jahangir 0.4 349 396 88 109 3.91 5.25 34.2
Economics of IWM in paddy
Farmers
Name
Yield (t/ha) Cost of cultivation
(Rs)
Gross returns
(Rs)
Net returns
(Rs)
FP IP FP IP FP IP FP IP
K. Veerachari 4.60 6.15 21,700 18,400 36800 49200 15100 30800
Sekhar Reddy 3.15 4.13 22,580 20,080 25200 33040 2620 12960
Jahangir 3.91 5.25 24,590 21,890 31280 42000 6690 20110
To overcome the weed problem, herbicide i.e, Butachlor application @ 1 kg/acre
along with manual weeding was done. The results indicated that No. of panicles/m2 and
no. of grains/m2 were more in case of improved practice compared to manual weeding,
because of weed free situation. Grain yield was more in case of IWM method (4.60 to
6.15 t/ha )compared to farmers method (3.158 to 4.4 t/ha.)
In case of cost of cultivation, it was less in IWM method compared to farmers
method due to usage of herbicide there by less labour requirement. Total labour
requirement in improved practice was 10-15 man-days where as in case of farmers
practice where the entire weeding operation was done manually was 60-65 man-days.
This reduction in manual labour requirement resulted in lower cost of cultivation (Rs18,
400-21,890) in the fields where the improved practice was adopted compared to farmers
practice (Rs 21,700-24,590). Net returns were more in case of IWM method, i.e, ranged
from 14,720/- Rs to 33,600/- Rs. Where as in farmer‟s method they ranged from Rs
2,620/- Rs to 13,500/-.
150
Experiment: 2
1. Title of the experiment : Popularization of Integrated Nutrient
Management in paddy
2. Location : a) Tank command area of Vattem village
b).Tank command area of Lattupally
village
3. Year and season : Kharif – 2003-04
4. Crop and variety : Paddy, BPT-5204
5. Basic information for : Salinity or alkalinity is a common problem
Prioritization of the Experiment associated with the tank fed soils. To
reclaim the soils effectively and to
demonstrate the role of green manures in
supplementing the nutrients, this
experiment was demonstrated in the
farmers fields of both the villages.
6. Objectives : a) To study the influence of INM on paddy
yields in problematic soils.
b) to study economics of INM in paddy
7. Treatment : T1 : Farmers method
T2 : INM (Inorganic straight fertilizers +
Green manuring with Daincha)
8. Date of commencement : July 2003
Yield and economics data of INM in paddy
Name of the
farmers
Grain
yield
Cost of
cultivation
Gross return Net returns
FP IP FP IP FP IP FP IP
A. Ram Reddy 4.38 5.29 23,640 24,750 35040 42320 11400 17570
Laloo 2.87 3.75 19,860 20,870 22960 30000 3100 9130
Ravinder goud 3.90 4.55 22,525 23,545 31200 36400 8675 12855
Farmers usually apply inorganic fertilizers alone year after year there by soil
fertility status decreasing and also salinity & alkalinity problem already exists under tank
fed area. To overcome these problems, green maturing with Dhaincha was suggested
151
proceeding to rice to increase fertility level of soils. The results indicated that grain yield
was more in case of INM treated field compared to farmer‟s method was due to slow
release of nutrients by the higher organic matter present in the soil and reclamation of the
soil by the green manure crop. Net returns were high in INM field, compared to farmers
method i.e, application of inorganic fertilizers alone.
Experment No. 3.
1. Title of the experiment : Evaluation of improved agronomic practices
(Direct seeding)in paddy in tank command areas.
2. Location : Tank fed area of Vattem village
3. Year and season : Kharif – 2003-04
4. Crop & Variety : Paddy, BPT-5204
5. Basic information for Prioritization of the Experiment :
Delayed transplanting in paddy has become a common phenomenon in tank command
areas due to the delayed on-set of monsoon. In Vattem tank command area, farmers
generally transplant paddy, even under water scarcity and late planting situations. This
experiment was formulated to evaluate the performance of direct seeding and
transplanting of paddy, in case of water deficit and late planting conditions as direct
seeded crop generally require less water and matures earlier than the transplanted crop.
6. Objectives : 1) To evaluate the performance of direct seeded
Paddy in comparison to transplanted paddy in
Farmer‟s fields
7. Treatment : T1 : control (Farmers method)
T2 : Direct seeding
8. Date of commencement : July 2003
Yield and yield attributes of paddy (Drum seeding)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name of Experimental No. of panicles/ plant No. of grains/ panicle yield (t/ha)
the farmer area (ha) FP IP FP IP FP IP
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N. Masi Reddy 0.4 5.74 3.1 145 98 6.15 4.75
N. Venkat Reddy 0.2 5.63 3.2 140 115 6.10 4.90
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
152
Direct seeded paddy field was maintained saturated condition up to PI stage, and
from PI stage onwards submerged condition was maintained.Direct seeded crop reached
maturity10 days earlier than transplanted crop. In case of direct seeded crop 20 per cent
yield reduction was seen compared to transplanted crop, because of high weed growth.
No of panicles for plant & also no of grains/ panicle were less in case of direct seeded
crop compared to transplanting.
Experiment No : 4
1. Title of the experiment : Integrated pest management in cotton
2. Location : Lattupally Tank command area
Vattem tank command area
3. Year & season : Kharif 2004-05
4. Crop & variety : - Cotton
5. Basic information for : In Lattupally and Vattem villages farmers
cultivate cotton crop during kharif season. Due to
lack of awareness about time of application, method
of application and use of bio- pesticide farmers
indiscriminately applying pesticide which results in
the increasing the cost of cultivation. To reduce the
cost of cultivation there is need to follow integrated
pest management approach in cotton crop.
6. Objectives : 1. To create awareness about the IPM practices
in Cotton
2. To anlyze the benefit cost ratio for IPM and
Non- IPM practices
7. Treatment : 1) Farmers practices (non – IPM)
2) IPM practices
8. Date of commencement : Kharif 2004
Results:
The results of the experiment conducted on integrated pest management in two Villages
(Lattupally and Vattem) showed that not much variation was observed in seed yield of
cotton. Following the IPM practice decreased in the18 to 20 % cost of cultivation over
farmers practice. Net returns and B : C ratio also higher under improved practice.
153
Cost of cultivation and returns of cotton crop (Lattupally)
Cost of cultivation and returns of cotton crop (Vattem)
S.No Farmers
Name
Yield (t/ha) Cost of cultivation
(Rs)
Returns (Rs) B:C ratio
Non
IPM
IPM Non IPM IPM Non
IPM
IPM Non
IPM
IPM
1 K. Dasu 1.357 1.428 11002 10025 21712 22848 1.97 2.08
2 Jathru 1.402 1.483 10525 9250 22432 23728 2.13 2.57
3 Dakya 1.457 1.538 10775 9000 23312 24608 2.16 2.73
Experiment No : 5
1. Title of the experiment : Intercropping studies in Maize and Castor crops
2. Location : 1) Tank fed area of Raghupathi cheruvu (Vattem
village)
2) Tank fed area of Gandi cheruve (Lattupally
village)
3. Year & season : Kharif 2004-05
4. Crop & variety : - Maize, Castor and Redgram
5. Basic information for
Prioritisation of the Experiment : In most of the tank command areas farmers
generally cultivate single crop. Due to delay in the
on set of monsoon, prolonged dry spells and early
with drawl results in failure in majority of the cases.
Under such circumstances cultivating inter crop as
insurance against drought will reduce the risks.
6. Objectives : To analyze the yield and economic returns of
intercropping system Vs sole crop
7. Treatment : 1) Maize (sole crop)
2) Castor (sole crop)
3) Maize+Redgram (4:1)
4) Castor + Redgram (4:1)
S.No Farmers
Name
Yield (t/ha) Cost of cultivation
(Rs)
Returns (Rs) B:C ratio
Non
IPM
IPM Non IPM IPM Non
IPM
IPM Non
IPM
IPM
1 K. Dasu 1.525 1.58 11562 9500 24400 25280 2.11 2.65
2 Jathru 1.42 1.49 11325 9000 22720 23840 2.01 2.64
3 Dakya 1.55 1.58 10375 8625 24800 25280 2.39 2.92
154
8. Date of commencement : Kharif 2004
9 Results
The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much higher under
inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop. There was 6.5%
increase in net returns with Maize + Redgram system over sole Maize
crop. Similarly, 17.34% increased in net returns are observed with Castor
+ Redgram inter cropping over solo Castor crop.
Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Maize + Redgram)
Yields (t/ha) Economic returns(Rs)
S.No Farmers Name Area
(ac)
Sole
Maize
Maize+Redgram Sole Maize Maize+Redgr
am
1 N. Venkat Reddy 0.5 3.75 3.40 + 0.22 18937 20360
2 K. krishna Reddy 0.5 3.50 3.20 + 0.160 17675 18480
3 N. Masi Reddy 0.5 4.08 3.80 + 0.185 20452 21872
Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Castor + Redgarm)
Yields (t/ha) Economic returns (Rs)
S.No Farmers
Name
Area
(ac)
Sole
Maize
Castor+Redgra
m
Sole
Maize
castor+Redgram
1 Jahangeer 0.5 1.125 1.05 + 0.140 15225 17255
2 Bashya 0.5 1.140 1.07 + 0.205 15515 18487
3 Lasu 0.5 1.030 0.98 + 0.195 14210 17037
155
Experiment No : 6
1. Title of the experiment : Intercropping studies in Maize and Castor crops
2. Location : 1) Tank fed area of Raghupathi cheruvu (Vattem
village)
2) Tank fed area of Gandi cheruve (Lattupally
village)
3. Year & season : Kharif 2005-06
4. Crop & variety : - Maize, Castor and Redgram
5. Basic information for
Prioritization of the Experiment : In most of the tank command areas farmers
generally cultivate single crop. Due to delay in the
on set of monsoon, prolonged dry spells and early
with drawl results in failure in majority of the cases.
Under such circumstances cultivating inter crop as
insurance against drought will reduce the risks.
6. Objectives : To analyze the yield and economic returns of
intercropping system Vs sole crop
7. Treatment : 1) Maize (sole crop)
2) Castor (sole crop)
3) Maize + Redgram (4:1)
4) Castor + Redgram (4:1)
8. Date of commencement : Kharif 2005
9. Results
The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much higher under
inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop. There was 6.5%
increase in net returns with Maize + Redgram system over sole Maize
crop. Similarly, 17.34% increased in net returns are observed with Castor
+ Redgram inter cropping over solo Castor crop.
156
Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Maize + Redgram)
Yields (t/ha) Economic returns(Rs/ha)
S.No Farmers
Name
Area Sole
Maize
Maize+Redgram Sole
Maize
Maize+Redgram
1 Sarojinamma 0.4 4.5 4.20+0.18 22500 23880
2 P.Venkat
Reddy
0.8 4.73 4.31+0.26 23650 25710
3 Mallaiah 0.4 4.29 4.08+0.25 21450 24400
Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Castor + Redgarm)
Yields (t/ha) Economic returns (Rs)
S.No Farmers
Name
Area
(ha)
Sole
Maize
Castor+redgram Sole
Maize
Castor+Redgram
1 Hiralal 0.4 4.3 1.09+0.21 21500 20800
2 Venkat Reddy 0.4 4.61 1.26+0.14 23050 22400
3 Santhru 0.8 4.12 1.13+0.26 20600 22240
157
MEDAK
As a result of introduction of different crops and crop sequences an additional area
of 161.6 ha during Kharif and 150.8 ha during Rabi was brought under cultivation under
the selected tank commands. Irrigated dry crops like maize, soybean and cotton during
Kharif and bengalgram, castor, groundnut, sunflower, redgram and coriander during Rabi
were introduced under tank commands. The cropping intensity in the tank commands
increased from 16.28% (before project implantation) to 59.43% (after project
implementation).
The results of research and demonstrations conducted at Kalkalamma cheruvu and
Pedda cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally,
Bhoompally, Mangole and Khajipur villages during 2003-04 and 2004-05 are as follows:
I) Introduction of crops under tank commands
a) Soybean
In 2003-04, a mean seed yield of 0.588 and 0.54 t/ha was obtained in 2.4 and 15.2
ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and
Bhoompally villages.
In 2004-05, a mean seed yield 0.5, 0.47 and 0.175 t/ha was obtained in an area of
0.4, 1.2 and 2.0ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu
commands of Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages.
Mean yields of soybean during kharif 2003 & 2004 under different tank commands
Kharif –2003 Kharif -2004
Area (ha) Seed yield (t/ha) Area (ha) Seed yield (t/ha)
Kukunoorpally 2.4 0.588 0.4 0.5
Bhoompally 15.2 0.54 -- --
Mangole -- -- 1.2 0.47
Khajipur -- -- 2.0 0.175
Total/Mean 17.6 0.547 3.6 0.309
b) Maize
In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 2.66 and 2.16 t/ha was obtained (sown in an area
of 4.0 and 21.6 ha) under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of
Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages.
In 2004-05, a mean grain yield of 2.98, 2.63, 2.45 and 3.24 t/ha was obtained (sown
during June and July in an area of 72.0, 9.2, 16.8 and 33.6 ha) under Pedda cheruvu,
Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Bhoompally,
Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages.
158
Mean yields of maize during kharif 2003 & 2004 under different tank commands
Kharif –2003 Kharif –2004
Area (ha) Grain yield
(t/ha)
Area (ha) Grain yield
(t/ha)
Kukunoorpally 4.0 2.66 9.2 2.63
Bhoompally 21.6 2.16 72.0 2.98
Mangole -- -- 16.8 2.45
Khajipur -- -- 33.6 3.24
Total / Mean 25.6 2.23 131.6 2.95
c) Desi cotton
In 2004-05, an average kapas yield of 0.25 and 0.667 t/ha was obtained (sown
during 1st week of August and 7th July in an area of 0.4 and 0.6 ha) under Pedda
Cheruvu and Kalkalamma Cheruvu tank commands of Bhoompally and Kukunoorpally
village.
Yield & economics of desi cotton during kharif 2004 under different tank
commands
Area
(ha)
Yield
(t/ha)
Gross returns
(Rs/ha)
COC
(Rs/ha)
Net returns
(Rs/ha)
Kukunoorpally 0.6 0.667 11670 8620 3350
Bhoompally 0.1 0.25 4375 4300 75
Total / Mean 0.7 0.607 10630 8003 2627
d) Genetically modified cotton (Bt)
In 2004-05, Rasi (RCH-2) and MECH –12 was introduced. RCH – 2 recorded an
average yield of 1.25, 1.25, 3.25 and 1.5 t/ha sown during June and July in an area of 0.4,
0.4, 0.4 and 0.8 ha under Pedda cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and
Pedda cheruvu commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur
villages. MECH – 12 recorded an average yield of 0.37, 1.99 and 2.15 t/ha sown during
June and July in an area of 0.4, 2.0 and 0.8 ha under Pedda cheruvu, Kalkalamma
cheruvu and Doddi cheruvu tank commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally and
Mangole villages.
159
Mean yields of genetically modified cotton (Bt) during kharif 2004 under
different tank commands
RCH-2 MECH-12
Area
(ha)
Kapas yield
(t/ha)
Area (ha) Kapas yield (t/ha)
Kukunoorpally 0.4 1.25 2.0 1.99
Bhoompally 0.4 1.25 0.4 0.37
Mangole 0.4 3.25 1.0 2.15
Khajipur 0.8 1.5 -- --
Total / Mean 2.0 1.75 3.4 1.82
e) Bengalgram
In 2003-04 a mean seed yield of 0.72 and 0.82 t/ha was obtained under
Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally
villages.
In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 0.875, 1.25, 0.625 and 0.875 t/ha was obtained
sown during October – November after maize / paddy / fallow in an area of 64.0, 14.0,
14.0, and 32.0 ha under Pedda cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda
cheruvu commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages.
Mean yields of bengalgram during rabi 2003-04 & 2004-05 under different tank
commands
Rabi -2003-04 Rabi- 2004-05
Area (ha) Seed yield
(t/ha)
Area (ha) Seed yield
(t/ha)
Kukunoorpally 12 0.72 14.0 1.250
Bhoompally 44 0.82 64.0 0.875
Mangole -- -- 14.0 0.625
Khajipur -- -- 32.0 0.875
Total / Mean 56 0.80 124.0 0.890
f) Castor
In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 0.875, 0.75, 0.75 and 0.85 t/ha was obtained sown
during October after maize / fallow in an area of 12.8, 2.4, 6.0 and 26.0 ha under Pedda
160
cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of
Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages.
Mean yields of castor during rabi 2003-04 & 2004-05 under different tank
commands
Rabi-2004-05
Area (ha) Seed yield (t/ha)
Kukunoorpally 2.4 0.75
Bhoompally 12.8 0.875
Mangole 6.0 0.75
Khajipur 26.0 0.85
Total / Mean 47.2 0.84
g) Sunflower
In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 1.06 and 1.08 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown
during November – December after paddy in an area of 3.2 and 1.6 ha under Kalkalamma
cheruvu and Doddi cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Mangole villages.
Yield and economics of sunflower during rabi 2004-05 under different tank
commands
Area
(ha)
Yield
(t/ha)
Gross returns
(Rs/ha)
COC
(Rs/ha)
Net returns
(Rs/ha)
Kukunoorpally 3.2 1.06 15964 8607 7357
Mangole 1.6 1.08 16200 7438 8762
Total / Mean 4.8 1.07 16043 8217 7826
h) Redgram
In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 1.0 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown during
October after paddy in an area of 0.4 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu command of
Kukunoorpally village.
i) Groundnut
In 2004-05, a mean grain yield of 2.0 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown during
October – December after paddy / maize in an area of 4.0 ha under Doddi cheruvu
command of Mangole village.
161
j) Coriander
In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 1.0 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown during
October in an area of 0.4 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu command of Kukunoorpally
village.
II) Demonstration of production technologies
a) Demonstration of balanced fertilization in Maize
In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 3.1 and 2.86 t/ha was obtained by adoption of
recommended dose of fertilizer (90-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4) as
against 2.8 and 2.52 t/ha by adopting Farmer‟s practice (50 to 75 – 50 – 0 kg N, P2O5,
and K2O) under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally
and Bhoompally villages.
Effect of balanced fertilization in maize during kharif 2003 under different
tank commands
Yield (t/ha)
Gross returns
(Rs/ha)
COC (Rs.
/ha)
Net Returns
(Rs/ha)
TP FP TP FP TP FP TP FP
Kukunoorpally 3.1 2.8 14880 13440 7305 6830 7575 6610
Bhoompally 2.86 2.52 13728 12096 6870 6450 6858 5646
Mean 2.98 2.66 14304 12768 7087 6640 7217 6128
TP: 90-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4
FP: 50 to 75 – 50 – 0 kg N, P2O5, and K2O
Balanced fertilization in maize resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs.1089
per hectare (Rs. 965 and Rs. 1212 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally
respectively) over farmers practice.
b) Demonstrations of dry seeding in Paddy
In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 3.17, 4.15 and 5.12 t/ha was obtained by dry
seeding in paddy, dry seeding in paddy with two supplemental irrigations and
transplanted paddy under Pedda cheruvu command of Bhoompally village. An additional
yield of 0.98t/ha was obtained with two supplemental irrigations.
162
Effect of supplemental irrigation on dry seeding in paddy (aerobic rice) during
kharif 2003 under Pedda cheruvu command of Bhoompally
Grain yield (t/ha)
Dry sown
paddy
Dry sown paddy with two
supplemental irrigations
Transplanted
paddy
BPT-5204 3.85 4.5 5.60
Erramallelu 3.10 4.22 5.16
MTU-1010 2.63 3.65 4.55
Mean 3.17 4.15 5.12
In 2004-05, a mean grain yield of 2.39 t/ha was obtained (sown during 1st July-
15th July in an area of 4.0 ha) under Pedda cheruvu command area of Bhoompally
village.
c) Demonstration of integrated nutrient management in paddy
In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 5.3 and 5.52 t/ha was obtained by adoption of
recommended dose of fertilizers (120-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4 + green
leaf manuring) as against 4.56 and 4.62 t/ha by adopting farmer‟s practice (75 – 75 – 0 kg
N, P2O5, and K2O) under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of
Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages.
Effect of Integrated nutrient management in paddy during kharif 2003 under
different tank commands
Yield (t/ha)
Gross returns
(Rs./ha)
COC (Rs.
/ha)
Net Returns
(Rs./ha)
TP FP TP FP TP FP TP FP
Kukunoorpally 5.3 4.56 34450 29640 8595 8010 25855 21630
Bhoompally 5.52 4.62 35880 30030 8460 8040 27420 21990
Mean 5.41 4.59 35165 29835 8527 8025 26638 21810
TP: 120-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4 + Green leaf manuring
FP: 75 – 75 – 0 kg N, P2O5, and K2O
Integrated nutrient management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs.
4828 per hectare (Rs. 4225 and Rs. 5430 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally
respectively).
163
d) Demonstration of water management practices (alternate wetting and drying) for
transplanted rice
In 2004-05, an average yield of 5.5 t/ha was obtained (transplanted during 20th
July
to 31st July in an area of 17.4 (11.4 + 6.0) ha with alternate wetting and drying for
transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas of Pedda cheruvu and Kalkalamma
cheruvu command areas of Bhoompally and Kukunoorpally villages respectively.
e) Demonstration of Integrated Pest Management in Paddy
In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 6.72 and 6.55 t/ha was obtained by adoption of
seed treatment, raising the nursery on raised seedbeds, applying 1kg of Carbofuran
granules 5 days before transplanting / seedling dip in chlorpyriphos for ½ hour, cutting
leaf tips before transplanting, planting 2-3 seedlings per hill, making alleys for every 2-
3m width, balanced nutrient application (organic + inorganic fertilizers), need based plant
protection measure, as against 5.08 and 5.30 t/ha under farmer‟s practice under
Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally
villages.
Effect of integrated pest management in paddy during kharif 2003 under
different tank commands
Yield
(t/ha)
Gross returns
(Rs./ha)
COC (Rs.
/ha)
Net Returns
(Rs./ha)
TP FP TP FP TP FP TP FP
Kukunoorpally 6.72 5.08 43680 33020 8785 8010 34895 25010
Bhoompally 6.55 5.30 42549 34450 8710 8240 33839 26210
Mean 6.63 5.19 43115 33735 8748 8125 34367 25610
TP: Seed treatment, raising the nursery on raised seedbeds, applying 1kg of Carbofuran
granules 5 days before transplanting / seedling dip in chlorpyriphos for ½ hour,
cutting leaf tips before transplanting, planting 2-3 seedlings per hill, making alleys for
every 2-3m width, balanced nutrient application:
FP: Imbalance fertilization, indiscriminate use of pesticides
Integrated pest management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 8757
per hectare (Rs. 9885 and Rs. 7629 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally
respectively).
f) Demonstration of integrated pest management in Cotton
In 2003-04, a mean kapas yield of 1.875 and 1.62 t/ha was obtained by adoption of
IPM practices (deep summer ploughing, seed treatment, balanced fertilization, cleaning
of bunds, stem application of monocrotophos, trap crops, border crop, pheromone traps,
164
bird perches) as against 1.7 and 1.36 t/ha in non –IPM plots under Kalkalamma cheruvu
and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages.
Effect of integrated pest management in cotton during kharif 2003 under different
tank commands
Yield
(t/ha)
Gross returns
(Rs./ha) COC (Rs. /ha) Net Returns (Rs./ha)
TP FP TP FP TP FP TP FP
Kukunoorpally 1.88 1.7 39375 35700 14750 26500 24625 9200
Bhoompally 1.62 1.36 33210 27880 15800 25700 17410 2180
Mean 1.75 1.53 36292 31790 15275 26100 21017 5690
TP: Deep Summer ploughing, seed treatment, balanced fertilization, cleaning of bunds,
stem application of Monocrotophos, trap crop, border crop, pheromone traps, bird
perches
FP: Shallow ploughing, imbalanced fertilization, and indiscriminate use of pesticides.
Integrated pest management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 15327
per hectare (Rs. 15425 and Rs. 15230 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally
respectively).
In 2004-05, a mean kapas yield of 2.0 and 3.3 t/ha was obtained in IPM plots sown
in July in 0.6 and 0.6 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Doddi cheruvu commands of
Kukunoorpally and Mangole villages as against a mean kapas yield of 1.55 and 1.4 t/ha
in Non – IPM plots and there was a reduction of Rs.2280 /ha in cost of cultivation in IPM
plots over Non – IPM plots.
Effect of Integrated pest management in cotton during kharif 2003 under different
tank commands
Area (ha) Yield (t/ha)
Gross returns
(Rs./ha) COC (Rs. /ha)
TP FP FP TP FP TP FP TP
Kukunoorpally 0.6 4.4 3.3 1.42 57750 24880 15300 17140
Mangole 0.6 4.0 2.0 1.55 35000 27125 15835 18625
Mean 0.6 4.2 2.65 1.48 46375 25949 15567 17847
TP: Deep Summer ploughing, seed treatment, balanced fertilization, cleaning of bunds,
stem application of Monocrotophos, trap crop, border crop, pheromone traps, bird
perches
FP: Shallow ploughing, imbalanced fertilization, and indiscriminate use of pesticides.
165
h) Demonstration of Integrated pest management in Castor
A mean grain yield of 0.93 and 1.17 t/ha was obtained by adoption of seed
treatment, balanced fertilizer application and need based plant protection measures as
against 0.66 and 0.836 t/ha under farmer‟s practice under Kalkalamma cheruvu and
Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages.
Effect of integrated pest management in castor during rabi 2003-04 under different
tank commands
Yield (t/ha)
Gross returns
(Rs./ha)
COC (Rs.
/ha)
Net Returns
(Rs./ha)
TP FP TP FP TP FP TP FP
Kukunoorpally 0.93 0.66 8361 5976 5200 4150 3161 1826
Bhoompally 1.17 0.84 11115 7942 5770 4910 5345 3032
Mean 1.05 0.75 9738 6959 5485 4530 4253 2429
TP: Deep Summer ploughing, seed treatment, balanced fertilization, cleaning of bunds,
pheromone traps, bird perches
FP: Shallow ploughing, imbalanced fertilization, and indiscriminate use of pesticides.
Integrated pest management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 1824 per
hectare (Rs. 1335 and Rs. 2313 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally
respectively).
166
ANANTHAPUR
Usually in tankfed irrigated areas, rice crop is taken during late kharif or early rabi
seasons after getting sufficient water into the tanks and in kharif the fields will remain
fallow. Instead of keeping the land fallow during kharif, fodder crops like sorghum,
greengram or sorghum can be grown. Paddy crop requires more water as compared to
irrigated dry crops. Hence, crop diversification in place of paddy is required. Most of the
soils in tank aycut are alkaline soils with high pH and exchangeable sodium percentage
through out the soil profile, adverse physical properties and reduced availability of some
essential plant nutrients. The zinc deficiency is observed more frequently in soils with
high pH, low organic carbon and light texture soils.
Field experiments and demonstrations were conducted under four tank command
areas of Rangampeta, Pamurai, Madigubba and Pullarevu during 2003 and 2004. These
trials were conducted on a shallow to medium deep soils. The soils of the experimental
fields were alkaline in nature. Kharif crops like sunhemp, greengram (T9), sorghum
(M35-1) were taken up in tankfed areas. In Pamurai, Rangampeta and Madigubba,
greengram and sunhemp were taken up during early kharif 2004 and in Pullalarevu and
Rangampeta, sorghum crop was taken up during kharif 2004. Under crop diversification,
sunflower (Siri hybrid, Arunodaya hybrid) crop was introduced. Package of practices
were adopted as per the recommendations for the crops taken up. With an objective of
reclamation of problem soils and increase the productivity, field experiments and
demonstrations were carried out to investigate the effect of soil amendments on yield and
yield attributes of paddy in alkaline soils. Treatments were control, gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha and
Zinc sulphate @ 50 kg /ha. Treatments were replicated thrice in 20 farmers fields.
Demonstrations to popularize the use of gypsum and zinc sulphate were under taken in
tankfed areas of Pamurai, Rangampeta, Pullalarevu and Madigubba during 2004-05. Soils of
experiment and demonstration plots were light texture black soils. The soil pH ranged
between 8.1 & 9.6 at surface level and it ranged between 8.2 & 10.1 at sub surface level in
Pamurai tank command area. At Rangampeta, soils are shallow in depth, light black sandy
soils with pH and EC ranged between 8.2 & 9.9 and 0.013 & 1.791 in surface layer and 8.1
– 9.9 and 0.118 – 1.256 in sub surface layer respectively. In Pullalarevu tank, pH of the
soils ranged between 7.9 & 8.8 at surface level (0 – 15 cm), whereas in sub surface level
(15 – 30 cm) it ranged between 8.0 & 9.0. In Madigubba tank, pH of the soil samples
ranged between 7.6 & 8.5 at surface level whereas in sub surface level samples it ranged
between 7.8 & 8.9. Available nitrogen was low in both the layers of the soils, while
available P2O5 and K2O were medium in surface and sub surface layers of four villages of
tank command area. Paddy crop variety BPT – 5204 was transplanted during second
fortnight of August 2003-04 and 2004 -05.
Gypsum was applied for those soils which have pH above 8.5 as per the treatments
before transplanting through broadcasting and mixing in soil. Basal application of zinc
sulphate @ 50 kg/ha was taken up. Biometric observations like number of hills per
167
m2green leaves, dry leaves per plant and newly formed roots per plant were recorded at
10 days after transplanting. Number of tillers per m2 was recorded at 20 days after
transplanting. Yield and yield attributes were recorded at harvest as per the standard
method.
Fodder
Sunhemp : The sunhemp green fodder yield ranged between 8 to 9 t/ha with an average
of 8.45 t/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 3000/- to Rs. 3400/- with an average of
Rs. 3140/ha. Sunhemp was meant for incorporation into soil as a green manure crop.
But in Pamurai, as, there were no rains and tanks could not get water, it was used as
fodder.
Yield and net returns of kharif crops as against the existing practice of fallow under
tank command areas of Anantapur district, kharif 2003
Crop Green fodder
yield (t/ha)
Cost of cultivation
(Rs/ha.)
Gross returns
(Rs/ha.)
Net returns
(Rs/ha)
Sunhemp 8.45 1085 42285 3140
Greengram 3.78 800 3024 2561
Sorghum 5.08 570 2022 1462
Sunnhemp price Rs. 500/ton, greengram price Rs. 800/ton and sorghum Rs. 400/ton
Greengram : The greengram green fodder yield ranged between 3.5 to 4.0 t/ha with an
average of 3.78 t/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 2400/- to Rs. 2600/- with an
average of Rs. 2561/ha. Because of moisture stress, the pods could not get filled and
hence it was used as a fodder.
Sorghum : The sorghum green fodder yield ranged between 5.0 to 5.6 t/ha with an
average of 5.08 t/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 1300/- to Rs. 1500/- with an
average of Rs. 1462/ha.
The grain yield of hybrid sorghum (Haritha) ranged between 4 to 4.6 t/ha and 24 to
30 t/ha of green fodder with an average of 4.3 t/ha of grain and 27 t/ha of green fodder.
The net returns from hybrid sorghum ranged between Rs. 25000 to Rs. 28500 per ha with
an average of Rs. 26546/ha.
168
Yield and economics of hybrid sorghum (Haritha) recorded at Rangampeta tank
command area of Anantapur district, kharif 2003
Name of the
tank
Mean of
green fodder
yield (t/ha)
Yield
*
(t/ha)
Cost of
cultivation
(Rs/ha)
Gross
returns
(Rs/ha)
Net returns
(Rs/ha)
Rangampeta 27 4.35 4200 30750 26546
* Mean of 15 farmers, green fodder price Rs. 400/t. grain price Rs. 450/q.
Sunflower
Seed yield of sunflower at Rangampeta ranged between 1620 to 1720 kg/ha with an
average of 1625 kg/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 21349/- to Rs. 22389/ha with
an average of Rs. 21415/ha.
Net returns from sunflower during summer and late kharif in four tanks
Command areas of Anantapur district, 2004-05
S.No. Name of the
tank
Average seed
yield (kg/ha)
Cost of
cultivation
(Rs/ha)
Gross
returns
(Rs/ha)
Net returns
(Rs/ha)
1. Rangampeta 1625 7835 30384 21415
2. Pamurai 1688 7788 29250 22596
3. Pullararevu 1280 7103 23040 15937
4. Madigubba 1725 7813 31050 23237
Seed yield of sunflower at Pamurai ranged between 1650 to 1690 kg/ha with an
average of 1688 kg/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 22087 to Rs. 22612 with an
average of Rs. 22596/ha.
Seed yield of sunflower at Pullalarevu ranged between 1238 to 1300 kg/ha with an
average of 1280 kg/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 15414 to Rs. 16185 with an
average of Rs. 15937/ha.
Seed yield of sunflower at Madigubba ranged between 1720 to 1780 kg/ha with an
average of 1725 kg/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 23237 to Rs. 24030 with an
average of Rs. 23237/ha.
Economic use efficiency was high with sunflower (Rs. 44.38/mm of water applied)
compared to rice (Rs. 13.86/mm of water).
169
Net returns from sunflower and rice in tank command areas of Anantapur district
Parameters Rice Sunflower
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 14775 9250
Gross returns (Rs/ha) 42500 27000
Average net returns (Rs/ha) 27725 17750
Water requirement (mm) 2000 400
Economic use efficiency (Rs/mm) 13.86 44.38
Gypsum and zinc sulphate on yield of rice
Significantly higher number productive tillers/m2 and numbers of grains/panicle
was recorded in gypsum applied plots followed by ZnSO4 applied plot during kharif
2003. Similar trend was noticed in the remaining villages during 2004 also.
Influence of the gypsum and zinc sulphate on yield and yield attributes of rice in
Pamurai & Rangampeta tank command areas of Anantapur district, 2003-04
Treatments Number of
panicles /
m2
No. of
grains per
panicle
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
Straw yield
(kg/ha)
P R P R P R P R
T1: Control 393 397 67 70.0 5113 5216 5520 6071
T2: Gypsum @ 4.5
t/ha
497 421 77 83.0 5780 6586 6079 6931
T3: ZnSO4 @ 50
kg/ha
463 405 72 73.0 5504 5629 5797 6222
S Em + 8.5 0.97 1.1 0.5 59.2 37.8 47.4 59.7
CD (5%) 25.7 2.8 3.3 1.5 179 110 143 174
P: Pamurai tank R: Rangampeta tank
Influence of the gypsum and zinc sulphate on yield and yield attributes of rice in
tank command areas of Anantapur district, 2004-05
Parameters Pamurai (Average
of 6 farmers)
Rangampeta
(Average of 8
farmers)
Madigubba
(Average of 4
farmers)
C G Z C G Z C G Z
Productive tillers /m2 389 424 411 392 420 413 354 389 385
No. of grains per
panicle
65 77 74 77 90 84 73 79 78
Grain yield (kg/ha) 4500 4858 4691 5152 5906 5622 4548 4925 4680
Straw yield (kg/ha) 4775 5608 5383 5666 6257 6173 5337 5710 5332
170
C: control, G: Gypsum, Z: Zinc sulphate
Significantly higher grain yield was recorded with gypsum application followed by
ZnSO4 applied plots in Pamurai and Rangampeta villages during kharif 2003.
Significantly higher straw yield was recorded in gypsum applied plots followed by
ZnSO4 applied plots in Pamurai, but at Rangampeta it was at par with control as
compared to ZnSO4 application. On the other hand it was superior in gypsum applied
plots over ZnSO4 application during kharif 2003. Similar results were noticed in kharif
2004 also in all the villages.
Demonstrations
Large number of demonstrations were conducted with zinc sulphate @ 50kg/ha in
all four villages of Pamurai, Ranagampeta, Madigubba and Pullalarevu during kharif
2004 – 05. The results indicated that the paddy grain yield increased with application of
zinc sulphate as basal and yield increased (4528 – 5207 kg /ha) over control. Similar
increase in straw yield was noticed in zinc sulphate applied plots (5602 – 6427 kg/ha)
over control.
Grain and straw yield recorded in Zinc sulphate demonstrations in four tankfed
villages
Name of the village Grain yield
(kg/ha)
Straw yield
(kg/ha)
Control ZnSO
4
Control ZnSO4
Pamurai (Average of 9 farmers) 4565 5160 5292 5602
Pullalarevu (Average of 9 farmers) 4528 4816 5583 5778
Rangampeta (Average of 16 farmers) 5180 5918 5728 6427
Madigubba (Average of 16 farmers) 5207 5934 5707 6375
Mean 4870 5457 5577 6045
Large number of demonstrations were conducted with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in all
four villages of Pamurai and Madigubba during kharif 2004 – 05. (Table 8). The paddy
grain yield increased with application of gypsum (4896 – 5737 kg /ha) over control.
Similar increase in straw yield was noticed in gypsum applied plots. (5535 – 6200 kg/ha)
over control.
171
Grain and straw yield recorded in gypsum demonstrations in four tankfed villages
Name of the village Grain yield
(kg/ha)
Straw yield
(kg/ha)
Contr
ol
Gypsum Control Gypsu
m
Pamurai (Average of 6 farmers) 4597 4896 5194 5535
Madigubba (Average of 10
farmers)
5050 5737 5690 6200
Mean 4823 5316 5442 5867
At harvest, there was more reduction in pH in gypsum-applied plots.
Effect of gypsum application on soil pH at different intervals of the crop
period in tankfed villages of Anantapur district
S.No. Treatments pH (mean of the 7 farmers plots)
Initial 10 DAT After harvest
1. Control 9.1 8.3 8.3
2. Gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha 9.1 8.2 7.8
172
KADAPA
Greengram/ Bajra preceding to rice:
Growing of bajra and greengram preceding to rice crop recorded an average seed
yield of 2225 Kg/ha and 668 kg/ha with net returmns of Rs. 8100 and 8413/ha
respectively. Further straw of these crops is used as fodder to cattle. Some of the farmers
incorporated the bhusa of greengram into the soil, which improved the soil fertility and
rice yields by 250-375 kg/ha.
Yield of bajra and greengram preceding rice in tankfed areas, 2003
S.no Crop Avg grain
yield
(Kg/ha)
Gross
returns
(Rs/ha)
Cost of
Cultivation
(Rs/ha)
Net
Returns
(Rs/ha)
BCR
1 Bajra 2275 13350 5250 8100 1.54
2 Greengram 667.5 13350 4938 8413 1.70
Transplanted Rice
With Improved water management higher grain yield (5868 Kg/ha) and net
returns (Rs. 22843/ha) and B:C ratio (1.47) was recorded as compared to farmers practice
(5525 Kg/ha). Besides this there was saving of 1/3rd
of irrigation water with this practice.
The farmers practically experienced and accepted this method of rotational irrigation
system. Lower seed yield of 3470 Kg/ha was recorded in semi dry paddy with net returns
of Rs. 6170/ha and B:C ratio of 0.37 where in wet seeded rice, normal yields (4938
kg/ha) were obtained with net returns of Rs. 18086/- and B:C ratio of 1.27 which were
comparable with that of farmers practice of transplanted rice.
Water management practices of rice in tankfed areas, 2004
Crop Grain Yield
(kg/ha)
Gross
returns
(Rs/ha)
COC
(Rs/ha)
Net Returns
(Rs/ha)
BCR
Semi dry paddy 3470 22670 16500 6170 0.37
Wet seeded rice 4938 32261 14175 18086 1.27
Rotational irrigation 5868 38318 15475 22843 1.47
Farmers practice of
Water management
5525 36078 17400 18678 1.07
173
Sunflower / Jowar as contingent crop to rice under late Kharif in tankfed areas
Most of the tankfed farmers with no borewells keep lands fallow, if the tanks are
not filled. The tank areas receive rainfall during September and October. In such
situations, for effective utilization of rainfall and residual soil moisture, sunflower and
jowar was sown as contingent crop in fallow lands during the month of October under
rainfed conditions.
Performance of Jowar and Sunflower under tank ayacut during rabi 2004-05
Crop Grain Yield
(kg/ha)
Gross
returns
(Rs/ha)
COC
(Rs/ha)
Net Returns
(Rs/ha)
BCR
Jowar 2076 14532 8750 5782 0.66
Sunflower 1700 23800 10475 13325 1.27
Jowar and sunflower sown as contingent crops during the months of October and
November recorded an average seed yields of 2076 Kg/ha and 1700Kg/ha with net
returns of Rs. 5782 and Rs. 13325 /ha and B:C ratio‟s of 0.66 and 1.27 respectively. As a
result, farmers of four tanks obtained an additional income with grain as well as fodder,
through effective utilization of rainfall and residual soil moisture.
Cropping Systems:
Sunflower was sown in rice fallows during the months of December and January
in tankfed areas having bore wells. A new short duration rabi vegetable crop –French
bean was introduced at three locations. Most of the farmers successfully grown the third
crop of sunflower/French bean (vegetable crop) in rice fallows with water saved during
rabi due to multivariate of ID crops.
Performance of Sunflower, French bean after rice in summer 2004-05
Crop Grain Yield
(kg/ha)
Gross
returns
(Rs/ha)
COC
(Rs/ha)
Net Returns
(Rs/ha)
BCR
Sunflower 1770 23800 10475 13325 1.27
French bean 7041
(green pods)
35205 12500 22705 1.81
174
Sunflower and French bean grown in rice fallows recorded an average seed yield of 1770
Kg/ha and green pods of 7041 Kg/ha. As a result, the farmers in four tankfed areas got
additional net returns of Rs. 13325 and Rs. 22705 per hectare with B:C ratio of 1.27 and
1.81 respectively.
If tanks are not filled, the remunerative cropping systems under tankfed areas of
Kadapa district are Greengram/Bajra during May-June fallowed by Jowar-Sunflower
during October-November. For tanks supported with borewells, greenmanure/greengram-
rice-sunflower was found remunerative with conjunctive use of rain, surface and ground
water.
175
VIZIANAGARAM
Aerobic and wet seeded rice, rotational irrigational practices in transplanted rice,
growing short and medium duration varieties of rice to avoid terminal moisture stress,
introduction of maize under tank commands during kharif season in the upper and middle
reaches were tried.
1) Weed Management in dry seeded in Paddy (2003)
The grain yield of rice under dry seeded conditions when butachlor was applied as
pre-emergence herbicide ranged between 26-28 t/ha, which were fairly satisfactory when,
compared to the yields obtained under controlled conditions. In 2004-05 spraying of
butachlor as pre-emergence herbicide in case of dry sown paddy was quite effective and
recorded 18.7% increase in grain yield over farmer‟s practice.
Effect of butachlor application on grain yield of dry seeded rice, Galavilli, 2003
S.
No
Name of the Farmer Variety
No. of
productive
tillers / m2
Grains /
panicle
Yield
(kg/ha)
1 Sivvala Yerukunaidu RGL-2537 257 238.70 2800
2 Vaddapalli
Simhachalam
RGL-2537
216 214.50 2500
3 Majji Seethalu RGL-2538 299 121.00 2660
4 Poreddi Chandrayya RGL-2538 286 121.00 2600
CONTROL
1 Vanjarapu Thoudu RGL-2538 231 98.90 1750
2 Makka Narayanarao RGL-2538 225 130.20 1875
Aerobic rice
176
In 2003, the average grain yield under direct sown conditions was 2.94 t/ha when
compared to 3.63 t/ha under transplanted conditions. Among the varieties RGL -2537
has resulted grain yield of 3.45 t/ha compared to RGL -2538 (2.9 t/ha) and mashuri (2.8
t/ha).
Performance of rice varieties under aerobic conditions, Galavilli, kharif 2003
S.No Name of the Farmer Variety
No. of
Prod. tillers / m2
Grains /
panicle
Yield
(kg/ha)
1 Sathivada Y Naidu RGL-2538 252 140.50 3280
2 Alugubilli Raminaidu RGL-2537 246 219.36 3100
3 Vaddapalli Krishna RGL-2538 258 108.00 2660
4 Vanjarapu A Naidu RGL-2538 241 125.90 2500
Transplanting
1 Kadagala Dalinaidu RGL-2537 - - 4000
2. Alugubilli S Naidu Mashuri - - 4400
3. Makka Venkati Mashuri - - 2500
During 2004-05 cultivation of paddy under aerobic conditions was found
advantageous over wet seeded and transplanted rice in Galavilli village.
177
Demonstration of aerobic transplanted rice, kharif 2004
S.
No. Name of the Farmer Variety
Date of
Sowing
Date of
Harvesting
Yield
(kg/ha)
Direct Sown
1 A. Raminaidu RGL-2332 19.6.04 18.11.04 2975
2 V. Madhava Naidu RGL-2332 20.6.04 18.11.04 2308
3 A. Laxmu RGL-2538 18.6.04 2.11.04 3990
4 T. Jogi Naidu RGL-2538 18.6.04 29.10.04 2055
5 V. Ramulu MTU-1010 19.6.04 11.10.04 3531
6 S. Appayya MTU-1010 20.7.04 20.10.04 3037
7 A. Apparao RGL-2537 4.7.04 18.11.04 2188
Puddled
1 R. Appadu RGL-2537 19.6.04 27.11.04 1825
2 V. Appala naidu RGL-2538 18.6.04 8.11.04 2460
Transplanted
1 S. Kamayya RGL-2537 5.7.04 2700
2 K. Kondamnaidu RGL-2537 6.7.04 2500
3 S. Appalaram RGL-2537 6.7.04 2000
INM in Paddy
In 2004-05 an increase in grain yield (33.3%) was observed with INM over that of non-adoption
of INM (Table 4).
Demonstration of INM in paddy
S.No. Name of the
Farmer Variety
Date of
Sowing
Date of
Harvesti
ng
Yield
(kg/ha)
1 V. Ramulu MTU-1010 19.6.04 11.10.04 3531
2 A. Laxmu RGL-2538 18.6.04 2.11.04 3990
Control
1 S. Appayya MTU-1010 20.7.04 20.10.04 3037
2 M. Apparao RGL-2537 19.6.04 26.11.04 1980
At Gangada, among the rice varieties tested under aerobic conditions, RGL-2535
was found most promising as it recorded highest grain yields when compared to RGL-
2537 and MTU-1010.
178
Demonstration of aerobic rice, Gangada (2004-05)
S.No Name of the Farmer Variety Date of
Sowing
Date of
Harvesting
Yield
(kg/ha)
1 S.Sivvunnaidu RGL-2538 4.7.04 4.11.04 4770
2 M.Krishna RGL-2538 21.6.04 4.11.04 4890
3 G.Satyam RGL-2538 4.7.04 5.11.04 4220
4 N.Suryanarayana MTU-1010 4.7.04 22.10.04 4030
5 P.Joji MTU-1010 4.7.04 17.10.04 3970
6 M.Chinnababu RGL.2537 4.7.04 28.11.04 4615
7 G.Krishna RGL-2537 21.6.04 28.11.04 3988
Application of butachlor in aerobic rice was found most effective in controlling the
weeds and recorded 17.4% higher grain yield as compared to control.
Chemical weed management in aerobic rice, Gangada (2004-05)
S.No. Name of the Farmer Variety Date of
Sowing
Date of
Harvesting
Yield
(kg/ha)
1 M. Appalaswamy RGL-2538 21.6.04 19.10.04 4430
2 M. Chinnababu RGL-2537 4.7.04 28.11.04 4615
Control
1 G. Narayanaswamy RGL-2538 4.7.04 5.11.04 3720
2 M.Satyam RGL-2537 21.6.04 28.11.04 3753
IPM in wet sown paddy
Use of recommended doses of NPK, leaving alleyways at 3 m interval and spraying of
need based plant protection chemicals improved the grain yield over control.
179
Demonstration of IPM in paddy
S.No Name of the Farmer Variety
No. of
productive
tillers / m2
Grains /
panicle
Yield
(kg/ha)
Demonstration
1 Allu Laxmu RGL-2537 301 142.40 3750
2 Sivvapu J Chetty RGL-2537 251 151.00 3150
3 Sathivada Y naidu RGL-2538 252 140.50 3280
4 Nandigana Appalanaidu RGL-2538 276 158.00 3000
Control
1. Alugubilli Raminaidu RGL-2538 225 168.90 2500
2. Vangapandu A Naidu RGL-2538 318 123.30 1800
Crop Diversification
Under crop diversification maize was introduced in the upper and middle
topography under tankfed commands during Kharif season. Atrazine spraying was found
quite effective in controlling the weed population and there was an increase in yield
(31%) over control. An increase of 40% grain yield was observed when recommended
NPK fertilization was given to the crop.
180
Effect of chemical control on performance of maize, Galavilli, 2003
S.No Name of the
Farmer
Plant stand
/ ha
Plant height at
Harvest (m)
Cob
length
(cm)
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
1 Makka
Satyanarayana
65,555 2.41 16.10 3625
Control
1 Vanjarapu
Sanyasinaidu
58,500 2.51 15.60 2500
Effect of recommended NPK on performance of maize, Galavilli, 2003
S.No Name of the
Farmer
Plant stand /
ha
Plant height
at Harvest
(m)
Cob
length
(cm)
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
1 Vanjarapu
Sanyasappalanaidu
68,000 2.41 16.55 3600
Control
1 Vanjarapu
Appalanaidu
57,000 2.32 15.55 2125
Maize crop was found more remunerative than paddy since the sale prices of both
the commodities are more or less the same.
Performance of non-traditional crop maize, Gallavilli, 2004-05
S.No. Name of the Farmer Variety Date of
Sowing
Date of
Harvesting
Yield
(kg/ha)
1 A. Laxmunaidu SMH-36 5.7.04 29.9.04 4500
2 V. Appalanaidu SMH-36 5.7.04 28.9.04 2405
3 M. Satyannarayana SMH-36 5.7.04 26.9.04 2737
4 A. Ramarao SMH-36 5.7.04 28.9.04 2812
5 V. Sanyasappalanaidu SMH-36 5.7.04 28.9.04 2543
6 V. Satyannarayana KH-517 6.7.04 29.9.04 2050
181
In maize, application of atrazine as pre-emergence herbicide was found effective in
controlling the weeds and application increased (11%) grain yield over control.
Application of recommended doses of NPK has resulted in increasing the grain yield to
the tune of 41.3%.
Maize was introduced for the first time in Gaganda during kharif season (2004) as
ID crop in place of Paddy.
Performance of maize in tank command area of Gangada (2004)
S.No. Name of the Farmer Variety Date of
Sowing
Date of
Harvesting
Yield
(kg/ha)
1 V. Hari babu C-302 12.7.04 8.10.04 3216
2 G. Bogesu C-302 9.7.04 4.10.04 2029
Introduction of non-traditional crop sunflower in rabi
Sunflower was first time introduced in rabi after harvest of maize as well as paddy.
The crop sown after harvest of maize (25th November) has resulted in seed yield of 1330
kg/ha. Where as the crop sown after harvest of paddy (31st December) has recorded a
lower yield (1000 kg/ha) than that sown after maize.
Performance of sunflower during rabi after kharif rice and maize
S.No Name of the
Farmer
Plant
Stand /ha
Plant
height at
harvest
(m)
Head
diameter
(cm)
No. of
irrigations
given
Seed
yield
(kg/ha)
1 Vanjarapu S A
naidu (After maize)
69,500 1.78 61.27 2 + twice
rainfall
1330
2 Alugubilli Rama
Rao ( After Paddy )
67,000 1.48 50.60 3 + Once
rainfall
1000
182
EVALUATION OF RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS
Under rice based cropping system ragi is one of the important crops grown by the
farmers. Trials were laid out to demonstrate the relative advantage of use of NPK
fertilizers in ragi.
Performance of ragi after rice with recommended level of NPK, Galavilli, 2003
S.No Name of the Farmer Variety Plant height at
harvest (cm)
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
Recommended NPK
1 Sasubilli Pakheernaidu Ratnagiri 54 1800
2 Majji Appalanaidu Ratnagiri 57 2500
Control
1. Poreddi Appalanaidu Local 52 1300
Among the vegetables, french bean after rice was found to be most suitable and
highly remunerative (Table 14). Among the sesamum cultures YLM-11 was found to be
most suitable to include in the rice based cropping system.
Demonstration of INM in paddy, Gangada (2004-05)
S.No. Name of the Farmer Variety Date of
Sowing
Date of
Harvesting
Yield
(kg/ha)
INM
1 M. Krishna RGL-2538 21.6.04 4.11.04 4890
2 M. Chinnababu RGL-2537 4.7.04 28.11.04 4615
3 S. Sanyasinaidu RGL-2538 4.7.04 8.11.04 4160
Control
1 V. Sivunnaidu RGL-2538 4.7.04 3.11.04 3390
2 G. Narayanaswamy RGL-2537 4.7.04 5.11.04 3720
183
Performance of sesamum after rice
S.
No
Name of the
Farmer Variety
Date of
sowing
Date of
harvesting
Plant
stand /
m2
Plant
height at
harvest
(cm)
No. of
capsules
/ plant
Grain
yield
(kg/ha)
1 A. Appa Rao YLM-11 1.1.04 22.3.04 79 83 68 322
2 R. Appadu YLM-11 1.1.04 25.3.04 43 85 89 418
3 A. Sanyasinaidu YLM-11 1.1.04 24.3.04 50 101 140 421
4 S. Thamminaidu YLM-11 1.1.04 28.3.04 42 97 108 347
5 A. Sriramulu YLM-11 3.1.04 27.3.04 39 96 133 428
6 T. Joginaidu Gowri 27.1.04 21.4.04 40 97 54 250
7 G. Rammurty-
naidu
YLM-17 7.1.04 21.4.04 64 94 92 250
8 A. Laxmu YLM-17 21.1.04 3.4.04 61 96 54 400
Green manure crops sunhemp and diancha were grown and incorporated in situ
besides applying the recommended doses of NPK increased the grain yield (21.9%) when
compared to the farmer‟s practice (imbalanced fertilizer application).
Performance of sesamum, sunflower and bhendi after rice, Gangada (2004-05)
S.No. Name of the
farmer Variety
Date of
Sowing
Date of
Harvesting
Yield
(kg/ha)
Net
Income/ ha
SESAMUM
1 A.Jaggababu YLM-11 11.1.05 2.4.05 210 2667
2 V.Haribabu YLM-11 11.1.05 27.1.05 225 2880
3 V.Appalaswamy YLM-11 17.1.05 31.3.05 250 3296
SUNFLOWER
1 A.Jaggababu Suryanath-666 31.12.04 28.3.05 1340 9095
BHENDI
1 P.Satyanarayana 2630 10460
2 P.Sriramulu 3216 11566
3 R.Sambayya 3166 11216
184
RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS
Under rice based cropping systems cultivation of Bhendi was found to be more
remunerative when compared to Sesamum and Sunflower.
Performance of sunflower, sesamum, french bean and bhendi after rice, Galavilli,
2004-05
RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS
Sno. Name of the
farmer Variety
Date of
Sowing
Date of
Harvesting
Yield
(kg/ ha)
Net
Income/ha
SUNFLOWER
1 B. Appadu
Suryana
dh-666 31.12.04 28.3.05 2250 16408
3 M. Appalanaidu
Suryana
dh-666 31.12.04 28.3.05 1833 16629
SESAMUM
1 P. Applanaidu
YLM-
66 20.1.05 17.4.05 450 5730
FRENCH BEAN
1 V. Srirammurthy 4400 10550
2 B. Trinadh 5575 16500
3 P. Narayana Rao 4075 14375
4 M. Appalanaidu 4075 12000
BHENDI
1 A. Sanyasinaidu 1500 3850
In Gujjangivalasa village 34 demonstrations of dry sown paddy were conducted
during Kharif-2004. The effectiveness of butachlor application for the control of weeds
was demonstrated. An amount of 398.8mm of rainfall was received from June to
November as against the normal rainfall of 888 mm which had severe effect on the dry
sown paddy from tillering stage onwards
185
Chapter-VI
Input - Output - Outcome
186
187
Final outcome report of MAHABOOBNAGAR (2003-04)
Sl.No Input Output Outcome
1. Crop introduction
ID crops like maize, cotton,
castor were during kharif
season and sunflower,
vegetables crops during rabi
season
The average yields of Maize crop ranged between
5.46 to 5.65 t/ha.
The average yields of cotton ranged 1.5 t/ha.
The average yield of castor was 1.43 t/ha
Change of crops and cropping system
Increasing cropping intensity with
higher income
2. Integrated weed management
in paddy
Grain yield was more in case of IWM method
(4.60 to 6.15 t/ha )compared to farmers method
(3.158 to 4.4 t/ha.) This reduction in manual labour
requirement resulted in lower cost of cultivation
Adoption of IWM reduces labour
requirement and increases yields there
by net returns are high
3. Integrated Nutrient
Management in paddy
On an average grain yield increased by 21.77 % in
the two villages over farmers method
Adoption of INM reduces cost of
cultivation and increases yields there
by net returns are high
.4 Rotational irrigation in paddy The results indicated that rotational water
management recorded slightly lower yields varying
from 1.23% to 26.13 % grain yield and 0.81% to
6.98% straw yield than the yields recorded in
continuous submergence treatment.
Rotational irrigation in paddy water
Saves water by 20-25 % with marginal
reduction in yields
5. Direct seeding in paddy In case of direct seeded crop 20 per cent yield
reduction was observed compared to transplanted
crop.
Suitability of dry seeding in paddy has
to be tested for one or two more
seasons before confirmation.
6. Evaluation of crops and
cropping systems
The results indicated that Rice fb vegetable crops recorded
highest gross returns fallowed by Rice-Groundnut cropping
system, Rice-ragi and rice-Bengal gram cropping system
Among the ID crops based cropping systems maize
followed by vegetables was found to be
economically most remunerative
Rice-vegetables/ rice-ragi system can
be recommended of black soils and
Rice-groundnut system can be
recommended for Redsoils.
7. Training Programmes on ID
crops
Farmers were educated in recent production
technologies of ID crops
Technology transfer from farmer to
farmer.
188
(2004-05)
Sl.No Input Output Outcome
1. Crop introduction
ID crops like maize, cotton,
castor were during kharif
season and sunflower,
vegetables crops during rabi
season
The average yields of Maize crop ranged
between 3.15 and 4.57 t/ha.
The average yields of cotton ranged
between 1.26 and 1.58 t/ha.
The average yield of castor was 1.04 t/ha
Change of crops and cropping system
Increasing cropping intensity with higher
income
2. Irrigations at critical crop
growth stages of maize
There was 10.94 and 21.23 percent
increased in seed yield in black and red
soils respectively with two irrigations
given at tasseling and grain filling stage
By giving two supplemental irrigations in kharif
to maize could increase productivity of maize
3. Integrated pest management in
cotton
With the implementation of IPM
practices in cotton, cost of cultivation
decreased by 18-20 % over farmers
practice
Due to the decrease in cost of cultivation, the
net returns were higher
4. Inter cropping studies in maize
and castor
There was 6.5 % increase in net returns
with Maize + redgram cropping over
Maize sole crop. Similarly 17.34 %
increase in net returns with castor +
redgram intercropping over castor sole
crop.
Inter cropping of maize/castor with red gram
can be adopted under tank command areas
5. Training Programmes on ID
crops
Farmers were educated in recent
production technologies of ID crops
Technology transfer from farmer to farmer.
189
2005-06
S.No Input Output Outcome
1. Crop introduction
ID crops like maize, cotton,
castor were during kharif
season and sunflower,
vegetables crops during
rabi season
The average yields of Maize crop ranged between 2.12
and 4.67 t/ha.
The average yields of cotton ranged between 1.18 and
1.37 t/ha.
The average yield of castor was 1.09 to 1.12 t/ha
Introduction of alternate crops and
cropping system increased the
cropping intensity of the command
areas
2. Irrigations at critical crop
growth stages of maize
Moisture stress was not observed in the crop growth
period
-
3. Inter cropping studies in
maize and castor
There was 8.4 % increase in grain yield with Maize +
redgram cropping over Maize sole crop. Similarly21.0 %
increase in grain yield.with castor + redgram
intercropping over castor sole crop.
Inter cropping of maize/castor with red
gram can be adopted under tank
command areas
4. Rotational irrigation in
paddy
The results indicated that rotational water management
recorded yields varying from –2.42 % to +5.8 % grain
yield in case of black soils and +3.67 to 6.26 % in red
soils compared continuous submergence conditions.
Rotational irrigation in paddy can
be adopted in tank command areas.
5. Survey of tank catchment
areas
Watershed works and cultivation in the catchment areas
are responsible for low inflows in to the tanks
Survey of the tank cathment area
provide vital clues for estimating the
probability of filling of tanks
6. Training Programmes on
ID crops
Farmers were educated in recent production technologies
of ID crops
Technology transfer from farmer to
farmer.
190
MEDAK
2003-04
INPUT OUT PUT OUT COME
1 Demonstration of Dry seeding
of Rice under tankfed area
A mean grain yield of 4.15 and 3.17 t/ha
with two supplemental irrigations and
without any supplemental irrigation
Significant yield increase can be noticed with two
supplemental irrigations to dry sown paddy.
2 Integrated Nutrient Supply
Management in Paddy
Integrated nutrient supply management in
paddy obtained an additional yield of 0.82
t/ha.
120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ Green leaf
maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha is recommended
for Paddy under tank commands.
3 Introduction of Maize under
tank commands
A mean grain yield of 2.24t/ha was
obtained by growing maize during Kharif
under tank commands.
Instead of keeping the land fallow, by utilizing the
rainfall Maize can be successfully grown.
4 Introduction of Soybean under
tank commands
A mean grain yield of 0.546t/ha was
obtained by growing maize during Kharif
under tank commands.
Soybean crop doesn‟t come up well under tank
commands
5 Integrated Pest Management in
Cotton
There is a reduction of Rs.10825 per ha in
Cost of cultivation in IPM plots over non-
IPM plots.
IPM in cotton is beneficial in decreasing the cost
of cultivation and also increasing the net returns.
6 Balanced fertilizer management
in Maize
Balanced fertilizer management in Maize
obtained an additional yield of 0.32 t/ha.
90-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha is
recommended for Maize tank commands
7 Demonstration of Production
Technology in Paddy
Improved management practices in paddy
yielded an additional yield of 1.44t/ha
Seed treatment, raising nursery on raised seedbeds,
need based plant protection measures planting 2-3
seedlings per hill, making alley ways for every 2-
3m, Integrated nutrient supply management is
recommended.
8 Demonstration of production
technology in castor
Improved management practices in castor
resulted in an additional yield of 0.3 t/ha.
Castor can be grown in rabi by utilizing residual
soil moisture
9 Introduction of Bengalgram
under
Tank commands after maize
A mean grain yield of 0.77t/ha was
obtained by growing bengalgram during
rabi under tank commands.
Bengalgram can be grown in rabi by utilizing
residual soil moisture
191
2004-05
INPUT OUT PUT OUT COME
1 Demonstration of Dry seeding of
Rice under tankfed area
A mean grain yield of 2.39 t/ha without
any supplemental irrigation
Rice crop can be taken by utilizing rainfall
though yields less than transplanted crop.
2 Water management practices for
transplanted rice under tankfed
irrigated areas
There was no significant yield reduction
by use of alternate wetting and drying.
Rice can be successfully grown under
alternate wetting and drying conditions.
3 Introduction of Maize under tank
commands
A mean grain yield of 2.95t/ha was
obtained by growing maize during
Kharif under tank commands.
Instead of keeping the land fallow, by
utilizing the rainfall Maize can be
successfully grown.
4 Introduction of Desi cotton
under
Tank commands
A mean seed cotton yield of 0.607 t/ha
was obtained by Desi cotton with cost of
cultivation of Rs. 8003 per ha under
tank commands.
Desi cotton can be taken up by farmers with
less capital investment
5 Introduction of Genetically
Modified cotton (Bt) under tank
commands
A mean seed cotton yield of 1.81 t/ha
was obtained by Bt. cotton with less pest
incidence.
Genetically modified cotton (Bt) is highly
remunerative, if the farmer can invest Rs.
15000 per ha and supplemental irrigation.
6 Integrated Pest Management in
Cotton
There is a reduction of Rs. 2280 per ha
in Cost of cultivation in IPM plots over
non-IPM plots.
IPM in cotton is beneficial in decreasing the
cost of cultivation and also increasing the net
returns.
7 Introduction of castor under tank
commands after maize
Recorded a yield of 0.5 to 0.75 t/ha
grown on residual soil moisture
Castor can be grown in rabi by utilizing
residual soil moisture
8 Introduction of Bengalgram
under
Tank commands after maize
Recorded a yield of 0.5-1.75 t/ha grown
on residual soil moisture
Bengalgram can be grown in rabi by utilizing
residual soil moisture
9 Introduction of sunflower during
Rabi after paddy
Recorded a yield of 1.07 t/ha Sunflower can be grown on residual soil
moisture in black soils and in soils after
paddy
10 Introduction of Coriander during
Rabi after fallow
Recorded a yield of 1.0t/ha grown on
residual soil moisture.
Coriander can be successfully grown in black
soils on residual soil moisture.
192
2005-06
Input Output Outcome
1 Demonstration of Dry seeding
of rice under tankfed area
A mean grain yield of 4.7 t/ha was
obtained without any supplemental
irrigation.
Rice crop can be taken by utilizing rainfall.
2 Water management practices
for transplanted rice under
tankfed irrigated areas.
A mean grain yield of 4.07 t/ha was
obtained.
Rice crop can be successfully grown under
alternate wetting and drying conditions
3 Introduction of maize under
tank commands
A mean grain yield of 3.47 t/ha was
obtained.
Maize crop can be successfully grown under
tank commands instead of keeping the land
fallow.
4 Intercropping studies in maize A mean MGEY of 5.08 t/ha was
obtained when maize was intercropped
with cowpea.
Intercropping of maize with cowpea can be
adopted.
5 Introduction of Genetically
modified cotton (Bt) under
tank commands
A mean seed cotton yield of 1.82 t/ha
was obtained with less pest incidence.
Genetically modified cotton (Bt) is
remunerative.
6 Introduction of fodder sorghum A mean fodder yield of 4.4 t/ha was
obtained.
Fodder sorghum can be successfully grown
under tank commands.
193
VIZIANAGARAM 2003-04
INPUT OUT PUT OUT COME
1 Demonstration of Dry seeded paddy
and converted to wet
A yield of 2.5-3.28 t/ha
was obtained.
It was realized that the cultivation of direct sown paddy under dry
conditions under limited water availability with medium duration
varieties.
2 Demonstration of chemical weed
control methods in direct sown paddy.
Recorded the yield of
2.5-2.8 t/ha
Satisfied with the performance of the application of herbicide
butachlor, which was altogether a new practice.
3 Introduction of maize in Kharif Yield obtained was
2.12-3.62 t/ha
Convinced with the performance of the and interested to adopt the
new practice i.e cultivation of maize in Kharif in upper reaches of
the tank Ayacut.
4 Water management practices in
transplanted paddy.
Recorded the yield of
2.5-4.4 t/ha
Paddy can be successfully cultivated under rotational irrigation
schedules.
5 Introduction of sunflower in rabi A yield of 1-1.3 t/ha was
recorded
Impressed with the performance of the crop and interested to adopt
the innovative practice.
2004-05
INPUT OUT PUT OUT COME
1 Demonstration of Dry seeded
paddy and converted to wet
A yield of 3.0-4.0t/ha was obtained by 50
farmers.
Rice crop could be successfully grown by taking
advantage of rainfall received in the region especially
with short and medium duration varieties.
2 Demonstration of puddle
seeded rice under late
conditions
Recorded a yield of 1.8-2.6 t/ha . As a contingent package for rice under late conditions
puddle seeding can be adopted.
3 Water management practice
in transplanted paddy
A yield of 2.4-3.0t/ha was recorded though
it experienced terminal drought.
Rice can be successfully grown under alternate wetting
and drying conditions
4 Introduction of Sesamum,
Mesta
Sesamuum recorded a yield of 0.15-0.35
t/ha and Mesta recorded a yield of 0.52 t/ha.
Sesamum and Mesta crops can be grown under tank
commands.
5 Introduction of Maize Maize recorded a yield of 4.3t/ha Maize crop can be adopted in tank commands
6 Introduction of Sesamum,
Vegetables and sunflower
after rice/maize
These crops were successfully grown after
rice/maize
After rice sesamum, sunflower and vegetables can be
taken up.
194
2005-06
INPUT OUT PUT OUT COME
1 Sowing of ragi,mesta and green manure
crops preceding paddy.
Ragi yields 5q/ha
Mesta recorded the yield
6-6.75 t/ha.
Sesainmum ,ragi and mesta can be
cultivated preceding rice (Kharif) to
increase the economic returns.
2 Demonstration of direct sowing of paddy
under dry conditions later converted to
wet including weed management and
varietial
Performance.
Short duration varieties yielded 2.25 t/ha and
Medium duration varieties yielded 3.75to4.46
t/ha
Cultivation of short and medium
duration varieties is very much
preferable under tankfed situations
(limited irrigated conditions)
3 Water management practice in
transplanted paddy.
Lesser yields recorded than direct sown paddy. Cultivation of transplanted paddy is
always a risky due to the erratic
rainfall patterns under limited irrigated
conditions.
4 Introduction of non-traditional crop like
maize during Kharif.
Maize obtained the yield of 3.2 t/ha Maize can be successfully grown in
the upper reaches of the tank Ayacut
during Kharif.
5 Sowing of sesamum and sunflower after
paddy
Crops are at vegetative growth stage. After Kharif paddy sesamum and
sunflower cultivation can be taken up
successfully.
195
KADAPA
Input Output Outcome
1 Introduction of Greengram, Bajra and
Green manure crops
Farmers harvested 5.62 t / ha and
incorporated bhusa in paddy fields
which improved the paddy yields by
2.5-4.2 t/ha
Change of crops and cropping system
Increasing the cropping intensity
2 Water management in transplanted
paddy with rotational irrigation
20% water saved in rice with higher
yield of 5-6.2 t/ha. The water thus
saved was utilized for raising additional
sunflower crop during rabi
The rice can be successfully grown under
rotational irrigation with saving in irrigation
water , which can be utilized for growing I.D
crops.
3 Semi dry paddy under bore-wells of
black and red soils
The yields of 4.6t/ha was obtained in
black soils and 2.61t/ha in red soils
with less water than that of irrigated
crop
In semi dry rice, water productivity is higher in
black soils than that of red soils. The semi dry
rice technology can be adopted in black soils
under wells.
4 Introduction of new vegetable crop of
French bean
Instead of one crop 2-3 crops were
raised
Crop diversification increasing cropping
intensity.
5 Introduction of Jowar as rainfed crop
on conserved moisture during rabi
(Magi Jowar) after greengram
Jowar yield of 2t/ha was obtained in the
crop sown in October
Jowar crop can be grown on conserved
moisture or as rainfed in tank commands which
can meet the fodder requirement of cattle and
also income to the farmer
6 Training programmes Farmers were educated in recent
production technologies of I.D crops
Technology transfer from farmer to farmer
196
ANANTHAPUR (2003-04)
S .No Input Output
Outcome
1. Introduction of crops like
hybrid sorghum (Haritha)
fodder sorghum during
early kharif for utilizing
the early rains
The average yields of hybrid sorghum crop
ranged between 4.0 and 4.6 t/ha.
The average green fodder yields of fodder
sorghum ranged between 24 and 30 t/ha.
Increasing cropping intensity by utilizing
early rains with higher income
2. Introduction of sunhemp
and diancha crops as green
manures under tank
command areas
Sunhemp crop was utilized for fodder purpose
due to continuous dry spell after sowings instead
of using as green manure. The average green
fodder yield ranged between 24 and 31 t/ha
Green manures crops introduced under tank
command areas as preceding crop to rice. At
the same time if tanks couldn‟t get water the
same may be utilize for fodder purpose.
3. Soil reclamation with
gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in
paddy
The average grain yield in paddy ranged between
5780 – 6586 kg /ha was recorded in gypsum
applied plots.
Awareness was created about reclamation of
soil with soil amendments and also yields are
increased in paddy.
4. Soil reclamation and
correction of Zn deficiency
with zinc sulphate @ 50
kg/ha in paddy
The average grain yield in paddy ranged between
5509 – 5629 kg /ha was recorded in gypsum
applied plots and also rectified the Zn deficiency
which is common in alkaline soils.
Awareness was created about Zn deficiency
in paddy especially growing in tank
commands where soils are alkaline in nature
and also yields are increased in paddy.
5. Diversification of crops
like sunflower under
borewell irrigation in place
of paddy
The average grain yield in sunflower ranged
between 5.2 – 7.2 q/ acre and also farmers
cultivated more area with limited available water
instead of going in limited area paddy
Farmers get more net returns by cultivating
more area with limited available water.
6. Training Programmes Training programmes to line departments, Rythu
mitra groups, extensional personnels and farmers
on different aspects
Technology transferred to farmers through
Rythu Mithra groups line departments.
7. Work shop A work shop on “Crops, cropping systems and
irrigation management under tainfed irrigated
areas of Rayalaseema region” was conducted.
More awareness was created about tankfed
irrigation to irrigation department officials,
agricultural department officials and farmers
197
(2004-05)
S .No Input Output Outcome
1. Introduction of crops like
sorghum (NTJ – 2) during
early kharif for utilizing the
early rains
The average green fodder yields of fodder
sorghum ranged between 11.6 and 13.8 t/ha.
Increasing cropping intensity by utilizing early rains
with higher income
2. Introduction of sunhemp and
greengram crops as green
manures under tank
command areas
Sunhemp crop was utilized for fodder purpose
due to continuous dry spell after sowings instead
of using as green manure. The average green
fodder yield 9.45 t/ha in case of greengram and
21.12 t/ha in case of sunhemp was recorded.
Green manures crops introduced under tank
command areas as preceding crop to rice. At the
same time if tanks couldn‟t get water the same may
be utilize for fodder purpose.
3. Soil reclamation with
gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy
The average grain yield in paddy ranged
between 4680 – 5622 kg /ha was recorded in
gypsum applied plots.
Awareness was created about reclamation of soil
with soil amendments and also yields are increased
in paddy.
4. Soil reclamation and
correction of Zn deficiency
with zinc sulphate @ 50
kg/ha in paddy
The average grain yield in paddy ranged
between 4825 – 5906 kg /ha was recorded in
gypsum applied plots and also rectified the Zn
deficiency which is common in alkaline soils.
Awareness was created about Zn deficiency in
paddy especially growing in tank commands where
soils are alkaline in nature and also yields are
increased in paddy.
5. Diversification of crops like
sunflower under borewell
irrigation in place of paddy
The average grain yield in sunflower ranged
between 12.8 – 17.25 q/ ha and also farmers
cultivated more area with limited available water
instead of going in limited area paddy
Irrigated dry crops like sunflower was successfully
grown under tank command area of Anantapur
district during late kharif and summer.
6. Training Programmes Training programmes to line departments and
extensional personnel‟s on different aspects
Proven technology transferred to line departments
officials and farmers, farmers got first hand
information in various aspects.
7. Work shop A workshop on “management crops in tankfed
irrigated areas” was conducted.
Results on research and demonstration under tank
command area were transformed to department
officials and farmers
198
(2005-06)
S .No Input Output Outcome
1. Introduction of crops like
sorghum (NTJ – 2) during
early kharif for utilizing the
early rains
The average green of fodder yield is 15.6
t/ha.
Increasing cropping intensity by utilizing early rains
with higher income
2. Introduction of sunhemp and
greengram crops as green
manures under tank
command areas
The average green fodder yield ranged
between 16.05 and 19.55 was recorded in
sunhemp.
Green manures crops introduced under tank command
areas as preceding crop to rice. At the same time if
tanks couldn‟t get water the same may be utilize for
fodder purpose.
3. Soil reclamation with
gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy
The average grain yield in paddy ranged
between 4674 – 5172 kg /ha was
recorded in gypsum applied plots.
Awareness was created about reclamation of soil with
soil amendments and also yields are increased in
paddy.
4. Soil reclamation and
correction of Zn deficiency
with zinc sulphate @ 50
kg/ha in paddy
The average grain yield in paddy ranged
between 4602 – 5060 kg /ha was
recorded in gypsum applied plots and
also rectified the Zn deficiency which is
common in alkaline soils.
Awareness was created about Zn deficiency in paddy
especially growing in tank commands where soils are
alkaline in nature and also yields are increased in
paddy.
5. Diversification of crops like
sunflower under borewell
irrigation in place of paddy
The average grain yield in sunflower
ranged between 13.75 – 18 q/ ha and also
farmers cultivated more area with limited
available water instead of going in
limited area paddy
Irrigated dry crops like sunflower was successfully
grown under tank command area of Anantapur district
during late kharif and summer.
6. Training Programmes Training programmes on cultivation
aspects of vegetables and short duration
horticultural crops, fertilizer management
in different crops.
Farmers were trained recent production technologies
in different field crops.
199
Chapter-VII
Extension activities
200
201
EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
A) MEDAK
A) Training programs, Farmers and scientists interaction meetings, and Farmers, scientists and line
department interaction meetings.
i) Training Programs
Date Place Topic covered
1 16-08-03 Ramunipally Production technology and IPM in cotton
2 08-12-03 Kukunoorpally Production technology of Bengalgram
3 24-07-04 Kukunoorpally IPM in Cotton
4 09-10-04 Mangole Production technology in Groundnut
5 19-10-04 Konaipally Production technology in I.D crops
6 20-10-04 Kukunoorpally Production technology of Bengalgram
7 15-02-05 Kukunoorpally Plant protection measures in Vegetable crops
8 07-01-06 Thipparam Production technology in ID crops
ii) Farmer Scientist Interaction meetings
Date Place
1 22-06-03 Bhoompally
2 22-06-03 Kukunoorpally
3 22-07-03 Bhoompally
4 22-07-03 Kukunoorpally
iii) Farmer, Scientist and Line department officers interaction meeting
Date Place
1 29-01-04 Bhoompally
2 30-01-04 Kukunoorpally
3 11-01-05 Khajipur
4 12-01-05 Mangole
202
2003-04
A Farmer, scientist, line department officers meeting was organized on 29th
January 2004 at Bhoompally and 30th
January 2004 at Kukunoorpally. Mandal
Agriculture Officer, Horticulture Officer, Assistant Engineer (Electricity), Veterinary
Doctor, Asst. E.E (I&CAD), Water User Association Members, Rythu Mithra Group
Conveners, Scientists from Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial and farmers
from various villages participated in the training programme.
A discussion on cultivation of Rice (Dry sown rice & SRI technology),
Production technologies on Maize, Soybean, Redgram, Bengalgram, Rajmash, Cotton,
Castor, Sunflower and Groundnut was done. A discussion on Drip and sprinkler irrigation
systems was also done.
The Horticulture Scientist answered to the queries posed by the line department
officers and farmers on mango, vegetables and medicinal and aromatic plants.
Literature on micro irrigation (Drip and Sprinkler irrigation systems) was
published in a booklet form and was distributed to the farmers, line department officials
and the participants to the training programme at Bhoompally on 29th
January and
Kukunoorpally on 30th
January 2004.
2004-05
A Farmer, scientist, line department officers meeting was organized on 11th
January 2005 at Khajipur and 12th
January 2005 at Mangole. Agriculture Extension
Officer, Horticulture Officer, Assistant Engineer (Electricity), Veterinary Doctor, Asst.
Executive Engineer (I&CAD), Water User Association Members, Rythu Mithra Group
Conveners, Scientists from Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial and farmers
from various villages participated in the training programme.
A discussion on cultivation of Rice (Dry sown rice & SRI technology),
Production technologies on Maize, Redgram, Bengalgram, Sunflower, Cotton, Castor,
and Groundnut, Integrated Pest Management was done.
Scientists, Line department officers and farmers visited the fields at Mangole.
203
Booklets on Production technologies of I.D crops, Leaflets on Pesticides dosages
and usage, IPM in cotton, redgram, Pamphlets on Castor, Rajmash were distributed to the
farmers, line department officials.
B) Publicity material
Leaflets:
1. Knowledge on pesticide usage
2. Production technology on Maize, Bengalgram and Castor
3. IPM in Cotton and Redgram
Pamphlets:
1. Rajmash
2. Castor
Booklets:
1. Production technology of Irrigated Dry Crops
2. Drip and sprinkler Irrigation systems
Six leaflets, two pamphlets and two booklets were prepared under APERP project
and were distributed to farmers during the Farmers, Scientists and Line department
officers meetings.
C) Papers presented in the workshops/ symposium
Sreedhar chauhan Preetham Goud R and Bhaskar Reddy B 2005 Resource
characterization and socio-economic status of tankfed farmers, Medak district.
Proceedings of workshop on “ Agricultural Research and Demonstration under
Tank Irrigated areas of Andhra Pradesh” Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural
University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 28-29 May, 2005.
Sreedhar chauhan Preetham Goud R and Bhaskar Reddy B 2005 Crops and cropping
systems for tankfed areas of Medak district characterization and socio-economic
status of tankfed farmers, Medak district. Proceedings of workshop on “
Agricultural Research and Demonstration under Tank Irrigated areas of Andhra
Pradesh” Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad, 28-29 May, 2005.
204
D) Press notes/ articles published in print media
Press notes were published in various newspapers (Enadu, Vartha, Andhra Jyothi and
AndhraBhoomi)
2003-04
1. Role of trap crops in pest control-17th
August 2003, Eenadu (Daily News paper)
2. Minimization of Pesticides usage in pest control-2nd
November 2003,Eenadu
(Daily News paper)
3. Good yields in Barren lands of tank command-23rd
November 2003, Andhra
Jyothi (Daily News paper)
4. Training programme to farmers by Agricultural University Scientists. 23rd
November 2003, Eenadu (Daily News paper)
5. Pest control in Bengalgram-12th
December 2003-Vartha (Daily News Paper)
6. Scientists support to farmers in maximizing crop yields-22nd
December 2003,
Eenadu (Daily News paper)
2004-05
1. Cultivation of Vegetables in rabi is better-20th
October 2004, Eenadu (Daily News
paper)
2. Water to soil is like blood to Human being-12th
January 2005,Eenadu (Daily
News paper)
3. Cultivate with scientific approach-13th
January 2005, Vartha (Daily News paper)
4. Cultivate Irrigated dry crops-13th
January 2005, Eenadu (Daily News paper)
5. Vegetable cultivation is profitable by adopting simple techniques-16th
February
2005-Eenadu (Daily News Paper)
Year Number
1 2003-04 6
2 2004-05 5
3 2005-06 1
205
B) MAHABOOBNAGAR
I) Training programmes:
Training programmes were conducted in each tank fed area to create awareness
among the farmers regarding crop diversification; alternate cropping systems crop
production and crop protection. Farmers of WUA, other farmers of the village, line
department officials participated in the training programmes. List of the areas on which
the training programmes were conducted are
1. Importance of ID crops and their potentiality for kharif season.
2. Water saving technologies in rice cultivation
3. Crop protection in different kharif crops
4. Suitability of ID crops in Rabi
5. Irrigation management in ID crops
6. Crop protection in Rabi crops
7. Vegetable and fodder crop production
II) Pamphlets published:
1. Varilo neeti yajamanya paddathulu
2. Rabilo kuragayala sagu valana adhika labhalu
Pamphlets were published and distributed to farmers by Rythumithra Sangas and
other organizations through Department Of Agriculture officials and various NGOs and
GOs of the district.
III) Extension activities (2004-05)
In addition to the regular meetings and on-farm discussions with the farmers of
the tank command areas in the selected villages the following extension activities were
conducted for dissemination of the project results in the district as well as in the state.
a) TV Programmes:
To disseminate the results achieved in the project villages among he farming
community of the state we have invited Rythu Mithra Unit of Teja TV to picturize the
results and to interact with the farmers in Vattem and Indrakal villages. These programs
were broadcasted on 06-10-2004 and 14-10-2004 in Rythu-Mithra programme of Teja
TV.
206
b) All India Radio Programme:
Keeping in view the wider reach and popularity of the radio among the rural farming
community we have invited AIR Hyderabad staff to interact with the farmers of all the
project villages. About twenty four farmers were interviewed by the air correspondent
and these interviews were broadcasted on 23-10-2004 and 29-10-2004 in Farm- Home
program of AIR Hyderabad station.
Similarly, Interviews of the Associate Director of Research, RARS, Palem and
Scientist-in-charge APERP project were also recorded by the AIR correspondent and these
were also broad cast on AIR on later dates.
c) Field Day:
To ensure the spread of the technologies that were evaluated and which were
found to be more suitable for the tank command areas through out the Mahaboobnagar
district we have organized a Field Day in Indrakl village on 28-10-2004. In this field day
Director of Research, ANGRAU, Smt Balamanemma and Dr. Narsimha Reddy , Board of
Management , ANGRAU, Joint Director of Agriculture, Mahaboobnagar district
Irrigation Agronomist, Mahaboobnagar district and Department of Agriculture Officials
participated in the field day along with the farmers from all the project villages and other
villages.
d) Interaction session for the Department of Agriculture Officials of the district.
To disseminate project results to all the mandals of the district through the
Department of Agriculture officials, as they have wider reach and better access to the
farmers of the district as a whole, an interaction session and field visit was arranged for
them in Indrkal village on 12-10-2004. In this visit Joint Director of Agriculture and
other officers from all the mandals of the district participated and they have actively
interacted with the farmers of the village.
e) Press Meet:
A press meet was arranged on 08-11-2004 with the farmers from all the project
villages and various farmers Union leaders of the district level and state level and
reporters of the all popular telugu dailies of the district. In this press meet
reporters from various dailies actively interacted with the farmers of different
villages. This meet was give wide publicity in all the local editions of the district.
We are planning to organize village wise training programs to the farmers of the
project villages during March 2005.
207
ANANTHAPUR:
Training programmes were organized on different aspects which identified
necessary based on the constraints identified in the tank fed command area. Training
programmes were conducted by project staff with scientists of ARS Anantapur, ARS
Reddipalli, KVK and DAATT Centre. The trained personnel include tankfed farmer‟s
non-tankfed farmers, Rythu Mitra groups, line departments and agricultural extension
officers. A through discussion was carried out after every programme. Leaflets and
pamphlets were distributed to farmers. Farmers interacted positively and gained first hand
knowledge from the training. a good response was received as a feed back from them.
Details of training programmes carried out under the project
Sl.no Date Title of training programme Members
covered
No. of
partipants
1 Jan
2004
Training to line departments and
agricultural extension personnel
AO,s and ADA‟s
30
2 Feb
2004
training programme to the farmers of the
tankfed areas on SRI technology
farmers 30
3 Feb
2004
Problems and prospects of different crops
and mechanization in dry land
agriculture.
Rythu Mitra
Group farmers
40
4. Mar
ch
2004
Problems and prospects of different
crops, raising of nurseries in different
crops, mechanization in groundnut
cultivation.
Rythu Mitra
groups farmers of
Bukkarasamudra
m and Raptadu
35
5. 11-
2004
SRI technology Pullalarevu
farmers
40
6. 10 –
2004
Latest aspects of groundnut cultivation AO,s and ADA‟s 65
7. 5.07.
2004
Reclamation of problematic soils. Rangampeta
farmers
30
8. 6.07.
2004
Reclamation of problematic soils. Pamurai farmers 45
9. 21.0
7.20
04
SRI technology Madigubba
farmers
47
10. 22.0
7.20
04
Reclamation of problematic soils. Madigubba
farmers
27
11. 27.0
7.20
04
Latest aspects of groundnut cultivation. AO‟s 94
208
12 08.1
1.20
04
SRI technology Pullalarevu
farmers
30
13. 20.0
2.20
05
Pest management in different crops Madigubba
farmers
30
14 23.0
2.20
05
Pest management in different crops Rangampeta
farmers
30
15. 25.0
2.20
05
Pest management in different crops Pullalarevu
farmers
26
16. 26.0
2.20
05
Management of different crops and
reclamation of problematic soils.
Pamurai farmers 30
17. 9.03.
2005
Management of crops, pest and diseases
control in different crops
Pamurai farmers 25
18. 15.0
3.20
05
Management of crops B.Yelaru 40
19. 16.0
3.20
05
Management of crops, Pests and diseases
management in different crops.
Nayanavaripalli 41
20 17.0
3.20
05
Management of different crops, pest and
diseases management in horticulture
crops.
Y.Kottapalli 26
Work shops and field days
Workshop on “Crops, cropping systems and irrigation management under tankfed
areas of Rayalaseema region” (AEPRP).
A two day work shop was conducted on 30th
January and 31st January 2004
“crops and cropping systems and irrigation management under tankfed areas of
Rayalaseema region” and discussed thoroughly the problems and prospects of crop
production in tankfed areas. The participants included the scientists of the Scarce Rainfall
Zone of Andhra Pradesh (Agronomist and Soil Scientists), extension personnel‟s of
department of Agriculture, progressive farmers and Associate Director of Research,
RARS, Nandyal with Dr.G.Sreedhar, Registrar, S.K.University, Anantapur as the chief
guests.
209
Recommendations of workshop on crops, cropping systems and irrigation
management under tankfed areas of Rayalaseema region (AEPRP).
1. Suitable crops for different soils like musk melon for sandy soils and sunflower
for alkali soils.
2. Reclamation of alkali soils
Green manuring with diancha
Gypsum application
Application of sand
Since the tankfed areas are deficient in zinc, it should be applied @ 50 kg/hectare
Work shop on” Management of crops in Tank fed irrigated areas”
One day work shop was conducted on 15-2-2005 on “Management of crops in
Tank fed irrigated areas” and discussed thoroughly the problems and prospects of crop
production in tank fed areas. The participants included the Scientist of the Agricultural
Research station, Anantapur, Agricultural Research station, Reddipalli, Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Reddipalli, extension personal of Deportment of Agriculture, irrigation
department Engineers, District irrigation Agronomist, progressive farmers of tank fed
villages and Associate Director of Research, RARS, Nandyal. Scientist‟s in charge of
tankfed irrigation project of Kadapa, Palem, Jagityal have also participated.
Recommendations of the work shop:
Alternate to rice, sunflower, pulses, jowar, maize, bajra and vegetable crops can be taken
up.
1. Reclamation of alkali soils with gypsum helps to get higher yields
2. Green manuring with sunhemp, diancha crops can be recommended and
popularized
3. Short duration horticultural crops like chrysanthemum, melons (musk melon,
water melon) can be recommended
4. Before onset of monsoon, soils should be thoroughly prepared.
5. Under limited water conditions SRI technique can be adopted.
Field day was conducted on 02.08.2005 at Madigubba village on crop diversification.
210
VIZIANAGARAM
EXTENSION ACTIVITIES
Farmer- Scientist interactions, several awareness trainings were conducted to
create awareness among the farmers on the efficient management of the
scarce resource like water to reap maximum benefits covering 671
participants 13 training programmes on the following items.
1. Package of practices on direct sown rice later converted to wet (aerobic rice).
2. Management of irrigated dry crops like maize, ragi, and groundnut during
kharif season.
3. Planning of potential rabi crops and management to increase production.
4. Efficient utilization of irrigation water available in the tanks by adopting
suitable crop planning.
5. Management of pests / diseases on several crops commonly grown in the tank
command.
6. Balanced fertilizer management to maintain soil health including INM.
7. Water management practices in transplanted rice and irrigation schedules in
I.D. crops.
8. Mid-seasonal training programmes to correct nutritional deficiencies /
disorders , forecast of pests and diseases and their management.
During the above training programmes, discussed with the farmers on the package
of practices of the crops like aerobic rice, maize, sunflower, sesamum, ragi and
vegetables. Discussions were held on the importance of use of rain water and better
management practices for realizing optimum crop yields under I.D. conditions. Explained
the farmers about the importance of rice based cropping system under the present days of
water shortage and to identify most suitable and more remunerative cropping systems
including cropping intensity under the tank commands.
211
The farmers were sensitized about the difference between pest and disease incidence and
are able to take up suitable control measures for the effective management of various
pests and diseases on different crops grown under the tank command. Motivated the
farmers for the efficient utilization of the available irrigation water resources under the
tank commands by proper planning of crop sequences to harvest better yields.
Extended technical expertise on various pests and diseases on different crops
grown by the farmers in the entire village by visiting their fields, time to time. Field days
were organized and discussed the merits and demerits encountered by introducing the
non-traditional crops. The precautionary measures to be taken while using the chemicals
for weed control especially in the aerobic rice and I.D. crops. During the midseason the
IPM and INM practices and their impact were discussed in the context of over usage of
these commodities at times and the need to maintain proper pollution check. The
importance of basal application of Phosphorus and Potash fertilizers were very much
stressed as most of the farmers were in the habit of applying them in the form of complex
fertilizers as top dressing and some times even at the time of flowering stage. The
advantage of application of straight fertilizers at the right time crop need was also very
much stressed.
212
KADAPA
TRAINING PROGRAMMES CONDUCTED DURING 2005-06
Sl.
No.
Date Training
programmes / Group
discussions /
Demonstrations /
Field visits
Resource persons Name of the
conducted
village
No.of
Partic
ipants
1. 5.7.05 Training
programme on
“Alternate crops to
rice” (I.D crops)”.
P.V.Krishana Reddy
(Soil science)
R.NarasimhaReddy (Pl.Br)
Research Associates:
Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao
Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah
Ibrahimpet 67
2. 7.7.05 Training programme
on “Alternate crops
to rice” (I.D crops)”.
P.V.Krishana Reddy
Senior scientist (Soil science)
Dr.K. Sankara Reddy,
Senior scientist (Agro) and
project in-charge.
Research Associates:
Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao
Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah
Puttayapalli 72
3. 5.8.05 Training programme
on Production
technology on Jowar
and Sunflower
Dr.K. Sankara Reddy,
Senior scientist (Agro) and
Project in-charge.
Research Associates:
Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao
Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah
Gangaperuru 59
4. 6.8.05 Training programme
on Production
technology on Jowar
and Sunflower
Dr.K. Sankara Reddy,
Senior scientist (Agro) and
Project in-charge.
Research Associates:
Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao
Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah
Thippanapalli 51
213
TRAINING PROGRAMMES CONDUCTED 2004-05
Sl.
No.
Date Training
programmes/Group
discussions/Demonst
rations/Field visits
Resource persons Name of the
conducted
village
1. 4.6.04 Training
programme on
“Irrigated dry crop”
(I.D crops)”.
Dr.K.SankarReddy
Senior scientist (Agro) and project in-
charge
Research associates:
Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao
Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah
Gangaperuru
2. 7.6.04 Training
programme on
“Irrigated dry crop”
(I.D crops)”.
Dr.K. Sankara Reddy,
Senior scientist (Agro) and project in-
charge.
Research Associates:
Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao
Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah
Puttayapalli
3. 8.6.04 Training
programme on
“Irrigated dry crop”
(I.D crops)”.
Dr.K. Sankara Reddy,
Senior scientist (Agro) and
Project in-charge.
Research Associates:
Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao
Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah
Thippanapalli
4. 4.1.04 Training programme
on Production
technology on
Sunflower and
Vegetable
Dr.K. Sankara Reddy,
Senior scientist (Agro) and
Project in-charge
R.NarasimhaReddy (Pl.Br)
Research Associates:
Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao
Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah
Gangaperuru
5. 5.1.05 Training programme
on Production
technology on
Sunflower and
Vegetable
Dr.K. Sankara Reddy,
Senior scientist (Agro) and
Project in-charge
R.NarasimhaReddy (Pl.Br)
Research Associates:
Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao
Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah
Ibrahimpet
6. 21.2.05 Field day JDA, Cuddapah.
Smt. Jaheera Bhanu,
Board Member,ANGRAU
Dr. K.Sankara Reddy,
Senior scientist and project in-charge
Puttayapalli
“Alternate crops to rice” (I.D crops)”. Production technology on Jowar and
Sunflower“Irrigated dry crop” (I.D crops)”. Production technology on
Sunflower and Vegetable.
214
Extension activities in Kadapa
215
Extension activities in Mahaboobnagar district
Faremers Field Day conducted in Indrakal Village on 24-10-2004
Farmers visit to Indrakal village
216
Exposure visit to Officers of Department of Agriculture,
Mahaboobnagar
district to Project villages
Training to Farmers through FTC, Mahaboobnagar
217
On-Farm Interaction program
Training to framers in RARS, Palem
218
Extension activities in Medak district
Farmers training program in Khajipur village on 11-01-2005
Participants in the training program
219
Famers training program in Magole village on 12-01-2005
Participants in the training program
220
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PROJECT OBJECTIVES
MEDAK
To achieve the objectives of the project, trials and demonstrations were conducted
under Kalakalamma cheruvu (Kukunoorpally), Pedda cheruvu (Bhoompally) tank
commands for three years (2003-04, 2004-05 & 2005-06) and under Doddi cheruvu
(Mangole) and Pedda Cheruvu (Khajipur) tank commands for two years (2004-05 &
2005-06).
The outstanding achievements are as follows.
1. Demonstration / Evaluation of different crops and crop sequences
Instead of keeping the land fallow I.D crops like maize, cotton (Genetically
modified cotton), Maize intercropped with redgram, cowpea and beans were identified as
profitable crops / crop sequences under tank commands.
As a result of introduction of irrigated dry crops like maize, soybean and cotton
during Kharif and bengalgram, castor, groundnut, sunflower, redgram and coriander
during Rabi, the cropping intensity which was 0.51, 0.24, 0.35 and 0.37 prior to project
implementation increased to 1.47, 0.83, 1.31 and 1.26 at Kukunoorpally, Bhoompally,
Mangole and Khajipur respectively after Project implementation.
2. Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or
situation
Alternate wetting and drying in paddy (Irrigating 24 hrs after the disappearance of
water) resulted in significantly at par yield with continuous flooding under different tank
commands
3. Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production
and returns.
Dry seeding in paddy resulted in good economic returns under tank commands.
4. To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in
improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in
production and net returns.
Several I.D crops like bengalgram, sunflower, groundnut, redgram, coriander
were successfully grown under tank commands during rabi by conjunctive use of rainfall
and ground water (Residual soil moisture and water from the bore wells) thus improving
the WUE and increasing cropping intensity.
221
5. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate
farm implements, cultivars, fertilizer, pest control and other measures.
Demonstrations on recommended fertilizer application and Integrated Pest
Management in different crops were organized. The fertilizer consumption reduced. The
practice of alleyways in rice has become popular in the command area.
Balanced fertilization in maize resulted in a mean additional net income of
Rs.1089 per hectare. Integrated nutrient management in paddy resulted in a mean
additional net income of Rs. 4828 per hectare. Integrated pest management in paddy,
cotton and castor resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 8757, 15327 and 1824
per hectare
6. Multidisciplinary training programs for promoting farmer’s managerial capabilities
Eight training programs, Four Farmer scientist interaction meetings and Four
Farmers, Scientists and Line department interaction meetings were conducted under
APERP project during 2003-04 to 2005-06 at various centers covering different topics to
benefit 30-250 farmers in each training programme. Due importance was given to the
cropping pattern to be adopted for effective management of water under tank command
areas, with the objective to have more acreage under command area profitable crops,
which require less irrigation have been identified and recommended in place of rice.
Special lectures were arranged to educate farmers on cultivation aspects, efficient
irrigation water management and integrated pest management for successful growing of
crops under irrigated dry conditions.
The impact of the project can be seen from the medium to higher knowledge
gained by the farmers on agricultural production technology. Higher percentage of
adoption of improved technology, increase in labour employment potential, an increase in
cropping intensity and productivity of crops was achieved in beneficiary villages.
222
Mahaboobnagar district
Rotational irrigation system in paddy reduced 10 irrigations compared to continuous
saturation method both in black and red soils, but slightly decreased grain (5.96%)
and straw (2.69%) yields as compared to farmers method.
Maize seed yield increased by 11 and 21 per cent in black and red soils respectively
with two irrigations given at critical crop growth( silking and grain filling) stages as
compared to cultivation under rainfed situation
There was 22 per cent increase in paddy grain yield due to green manuring
(daincha) along with recommended fertilizers over farmers method (with out green
manuring).
In cotton, 18-20 per cent reduction in cost of cultivation was observed with
integrated pest management over farmer‟s method.
There was 6.5 and 17.34 per cent increase in returns with maize + red gram and
castor + red gram inter cropping over sole maize and castor
Among different rice based cropping systems, rice followed by vegetables was more
remunerative, while in case of ID based cropping systems, maize followed by
vegetables recorded more returns.
223
Ananthapur District
The cultivated area under tank is declining over year. This decay in tank system is
a serious matter in the context of preservation of sustained ecological balance which if
neglected further, may lead to crisis situation. To control the problems of tankfed area,
project entitled “Agricultural Research Demonstration was started in Anantapur district.
Four villages named Pamurai, Rangampeta, Pullalarevu and Madigubba were effected for
study. In this programme, extension activities like laying Research cum field
demonstrations trails, conducting field days, training programmes provision of inpots
were made extensively and it resulted the farmers to adopt these technologies to improve
the crop yields and there by improving the economic status of farming community in the
tankfed areas.
1. As the Tankfed area is kept fallow during kharif as filling tanks place in October
and November. Introduction of fodder sorghum, green manures like sunhemp and
diencha increased the productivity at the tank command area there by increasing
the cropping intensity ranging from 24 to36 percent
2. Reclamation is required to overcome the problems of alkalinity and nutrient
deficiency. Application of green manures as preceeding crop to paddy and
application of gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha and ZnSo4 @ 50kg/ha improved the physical
and chemical properties of soil. The results indicated that
3. During summer with limited water available in bore well supported by tanks, the
entire area under borewell irrigation cannot be cultivated. Hence irrigated dry
crops like hybrid sorghum and sunflower were introduced succesfully to replace
paddy. This resulted is increases in gross cropped area and also
4. It is also profitable to grow crops with purchased water instead of keeping land
fallow due to non – availability of water in their holding.
224
Vizianagaram District
1. Maize can be cultivated during kharif season under the tank commands
preferably in heavy black soils in the upper reaches and in medium red soils in
the middle reaches wherever proper drainage facilities exist. The crop need to
be harvested before October as the North Coastal Zone is cyclone prone.
2. Weeds can be effectively managed with the application of Atrazine at 1.0 –
1.25 kg a.i per ha as pre emergence.
3. Direct sown paddy under dry conditions later convert to wet (aerobic rice) can
be successfully cultivated instead of transplanted paddy with early duration
varieties like MTU-1010 in the upper reaches, medium duration varieties like
RGL-2538, in the middle reaches,
long duration varieties BPT-3291, RGL-2332 and RGL-2537 even in the
lower reaches of the tank commands. In the years late monsoon aerobic rice
cultivation is more profitable than the traditional method of rice cultivation.
4. Weed menace is the major hurdle coming in the way of aerobic rice
cultivation. This can be over come by application of Butachlor (pre-
emergence herbicide).
5. Green manure crops like sunhemp, diancha, pilli pesara can be raised
preceeding paddy and can be incorporated at puddling time to improve soil
fertility.
6. Sesamum can be raised profitably under the residual moisture conditions.
7. Whenever limited irrigation facilities are available sunflower cultivation is
more remunerative.
8. Cultivation of Vegetables like French bean, bhendi are profitable where better
irrigation facilities are available.
9. Under crop sequence approach.
1. Maize/ rice – Sesamum (residual moisture)
2. Maize / aerobic rice – sunflower (limited irrigations)
Ragi – Sunflower (1 or 2 irrigations)
3. Maize – French bean / bendi (better irrigation)
4. Aerobic rice – Maize (when N-E monsoon is active)
225
Recommendations for adoption
Based on the research and demonstration under tank mount areas in the districts of
different agro-climatic regions of A.P. The following crops and cropping systems have
been recommended depending on type of soils.
MAHABOOBNAGAR
Black Soils
Tanks filled
Green gram /green manure-paddy-Sunflower
Green gram /green manure-paddy -Maize.
Green gram /green manure-paddy -Sorghum.
Tanks partially filled /unfilled
Cotton-sunflower
Early onset of monsoon : Maize-sunflower /Bengal gram.
Late onset of monsoon : Sunflower / castor - ragi /vegetables.
Complete rain fed
Maize + red gram /castor +red gram /sorghum +red gram during kharif fallow in Rabi.
Red Soils
Tanks filled
Sunflower- groundnut or maize - groundnut.
Tanks partially filled /unfilled
Maize - sunflower /groundnut or
Sorghum - groundnut / ragi / sunflower
Complete rain fed
Sorghum +red gram - fallow
Castor + red gram - fallow
Total diversification from paddy to dry crops under bore wells.
226
MEDAK
Red soils under completely rain fed
Maize-fallow
Castor-fallow
Maize + red gram (2-4: 1)
Black soils completely rain fed, (tanks not filled)
Maize - Bengal gram
Maize - sunflower
Cotton (hybrid)
Cotton (bt)
Red soils -rain fed supported by bore wells:
Maize - groundnut
Maize - castor
Maize + field beans (2-4: 1)
Black soils- rain fed supported by bore wells
Maize - Bengal gram
Maize - sunflower
Paddy - sunflower
Maize - coriander
Cotton ( bt )
Cotton (hybrid)
KADAPA
Tanks not filled
Green gram / bajra / preceding rice from may - Aug. and jower / sunflower as
contingent crops during October for effective utilization of rainfall and residual soil
moisture.
Tanks supported by bore well
Green gram /green manure -rice - sunflower / vegetables ( French bean )
French bean in rice fallow under rice based cropping system
ANANTAPUR
Tanks not filled
Under rain fed situation:
Fodder sorghum, sunhemp / grain sorghum instead keeping land fallow.
Tanks receive water and supported by bore wells:
Soil reclamation with gypsum / green manure for Paddy crop.
In Paddy, ZnSO4 application to combat Zn deficiency in alkaline soils which is common
in tank ayacut of Anantapur.
227
VIZIANAGARAM
Black Soils (Clay and Silty Soils)
Aerobic rice with early and medium varieties for upper and middle reaches
Maize under proper drainage condition
Ragi instead of groundnut and mesta in elevated areas.
Late onset of monsoon, aerobic rice during kharif followed by sesamum in Rabi.
Maize-sunflower system under limited irrigation facilities.
Paddy-maize systems where N.E. monsoon is active.
Red soils (sandy loams or sandy clay loams )
For middle and upper reaches maize / ragi / groundnut /aerobic rice with early and
medium duration varieties and aerobic rice with long duration varieties in lower reaches.
For late onset of monsoon :
Wet seeded rice and maize / ragi as contingent crops for kharif and during Rabi
under limited irrigation facilities sunflower and vegetables like French bean, Raddish and
carrot.
228
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF APERP PROJECT
ON AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION UNDER TANK IRRIGATED
AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
1. Name of the centre: Medak
2. Details of the project location: Kukunoorpally (Kondapak Mandal)
Bhoompally (Mirdoddi Mandal)
Mangole (Kondapak Mandal)
Kazipur (Mirdoddi Mandal)
3. Details of rainfall in the project areas:
Kondapak Mandal
Years Normal rain
fall
(mm)
Actual rainfall
(mm)
Distribution of
rainfall /maximum
rainy months
% Deviation from
normal
1998-1999 635.0 460.4 July, Aug & Sep 27.5 Deficit
1999-2000 635.0 534.6 -do- 15.8 Deficit
2000-2001 635.0 1003.1 June, July & Aug 57.9 Excess
2001-2002 635.0 453.8 June & Aug 28.5 Deficit
2002-2003 635.0 366.9 Aug & Oct 42.2 Deficit
2003-2004 635.0 480.9 Oct 24.3 Deficit
2004-2005 635.0 696.7 July & Oct 9.7 Excess
2005-2006 635.0 992.4 July & Sep 56.3 Excess
Mirdoddi Mandal
Years Normal rain
fall
(mm)
Actual rainfall
(mm)
Distribution of
rainfall /maximum
rainy months
% Deviation from
normal
1998-1999 686.9 954.0 June, July, Aug,
Sep & Oct
38.9 Excess
1999-2000 686.9 661.2 June, July, Aug &
Sep
3.7 Deficit
2000-2001 686.9 578.4 June, July &Aug 15.8 Deficit
2001-2002 686.9 624.8 June & July 0.9 Deficit
2002-2003 686.9 208.6 Aug 69.6 Deficit
2003-2004 686.9 414.9 Aug & Oct 39.6 Deficit
2004-2005 686.9 677.9 July & Sep 1.3 Deficit
2005-2006 686.9 797.3 July, Sep & Oct 16.1 Excess
4. Details of the tank in the project location:
Particulars Tank-1 Tank-2 Tank-3 Tank-4
Name of the tank Kalkalamma
cheruvu
Pedda Cheruvu Doddi Cheruvu Pedda Cheruvu
Area of the tank 56.8 ha 67.6 ha 16.0 ha 61.6 ha
Tank filling status
(%)
Before project
implementation
100% filled in
1996-97
100% filled in
1996-97
100% filled in
1996-97
100% filled in
1996-97
2003-04 25 25 25 25
2004-05 30 25 30 25
2005-06 100 80 100 75
Total command
area under the tank
(ha)
41.712 170.4 62.44 97.636
229
Dr. Balasubramanyam, World Bank Consultant's visit to
project villages in Madak District
World bank consultant and other review team members interacting
with farmers in Medak district
230
Dr. A. Padma Raju, Director of Research, ANGRAU during a
field visit in Indrakal Village
231
Chapter-VIII
Impact Assessment
232
233
5 a) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Kalkalamma tank (Kukunoorpally)
Gross
command
area (ha)
Actual
cultivated
area (ha)
Kharif Rabi Summer Total Cropping
intensity
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Before
implementation of
the project
41.712
Paddy
Cotton
F. Jowar
14.0
0.2
0.8
Paddy
Bengalgram
Castor
4.0
2.0
0.4
Paddy
Cotton
F. Jowar
Bengalgram
Castor
18.0
0.2
0.8
2.0
0.4
0.51
15.0 6.4 21.4
2003-04
41.712
Paddy
Cotton
Maize
Soybean
F. Jowar
14.8
0.4
4.0
2.4
0.8
Paddy
Bengalgram
Castor
Others
4.0
12.0
2.0
0.4
Paddy
Cotton
Maize
Soybean
F. Jowar
Bengalgram
Castor
Others
18.8
0.4
4.0
2.4
0.8
12.0
2.0
0.4
0.98
22.4 18.4 40.8
2004-05
41.712
Paddy
Cotton
Maize
Soybean
F. Jowar
14.0
7.0
9.2
0.4
0.8
Paddy
Bengalgram
Castor
Sunflower
Redgram
Coriander
F.Jowar
4.8
14.0
2.4
3.2
0.4
0.4
0.8
Paddy
Cotton
Maize
Soybean
F. Jowar
Bengalgram
Castor
Sunflower
Redgram
Coriander
18.8
7.0
9.2
0.4
1.6
14.0
2.4
3.2
0.4
0.4
1.38
31.4 26.0 57.4
2005-06
41.712
Paddy
Cotton
Maize(S)
Maize(I)
Castor
F. Jowar
9.6
6.6
17.1
1.4
1.2
0.1
Paddy
Bengalgram
Castor
Sunflower
Coriander
Others
11.6
4.0
0.4
6.0
0.6
2.7
Paddy
Cotton
Maize(S)
Maize(I)
Castor
F. Jowar
Bengalgram
Sunflower
Coriander
Others
21.2
6.6
17.1
1.4
1.6
0.1
4.0
6.0
0.6
2.7
1.47
36.0 25.3 61.3
234
5 b) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Pedda Cheruvu Tank (Bhoompally)
Gross
command
area (ha)
Actual
cultivated
area (ha)
Kharif Rabi Summer Total Cropping
intensity
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Before
implementation of
the project
170.4
Paddy
Maize
Castor
14.0
3.2
4.0
Paddy
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
Castor
1.6
10.0
4.8
4.0
Paddy
Maize
Castor
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
15.6
3.2
8.0
10.0
4.8
0.24
21.2 20.4 41.6
2003-04
170.4
Paddy
Maize
Castor
Soybean
24.8
21.6
4.0
15.2
Paddy
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
Castor
--
44.0
4.8
12.8
Paddy
Maize
Castor
Soybean
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
24.8
21.6
16.8
15.2
44.0
4.8
0.75
65.6 61.6 127.2
2004-05
170.4
Paddy
Maize
M+R
Cotton
Soybean
15.2
72.0
8.8
1.6
1.6
Paddy
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
Castor
1.2
64.0
10.4
12.8
Paddy
Maize
M+R
Castor
Cotton
Soybean
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
16.4
72.0
8.8
12.8
1.6
1.6
64.0
10.4
1.10
99.2 88.4 187.6
2005-06
170.4
Paddy
Dry Paddy
Maize
M+C
M+R
Castor
Cotton
F.Jowar
10.4
1.6
25.8
20.4
18.9
1.2
0.4
0.1
Paddy
Sunflower
Bengalgram
Castor
Sugarcane
Safflower
2.4
0.8
35.2
10.0
13.4
0.4
Paddy
Dry Paddy
Maize
M+C
M+R
Castor
Cotton
F.Jowar
Sunflower
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
Safflower
12.8
1.6
25.8
20.4
18.9
11.2
0.4
0.1
0.8
35.2
13.4
0.4
0.83
78.8 62.2 141.0
235
5 c) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Doddi Cheruvu tank (Mangole)
Gross
command
area (ha)
Actual
cultivated
area (ha)
Kharif Rabi Summer Total Cropping
intensity
percent Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Before
implementation of
the project
62.44
Paddy
Maize
M+RG
Cotton
Castor
Cowpea
8.0
1.6
0.8
2.0
0.8
0.4
Paddy
Bengalgram
Castor
5.0
1.6
1.6
Paddy
Maize
M+RG
Cotton
Castor
Cowpea
Bengalgram
13.0
1.6
0.8
2.0
2.4
0.4
1.6
0.35
13.6 8.2 21.8
2004-05
62.44
Paddy
Maize
M+RG
M+Bean
Cotton
Soybean
Castor
Coepea
Redgram
8.2
16.8
4.8
1.2
6.6
1.2
0.8
1.2
2.0
Paddy
Bengalgram
G‟nut
Castor
Sunflower
Others
2.0
14.0
5.2
6.0
1.6
1.2
Paddy
Maize
M+RG
M+Bean
Cotton
Soybean
Castor
Coepea
Redgram
Bengalgram
G‟nut
Sunflower
Others
10.2
16.8
4.8
1.2
6.6
1.2
6.8
1.2
2.0
14.0
5.2
1.6
1.2
1.17
43.0 30.0 73.0
2005-06
62.44
Paddy
Maize
M+RG
M+Bean
Cotton
Castor
F.Jowar
9.1
17.1
1.4
2.4
5.9
5.5
0.1
Paddy
Bengalgram
G‟nut
Castor
Sunflower
16.8
6.0
0.8
0.8
5.0
Paddy
Vegetables
6.0
5.0
Paddy
Maize
M+RG
M+Bean
Cotton
Castor
F.Jowar
Bengalgram
G‟nut
Sunflower
Vegetables
31.9
17.1
1.4
2.4
5.9
6.3
0.1
6.0
0.8
5.0
5.0
1.31
41.5 29.4 11.0 81.9
236
5 d) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Pedda Cheruvu Tank (Khazipur)
Gross
command
area(ha)
Actual
cultivated
area (ha)
Kharif Rabi Summer Total Cropping
intensity
percent Crop
name
Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop
name
Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Before
implementation of
the project
97.636
Paddy
Maize
10.0
0.8
Paddy
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
Castor
1.6
6.0
6.0
12.0
Paddy
Maize
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
Castor
11.6
0.8
6.0
6.0
12.0
0.37
10.8 25.6 36.4
2004-05
97.636
Paddy
Maize
M+R
Cotton
Soybean
Redgram
7.0
33.6
2.8
0.8
2.0
1.2
Paddy
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
Castor
Others
0.8
32.0
8.8
26.0
3.6
Paddy
Maize
M+R
Cotton
Soybean
Redgram
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
Castor
Others
7.8
33.6
2.8
0.8
2.0
1.2
32.0
8.8
26.0
3.6
1.26
47.6 71.2 118.8
2005-06
97.636
Paddy
Maize
M+CP
M+R
Cotton
Castor
F.Jowar
10.3
23.4
22.5
16.9
0.2
1.2
0.1
Paddy
Sunflower
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
Castor
Safflower
Others
3.6
0.4
24.0
2.8
7.2
0.4
5.8
Paddy
Maize
M+CP
M+R
Cotton
Castor
F.Jowar
Sunflower
Bengalgram
Sugarcane
Safflower
Others
13.9
23.4
22.5
16.9
0.2
1.2
0.1
0.4
24.0
2.8
0.4
5.8
1.26
74.6 44.2 118.8
237
6.Details of crop production in tankfed areas:
Kalkalamma cheruvu : 41.712 ha (Kukunoorpally)
Kharif Rabi Summer
Crop Area
(ha)
Avg.
Cost of
cultivat
ion
(Rs/ha
Avg.
yield
(q/ha)
Avg.
market
price
Rs/q
Crop Area
(ha)
Av.
cost of
cultivat
ion
Rs/ha
Avg.
yield
(q/ha
)
Avg.
market
price
Rs/q
Crop Area
(ha)
Av.
Cost
of
cultiva
tion
Rs/ha
Av.
yield
(q/ha)
Av.
mark
et
price
Rs/q
Before
implement
ation of
the project
Paddy
Cotton
F. J
14.0
0.2
0.8
8100
25000
36.01
0.0
520
2000
Paddy
Bengal
gram
Castor
4.0
2.0
0.4
9000
3600
4000
40.0
4.5
4.0
580
1000
900
After
implement
ation of
the project
Paddy
Cotton
Maize
M+RG
Castor
F.J
9.6
6.6
17.1
1.4
1.2
0.1
14000
16250
7100
8000
5200
46.2
19.1
35.4
44.0
10.0
620
1750
540
540
1200
Paddy
Bengal
gram
Castor
Sunflo
wer
Corian
der
Others
11.6
4.0
0.4
6.0
0.6
2.7
14500
4000
4700
8600
4000
7405
52.0
8.0
10.0
15.0
14.0
80.0
650
1200
1100
1500
1700
500
238
Pedda Cheruvu : 170.4 ha (Bhoompally)
Before
project
Kharif Rabi Summer
Crop Area
(ha)
Av.cost
of
cultivatio
n
(Rs/ha
Av.
yield
(q/ha)
Av.mar
Price
Rs/q
Crop
Area
(ha)
Av.cost
of cult
(Rs/ha)
Av.yield
(q/ha)
Av.mar
price
Rs/q
Crop Area
(ha)
Av.c
ost of
cultiv
ation(
Rs/ha
A
v.
yi
el
d
(q/
ha
)
Av.
mar
price
Rs/q
Paddy
Maize
Castor
14.0
3.2
4.0
8040
6400
4900
40.0
15.0
7.2
520
450
900
Paddy
Bengalgr
am
Sugarcan
e
Castor
1.6
10.0
4.8
4.0
9000
3600
22000
4000
42.0
7.2
600.0
6.0
550
1000
650
900
After
implement
ation of
the project
Paddy
Dry
Paddy
Maize
M+C
M+R
Castor
Cotton
F.J
10.4
1.6
25.8
20.4
18.9
1.2
0.4
0.1
13000
11500
7100
7500
8000
5200
15000
42.7
45.0
33.0
44.6
50.2
10.0
10.5
45.0
620
620
540
540
540
1200
1750
Paddy
Sunflowe
r
Bengalgr
am
Castor
Sugarcan
e
Safflower
2.4
0.8
35.2
10.0
13.4
0.4
14500
8600
4800
4000
25000
4000
50.0
13.5
9.0
8.4
750.0
10.0
650
1500
1200
1100
810
800
239
Doddi cheruvu : 62.44 ha (Mangole) Kharif Rabi Summer
Crop Area
(ha)
Avg.
Cost of
cultivati
on
(Rs/ha
Av.
yield
(q/ha)
Avg.
market
price
Rs/q
Crop Area
(ha)
Avg.
cost of
cultivati
on
(Rs.)
Avg.
yield
(q/ha)
Avg.
market
price Rs/q
Crop Are
a
(ha)
Avg.
cost of
cultivat
ionRs/
ha
Av.
yield
(q/ha)
Av.
marke
t price
Rs/q
Before
implement
ation of
the project
Paddy
Maize
M+R
Cotton
Castor
Cowpe
a
8.0
1.6
0.8
2.0
0.8
0.4
10000
6500
7500
22000
4500
3500
25.0
15.0
18.0
15.0
6.25
4.0
520
470
470
2000
900
1000
Paddy
Bengal
gram
Castor
5.0
1.6
1.6
10500
4500
4500
40.0
5.0
6.0
650
1100
900
After
implement
ation of
the project
Paddy
Maize
M+B
M+R
Cotton
Castor
F.J
9.1
17.1
2.4
1.4
5.9
5.5
0.1
10500
7800
17500
8500
16500
5000
26.0
28.0
81.25
45.0
18.0
10.0
45.0
650
570
800
570
1750
1200
Paddy
SRI
Paddy
Sunflo
wer
Bengal
gram
G‟nut
Castor
16.0
0.8
5.0
6.0
0.8
0.8
13000
12500
8500
3800
12500
4050
54.0
64.0
18.0
12.0
30.0
10.0
650
650
1500
1200
1200
1000
Paddy
Vegetab
les
6.0
5.0
11000
15000
48.0
50.0 700
600
240
Pedda Cheruvu : 97.636 ha (Khazipur) Kharif Rabi Summer
Crop Area
(ha)
Avg.
cost of
cultivati
on
(Rs/ha
Av.
yield
(q/ha)
Avg.
market
price
Rs/q
Crop Area
(ha)
Avg.
cost of
cultivati
on
Avg.
yield
(q/ha)
Avg.
market
price Rs/q
Crop Are
a
(ha)
Avg.
cost of
cultivat
ion(Rs/
ha
Av.
yield
(q/ha)
Av.
marke
t price
Rs/q
Before
implementa
tion of the
project
Paddy
Maize
10.0
0.8 8040
6400
38.0
16.0
520
450
Paddy
Bengalg
ram
Castor
Sugar
cane
1.6
6.0
12.0
6.0
9600
3600
4900
40.0
7.2
6.4
550
1000
900
After
implementa
tion of the
project
Paddy
Dry
Paddy
Maize
M+C
M+R
Cotton
Castor
FJ
9.9
0.4
23.4
22.5
16.9
0.2
1.2
0.1
11500
9000
7800
8100
8500
15000
5000
46.6
55.0
41.0
56.4
60.0
10.8
10.0
40.0
620
620
540
540
540
1750
1200
Paddy
Sunflow
er
Bengalg
ram
Castor
Safflow
er
Sugarca
ne
3.6
0.4
24.0
7.2
0.4
2.8
13000
8500
4200
4000
4700
25000
48.0
12.5
9.0
8.0
10.0
720
650
1500
1200
1100
800
810
241
7. Details of project interventions/activities and impact
Name of the intervention made No. of
beneficia
ries
Area
coverage
(ha)
Cost
advantage
(Rs/ha)
Yield
advantage
(Kg/ha)
Income
advantage
(Rs/ha)
Remarks
Kalkalamma Cheruvu 41.712 ha
2003-04
Integrated Nutrient Supply
management in Paddy
(120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K2O +
Green leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg
ZnSO4/ha is recommended for
paddy)
3 1.0 740 4070
IPM in Cotton 5 2.0 11750 175 15425
Demonstration of Production
technology in paddy
5 2.0 1640 9020
Balanced fertilization in Maize 5 2.0 300 1440
Production technology in Castor 5 2.0 268 3000
2004-05 Alternate wetting and Drying 14.2 A mean grain yield of 5.5
t/ha was obtained
Introduction GM Cotton 3 2.4 A net returns of Rs.
15800 per ha was
obtained
IPM in Cotton 1 0.6 2790 0.45 10665 An additional net returns
of Rs. 10665 was
obtained
2005-06 Alternate wetting and Drying 28 9.6 A mean grain yield of
4.62 t/ha was obtained
Introduction GM Cotton 10 6.6 A seed cotton yield of
19.1 q/ha was recorded
242
Name of the intervention made No. of
beneficia
ries
Area
coverage
(ha)
Cost
advantage
(Rs/ha)
Yield
advantage
(Kg/ha)
Income
advantage
(Rs/ha)
Remarks
Pedda Cheruvu 170.4 ha
2003-04
Demonstration of Dry seeding in Paddy 4 1.6 980 5400 An additional yield of 0.98
t/ha was obtained with two
supplemental irrigations
Integrated Nutrient Supply management
in Paddy
(120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K2O + Green
leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4/ha is
recommended for paddy)
5 1.0 900 4800 An additional net returns
of Rs 5430/ha was
recorded
Integrated pest management in cotton 5 2.0 9900 260 15130
Demonstration of production
technology in paddy
5 2.0 1250 7629
Demonstration of production
technology in Castor
5 2.0 334 4000
Balanced fertilization in Maize 5 2.0 500 260 1720
2004-05
Dry seeding in Paddy 6 1.6 A mean grain yield of 2.39
t/ha was obtained
Water management practices in Paddy
(Alternate Wetting & Drying)
20 11.4 A mean grain yield of 5.5
t/ha was recorded
Introduction of GM cotton 2 0.8 A net returns of Rs 3737
per ha was obtained
2005-06 Dry seeding in Paddy 4 1.6 A mean grain yield of 4.5
t/ha was obtained
Water management practices in Paddy
(Alternate Wetting & Drying)
30 10.4 A mean grain yield of 4.27
t/ha was obtained
Introduction of GM cotton 1 0.4 A seed cotton yield of 10.5
q/ha was recorded
243
Name of the intervention made No. of
beneficiaries
Area
covera
ge
(ha)
Cost
advantage
(Rs/ha)
Yield
advantage
(Kg/ha)
Income
advantage
(Rs/ha)
Remarks
Doddi Cheruvu 62.44 ha
2004-05
Water management practices in
Paddy
(Alternate Wetting & Drying)
25 8.2 A mean grain yield of 3.8 t/ha was
recorded
Introduction of GM cotton 4 1.4 A net returns of Rs 28996 per
ha was obtained
IPM in Cotton 2 0.6 1840 1880 34740 B : C ratio of 3.71 was reported
in IPM plots as against a B:C
ratio of 1.45 in non IPM plots
2005-06
Water management practices in
Paddy
(Alternate Wetting & Drying)
24 9.1 A mean grain yield of 2.6 t/ha
was obtained
Introduction of GM cotton 12 5.9 A seed cotton yield of 18.0 q/ha
was obtained
Introduction of Fodder
Sorghum
1 0.1 4.5 t/ha of green fodder was
obtained
Introduction of SRI method in
Paddy
2 0.8 A mean grain yield of 6.4 t/ha
was obtained
Introduction of Sunflower 10 5.0 A mean grain yield of 18.0 q/ha
was obtained
Introduction of Groundnut 4 0.8 A mean grain yield of 30.0 q/ha
was obtained
244
Name of the intervention made No. of
beneficia
ries
Area
coverage
(ha)
Cost
advantage
(Rs/ha)
Yield
advantage
(Kg/ha)
Income
advantage
(Rs/ha)
Remarks
Pedda Cheruvu 97.636 ha
2004-05
Water management practices in
Paddy
(Alternate Wetting & Drying)
18 7.2 A mean grain yield of 4.5
t/ha was obtained
Introduction of GM cotton 1 0.8 A net return of Rs. 12750
was recorded.
2005-06
Dry seeding in Paddy 1 0.4 A mean grain yield of 5.5
t/ha was obtained
Water management practices in
Paddy (Alternate Wetting &
Drying)
24 9.9 A mean grain yield of
4.66 t/ha was obtained
Introduction of GM cotton 1 0.2 A seed cotton yield of
10.75 q/ha was recorded
Introduction of Fodder sorghum 1 0.1 4.0t /ha of green fodder
was obtained
245
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK PER TANK
Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 41.712 ha
Particulars Existing cropping system Total Improved cropping system Total Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi
Yield kg/ha 3563 2665 3222 3468 3769 3592
GROSS income ( Rs/ha) 17739 16131 17258 24170 24670 24377
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 7893 7000 7626 10569 10230 10450
Net income Rs /ha
/year
9846 9131 9632 13601 14390 13927
Net income Rs/ total tank
area/year
147680 58440 206120 489635 364080 853715
Additional income
Rs /tank by APERP
6,47, 595-00
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK PER TANK
Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 170.4 ha
Particulars Existing cropping system Total Improved cropping system Total
Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi
Yield kg/ha 3004 1046
(Excl Sugarcane)
4120 1098
(Excl Sugarcane)
GROSS income
Rs/ha
15977 15576 15781 22907 18930 21153
Cost of cultivation Rs/ha 7200 8431 7804 8292 9440 8798
Net income Rs /ha
/year
8777 7145 7977 14615 9490 12355
Net income Rs/ total tank
area/year
186080 145760 331840 1151711 590300 17,42,011
Additional income
Rs /tank by APERP
14,10,171-00
246
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK PER TANK
Location: Mangole Tank: Doddi Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 62.44 ha
Particulars Existing cropping system Total Improved cropping system Total
Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Summer
Yield kg/ha 2029 2654 2264 2745 3773 4891 3402
GROSS income Rs/ha 13834 17980 15394 20975 29016 31964 10320
Cost of cultivation Rs/ha 10691 8159 9739 9824 10086 12818 25338
Net income Rs /ha
/year
3143 9821 5655 11151 18930 19146 15018
Net income Rs/ total tank
area/year
42748 80540 123288 462786 556540 210600 12,29,926-00
Additional income
Rs /tank by APERP
11,06,638-00
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK PER TANK
Location: Khazipur Tank: Pedda Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 97.636 ha
Particulars Existing cropping system Total Improved cropping system Total Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi
Yield kg/ha 3651 933
(Excl. Sugarcane)
5017 10.30
(Excl. Sugarcane)
GROSS income
Rs/ha
15977 15576 15781 27731 13775 22539
Cost of cultivation Rs/ha 7200 8431 7804 8510 5694 7463
Net income Rs /ha
/year
8777 7145 7977 19221 8081 15076
Net income Rs/ total tank
area/year
186080 145760 331840 1433877 357196 1791073
Additional income
Rs /tank by APERP
13,63,473-00
247
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK/TANK
Location: Kukunoorpally Tank:Kalkalamma Cheruvu Ayyacut Area: 41.712 ha
Name of the farmer: Kasam Naveen
Particulars Existing
Cropping system
Total Improved cropping system Total
Paddy
(K)
Paddy (R)
Paddy
(K)
Cotton
(K)
Sun
Flower (R)
Area (ha) 1.0 0.8 1.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 1.4
Yield kg/ha 4600 4000 5250 4000 1750
GROSS income
Rs/ha
30000 27000 28500 34200 72000 26250 44150
Cost of cultiva-
tion Rs/ha
12500 9500 11000 13500 17500 11000 14000
Net incomers /ha
/year
17500 17500 17500 20700 54500 15250 30150
Net incomers
Rs/total tank area/year
17500 14000 31500 8280 32700 6100 47080
Additional income
by APERP/tank
15580
248
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK/TANK
Location: Mangole Tank:Doddi Cheruvu Ayyacut Area: 62.44 ha
Name of the farmer: Y. Bapu Reddy
Particulars Existing cropping
System
Total Improved cropping system Total
Paddy
(K)
Paddy (R)
Fallow Maize+
Beans
Maize Paddy
(K)
Sun
flower
Area (Acres) 2.5 2.0 2.5 4.5 2.0 2.0 1.75 3.0 5.0
(0.5 acre leased in)
Yield kg/ha 4600 4000 4500 3850 2066
GROSS income
Rs/ha
30000 27000 28500 52000 22500 26000 31000 32875
Cost of cultiva-
tion Rs/ha
12500 9500 11000 14000 7500 9500 11000 10500
Net incomers /ha
/year
17500 17500 17500 38000 15000 16500 20000 22375
Net incomers
Rs/total tank area/year
17500 14000 31500 30400 12000 11550 24000 77950
Additional income
by APERP/tank
46450
249
EVALUATION OF CROPPING INTENSITY UNDER TANK FED AREAS OF MEDAK
Name of the tank Existing cropping system
Area in ha
Before Project Implementation
Total
Area in ha
Improved cropping system
Area in ha
After Project Implementation
Total
Area in ha
Percent (%)
increased
cropping
intensity Kharif Rabi Summer Kharif Rabi Summer
Kalkalamma
Cheruvu-41.712ha
15.0 6.4 21.4 36.0 25.3 61.3 186.4
Pedda Cheruvu-
170.4 ha
21.2 20.4 41.6 78.8 62.2 141.0 238.9
Doddi Cheruvu-
62.44 ha
13.6 8.2 21.8 41.5 29.4 11.0 81.9 275.7
Pedda Cheruvu-97.636 ha 10.8 25.0 35.8 74.6 44.2 118.8 231.8
120.6 403.0 234.2
251
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF APERP PROJECT ON AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION UNDER TANK IRRIGATED
AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
1. Name of the centre: Kadapa
2. Details of the project location: Thippanapalli ( Badvel Mandal )
Gangaperuru (Vontimitta Mandal )
3. Details of rainfall in the project areas:
Badvel Mandal
Years Normal rain fall
(mm)
Actual rainfall
(mm)
Distribution of
rainfall /maximum
rainy months
Any other
information
/Remarks
1998-1999 661.6 733.8 July,Aug,Sep,
Oct,Nov
-
1999-2000 661.6 603.1 June ,Aug -
2000-2001 661.6 714.2 June ,Aug -
2001-2002 661.6 840.8 Sept,Oct -
2002-2003 661.6 581.6 Sept,Oct -
2003-2004 661.6 628.8 May,June,Oct -
2005-2006 661.6 912.3 July,Oct -
Vontimitta Mandal
Years Normal rain fall
(mm)
Actual rainfall
(mm)
Distribution of
rainfall /maximum
rainy months
Any other
information
/Remarks
1998-1999 573.0 591.4 July,Aug,Sep,
Oct,Nov
-
1999-2000 573.0 497.4 May,June,july,Oct -
2000-2001 573.0 562.6 June.Aug,Oct -
2001-2002 573.0 753.8 August, Oct -
2002-2003 573.0 346.6 October -
2003-2004 573.0 747.4 July,Sep,Oct -
2005-2006 573.0 917.4 July,Aug,Oct,Nov -
252
4. Details of the tank in the project location:
Particulars Tank-1 Tank-2 Tank-3 Tank-4
Name of the tank Thippanapalli Puttayapalli Gangaperuru Ibrahimpet
Storage of the tank 36.5ha 44.0ha 46.6ha 104.8ha
Tank filling status
(%)
rainfed Rainfed rainfed rainfed
Before project
implementation
2003-04 Full - Full -
2004-05 1/4 ¼ 1/4 1/4
2005-06 1/4 ¼ 1/4 1/4
Total command
area under the
tank(ha)
16.2 59.08 38.0 176.78
.Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas : Thippanapalli tank
Thippanapalli
tank
Gross
command
area(ha)
Actual
cultivated
area (ha)
Early Kharif Late Kharif/Rabi Summer Total Cropping
intensity
percent
Crop
name
Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Before
implementation of
the project
16.0 10.0 - - Rice 16.0 Cotton
10.0 Paddy
Cotton
16.
10
-
After
implementation
16.0 16.0 Bajra
Green
gram
Daincha
12
2
2.0
Paddy
Sunflower
French bean
10
6.0
0.5
Sunflower
Cotton
8
8
Paddy
Bajra
Green gram
Sunflower
Cotton
Dhaincha
10
12
2
14.0
8.0
184
253
Gangaperuru
tank
Gross
command
area(ha)
Actual
cultivated
area (ha)
Early Kharif Late Kharif/Rabi Summer Total Cropping
intensity
percent
Crop
name
Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Crop name Area
(ha)
Before
implementation of
the project
38.0 38.0 - - Rice 38.0 Cucumber
Gingelly
12
8
Rice
Cucumber
Gingelly
38.0
12.0
8.0
-
After
implementation
38.0 38.0 Green
gram
38.0
Paddy
Sunflower
French bean
32.0
4.,0
0.5
Sunflower
38.0
Paddy
Green gram
Sunflower
32.0
38.0
2
42.0
196
254
6.Details of crop production in tankfed areas.:
Early Kharif Late Kharif /Rabi Summer
Crop Area
(ha)
Av.cost
of
cultivati
on
(Rs/ha
Av.
yield
(q/ha)
Av.mar
ket
price
Rs/q
Crop Are
a
(ha)
Av.cost
of
cultivati
on
Av.yiel
d (q/ha)
Av.market
price Rs/q
Crop Are
a
(ha)
Av.cos
t of
cultivat
ion(Rs/
ha
Av.
yield
(q/ha)
Av.
marke
t price
Rs/q
Thippanapalli- Tank: 16.0ha
Before
implementatio
n of the
project
-- -- -- -- -- Paddy 16 14500 50.0 800 Cotton 10.
0
15500 16.0 2200
After
implementatio
nhe project
Bajra
Gree
Green
gram
12.0
2.0
8000
5000
21.0
616
12600
16500
Paddy
Sunflow
er
10 14500 50.0
1650
800
2000
Sunflow
er
Cotton
8
8
9000
15500
21.0
15.0
2000
2200
Gangaperuru- Tank: 38.0ha
Before project
-- -- -- -- Rice 38 15000 50.0 800 Cucumb
er
Gingell
y
12
8
5000
6000
120
500
150
2400
After
implementatio
n of the
project
Green
gram
38 5000 551
2500
Rice 32 15000 54.0 800 Sunflow
er
38 10000 21.0 2000
255
7. Details of project interventions/activities and impact
Name of the
tank
Name of the intervention made Number of
beneficiaries
Area
coverage
(ha)
Cost advantage
(Rs/ha)
Yield
advantage(K
g/ha
Income
advantage
(Rs/ha)
Remarks
Thippanapalli-16.0ha
Water management in Rice
25 10 -- 225 1800 20%
irrigation was
alsosaved
Weed control with Butachlor 20 8.0 800 200 1600
Alley formation in rice 20 8.0 -- 250 2000
Zn application in Rice 25 10.0 - 150 1200
Ridge and furrow sowing in
Sunflower
6.0 14.0 1200 150 3300
Application of Boran to Sunflower 6.0 14.0 -- 100 2200
Semidry paddy 2.0 1.0 2000 -- --- Minimising
the cost of
cultivation
256
Name of the
tank
Name of the intervention made Number of
beneficiaries
Area
coverage
(ha)
Cost advantage
(Rs/ha)
Yield
advantage(K
g/ha
Income
advantage
(Rs/ha)
Remarks
Gangaperuru-38.0ha
Water management in Rice
30 32 -- 205 1640 20%
irrigation was
also saved
Weed control with Butachlor 22 20 750 180 1440
Alley formation in rice 22 25 -- 150 1200
Zn application in Rice 30 32.0 - 125 1000
Ridge and furrow sowing in
Sunflower
15 28.0 1200 150 3300
Application of Boron to Sunflower 20.0 24.0 -- 100 2200
Semidry paddy 1.0 0.5 2000 -- --- Minimising
the cost of
cultivation
257
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF KADAPA PER TANK
Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ganga peruru Ayayacut Area: 38
Particulars Existing cropping system Total Improved cropping system Total
Fallow Rice Gingelly Green gram Rice Sunflower
Yield kg/ha - 4,950 500 5,450 552 5,485 2,150 8,187
GROSS income
Rs/ha
- 29,700 10,000 39,700 13,800 32,910 38,700 85,410
Cost of cultivation Rs/ha - 15,000 6,250 21,250 5,000 15,000 10,000 30,000
Net income Rs /ha
/year
- 14,700 3,750 18,450 8,800 17,910 28,700 55,410
Net income Rs/ total tank
area/year
- - - 7,01,100 - - - 21,05,580
Additional income
Rs /tank by APERP
- - - - - - - 14,04,480
258
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF KADAPA/TANK
Location: Vontimitta Tank:Ibrahim pet Ayyacut Area: 176 ha
Particulars Existing cropping system Total Improved cropping system Total
Fallow Rice Gingelly Green gram Rice Sunflower
Yield kg/ha - 4,800 550 5350 612 5000 1625 7237
GROSS income
Rs/ha
- 28,800 11,000 39,800 15,300 30,000 29,250 74,550
Cost of cultiva-
tion Rs/ha
- 15,000 6,250 21,250 5,000 15,000 10,000 30,000
Net incomers /ha
/year
- 13,800 4,750 18,550 10,300 15,000 19,250 44,550
Net incomers
Rs/total tank area/year
- 24,28,800 3,80,000 28,08,800 6,79,800 24,00,000 18,48,000 49,27,800
Additional income
By APERP/tank
- 21,19,000
259
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF KADAPA
Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ganga peruru Ayayacut Area:176 ha
Name of the farmer: M.SUBBAREDDY Land holding: 2.4 ha
Particulars Existing cropping system Total Improved cropping system Total
Fallow Rice Gingelly Green gram Rice Sunflower
Yield kg/ha - 4800 5500 10300 625 5150 1550 7325
GROSS income
Rs/ha
- 28800 11000 39800 15,625 30,900 27,900 74,425
Cost of cultivation Rs/ha - 15000 6250 21250 5000 15,000 10,000 30,000
Net income Rs /ha
/year
- 13800 4750 18550 10,625 15,900 17,900 44,425
Net income Rs/ total tank
area/year
- - - 44520 - - - 1,06,620
Additional income
Rs /tank by APERP
- - - - - - - 62,100
260
EVALUATION OF CROPPING INTENSITY UNDER TANK FED AREAS OF KADAPA
Name of the
tank
Existing cropping system
area in ha
Total Improved cropping system
area in ha
Total area
in ha
Percent (%)
increased cropping
intensity Early
kharif
Late
kharif
Rabi/
summer
Early
kharif
Late
kharif
Rabi /
summer
Gangaperuru-
38ha
- 38 20 58 38 38 38 114 196
Ibrahimpet-
176.6ha
- 160 80 240 66
70
101
74
160 425 177
Thippanapalli-
16.6ha
- 16 10 26 16 14
2
8
8
48 184
Puttayapalli-
59.8ha
- 40 - 40 14
40
40
14
- 108 270
261
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF APERP PROJECT ON AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND
DEMONSTRATION UNDER TANK IRRIGATED AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
1. Name of the centre : Anantapur
2. Details of the project location: Pamurai, Madigubba, Pullalarevu and Rangampeta
of Anantapur district.
3. Details of rainfall in the project area:
Years Rainfall (mm) Distribution of
rainfall/maximum
rainy months
Any other
information /
Remarks Normal Actual
1998-1999
600 937.2 8 Months nil
1999-2000
600 471.6 8 Months Nil
2000-2001
610.0 590.2 8 Months Nil
2001-2002
615.9 731.2 6 Months Nil
2002-2003
625.5 389.4 7 Months Nil
2003-2004
634.5 256.2 5 Months Nil
2004-2005
591.8 515.8 6 Months Nil
2005-2006
---- 685 9 Months nil
4. Details of the tanks in the project location
Pamurai Pullalarevu Madigubba Rangampeta
Name of the tank
Storage capacity of the
tank
Information
not
provideded
Information
not provideded
Information not
provideded
Information not
provideded
Tank filling status (%) 75% 60% 85% 50%
Before project
implementation
55% 50% 70% 40%
2003- 2004 85 55% 85% 50%
2004-2005 85 60% 75% 50%
2005-2006 85 75% 70% 50%
Total command area under
the tank (ha.)
60 ha. 52 ha. 168 ha. 48 ha.
262
5. Details of cropping pattern in tankfed areas.
Gross
com
mand
area
(ha)
Actual
cultivated
area (ha)
Kharif
Rabi
Summer
Total
Croppin
g
intensity Crop name Area (ha) Crop name Area
(ha) Crop name Area (ha) Crop name Area
(ha)
Pamurai
Before
project
36 20 Paddy 19 Paddy 10 ha Paddy 29 ha 105.2%
2003 –
2004
36 29 Paddy
Green manures
20ha
10.5ha
Paddy
Green manures
17 ha
10 ha
Paddy
Green
manures
37 ha
20.5
ha
127.5%
2004 –
2005
36 30 Green manures
Paddy
Green gram
10 ha
22 ha
0.5 ha
Green manures
Paddy
15 ha
25 ha
Sunflower
10 ha Green gram
Paddy
Sunflower
05 ha
45 ha
10 ha
143.3%
2005 –
2006
36 32 Green manures
Paddy
20 ha
25 ha
Green manures
Paddy
15 ha
25 ha
Sunflower 12 ha Green
manures
Paddy
Sunflower
35 ha
34 ha
12 ha
173.25%
Pullalarevu
Before
project
52 26.5 Paddy 14.5 Paddy 14 ha Paddy 33.5 126.4%
2003 –
2004
52 27 Paddy 21 ha Paddy 22 ha Paddy 43 159.2
2004 –
2005
52 33 Green manures
Paddy
Fodder jowar
05 ha
30 ha
04 ha
Green manures
Paddy
06 ha
15 ha
Sunflower
Jowar
15 ha
15 ha
Green
manures
Paddy
Sunflower
Fodder jowar
10 ha
45 ha
15 ha
04 ha
181.8
2005 –
2006
52 35 Green manures
Paddy
50 ha
32 ha
Greenmanures
Paddy
Fodder jowar
05 ha
20 ha
10 ha
Sunflower 20 ha Green
manures
Paddy
Sunflower
10 ha
52 ha
20 ha
205.7%
263
Madigubba
Before
project
168 96 Paddy 20 ha Paddy 72 ha Paddy 102 106.2%
2003 –
2004
168 96 Paddy 25 Paddy 90 Paddy 115
2004 –
2005
168 115 Greenmanures
Paddy
12
28
Green manures
Paddy
Fodder jowar
10
84.5
20
Sunflower 25 Green
manures
Paddy
Sunflower
Fodder jowar
22
12.5
25
20
149.1
2005 -
2006
168 122 Green manures
Paddy
18
55
Green manures
Paddy
Fodder jowar
10
70
25
Sunflower 45 Green
manures
Paddy
Sunflower
Fodder jowar
28
125
45
25
178.2
Rangampeta
Before
project
48 30 Paddy 10 Paddy 27 Paddy 37 112.2
2003 -
2004
48 35.4 Green manures
Paddy
Green gram
10
20.8
25
Hb Jowar
Paddy
Fodder jowar
04
30
2.5
Green
manures
Paddy
Hb Jowar
10
47.4
04
128.5
2004 –
2005
48 36.4 Green manures
Paddy
Green gram
10
20.8
05
Paddy
Fodder jowar
30
10
Sunflower
10 Green
manures
Paddy
Fodder Jowar
Sun flower
Green gram
10
40
2.5
10
05
157.9
2005 -
2006
48 42.2 Green manures
Paddy
14
15
Fodder jowar
Paddy
05
35
Sunflower 14.4 Green
manures
Paddy
Fodder Jowar
Sun flower
14
50
05
14.4
175.2
264
6. Details of crop production in tankfed areas.
Kharif Rabi Summer
Crop Area
(ha)
Average
cost of
cultivation
(Rs/ha)
Aver
age
yield
(Q/h
a)
Average
Market
price
(Rs/Q)
Crops
name
Area
(ha)
Average
cost of
cultivation
(Rs/ha)
Average
yield
(Q/ha)
Average
market
price
(Rs/Q)
Crop Area
(ha)
Avg
COC
(Rs/ha)
Avg
yield
(Q/ha)
Average
market
price
(Rs/Q)
Before
project
1.paddy
19 12660 52 600 Paddy 10 11900 54 550
2003-04
1.green manure
2.paddy
10.5
20
3220
12750
16.8
53
Incorporate
d
650
Green gram
Paddy
5
17
2050
12800
15 t
35
Incorporate
d
700
2004-05
1.green manures
2. paddy
3. Green gram
10
36
05
3000
12000
2000
17 t
54
incor
porat
ed
650 Green gram
Paddy
Fodder jowar
05
35
05
3200
11000
2100
17 t
55
Incorporate
d
800
fodder
purpose
Sunflow
er
10 1000 16 1850
2005-06 1. Green gram
2. paddy
10
25
2750
11750
18 t
54
Incorporate
d
800
Green manures
Paddy
15
29
2500
11750
18 t
54
Fodder
purpose
850
Sunflow
er
12 7000 17 1900
Pullalarevu
Before
project
1. Paddy
14.5 11600 53 650 Paddy 11900 54 600 -- -- -- -- --
2003-04 1.paddy 21 11700 55 700 Paddy 23 12150 55 600 -- -- -- --
2004-05
1. Green
manures
2. Paddy
3Fodder Jowar
5
30
4
2750
12125
800t
18t
54
13 t
Incorporate
d
750
fodder
jowar
Green manure
Paddy
6
20
2500
12250
18 t
55
Incorporate
d
750
Sunflow
er
jowar
15
15
7650/-
750/-
2530/-
--
2005-06
1. Green
manures
2. Paddy
5
32
2800
12200
19 t
55
Incorporat
ed
800
Green
manures
Paddy
5
20
3000
11500
18 T
56
incorporat
ed
750
sunflow
er
20 8200/
-
15 1900/
-
265
Kharif Rabi Summer
Crops name
Area
(ha)
Average
cost of
cultivatio
n
(Rs/ha)
Averag
e
Yield
(Q/ha)
Avera
ge
marke
t
price
(Rs/Q
)
Crops
name
Area
(ha)
Average
cost of
cultivatio
n (Rs/ha)
Averag
e yield
(Q/ha)
Average
market price
(Rs/Q)
Crops
name
Area
(ha)
Averag
e
cost of
cultivati
on
(Rs/ha)
Avera
ge
yield
(Q/ha
)
Aver
age
mark
et
price
(Rs/Q
)
Madigubba
Before
Project
1. Paddy 20 12000 50 650 Paddy `80 11000 50 600 -- -- -- -- --
2003-04
1.paddy
25 11600 52 700 Paddy 90 11500 53 650 -- -- -- -- --
2004-05 1. Sunhemp
2.paddy
12
28
2560
12060
20 t
60
Incor
porate
d
700
Paddy
Fodder
jowar
--
20
12200
2600
54
14.5 t
750
fodder purpose
Sunflo
wer
25 7500 17 1800
2005-06 1. Green
manures
2. Paddy
3
18
55
2600
11800
50
Incor
porate
d
52
Green
manures
Paddy
Fodder
jowar
18
55
20
2200
11600
950
58
Incorporated
800
fodder purpose
Sunflo
wer
45 8200/- 17 1850
Rangampeta
Before
Project
1. paddy
48 11800 52 615 Paddy 27 12200 52 600 -- -- -- -- --
2003-04 1. green
manures
2. paddy
10
20.8
2200
11500
52
Incor
porate
d
700
Hyb jowar
Paddy
Fodder
jowar
04
30
2.5
13700 54 750 SUN
FLOW
ER
4 8000 14 1850
2004-05
1Green manure
2 paddy
3greengram
10
20.8
5
2650
13500
3100
55
750
Fodder
jowar
Paddy
30
10
12200
900
55 750
fodder purpose
sunflo
wer
10 7500 15.5 1800
267
7. Details of project intervention / activities and impact
Names of the intervention Number of
beneficiaries
Area
coverage
(ha)
Cost
advantage
(Rs./ha)
Yield advantage
(Q/ha)
Income
advantage
(Rs./ha
Remarks
Pamurai
2003-04
Green manure crops introduction
Gypsum application in paddy
ZnSo4 application in paddy
35
10
25
20.5
17
20
2-3
4-5
3-4
2100
4000
3500
2004-2005
Gypsum application in paddy
Sunflower introduction
15
10
40
35
3-4
15
3500
28000
2005-2006
Butaclore application in paddy
Gypsum application in paddy
ZnSo4 application in paddy
Chelated Zinc
04
15
20
10
2.5
25
35
04
1700
5-6
4-5
--
--
4200
3600
--
Pullalarevu
2003-04
2004-2005
Gypsum application in paddy
ZnSo4 application in paddy
Fodder jowar
Sunflower
Green manure
20
20
15
30
10
25
27
10
20
20
3-5
4-6
12t
16
9 t
3500
4300
2160
25000
incorporated
2005-2006
Green manure
Sunflower
Gypsum application in paddy
ZnSo4 application in paddy
25
20
50
50
10
20
25
25
10.5
16.5
4-6
4-6
Incorporated
26000
4000
4200
269
Madigubba
2003-04
2004-2005
Gypsum application in paddy
ZnSo4 application in paddy
Green manure
Sunflower introducation
Fodder jowar
50
60
44
80
10
20
25
20
50
05
3-5
4-5
12 t
14
13
3600
4400
2450
23400
2500
2005-2006
Green manure
Gypsum application in paddy
ZnSo4 application in paddy
Fodder jowar
18
60
60
30
10
25
20
15
10 t
4-6
4-5
13
2500
4400
3500
--
Rangampeta
2003-04
Green manure
ZnSo4 application in paddy
Gypsum application in paddy
Green gram
20
30
20
10
05
20
15
05
12 t
2-3
2-3
10 t
2200
3200
2500
2000
2004-2005
Green manure
Gypsum application in paddy
ZnSo4 application in paddy
Sunflower
10
50
30
30
10
15
25
15
13 t
3-4
3-5
14
2400
3500
3400
24000
2005-2006
Fodder jowar
Gypsum application in paddy
ZnSo4 application in paddy
Green manures
10
20
30
20
05
10
15
15
10.5 t
4-6
4-6
incorporated
1600
3750
4500
---
270
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Methodology:-
The project was under taken in four tankfed villages of Anantapur district. They
are Pamurai, Rangampeta ,Pullalarevu and Madigubba. To study the impact of the project
on cropping pattern, input utilization, cropping intensity and annual net returns twenty
farmers were selected at random from each village.The total of 80 farmers from tankfed
area are selected for study. Data were collected through survey method with the help of
schedule. The collected data were tankfed and statistically analyzed for interpretation of
the findings with the following objectives:
1. To study the impact of introduction of cropping range on cropping intensity
2. To study the impact of crop diversification
3. To study the impact of soil reclamation on growth and yields at crops..
4. To asses the impact of training programmes conducted to the farmers.
1. To study the impact project intervention on cropping intensity
Mostly the land is kept fallow during kharif as filling of tank takes place in
October and November. Instead of keeping land fallow, early kharif crops like sunhemp,
diencha and fodder sorghum were introduced and during late kharif and in summer the
cultivated area increased by diversifying the farmers from growing paddy to sunflower
and jowar.
Villages
Before project After project %
increasing
in
cropping
intensity
Gross
cropped
area
(ha.)
Net
cropped
area
(ha.)
Cropping
Intensity
Gross
cropped
area
(ha.)
Net
cropped
area
(ha.)
Cropping
Intensity
Pamurai 1.54 1.47 105.2 2.39 1.47 163.25 55.1
Rangampeta 1.79 1.60 112.2 2.8 1.6 175.2 56.1
Madigubba 32.2 2.8 115 4.82 2.8 178.2 52
Pullalarevu 3.92 3.12 125.64 5.33 3.12 170.83 26.4
With project intervention, cleaning of tank and clearance of feeder channels were
also under taken, which resulted in increase in cropping intensity ranging from 26 to 56
percent when compared to the tankfed area before the project.
271
2. To study the impact of crop diversification
With the limited water available in borewell supported by tanks, farmers in
general cultivate paddy and rest of the land is kept fallow. Hence there is a need for crop
diversification from paddy and bring more area under cultivation and there by increase
net return of the farmers. For this new irrigated dry crops like sunflower, hybrid jowar
were introduced.
Village
Before the project After the project
Gross
cropped
area
(ha.)
Gross
returns
(Rs.)
Net
returns
(Rs.)
Gross
cropped
area
(ha.)
Gross
returns
(Rs.)
Net
return
s (Rs.)
Income
advantag
e
Pullalarevu 0.79 28499 18737.37 1.61 39868 26901 8164
Rangampeta 0.5 68000 44030 1.26 96357 63574 19547
Pamurai 0.40 13746.61 8646.61 21899.71 14642.
17
5996
Madigubba 0.88 69500 44500 2.06 108855 73688 29188
With the project intervention more area was brought under cultivation . The annual
income advantage of Pamurai, Rangampeta ,Pullalarevu and Madigubba were
Rs.5996,19547,81649and Rs.29188 respectively.
3. Impact of gypsum and ZnSo4 application on yields of paddy:
To study the impact of gypsum and ZnSo4 application on paddy yields, average
yields of three years were recorded in four villages. These yields were compared with
control plots.
272
In gypsum applied plots the percentage increase in grain yield ranged from 4.04 to
10.89 percent and increase in straw yield ranged from 5.5 to 9.4 percent compared to
control plot. Maximum yield increase was recorded in Pamurai village.
ZnSo4 was applied @ 50kg/ha in treated plots, maximum percentage increase in
grain and straw yields was recorded Rangampeta village viz; 13.62% and 12.04%
respectively in when compare to the control plot.
Impact of Training programme:
A questionnaire was developed to evaluate the training programme. Data was
collected through interview method.
Comparison of the topics presented in the training programme as perceived by the
farmers:
S.No Topic Mean score Rank
1. Reclamation of problematic soils 4.1 I
2. SRI Technology 3.82 II
3. Management of pests and diseases in
different crops
3.76 III
4. Crop production technology 2.27 VI
5. Management of PSND in groundnut 2.41 V
6. Crop diversification to utilize
available resources efficiently
2.76 IV
Village name
Control Gypsum ZnSo4
Grain yield
kg/ha.
Straw
yield
kg/ha.
Grain
yield
kg/ha.
Straw yield
kg/ha.
Grain yield
kg/ha.
Straw yield
kg/ha.
Pamurai 4635 5323.6 5140.3 5711 5210 5509
Pullalarevu 4574 5245 4778 5707 4693 5551
Madigubba 4673 5494 5115 6012 5290 6077.5
Rangampeta 4720 5453 4958.3 5754 5363.6 6100.3
273
From the table it can be inferred that reclamation of problematic soils (1) was
more effective followed by SRI technology (II) and management of pests and diseases in
different crops (III) as all these are major problems in the region.
Crop diversification tankfed (IV) followed by management of PSND in groundnut
(V) and crop production technology (VI) these are very much useful to farmers in daily
crop management practices.
Effectiveness of training programmes in terms of coverage clarity etc., was also
evaluated.
S.No Issue Mean score Rank
1. Coverage of content 3.84 I
2. Clarity of presentation 3.65 II
3. Method of training 2.41 V
4. Duration of training 3.01 III
5. Facilitations provided by trainees 2.76 IV
From the table it can be inferred that the farmers were impressed by coverage of
content (I) clarity of presentation II and duration of training IV. Facilitation provided in
trainees and method of training ranked IV and V as it was difficult to provide facilities to
all farmers as the number was more.
Overall rating of the training programmes was as follows.
S.No Category Frequency Percentage
1. Excellent 06 7.5
2. Satisfactory 32 40
3. Fair 35 43.75
4. Un satisfactory 7 8.75
Majority of the farmers expressed fair (43.75%) and satisfactory (40%) as all the
topics covered were related to the existing problems faced by the farmers 7.5 percent
farmers rated the programme as excellent and only 7 percent of farmers expressed un
satisfactory over the programme.
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Impact of the project in general
The farming communities in the tankfed area have in many ways benefited from
the project because the entire programme was conducted at farmers filed level for easy
transfer of technology.
The impact aspects are furnished below:-
1. Cleaning up at the tanks and clearance of feeder channels was taken up with the
assistance of Agrose Govt. organization and with co operation of farmers in the
village.
2. Inputs such as seeds of green manure crops, jowar, sunflower and other inputs
like gypsum, Zinc etc. were given free accept the technology and implement
them.
3. The forgo then technology like growing green nmanure crops as a preceeding
crop to main crop has provoked interest among to farmers further continue the
practice as this resulted in vigoroles growth of preceeding crop.
4. Farmers attended training programmes, vented demonstration plots and few
farmers started complementary in their field.
5. Application of gypsum followed by ZnSo4 has got highest yield recorded in the
village. This aspect helped in increasing the productivity in paddy fields in the
villages.
6. Crop diversification from paddy was useful in efficient utilization, of water and
land this was an appreciated practice.
7. Water trade which was not practiced has been proved by the project that growing
crops with purchased water is profitable.
8. There is a good impact on line departments due to conducting training programme
and workshop to Agricultural Officers and ADA‟s.
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Chapter-IX
Summary & Conclusions
276
Summary and Conclusions
The cultivated area under tank is declining over year. This decay in tank system is
a serious matter in the context of preservation of sustained ecological balance which if
neglected further, may lead to crisis situation. To control the problems of tankfed area,
project entitled “Agricultural Research Demonstration was started in Anantapur district.
Four villages named Pamurai, Rangampeta, Pullalarevu and Madigubba were effected for
study. In this programme, extension activities like laying Research cum field
demonstrations trails, conducting field days, training programmes provision of inpots
were made extensively and it resulted the farmers to adopt these technologies to improve
the crop yields and there by improving the economic status of farming community in the
tankfed areas.
Conclusions:-
5. As the Tankfed area is kept fallow during kharif as filling tanks place in October
and November. Introduction of fodder sorghum, green manures like sunhemp and
diencha increased the productivity at the tank command area there by increasing
the cropping intensity ranging from 24 to36 percent
6. Reclamation is required to overcome the problems of alkalinity and nutrient
deficiency. Application of green manures as preceeding crop to paddy and
application of gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha and ZnSo4 @ 50kg/ha improved the physical
and chemical properties of soil. The results indicated that
7. During summer with limited water available in bore well supported by tanks, the
entire area under borewell irrigation cannot be cultivated. Hence irrigated dry
crops like hybrid sorghum and sunflower were introduced succesfully to replace
paddy. This resulted is increases in gross cropped area and also
8. It is also profitable to grow crops with purchased water instead of keeping land
fallow due to non – availability of water in their holding.
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CONCERNS AND FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS
The technologies popularized in the project needs support by Government and
extension agencies for further continuation after the project. These /issues are discussed
below.
1. The water should be made available in the tank for giving scheduled irrigations to
different crops.
2. Different crops and vegetables (Coriander, French beans) tested in various cropping
systems are cultivated on a limited scale by farmers. These require Government support
for marketing for their expansion.
3. The practice like Gypsum application has become popular in the project command
area. This requires support from agricultural department for further spread to other
farmers.
4. The practice of IPM technology should be adopted on the community basis for getting
maximum benefit. This needs further popularization and various components of IPM
should be made available in the market for more adoption.
5. The field channels in the command area are to be maintained by water users
association members. These channels require to be maintained by the farmers to get
sufficient water to their fields.
6. The training and visit to demonstrations by more number of farmers with the help of
extension agencies involving water users associations will disseminate the technologies
identified in the project
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CONSTRAINTS IN PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
APERP project conceived during the year 2003-04 was under implementation in
five districts (Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Ananthapur, Kadapa and Vizianagaram) for three
years. In the process of implementation of the project few but considerable constraints
were encountered in acceptance and implementation of improved new technology by the
farmers. The technology introduced to the farmers at times was not accepted in Toto but
with few modifications to suit the local conditions. The constraints and failures in the
project implementation are discussed in detail below.
1) Introduction of ID crops in place of rice to achieve the equitable distribution
of water to the farmers was not well accepted by the farmers who have bore-
wells as they have water as per requirement. Comparatively, farmers without
bore-wells have accepted cultivation of the ID crops in place of paddy and are
cultivating these crops.
2) The low acceptance rate of the ID crops by the farmers under tank commands
is due to easy management of rice and assured returns from the crop compared
to the ID crops introduced like maize, cotton, redgram, groundnut etc.
3) Cultivation of pulse crop in crop rotation for maintaining the soil health is
well understood by the farmers but practiced to the certain extent due to
higher pest and disease infestation and fluctuations in the yield and market
price of the produce in comparison to the problem free Maize crop.
4) In case of soybean during the year 2003, there was heavy infestation of stem
girdler devastating the crop. It could not be controlled with any of the
chemicals. As a result of this many of the farmers have given up cultivation of
soybean.
5) With the project implementation most of the farmers are enlightened on
Gypsum but very few farmers apply gypsum due non-availability.
6) Availability of improved variety seed in case of pulses is a constraint coming
in the way of large-scale cultivation of pulses, as farmers still are not
practicing the seed village concept to the extent required. The farmers do not
preserve the seed for the next season.
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