irvine black studies

4
IRVINE BLACK STUDIES In early October of 1968, Professor Mike Cole of the Psychology Department called together a faculty Ad Hoc Committee to consider- the question of the lack of representation of minority studies on the UCI Campus. The History Department had already taken a step in this direction by deciding to include in a basic course in a consideration of the role of minorities in American History and had scheduled guest lecturers to appear in that course. Moreover, the Department of History had purchased books on black history and was planning a conference on the teaching of Black History for the spring quarter. The Division of SocialSciences was also offering a loosely structured course in Black Culture. It was apparent to Professor Cole and to members of his committee that this was not enough. The Black Students Unionhad requested the creation of a more focused program in Black Culture. More substantial consideration was needed to be given on the campus to these questions. At various times, the people who discussed these pro- blems were Duran Bell (Economics), James March (Social Science), Jay Martin (American and Comparative Culture), James McGaugh (Biology), Duane Metzgar (Anthropology), Alan Miller (EOP), George Reiter (Physics), Spencer Olin (History), Ron Ridgle (President ASUCI), and Alan Rogers (History). Alter deliberating for eight weeks, the committee at last determined that the first step to- ward the representation of minorities should be taken by the creation of the Black Studies pro- gram organized within American Studies. The reasons for this decision can best be summarized by a letter which the emminent black writer Nathan A. Scott, Jr. wrote to Professor Martin: "I have always supposed that what is so fascinating about the history of this country is that, here, black people and white people have touched one another more deeply and more indelibly than anywhere else on the face of the earth." In short, the committee felt that the study of black culture is an integral part of the American experience, illuminating the study of the whole of American culture, and illuminatedby other aspects of the, American experience. They believed this to be a study crucial in the education of white as well as black students, to anyone interestedin understanding American culture. The committee determined at once to put this decision into action and requested Chancellor Aldrich <uki Vice-Chancellor Russell that three appointments be budgeted for Black Studies appointments next year (Fall 1969). These were granted and the committee at once moved to bring student opinion into the process of recruitment and the formation of the program. James Winder, president of the Black Student Union, and Peter Herman, a representative electedby the students in American and Comparative Culture, joined the committee. Both the members of the Black Student Union and the students of American Comparative Culture immediatelybegan to write to programs across the country for information to gather names of people to approach for positions, and to attempt to determine what courses would be essential for the success of the program. "The original design of the program is not in any way intended to determine the development of Black Studies on this campus," Professor Martin said. "Rather, it is the beginningof this study, and the faculty who are brought here to make the program will have a strong voice in its development." Professor Martin, in contact with both students and faculty members of the committee, has written to approximately fifty people either for advice or possible positions. At present, several individuals are under consideration, or are willing to consider positions here. Joseph L. White, Dean of Undergraduate Affairs at San Francisco State College, spoke to the community February 26 on the development of the black studies program. John 0. Killens, the author of YOUNG- BLOOD, and AND THEN WE HEARD THE THUNDER, and a well-known spokesman for black integrity now teaching at Columbia University,, is seriously considering a position and will visit the campus in March. Charles Wright, a young novelist and writer for "The Village Voice," has also agreed to visit the campus. William Holliman, assistant district attorney of Los Angeles, active in self-help programs in the inner city, has tentativelyagreed to teach, part-time,courses in minorities and the law. Harold Cruse, the author of THE CRISIS OF THE NEGRO INTELLEC- TUAL, will also soon appear at Irvine. Others, such as the sociologist Maxwell Brooks, and the Afro- American historian George L. Roberts, have expressed considerable interest in positions at UCI. Courses essential to the program include Afro-American History, Sociology,Literature and the Arts, and politics and law. It appears likely that these will be filled in the first stage of the program, beginningin the fall. All of these men feel that on a developing campus such as UCI's, they will have a real oppor- tunity to make the program an important part in the formation of the intellectual life of the uni- versity community. All feel, too., that in Orange County, where the problems of the movement of minorities into the suburbs are particularlyacute, they will have a real chance to play a signifi- cant role in solving the problems which will inevitably arise. They see a genuine challengein helping to solve the urban problems with the advice and community involvement that will flow from a Black Studies program. "The Black Student Union, students in American and Comparative Culture, and the members of the ad hoc committee have all worked very hard to make theprogram a success," Professor Martin concluded, "and it looks as if we may have of the best Black Studies programs in the country." by STEVE HULETT

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Page 1: IRVINE BLACK STUDIES

IRVINEBLACK

STUDIESIn early October of 1968, Professor Mike Cole of the PsychologyDepartment called together

a faculty Ad Hoc Committee to consider- the questionof the lack of representationof minoritystudies on the UCI Campus. The History Department had already takena step in this directionby deciding to include in a basic course ina consideration of the roleof minorities in AmericanHistory and had scheduled guest lecturers to appear in that course. Moreover, the Departmentof History had purchased books on black history and was planninga conference on the teachingof Black History for the spring quarter. The Division of SocialSciences was also offeringaloosely structured course in Black Culture. It was apparent to Professor Cole and to membersof his committee that this was not enough. The Black Students Unionhad requested the creationof a more focused program in Black Culture. More substantial consideration was needed to begiven on the campus to these questions. At various times, the people who discussed these pro-blems were Duran Bell (Economics), James March (Social Science), Jay Martin (American andComparative Culture), James McGaugh (Biology), Duane Metzgar (Anthropology), AlanMiller(EOP), George Reiter (Physics), Spencer Olin (History), Ron Ridgle (President ASUCI), andAlan Rogers (History).

Alter deliberating for eight weeks, the committee at lastdetermined that the first step to-ward the representation of minorities should be taken by the creationof the Black Studiespro-gram organized within American Studies. The reasons for thisdecision can best be summarizedby a letter which the emminent black writer Nathan A. Scott,Jr. wrote to Professor Martin:

"I have always supposed that what is so fascinating about the history of this country is that,here, black people and white people have touched one anothermore deeply and more indelibly

than anywhereelse on the face of the earth."In short, the committee felt that the study of black culture is an integralpart of the American

experience, illuminating the study of the whole of American culture, and illuminatedby otheraspects of the, American experience. They believed this to be a study crucial in the educationof white as well as black students, to anyone interestedinunderstanding American culture.

The committee determinedat once to put this decision into action and requestedChancellorAldrich <uki Vice-Chancellor Russell that three appointments be budgetedfor Black Studiesappointments next year (Fall 1969). These were granted and the committee at once moved tobring student opinion into the process of recruitment and the formationof the program. JamesWinder, president of the Black Student Union, and Peter Herman,a representativeelectedby

the students in American and Comparative Culture, joined the committee. Both the members ofthe Black Student Union and the students of American ComparativeCulture immediatelybeganto write to programs across the country for information to gather names of peopleto approachfor positions, and to attempt to determine what courses would be essential for the success ofthe program.

"The original design of the program is not inany way intended todetermine the developmentof Black Studies on this campus," Professor Martin said. "Rather, it is the beginningof thisstudy, and the faculty who are brought here to make the program willhave a strong voice inits development."

Professor Martin, in contact with both students and faculty members of the committee, haswritten to approximately fifty people either for advice or possiblepositions. At present, severalindividuals are under consideration, or are willing to consider positions here. Joseph L. White,Dean of Undergraduate Affairs atSan FranciscoState College, spoke to the community February26 on the development of the black studies program.John 0.Killens,the author of YOUNG-BLOOD, and AND THEN WE HEARD THE THUNDER, and a well-knownspokesman for blackintegrity now teaching at Columbia University,,is seriouslyconsideringa positionand willvisitthe campus in March. Charles Wright, a young novelistand writer for "The Village Voice,"has also agreedto visit the campus.William Holliman,assistant district attorney of Los Angeles,active in self-helpprograms in the inner city,has tentativelyagreed to teach, part-time,coursesin minorities and the law. HaroldCruse, the author of THE CRISIS OF THE NEGRO INTELLEC-TUAL, will also soon appear at Irvine. Others,such as the sociologist MaxwellBrooks, and theAfro-American historian George L. Roberts, have expressed considerable interest inpositionsat UCI. Courses essential to the program include Afro-American History,Sociology,Literatureand the Arts, and politics and law. It appears likely that these willbe filled in the first stageof the program, beginningin the fall.

All of these men feel that on a developingcampus such as UCI's, they willhave a real oppor-tunity to make the program an important part in the formation of the intellectual life of the uni-versity community. All feel, too., that inOrangeCounty, where the problems of the movementofminorities into the suburbs are particularlyacute, they willhave a real chance to playa signifi-cant role in solving the problems which will inevitablyarise. They see a genuine challengeinhelpingto solve the urbanproblems with theadvice and community involvement that will flow froma Black Studies program.

"The Black Student Union,students in AmericanandComparativeCulture,and the membersofthe ad hoc committee have all worked very hard to make theprogram a success," ProfessorMartin concluded, "and it looks as if we may have of the bestBlack Studies programs inthe country."

by STEVE HULETT

Page 2: IRVINE BLACK STUDIES

(Ed. note: Today the Schools of Physicaland BiologicalSciencesare suspending afternoon classes to hold a symposium "onas-pects of the social implications of science." Speakers at the sym-posium, in Science Lecture Hall from 1-4 p.m.,include Congress-man Phillip Burton on "International Implications of the Anti-Ballistic Missile System" and several UCI scientists on subjectssuch as the populationexplosionand biologicalwarfare.

In an announcement of the event issued Friday, the two schoolsexpress their belief "that the misuse of scientific and technicalknowledge constitutes a serious threat to the existence and wel-fare of mankind. Scientific and technological effort that might wellbe directed toward solving pressing human problems such as theincreasingpollutionof our environment and the marginalexistenceof millions of people. . .is directed instead into the developmentof weapons systems.. ."

The Irvine event is coordinated withother universitiesby assis-tant physics professor George Reiter. The following article givesthe background and some of the basic parameters of the nation-wide discussion.)

Today, scientists at Irvine join others around the country in aone-day recess of scientific research. Among the over 33 campusesparticipatingin the recess are Stanford, Berkeley,Cornelland Yale.

The idea for the research recess originated on the MIT cam-pus early in January. Graduate students and professors plannedarecess as a "practical and symbolic" expressionof the apprehen-sion felt by scientists over their research. At M.IT, the recess issupported by the chairmen of the Biology, Chemistry andPhysicsdepartments and by such other noted members of the MIT facultyas linguistNoamChomsky.

In a document of January 6, 1969, the MIT facultystated that,"Through its actions in Vietnam our government has shaken ourconfidence in its ability to make wise and humane decisions. Thereis also disquieting evidence of an intention to enlarge further ourimmensedestructive capability."

Continuing, the document states, "The response of the scientificcommunity to these developments has beenhopelessly fragmented.There is a small group that helps to conceive these policies,and ahandful of eminent men who have triedbut largely failed to stem thetide from within the government. The concernedmajority has beenon the sidelines and ineffective. We feel that itis no longerpossibleto remainuninvoled."

"We therefore call on scientists and engineers at MIT,and(Continued on Page 4)

by PETER HERMAN

Implications of Science

Science Classes CutTo Discuss Social

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WASHINGTON (CPS) - TheHouse Committeeon Un-Amer-ican Activities officiallychanged its name this weekto the House Committee onInternal Security. In doing so,it also changed the scope ofthe Committee's mandate.Besides investigation intopeople and organizationswhoattempt to overthrow the gov-ernment, it now can look in-to those who incite or employ

acts of force, violence, ter-rorism, or any unlawful meansto obstruct or oppose the law-ful authority of" the govern-ment "in the execution ofany law or policy affectingthe security of the UnitedStates.

An attempt was made on theHouse floor to abolish theCommittee, or at least toblock the name change. Con-gressman Phillip Burton (D-Calif) brought up a Li'l Ab-ner cartoon in which "theDogpatch City Council metto change the name of theskunk works to the OzarkPerfume Factory." The SDSchapter at Ichord's alma ma-ter (U of Missouri) renameditself the Richard IchordChap-ter but rescinded.

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A new Center for Patho-biology has been establishedat UCI, it was reported to theUC Board of Regents recent-ly by President Charles J-Hitch and UCI ChancellorDaniel G. Aldrich, Jr.

Director of the center isProfessor Edward A. Stein-haus, former dean of biologi-cal sciences at Irvine, andan international authority oninvertebrate pathology.

President Hitch said thenew center is an outgrowthof the highly successful re-

"La Novela Espanola de laPosguerra," will be the titleof a Spanish lecture to be giv-en tomorrow night at 8:30p.m. in FA 254.

Future events to keep inmind are Charter Day, April16, and 1969 Commencement,June 14. Details concerningboth of these events will beissued at a later date.

Three separate departmentsof modern foreign languageshave been established atUCI according to ChancellorDaniel G. Aldrich, Jr.

Modern languages at Irvinenow are organized as follows:department of Spanish andPortuguese, under the chair-manship of Professor SeymourMenton; department of Frenchand Italian, under ProfessorJudd Hubert, acting chairman;and department of Germanand Russian, under ProfessorJulian Palley, acting chair-man. *****

Paramount Pictures Corpora-tion has given the EdwardsNewport Cinema special per-mission for a special studentshow Saturday, March 8. Thespecial show will start at10 a.m. "Romeo and Julietwill be shown only once. Stu-dents must have a studentbody card to qualify for thespecial admission price of$1.25. *****

Anyone who sort of likestalking into a microphone andmight be interested in joininga radio theate.r group is asked

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tocontact Gregg Wolford at 833-5852. The immediate goal ofthis group would be the per-forming of both original ma-terial and adaptions of someof the world's stranger novelson KUCI radio later this year.*****

There will bean ASUCI Pro-grams division organizationalmeeting tonight at 6:30 p.m.on the third floor Commons,Personnel positions in con-serts, dances, speakers, con-claves and public relationswill be filled. All those in-terested pleaseattend!

Special library hours forMarch are:

March 15-16 : open to mid-night;March 23:closed;March24-27: Monday-Thursday: 8a.m.-5 p.m.;March 28: Friday:closed; March 29: Saturday:9 a.m.-5 p.m.; March 30: Sun-day: closed; March 31: Mon-day: 8 a.m.-5 p.m.

search project in invertebratepathobiology funded by theNational Institutes of Healthand established by Dr. Stein-haus in 1964.

Purposes of the center, ac-cording to Professor Stein-haus, will be to foster theunderstanding of disease inplants and animals from thestandpointof the basic scienc-es, particularly biologicalsciences. *****

CHICAGO (CPS) - Studentsfor a Democratic Society ishurting for money. In a lettermailed out this month, SDSsays the demands placed onit have expanded consider-ably during the past eightmonths.

During that time, member-ship has doubled, and SDShas decided to recruit fromtheranks of themilitary, work-ing class, and high schools.All of this means reams ofliterature, more staff work-ers, and expanded internaleducation material for mem-bers.

Concluding the letter, theSDS staff says, "a first prin-ciple of every movement isthe necessity to defend andsustain itself."

SDS also faces a hearingby the House Committee onUn-American Activities thissession. Committee chairmanRichard Ichord has not yetindicated when it will takeplace. *****

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NEWS/mmTuesday,March 4, 1969

Page 3: IRVINE BLACK STUDIES

NEW UNIVERSITY

letters

Page 3

Editor: Ishould like to respond briefly to a charge leveledfrequently" against the English Department in recent weeks.IfIreallyhad the|sort of personal pride which we have been accused of displaying,Ishould have detached myself from a number of universityaffairsseveral months ago, and certainly Iwould never have attendedthe Academic Senate meetingon February 20th.

But Iwent to that meeting-and walked out of that meeting-be-cause Iam devoted to the idea of a universityasIunderstandit.Icannot understand how an institution can operate if any previousdecision may be overturned by the Senate actingas a whole withoutrecourse to its own review procedures, and if any previousdeci-sion may be reevaluated through the application of new criteria.Ileft the meetingof February20thbecauseIbelievedthat the Senate,through the next vote it contemplated, was asserting its right topass judgment in these ways on earlier decisions and thus was infact destroying the possibility of an institution.

Yours,Howard Babb

AgentsTrusteesUniversity

and Their

gig:;: Editor:£:£:$: Iam resigning from the ASUCI Senate becauseIam a poor sena-£gW: tor. Poor, because Ido not have the timenor the inspiration to&:W: Pursue the business of the senate which, at this time,consists of$:?S: a stalemate between a more conservative faction on campus— the>?:$: Action which probably has the apathetic or "pathetic" backing§"?:$: °f 'ne majority of students at Irvine

—and a more radical faction

?:&~ *ne faction which sympathizes with S.D.S. or the "revolutionary?:*:5 movement" and has a backing from the few "enlightenedones":WS: who are highly organized,vocal, and active politically.:;':'::':S: It seems, in the senate meetings,Iam torn between these two>:";*;■": factions, neither of which Ibelieve in nor trust.Ilisten to the■iwS:political issues of the "enlightened ones" who are, of course,;";■§:£: armed with information, incidents, and correct philosophy. I, not;i;i;:;S: being well-informed on these issues, (this is whyIfeel incompetent■:":■:":"::: as someone who should "pass judgement" on such issues) hope;:':!§:£: for some refutation or at least some intelligent dialogueon such£!":":*: matters. Alas, none is to be had. And as longas I'm around, I'm?:¥&■ afraid no such dialogue will be added by myself. Therefore,Ihope":":":":":": our enlightened orator, President Ron Ridgle will select a person%*:£: wno can provide such intelligent dialogue,if indeed there is such a&:?:":Person at UCI. (And, Ron, please watch the eligibilityof those>:$";";"; senators you appoint, you apparently have slipped in Mr. Davidffl&Heskett's case.) Ifurther hope the ad hoc committee on findingii$:?Kother forms of government does indeed do that. Our student gov-$;";:;";";ernment as it stands now is a farce and a pieceof clayin theSi;:::;:;hands of the "enlightenedones.":$":":£ Iam in no position to say to the students of Irvine,on or off:;";";:;";:; campus, to get off their rear ends and take a more active part:":;:;:":":" in what's goingon aroundhere, soIwon't.:;";";";:;:; John Burk$:$:£ Ex-senatorof Bio.Sci.

THE BERKELEY SOLUTION daily cal photo

Why They Walked Out: Retoldby JOHN WALLACE

Assoc. Professor of Administration & Psychology

opinions| by DAVID M. HESKETT, JR. UCI, SDS| & WILLIAM M. WINGFIELD, UCI, YSA|": The Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Col-leges and the American Association for Higher Education, someijtime ago, commissioned the Educational Testing Service (ETS)ijto conduct a sociological study of the nation's 30,000 university|and college trustees. ETS made an intensive study of 5000 trus-ijtees representing more than 500 colleges and universities. The:jrecently released results accord with the claim of campusradi-cals that our colleges are owned and controlled by an identifiable;jruling class. ETS found that 96% of the trustees are white, 75%jare Protestants, 86% are male, 73% are businessmen over the agejjof 50, and more than half have incomes of more than $30,000 ajryear. It would have been instructive if information had beengivenj:about the SOURCES of income; i.e., what percentagederived their

": income from dividends, and what percentage received their in-ijcome in wages. The information released about the POLITICALIOPINIONS of the trustees is even more interesting: 70% favorISCREENING (censoring) campus speakers; 40% favor censoring" student publications; 53% approve of LOYALTY OATHS FOR PRO-iFESSORS; and 27% EVEN BELIEVE THAT FACULTY MEMBERS:DON'T HAVE THE RIGHT TO EXPRESS OPINIONS. So much for■our trustees' commitment to civil liberties!: No one should be surprised to learn that the opinionsof the:hirelings of such men (chancellors, presidents) are just as (if:not more) outrageous. Guess who made the choice statementsthat follow?

"Colleges today are very much what the medieval Church was—all of that to which the hopes of human salvationare entrust-

ed. . .1 think that in another time Iwould havebeen a priest."I am curious to know how the Negro got into the bind he gotinto."I have been very deeply disturbed in the last few years bythe rising anti-intellectualism of the intellectual classes.. .Whyis it that students and people in the liberal arts are so quickto lay their bodies on the line rather thanengage in strenuousintellectual discussion?"I'm a friend of labor! Why,Ichose to teach atS.F. State ratherthan at a more important university because Iwanted to keep intouch with the lowerclasses."You guessed it: S.F. State ACTING PRESIDENT S.I. Hayakawa!

In the open letter by the English Department(NU, February 25) we are told that the walk-out of the Academic Senate meeting was "con-ducted not in anger, not in bitterness''but in a"mood of profound sadness." We are furthertold that this act was not committed impul-sively but was in fact premeditated.Moreover,it was done in the interests of the Universitycommunity at large.

In my opinion, the act was an arrogant anddefiant one. Whether it was done in a moodof"profound sadness" or frenzied euphoria mat-ters not one whit. And the fact that it was apremeditated act rather than an impulsive onecommitted in the passion of the moment seemsmore a discredit to those who walked out thana credit.

The act was arrogant because it openly de-fied the wishes of the two senior officers of thiscampus, theChancellor and the Vice-Chancellor,both of whom requested senate consideration ofthe matter. It was arrogant because it openlydefied the large body of students and facultywho had gathered there for debate and actiononan issue of some importance to them. It wasblatantly political for in the presence of seem-ing defeat, a resort was made to the most ex-treme of political tactics, the threatof resigna-tion and absolute withdrawal.

We are further treated to hysterical outpour-ings in the form of emotionally provocativeimages of the "senate holding the gun of retro-activity" to the innocent heads of departments,

schools, committees, individuals,etc. And in amost convincing demonstration of the destructivepower of self-fulfilling prophecies, we are toldthat the walkout was conducted to prove the pointthat the decision-makingprocesses of the uni-versity would cease to function if the "principleof retroactivity" were to be established. Inessence, a PREDICTION about the future stateof the university was turned into reality rightbefore our eyes.

In. actuality, the principle of retroactivity isa red herring. The real issue is simply that adecision has been made in the case of StephenShapiro. A substantial portion of the communityquestions the legitimacyof the system that pro-duced that decision. A request that a single de-cision be reconsidered and possibly reversedin light of new evidence hardly seems to me toinsure the destruction of the. Universityof Cal-ifornia, Irvine. Such reversals are common-placein any just legalsystem.

Will the reversal of a single prior decisionprove the destruction of this university?Idon'tthink so. In my opinion, it is more likely thatthe absence of humility, the refusal to treat asvalid the concerns of all members of the com-munity, aggressive self-interest to the neglectof the interest of others, intransigence in theface of social conflict, and the equationof socialchange with destruction will prove our undoing.And if every effort after constructive change isregardedas an "assault upon the integrity" ofsome of us,God helpus.

Tuesday,March 4, 1969

Page 4: IRVINE BLACK STUDIES

Page 4

Ticklish Acrobatby JOESPH L. BROIDO

Robert Hivnor's "The Ticklish Acrobat" is not one of the playsthat is usually produced on the college-community -theater cir-cuit. It is a farce, and in this productionby LR.T.,directed byHerbert Machiz, it is a flamboyant farce, with dancing,acrobatictricks, self-destructing scenery, and loud costumes. The playlaughs at various aspects of American political and social life.The fingerispointed, or flipped at, such institutions as: Americaneconomic imperialism, "it's the best of all possible worlds," theAmerican post-card view of the decadent and yet picturesqueEurope, and the whole baseball-Ford Foundation-applepie-cornerdrugstore pinball machine syndrome in general. Although this kindof material is somewhat dated and overworked, it stillprovidedan amusing format for some fine acting.

When watching a play, it is sometimes difficult to distinguishbetween the actor's and the director's contributions to the pro-duction. In this case though, the actors seemed very tightly direct-ed, not only in blocking and in vocal technique,but also incharac-terization. Almost all of the actors' characterizations consistedof very tightly drawn charicatures.

Dena Brown, playing the ingenue's ingenue.Ellie Sprocket, wasexcellent. Apparently she was type-cast for the part, but she over-came that problem, and presenteda character that was much morethan just a projectionof her personality.

Generally speaking the production was good. The high qualityof the acting overcame the problems of a dated script, and someoverly heavy handed staging (throwing flowers to the audienceis not even corny, its absurd). Though the audience was not "roll-ing in the aisles," there were many laughs andmost of the peoplein the audience were smiling as they left the theater.

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Foreign Study Coursesin France, USSR, Spain, Ger-many,Italy(art).Underline itemof interest and mail to SierraTravel.

NEW UNIVERSITY

Science Classes ... (Continued from Page 2)

throughout the country to unitefor concertedactionand leader-ship."

During the day of recess,the faculties will "initiatea cri-tical and continuingexaminationof governmental policy." Theywill discuss means of "turningresearch applications away fromthe present onmilitary technology and towardsthe solution of pressingenviron-mental and social problems."Additionally the faculty hope "toconvey to our students the hopethat they will devote themselvesto bringing the benefitsof scienceand technology to mankind."The sponsors of research re-

cess want to emphasize the anti-ballistic missle system, whichwas approvedlate inSeptember,1967, by the Defense Departmentover the objections of almost theentire scientific community andof members of the government.In the U.S. Senate of October9, 1967, Senator Joseph Clarkstated, "I think it is perfectlyclear that practicallyeverybodyexcept the military-industrialcomplex, which wouldprofitfromthe building of this system, isof the view that to build thesystem againsttheChinese,real-izing it is no good againstRus-sia, just does not make anysenseat all."In addition to many scientists

and politicians, Robert McNa-mara himself has spoken outagainst the system. He said,

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n —House for sale by owner, $21,000; nocash down (VA); quiet, no traffic,near school;new roof, patio, fenced.Three minutes to UCI, five to beach.20212 Spruce, off Palisades. OwnerMrs. Casseday. (714) 633-9393 ext.165; evenings (213)794-6097. (4-10)

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"This is the crux of the nu-clear action

-reaction pheno-

menon. Were we to deploy aheavy ABM system throughoutthe United States, the Sovietswould clearly be strongly moti-vated to so increase their of-fensive capability as to cancelout our defensive advantage."Discussion of the uses to which

scientific discoveries are put,is equally important. In a fa-mous passage in LIKE A CON-QUERED PROVINCE,PaulGood-man has written, "It is takenfor granted that amazing newdevelopments will, if possible,at once be sequestered for mi-litary use and sometimes madesecret. Lasers will be deathrays. The adventure of spacewillend in orbitingmissle sites.The chief use of drugs that in-fluence behavior will be to par-alyze an enemy's will to resist.Anthropology is for counter-in-surgency inprimitive countries.And even the benevolentdolphins

are to be trained as kamikazesubmarines."The case of Norbert Wiener is

relevant here. As a pioneer inthe field of cybernetics he wasaware of great potentialmisusesto which his discoveries mightbe put. He thought for some timeof suppressing his ideas, butfinally released them thinkingthat someone else would havemade the same discoveries butemphasized the social dangersless. But as his career pro-gressed he saw that the dis-coveries of scientists werebeingput to evil.ends. "At any rate,when the issues were clearer,his position was unequivocal.Asked to assist a scientistwork-ing on the missle program, hecategorically refused; and end-ed his letterexplaininghis posi-tion with these words: "I donot expect to publish any futurework of mine which may dodamage in the hands of irre-sponsiblemilitarists."

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Tuesday, March 4,1969