is 11293-1 (1985): guidelines for the design of grout
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IS 11293-1 (1985): Guidelines for the design of groutcurtains, Part 1: Earth and rockfill dams [WRD 8:Foundation and Substructures]
IS : 11293 ( Part 1 ) ... 1985
Indian Standard6lJI{lEI-IINI:S I~O·R. rue !)ESI (, N or
c; R.OUT ClJR~I~AINS
PART 1 EART~I AND ROCKFILl DAMS
J.Sr
. ~,'~\.J' N D I A N S TAN 0 A R D SIN S TIT U 1"' IONMANAK. HHAVAN, , HAfiAI)\.JH. Sl-L\ll ZAF'AR ~1l\RG
NEW l)ELl-Il 110002..
"O'r'2
IS I 11293 ( Pa..t 1 ) • 1985
Indian StandardGUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF
GROUT CURTAINS
PART 1 EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS
Foundation and Substructure Sectional Committee, BDC 52
Cl&airt1l4nSB:aI K. R. DATYE
44 Bhagat Singh Road,Colaba, Bombay
MmlJlrs R,pr,s,tdmgADDITIONAL CHm)' ENGINEBR Irrigation Department, Government of Uttar
( BUILDINGS ) Pradesh, LucknowSSBI R. K. MATHUR ( Altlr"tlt, )
SUBI R. N. BANIAL Irrigation Works, Government of Punjab, ChandigarhSBBI M. P. JAIN ( Alt,rut, )
SUBI S. CHAKBABARTI Gammon India Limited, BombaySUBI D. I. DESAI ( .41'lrut, )
SaBI MABAVIR BIDA8ABlA Ferro Concrete Co ( India) Pvt Ltd, IndoreSOl ASKol{ BIDA.8AaIA (Alt"nat,)
CBIEJ' ENaINOR (MJCDJUK Be Irrigation Department, Government of AndhraMINOR IBRIGATION ) Pradesh, Hyderabad
DIBBCTO.R ( Alt,rnat,)CBl'BJ' EXQIJlBBB ( IP ) AND SPE- Irrigation Department, Government of Gujarat,
OIAL SBORBTABY TO COVT OF Gandhi NagarGUJARAT
St1PmRIlC'TBNDD1'G ElIOINEER ( Alt"."at, )CHIBI' EJfGINlCBB (Sl1:atA DAM Irrigation Department, Govern.ent of Karnataka,
CoN8TBUOTIO. ) Mysore !DIRBOTOR ( ERDD )-11 Central Water Commission, New()clhi
DEPUTY DmEcToB (ERDD )-11 ( Altnnat,) L
SaBI A. H. DIVANJI Asia Foundation and CODstructio. Limited, BombaySaBI A. N. JANGLE ( Altmaat, ) )
MISS E. DIVATIA National Hydro-Electric Power ~orporatioDLimited,New Delhi .
Snat BRIJENDEB SHARMA ( AII,rMt, )SBBI A. C. GOYAL Tata Cpnsulting Engineers, Banplore
SBBI B. JANARDBAN ( Alt,mat, )SJlBI B. K. PANTHAXY Hindustan Construction Co Ltd, Bombay
SBBI D. M. SAVtJR ( All".".',)
@ Ctl/JJriI'" 1985INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION
TIaia publication is protected under the India CO/J.1Fi,'" AI' (XIV of 1957) aDdreproiJuctiOD In whoJe or in part by any mean. except with written permilSiOD of thepubUIh. aIaall be deemed to bf.. aD infrinlpmen1 of copyright uDder••id Act.
18 I 11~t3 ( rart I ) • 1985
( CoraIinUld from /'41' I )
Mnnlltrs
SBBJ M. R. PO'NJA Oemindia Limited. Bomba'SRBI D. J. KETKA.R ( ~11'rtItJI' )
RBS8ABOH OJ'I'IOBR Irrigation Department, Government or Maharaabtra,Bombay
SHRI DAKODAB SAHOO Irrigation and Power Department, Government ofOrissa, Bhubaneshwar
SJtRI C. SUDIlmDBA Central Soil and Materials Research Station, Mini-stry of Irrilation, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRBOTOB ( SOIL) ( Altmaal,)SUPSUINTENDINO ENGINEER Ministry of Shipping and Transport (Roada WiD, )
( BRIDGES AND STANDARDS)SURI G. RAMAN, Director General, lSI (Ex-ojJi&io M""IJ,,)
Director ( Civ EngB )
Sm.",Sa1C.I M. SADASIV AM
Assistant Director ( Civ Engg ») lSI
2
AMENDMENT NO. 1 DECEMBER 2004TO
IS 11293 (PART 1): 1985 GUIDELINES FORTIlE DESIGN OF GROUT CURTAINS
PART 1 EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS
( Page 3, clause0.3, last lilu! ) - Substitute 'IS 6066 : 1994' for 'IS: 6066 -1985'. .
( Page 3, clause 0.4 ) - Substitute the following for the existing:
'This standard exists in two parts, IS 11293 (Part 2) covers masonry and concretegravity dams' ..
(WRD8)Reprograpby Unit. BIS.NewDelhi, India
AMENDMENT NO.2 APRIL 2010TO
IS 11293 (PART 1): 1985 GUIDELINES FOR THEDESIGN OF GROUT CURTAINS
PART 1 EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS
(Page 4, clause 2.2.1, line 10) - Insert',' after the word 'curtains'.
(Page 6, clause 3.3.1, line 4) - Insert',' after the word 'rock'.
(Page 7, clause 3.3.3, line 1) - Substitute 'seams' for 'seems'.
(WRD8)Reprography Unit, HIS, New Delhi, India
IS I 11293 ( Pa..t 1 ). 1981
India" StandardGUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF
GROUT CURTAINSPART 1 EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS
o. FORE WORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part 1) was adopted by the Indian StandardsInstitution on 26 February 1985, after the draft finalized by theFoundation and Substructure Sectional Committee had bepn approvedby the Civil Engineering Division Council.
0.2 There are various measures for seepage control which are given inIS : 8414-1977*; one of which is grout curtain. 'I'his standard covers thedesign of grout curtain for earth and rockfill dams.
0.3 Design requirements for a grout curtain depend on its function, forexample, when the grout curtain is designed to function as the principalmeasure of seepage control and it constitutes the main seepage barrier,it shall be of adequate depth and width and the permeability within thegrouted zone shall be reduced to acceptable limits. On the other handthe grout curtain may be considered as a complementary measure ofother seepage control measures. In such cases the curtain is essentiallyan exploratory line of closely spaced holes aimed at sealing the wider andmore open cracks and voids so that the efficacy of the system is notimpaired by excessive concentrated seepage along the major cracks jointsand voids. The method of grouting is covered in IS : 6~66.1985t.
0.4 This standard is being prepared in two parts; rart 2 coveringmasonry and concrete dams is under preparation.
0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of thisstandard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960:. The number of significant places retained inthe rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value inthis standard.
-Guidelines CordesigD oC under-seepage control measures for earth and rockfin dams.tRpcommendations for pressure grouting of rock foundation in river valIey projects
(fir" r""'itm).:R.uJ. for rounding off numerical values ( r,,,i,,d).
3
IS I 11293 ( Part 1 ) • 1985
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the design of grout curtains in alluvium androck when used as principal measure of seepage control.
2. GROUT CURTAINS IN ALLUVIUM
2.1 Cholee or Number of Row. of Groat Role.
2.1.1 In alluvium and other type of pervious soils, multiple rows ofholes are necessary for effective sealing when the curtain constitutes theprincipal seepage barrier. The choice of numbers of rows of holes isgoverned by the following considerations:
a) In heterogeneous formations effective sealing may be achieved onthe central row or rows, the outer rows being employed primarilyto block the open passage and seal the larger voids so that overtravel of the more fluid grout injected through the central rows isprevented; and
b) The curtain width should be adequate to ensure adequateresistance to leaching and internal erosion.
2.2 Re.i.taDce of Groat to latel'aal Ero.loa aDd Leachias
2.2.1 The ratio of the width of the curtain to the hydraulic headacross the curtain depends on the nature of the grout material and theformation treated by the grout. Clay cement and bentonite cement groutinjected into coarse sand and gravel are known to have withstoodhydraulic gradients as high as 7 : 1. Prolonged laboratory tests of oneyear duration have indicated virtual permanence of the clay-cement..bentonite grout for specimens of grouted sand and gravel subjected togradients as high as 20. On the other hand the softer bentonite silicategrouts used for treatment of medium sand may be eroded at gradients ofthe order of 10. For permanent curtains hydraulic gradient for bentonitesilicate grout have been restricted to 3: 1. Bentonite silicate groutsshould be used with caution since their behaviour is very much dependenton the nature of bentonite, and its reaction with the fluidifier and salts inthe soil.
2..2.2 Silicate aluminate gels are known to be stable and are known towithstand hydraulic gradients of 4 : 1 or even higher. Data presentlyavailable indicate that acrylamide grout are permanent. The permanenceof other types of grouts need to be investigated, and their application isnot advised for important and permanent curtains. For permanentcurtains choice of grout materials is generally limited to clay cement,bentonite and silicate aluminate grouts.
4
III 11293 ( Part 1 ) • 1••5
2.3 Cal'tala Width
~.3:1 The curtain width should be chosen on the basis of followinccrIterIa:
a) The curtain width at the core contact should match the core base,usually width in the range of lIS to 1/5 head is provided( Fig. 1 )j
MINIMUMTAfLWATER
LEVEL..2...."
~"*'---W2
Recommended Maximum Curtain Width
WI -- HI3 to HI5 for stable grouts clay cement, bentonite cement.W. ==r H/7 Sodium silicate - aluminate, acrylamide.
FlO. 1 GROUif CUR.TAINS IN PZJlVIOUI SOILa
b) The main curtain should extend to rock or impervious stratumand the width should be reduced from the width at core contactto the main curtain width. Usually this is achieved in a zone ofabout 1 the depth of the pervious alluvium;
c) The main curtain should have two or more rows depending uponthe requirements of It rata. For clay cement silicate aluminategrouting the main curtain should have a width of 1/7 head; and
d) The residual head, downstream of the curtain measured as excesshead with regard to tail water should be 20 percent or lower ofthe total head from tail water to head water. This reduction inhead is achieved by appropriate choice of curtain width and bybringing about sufficient of permeability in the curtain width.Usually grouting is effective when the post-grouting permeabilityvalues are brought down to one hundredth of initial values.
5
II • 11293 ( Part 1 ) • 1985
3. GROUT CURTAINS IN ROCK
3.1 Cartala Wldtll
3.1.1 For effective control of seepage in large zones of fractured andjointed rocks it is necessary to treat the contact of the core and rockfoundation by blanket grouting. The depth of blanket grouting holeshould be at least 6 m.
3.1.2 The normal practice of splitting the spacing starting with aninitial spacing of 6 to 12 metres is recommended for each of the rows.The final spacing would be related to the spacing of joints and normally3 metres spacing may be necessary, but special geological condition mayrequire closer spacing.
3.1.3 The main curtain would consist of one or more rows of holes,In the first row grouting operations are carried out by split spacingmethod. If the permeability can be brought down to 5 lugeon with afinal spacing of 3 m or larger, a single line curtain would be adequate.If further drilling and grouting of holes at closer spacing is required,two line curtain should be preferred.
3.2 Type_ of Grout iD Rock
3.2.1 Normally for grout curtains in rock, neat cement grout should beused and if admixtures are used to reduce cement consumption, onlyDon-colloidal fillers such as fine sand, flyash may be used. For groutcurtains in rock colloidal admixtures such as bentonite would not benormally permitted since the addition of bentonite/clay would reduce theresistance of grout to internal erosion and leaching. Use of suchadmixtures should be combined with sand in small quantities, about2 percent by weight of cement, to obtain a more pumpable grout mtx,
3.3 Depth of Cartala
3.3.1 The depth of the curtain shall be related to the design of thedrainage system and the depth to an essentially impervious andinerodable rock formation. In stratified rock and in massive igneous orcrystaline metamorphic rock an impervious formation may often beestablished at shallow depth below rock surface and 3 metres would besufficient penetration of the grout curtain into such formations.
3.3.2 Grouting cannot be relied upon to prevent internal erosion inclay~y or lilty gauged zones and solution cavities filled by heterogenous.mixture of clay, ,nt, .and and rock fragments.
6
18 I 11293(Part 1 ) ·1115
3.3.3 In such cases, it is essential to excavate and backfill seems in theentire core contact zone and blanket if necessary special care is neededwhen material filling seams consists of silt and dispersive clay vulnerableto erosion.
3.3.4 The grout curtain should normally extend to relatively impervious rock of permeability 3 lugeon or less. When this cannot be realizeddue to deep pervious formations the curtain should extend to a depthranging from H/3 to H with reference to the core and core rock contact.The greater depth may be necessary up to reservoir head when the rockcontains seams and defects vulnerable to internal erosion.
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