is 14153 (1994): guide for general description of photovoltaic … · 2018-11-15 · indian...
TRANSCRIPT
Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
इंटरनेट मानक
“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”Jawaharlal Nehru
“Step Out From the Old to the New”
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
है”ह”ह
IS 14153 (1994): Guide for General Description ofPhotovoltaic (PV) Power Generating systems [ETD 28: SolarPhotovoltaic Energy Systems]
Indian Standard
GUIDE FOR GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ( PV ) POWER GENERATING
SYSTEM
UDC 621.311~25 : 621.383.5
@ BIS 1994
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
August 1994 Price Group 5
Solar Photovoltaic Energy System Sectional Committee, ET 28
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the Solar Photovoltaic Energy System Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electro- technical Division Council.
Photovoltaic ( PV ) Power Generating Systems consist of various components and subsystems. In this standard, an overview of the major subsystems and a description of components and interfaces has been detailed. It is intended that future Indian Standards will address a detailed classification of PV Power Generating-Systems. Performance parameters of PV systems shall be covered in separate Indian Standards.
In preparing this standard, assistance has been derived from 82 ( CentralOffice ) 19 Guide : General Description of Photovoltaic ( PV ) Power Generating Systems, issued by the International Electro- technical Commission ( IEC ).
Indian Standard
IS 14153 : 1994
GUIDE FOR GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ( PV ) POWER GENERATING
SYSTEM
1 SCOPE
1.1 This Indian Standard gives an overview of terrestrial PV Power Generating System Configurations and is intended to serve as an introduction to future PV system standards under consideration.
1.2 It contains :
An overview of major subsystems;
A description of major components and interfaces; and
A table with possible configurations which can be derived from the layout in Fig. 2.
1.3 Solar photovoltaic/thermal hybrid systems, auxiliary power source(s), civil engineering requirements are outside the scope of this standard.
2 TERMINOLOGY
2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in IS 12834 : 1989, ‘Solar photovoltaic energy systems - Terminology’ shall apply.
SECTION ONE
3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Photovoltaic ( PV ) Power Generating System consist of components and subsystems that are used to convert incident radiation directly into electrical energy. The electrical parameters of the input of a subsystem should be compatible with the output electrical para- meters of a preceding subsystem(s).
3.2 All subsystems indicated in Fig. 1, except the ‘PV’, the load/grid and the Electrical Storage may be referenced as a Power Condi- tioner ( PC ) that could be supplied as a single unit.
3.3 Some or all the elements of two or more subsystems may be incorporated into one physical unit that could be capable of performing the functions of the individually incorporated subsystem.
3.4 The PV Power Generating System may operate in parallel with some other auxiliary power source(s) that are connected at the appropriate interface(s). In any particular PV Power Generating System design some of the subsystems shown in Fig. 1 may be absent. 1
3.5 Although the power quality parameters given for the ac/ac interface and the grid interface are identical in theory and in practice, PV generated power quality should be controlled at the output stage of the inverter for grid connected systems. For stand alone systems with ac load, the ac/ac interface may not be necessary since it is ac load power quality dependent.
3.6 For grid connected systems, general conditions relating to supply and use of energy as per Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 shall be followed.
3.7 All components used fin PV power generating system and parameters specified shall conform to Indian Standard Specifications wherever these exist. In the case of components or parameters for which Indian Standard Specifications do not exist, these shall be subject to mutual agreement between supplier and purchaser.
SECTION TWO
4 MAJOR CONFIGURATIONS
4.1 The major generating configurations are identified:
a)
b)
Stand Alone System - An independent power production system that is not connected to the grid and could thus be designed free from grid code require- ments.
Grid Connected System - A power producing system interconnected with an existing electric power grid, subject to grid requirements.
1
MASTER s”B&EM --CI CONTRdLLER k - INVERTOR
MONITORING
23 STORAGE
ac,,LiNE h ,
ac/ac tt
I, - INTERFACE c ac LOAD z CI iz . . Y
(a) STAND ALONE SYSTEM WITH ac LINE
SUB&STEM -
MASTER CONTROLLER h
,MONlTORlNG
STORAGE
INVERTDR ac/ac c INTERFACE
% ac LOAD A
(b) STAND ALONE SYSTEM WITH dc UNE
MASTER suR&TEM --IC CONTRoLLER % __C INVERTOR __C ac/ac GRID
MONITORING INTERFACE e ac GRID
(C) GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM
Fig. 1 PV POWER GENERATING SYSTEM AND MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS
w
r- STAND-ALONE SYSTEM
SPEclRc LOAD
DC LOAD
GRlD AC LOAD 61ACNEi3-UP ( ] -. SYSTEM_.
hTrtlouT STORAOE AC LOAD
ITH STORAGE _
(b&C DRIVEN PUUP, IRRIcAT#)R...)
1 TELECDMbttJNICATION. UCHTlNG AlH0DlC PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . .
(AC DRIVEN PUMP. lRRlG+TlDN . . . 1
(PV DRIVEN HOME APPLIANCES . ..)
VIUAGE 6
ElJXTRtFICATlON WITH C DiSTRlBUTlON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0)
p~4g~~;gg~i~iCATl0td wITtj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(DC POWERED HOME APPUANCES...)
(MULTI-FA~~~LY HOUSES . . . . . .._ - . . ...)
- DC LOAD -
GRlD WiTHDul STDfME
CONNECTED p- AC LOAD -
SYSTEM ITH STORAGE
KLOCWD-
(&E&Eh$AAL;y!XE”. FACILITY PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
ir, DISTRIBUTED MULTI-LOAD
FIG. 2 EXAMPLE OF Pv POWER GENERATING SYSTEM
~~VCTRlFltZATl0N WITH DC f;;
g~cTRlmnoN Wm . . . . . . . . . . . ..“.........d........
IS 14153 : 1994
SECTION THREE
DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS, COMPONENTS AND INTERFACES OF THE
PV POWER GENERATING SYSTEM
5 MASTER CONTROL AND MONITORING (MCM)
5.1 Functional Description
The master control and monitoring subsystem is the highest order of photovoltaic system control. It supervises the overall operation of PV Power Generating System and the interaction between all subsystems. The master control may also interact with the load(s). The MCM may be a subsystem that consists of electromechanical, electronic and/or logic circuitry or its functions may be incorporated in the other subsystems. For ease of design and operation some or all functions of the MCM may be included in other subsystems.
The accuracy and operating range of all types of control and monitoring functioning shall be specified by the manufacturer and the accuracy shall be as agreed to between the supplier and the purchaser.
The MCM should ensure system operation in either the automatic or the manual operating mode.
The monitoring function of the MCM sub- system may include sensing and collection of data signals, processing; recording transmission and presentation of system data as required.
The function can monitor:
a> The photovoltaic array;
b) dc conditioner;
Cl dc/dc load ~interface;
4 The storage subsystem;
4 aclac interface;
f 1 Load(s);
g> Inverter;
h) Auxiliary suppIy, etc;
_i) Grid interface;
k) Environmental conditions; m) Power conditioner;
n) Photovoltaic array current; p) Array average temperature; q) Battery state of charge; and r) Battery temperature.
Monitors may be of the following types: a) Light emitting diodes;
b) Alpha numeric digital display;
c) Analogue display; and
d) Permanent recording type.
The subsystem control function data to assure proper operation system subelements.
uses collected of all major
The subsystem control functions may include but are not limited to:
a) storage control device; b) array tracking; c) system startup; d) dc power transmission control; e) inverter startup and control;
f) ac load; g) support function(s) startup and control; h) security; j) fire protection;
k) auxiliary supply startup and control;
m) grid interface power control; and
n) other support functions.
In any particular PV Power Generating System design, some of the subsystems shown may be absent and some of the components of a subsystem may be present in single or multiple form.
6 PV SUBSYSTEM
6.1 Functional Description The PV subsystem consists of a mechanically and electrically integrated assembly of compo- nents required to form a unit that can produce dc power directly from incident solar radiation.
6.2 Main Characteristic
The PV subsystem may be comprised of but not limited to :
a) modules;
b) sub-array; c) array field; d) electrical interconnection;
e) foundation;
f) mounting structure;
g) protecting device(s); and h) earthing.
The PV subsystem should be designed on the basis of an economic and physical assessment of required system design functions and performance requirements ( suciaa; opz;atfl~ conditions, meteorological performance, load characteristics &d safety requirements ).
4
1s 14153 : 1994
The PV subsystem may be designed to meet average or peak system requirements of the load. Its size may be limited either by site restrictions or by the results of system optimi- zation studies that include performance and cost.
It should be ncted that since PV subsystem orientation affects system energy production, system design calculations are necessary to select the optimum orientation for the array. Arrays can be either fixed or discretely/continuously adjustable. Optimum selection of the fixed tilt angle depends upon many factors such as location, distribution of sunlight, load profile throughout the year. and particular site conditions.
6.3 Parameters
The following features, whichever applicable should be specified:
a) Input couditions 1) irradiance; and
2) irradiation. b) Output conditions
1) power; 2) voltage;
3) current; and/or
4) energy.
c) Protection equipment
1) lightning protection device;
2) earthing; and 3) subsystem protection, that is, bypass
diode(s). d) Environmental conditions. e) Site security. f) General mechanical features. g) Interaction with master control. h) Instrumentation ( sensors ). j) Personnel safety.
7 DC CONDITIONER SUBSYSTEM
7.1 Functional Description
The dc-conditioner provides protection for the dc electrical components and converts the PV subsystem voltage into a usable dc voltage. It generally includes all auxiliary functions ( such as internal power supplies, error ampli- fiers, self protection features, etc) required for its proper operation.
7.2 Main Characteristics
The dc-conditioner may consist of one or more, but is not limited to the following elements:
Fuse Switch Blocking diode Lightning protection Voltage level contoller Maximum power tracker
Although the dc-conditioner can be specified and tested independently of the PV Power Generating System, the technical charac- teristics depend upon the requirements of the system in which the unit is to he installed ( Fig. I ).
7.3 Parameters
The following should be specified: a) Input conditions
1) nominal voltage and current;
2) voltage and current range;
3) dynamic variations;
4) ripple; 5) regulation; 6) load conditions at which regulation
is needed; 7) duty cycle of operation of the load;
and 8) noise immunity for the load.
b) Output conditions
1) voltage and current;
2) tolerance of output voltage;
3) current limitation; 4) character of the loads; and 5) dc conditiqeer efficiency.
c) Protection and monitoring equipment 1) unit protection;
2) for the load; and
3) isolation between input and output.
d) dc conditioner efficiency.
e) Interaction with master control. f) Environmental conditions. g) General mechanical features.
h) Safety requirements. j) Electromagnetic interference ( e.m.i ).
k) Instrumentation.
m) Acoustic noise level.
8 dc/dc SUBSYSTEM
8.1 Functional Description
The dc/dc subsystem includes the necessary functions to interface the PV Power Generation System dc voltage to the dc load. It may
IS 14153 : 1994
additionally connect an auxiliary dc power suPPlY* 8.2 Main Characteristics
A dc/dc interface may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following elements:
a) Disconnect switches and fuses
b) dc/dc voltage conversion
c) Sanction of auxiliary dc supply
d) Filtering devices e) Protective devices such as:
1) earthing;
2) lightning; and
3) under/over voltage.
8.3 Parameters
The following should be specified:
a) Input conditions
b)
Cl d)
e) f 1 g) h) j) k) m)
1) nominal voltage and current; 2) voltage and current ranges;
3) dynamic variation; and
4) dc conditioner efficiency.
Output conditions
1) voltage and current;
2) tolerance of output voltage; 3) current limitation; and 4) characteristics of loads. Interface efficiency Protection equipment 1) unit protection; 2) for the load;
3) isolation between input a,nd output; and
4) over voltage and current. Interaction with master control Environmental conditions General mechanical features Safety requirements Electromagnetic interference (e.m.i)
Instrumentation Acoustic noise level.
9 STORAGE SUBSYSTEM
9.1 Functional Description
Thestorage subsystem provides the means to preserve electrical energy. The subsystem may also include input-output control devices such as charge regulation, over/under voltage
protection, output current laminater, instru- mentation, etc.
9.2 Main Characteristics
The characteristics of the storage subsystem may include, but are not limited to, the following:
a) b) c) d) e) f) &I
Type of storage
Storage capacity Maximum depth of discharge Environmental constraints
Temperature dependency Life cycles Internal loss of storable energy ( time related )
h) Specific energy ( ratio of storable energy to the weight of the storage component)
9.3 -Parameters
The following should be specified:
a) Input conditions
I) nominal voltage and voltage range;
2) maximum charging current; and
3) battery trickle charge current.
b) Output conditions
c)
4 e)
1) voltage range; 2) maximum discharge current;
3) maximum depth of discharge; 4) battery temperature; and 5) battery voltage - full battery voltage
and voltage per cell
Number of ‘no sun’ days that the system can operate for Energetic and faradic efficiency Self discharge
f) Cycling conditions
g)
h) d kj
Protection equipment 1) unit protection;
2) for the load; 3) over/under current and voltage; 4) for safety; and
5) for environment.
Safety requirements
Interaction with master control ( MCM )
Maintenance m) General mechanical features n) Instrument.ation
p) Battery management system
6
1)
2)
3)
control charge to full charge/trickle charge;
prevention of over charge/over discharge; and protection of battery from emergency due to load fault.
10 INVERTER SUBSYSTEM
10.1 Functional Description
The inverter changes dc-conditioner and/or storage battery output into usable ac power. It may include voltage control, internal power supplies, error amplifiers, self protective devices, etc.
10.2 Main Characteristics
The inverter may control one or more, but is not limited to the following parameters:
a) Frequency b) Voltage level c) Start up and shut down
d) Synchronization
me) Reactive power f) Quality of output power
Although the inverter can be specified and tested independently of the PV Power Generat- ing System, the technical characteristics depend upon the requirements of the system in which the unit is to be .instailed. For example, parameters can differ between a stand alone and a grid interactive system.
10.3 Parameters
The following should be specified:
a) Input conditions
1) nominal voltage and current; 2) voltage and current range; and 3) dynamic variations of input voltage.
b) Output conditions
1) number of phases;
2) voltage and current; 3) output frequency and harmonic
distortion; 4) tolerance of voltage and frequency; 5) current limitation;
6) character of the loads; and 7) power factor ( pf ).
c) Inverter ~ehiciency
d) Protective equipment 1) unit protection; 2) for the load;
fS 14153 : 1994
3) isolation between input and output; and 4) over voltage and current
e) Loss without load
f) Interaction with the master control g) Environmental condition h) General mechanical features
j) Safety requirements k) Electromagnetic interference ( e.m.i ) m) Instrumentation n) Acoustic noise generation
11 ac/ac SUBSYSTEM
11.1 Functional Description
The ac/ac subsystem includes the necessary functions to interface the PV Power Generating System ac voltage to an ac load. It may additionally connect an auxiliary ac power supply *
11.2 Main Characteristics An aclac subsystem may consist of one or more, but is not limited to the following elements:
a) Disconnect switches and fuses b) ac/ac voltage conversion
c) Connection of auxiliary ac supply d) Filtering devices
e) Protective features such as:
1) earthing; 2) lightning protection devices;
3) under/over voltage; and 4) safety.
11.3 Parameters
The following should be specified:
a) Input conditions
1) number of phases;
2) nominal voltage(s) and current(s);
3) voltage and current ranges;
4) frequency; 5) power factor ( pf ); and 6) dynamic variations.
b) Output conditions
1) number of phases;
2) voltage and current ranges;
3) frequency and harmonic distortion;
4) tolerance of voltage and frequency;
5) current limitation;
6) characteristics of loads; and
7) power factor ( pf).
7
IS 14153 : 1994
8) phase imbalance limitations
Protection equipment
1) unit protection
2) for the load 3) isolation between input and output 4) over voltage and current Interaction with master control Environment conditions
f) General mechanical features g) Safety requirements
h) Interface efficiency j) Electromagnetic interference ( e.m.i )
k) Instrumentation
12 GRID INTERFACE SUBSYSTEM
12.1 Functional Description
The grid interface subsystem electrically interconnects the output of the dc/ac inverter and the grid distribution network. It permits the PV Power Generating system to operate in parallel with the grid and thus power may flow to or from the grid.
NOTE- The PV Power Gonerating system generated power that flows to the grid should not adversely affect the quality of the existing power on the distribution system nor endanger the safety of its operation.
12.2 Main Characteristics
An at/Grid interface subsystem may consist of one or more, but is not limited to the following elements:
a) Disconnect switches and fuses
b) ac/ac voltage conversion
c) Filtering device
d) Protective features such as: 1) earthing; 2) lightning protection devices; 3) under/over
devices: voltage
4) over voltage and current.
d) Interaction with master control e) Environmental conditions f) General mechanical features g) Safety requirements h) Interface efficiency
j) Electromagnetic interface ( e.m.i )
, protection
k) Instrumentation
4) relays; and 5) isolation transformer.
e) Coupling and discoupling system
12.3 Parameters
The following should be specified:
a) Input conditions
1) number of phases;
2) nominal voltage(s) and current(s);
3) voltage and current ranges;
4) frequency;
5) frequency range;
6) power factor ( pf ); and
7) dynamic variation.
b) Output conditions
1) number of phases;
2) voltage and current range;
3) frequency and harmonic distortion;
4) tolerance of voltage and frequency;
5) current limitation;
6) characteristics of loads;
7) -power factor ( pf ); and
8) phase balancing.
c) Production equivalent 1) unit protection;
2) for the load;
3) isolation between input and output; and
1s 14153 : 1994
ANNEX A
EXAMPLE CONFIGURATIONS DERIVED FROM FIGURE 2, WITH SOME TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
X denotes a necessary system component
(X) optional system component
Cemponents SK
dC I dc/dc Storage Inverter ac/ac Condi- Interface
acjac Interface Grid
Typical Examples
system tioner I Interface
Photovoltaic Po~~mGenerating
I I I
STAND-ALONE
dc stand-alone X (X) X without storage
_ ---
dc stand-alone X with storage
(X) X
_----
ac stand-alone ’ x without storage
(X)
ac stand-alone with storage
dc and ac stand- alone without *torage
dc and ac stand. alone with storage
I I ---_
X (X)
______~ X (X) x
----- X (X> x
Pumping - Hydrogen production
I_____-
X Lighting - Telecommuni- cations -Domestic appliances
~-------~~--~
X X Pumping
I__-__I______
X X X Rural electrification Telecommunications
~~___~
X X X Remote - industrial
~~--~ --_
X X x Industrial with DC loads
ELECTRIC UTILITY CONNECTED
ac Grid connected X without storage
(X) X x 1 x Urban residential appli. cations feeding power to grid
--____----____
ac Grid connected X (X) X X X X with storage
i
Uninterrupted power SUPPlY
ELECTRIC GRID CONNECTED
Grid connected X (X) with storage
Grid conneoted X (X) with storage
I I ~~~
x X Power stations
9
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmoious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not -preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sixes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ), BIS.
Revision of Indian Standards Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Addition’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. ET 28 (3185).
Amend No.
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Date of Issue
-
Text Affected
Headquarters:
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Manak Bhavan, 9 -Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha ( Common to all Offices )
Regional Offices : Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 331 01 31
NEW DELHI 110002 ( 331 13 75
Eastern : l/14 C. I. T. Scheme VIII M, V. I. P. Road, Maniktola f37 84 99, 37 85 61
CALCUTTA 700054 137 86 26, 37 86 62
Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 160 1603 843,
20 25,
Southern : C. I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, MADRAS 600113 f235 02
1235
16, 235 04 42
15 19, 235 23 15
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri ( East ) f632 92 95, 632 78 58 BOMBAY 400093 1632 78 91, 632 78 92
Branch : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. CQIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD, GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR LUCKNOW. PATNA. THIRUVANANTHPURAM.
Printed at Printwell Printers. Alisarh. India