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है”ह”ह

IS 2720-34 (1972): Methods of test for soils, Part 34:Determination of density of soil in-place by rubber-balloonmethod [CED 43: Soil and Foundation Engineering]

Gr 3

IS : 2720 ( Part XXXIV) - 1972(Reaffirmed 2010)

Indian Standard

METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS

PART XXXIV DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOILIN-PLACE BY RUBBER-BALLOON METHOD

Fifth Reprint JULY 2004

UDC 624.131.431.5

© Copyright 1972

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110001

May 1972

IS: 2720 ( Part XXXIV). 1972

Indian StandardMETHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS

PART XXXIV DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOILIN·PLACE BY RUBBER.BALLOON METHOD

Soil Engineermg Sectional Committee, BDC 23

CluJlrm4n

PROF DINEBH MOHAN

Rep"Slnlln~

Central Burlding Research Insurute (C5IR).Roorkee

Mnnbws

Land Reclamation, Irrrgauon & Power ResearchInstitute, AmnIJdl'

In personal capacity ( P-820, Nno Allport, Calcutta 53 IHmdustan Cons trucnon Co Ltd, BombavBihar Institute of Hydraulic & Allred Research,

Khagaul, PatnaIndian Geotechnical Society, New DelhiCentral Water & Power Comrrussron, New 0 ..1111

Uruversuv of jodhpur, jodhpurCementation Co Ltd, Bombay

Engmeer-m-Chref''s Branch, Army Headquartersi Alternate I

Central Board of I. flgatlOn & Power, New De lhiRodro Foundanon Engmeermg Ltd, and Hazarat &

Co, Bombav

SHRI D. R NARAIIARI ( Altrmat« toProf Dmesb Mohan)

PROI' ALAIlI1 5111'011DR A. BANKHJEE

SHRI S. GUPTA ( Allemal, )SaRIB B L.BHATNAOAR

SHRI K. N. DADINASURI A. G. DA8TIDARSHRIR. L DEWAN

DR G. S DRILLONDIRFCTOR ( CENTRAL SOIL

ME 0 H A II' r c 8 RESEARCHSTATION)

DEPUTY DIRFf'TOR (CEN-TRAL SOIL MVCHANH'IRFSEAHl-H STATIO" ) (Alttrnate)

PROI'R N OOORA Indian Institute of Technology, N ..w DeihlSURI S. K. GULHATI ( Alternau )

58RI B. N. GUPTA Irrreanon Research Institute, RoorkeeJOINT DIRECTOR RV'IEARCH (FE), Rarlwav Board ( Ministry of Railways)

ROSaDEPUTY DIRF(,TOU RF-

8EARCH (SOil. MECHA-11'108 I, RO"a (Allernale)

SHKI S S J08HISHRIS V"RADARAJA

'SURI I. P. KAPILASHRI G KUVf'KI'LMANN

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

SHRI D. C. CBATURVEDISHRI D. AJITHA SIMHA,

Director ( CIV Engg )

IS: 2720 ( Part XXXIV) -1972

( c.;ontmrud from flagl 1)

I>1,mbtrJ IUpr'Jenl,,,,

SIIRI O. P. MALHOTRA Public Works Department, Government of PunjabSHKI M. A. MIl:8TA Concrete Association of India, Bombay

SHKI T. M. MENON ( Alternate)SHKI T. K. NATARAJAN Central Road Research Institute (C~IR), 1"..,_

Delhi"HKI RAVINIlRIl LAL National Buildmgs Orgaruzanon, New Del hi

SHill s, H. BALACHANnANI ( Alternau )RRRF.ARCH OFFICER Buildings & Roads Research Laboratory, Public

Wor k' Department, Govprnmt'nt of PunjabRE8EARrH OFFIOER Engmeermg Research Lahoratorres , HvderabadDK SJlAM8HEK PRAKASH Umversnv of Roor kce, RoorkeeSHIH S. N. SINHA Roads Wmg ( Muustry of Shipping & Transport)

SIIRI A. <; 8188NOI ( Alternate)SUPF:RINTlCNPINII ENGINEER Concrete & Sod Respareh Laboratorv, Public Works

{ PLANNINIJ .NO DJl:sIGN Department, Government of Tamil NaduCIReLli: )

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (IN­eHAIlOR, SOIL MECHANIOS& RESEAnon DIVISION) ( Alt"."ate )

SHRI C. G. SWAMINATHAN Institution of EnglOPPfS (India I, CalcuttaSHRI H. C. VEIlMA All India Instruments Manufacturer' & Dealers

Assocranon, BombaySHRI S. R. TALPADE ( Allnnate)

SlIftl H. G. VEIUlA Public Works Departrnent , Government of UnarPradesh

( Altm1al#)Director General, lSI ( Ex-offiCIO Mnnber )

Seerttdry

SHRI G. RAMAN

Deputy Director (Civ Engg ), lSI

Soil Testing Procedures and Equipment Subcommittee, BDC 23 : 3

Con_

PRO)' ALAliA SINGH University ofJodhpur, Jodhpur

MmtbKJ

1)R R. K. BBANDABI Central Road Research Institute (CSIR), Nt"wDeihl

SaRI T. N. BH4RGAVA Roads Wing ( Ministry of Shipping' & Transport)Saat A. S. 811BNOI ( Altlf7ldtt )

SHBI R. L. DEW4N Bihar Institute of Hydraulic & Allied Research,Khagaul, Patna

( CDnlmlltd on fiatt 10)

AMENDMENT NO. 1 AUGUST 1983TO

IS:2720(Part 34)-1972 METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILSPART 34 DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL IN­

PLACE BY RUBBER-BALLOON METHOD

(Page 4~ clause 2.3~ line 2) - Substitute'IS:2720(Part 2)-1973*' for 'IS:2720(Part 2)-1969*'.

(Page 4~ foot-note with '*' mark) - Substitutethe following for the existing foot-note:

'*Methods of test for soils: Part 2 Determination ofwater content (second revision).'

(Pages 5 and 6~ cLause 3.1~ Note. lines 1 and 2) ­Substitute 'IS:2720(Part 7)-1980* and IS:2720(Part 8)­1983t ' for 'IS:2720(Part 7)-1965* and IS:2720(Part 8)­1965 t , .

(Page 6~ foot-notes with '.' and It, marks) ­SUbstitute the following for the existing foot-notes:

'*Methods of test for soils: Part 7 Determination ofmoisture content-dry density relation using lightcompaction (second revision).

tMethods of test for soils: Part 8 Determination ofmoisture content-dry density relation using heavycompaction (second revision).'

(~ge 8~ clause 4.3~ Note. Last tine) - Substitute'IS:2720(Part 28)-1974.' for 'IS:2720(Part 28)-1966*'.

1

(Page 8, foot-note with '.' maPk) - Substitutethe following for the existing foot-note:

'·Methods of test tor soils: Part 28 Determination ofdry density of soils, in-place, by the sand re­placement method (first revision).'

(Page 9, clause 4.4, last Line) - Substitute'IS:2720(Part 2}-1973·' for 'IS:2720(Part II}-1969·'.

(Page 9, foot-note with '.' mark) - Substitutethe following for the existing foot-note:

'·Methods of test for soils: Part 2 Determination ofmoisture content(seaond revision).'

(BDe 23)

2

Printed at Prabhat Offset Press, New Delhi·2

IS : 2720 ( Part XXXIV) - 1972

Indian StandardMETHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS

PART XXXIV DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOILIN·PLACE BY RUBBER-BALLOON METHOD

o. FOR E WaR D

0.1 This Indian Standard (Part XXXIV) was adopted by the IndianStandards Institution on 31 January 1972, after the draft finalized hy theSoil Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the CivilEngineering Division Council.

0.2 With a view to establish uniform procedures for the determination ofdifferent characteristics of soils and also for facilitating comparativestudies of the results, the Indian Standards Institution is bringing out this'Indian Standard Methods of test for soils' (IS: 2720) which is beingpublished in parts. This part deals with the procedure for the determina­tion of the density in-place of compacted or firmly bonded soil using arubber-balloon apparatus. The in-place density of natural soil is neededfor the determination of bearing capacity of soils, for the purpose of stabilityanalysis of natural slopes, for the determination of pressures on underlyingstrata for calculation of settlement, etc. In compacted soils the in-placedensity is needed to check the amount of compaction that the soil hasundergone for comparison with design data.

0.3 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given tointernational co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailingin different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in I his fieldin this country.

0.4 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with thisstandard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, itshall be done in accordance with IS: 2-1960·.

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard (Part XXXIV) covers the procedure for determiningthe density in-place of compacted or firmly bonded soil using a rubber­balloon apparatus. This method is not suitable for very soft soils which

*Rules for rounding off numerical values (r'lJiud).

3

IS: 2720 (Part XXXIV) -1972

will deform under slight pressure or in which the volume of the hole cannothe maintained at a constant value.

2. APPARATUS

2.1 Calibrated Vessel-dpsigned to contain a liquid with a relativelythin, flexible elastic membrane ( rubber-balloon) for measuring the volumeof the test hole under the conditions of this method (see Fig. I ). The cali­brated equipment may also he a graduated glass cylinder provided with asuitable guard and guard base with provisions for attachment of theelastic membrane without leakage. The graduations shall be such that thevolumes can be read accurate to 5 ml. The apparatus shall be equipped -sothat an externally controlled pressure or partial vacuum can be applied tothe contained liquid (see Note I). Suitable provision shall also be madefor the measurement of I he pressure applied. It shall be of such weightand size that it will not cause distortion or the excavated test hole andadjacent test are" during the performance of the test. Provision may bemade for placing weights (surcharge) on the apparatus, if necessary, whenthe weight of the apparatus itself is not sufficient to hold it down during thetest. The flexible membranes shall be of such sizes as to fill the test holescompletely without wrinkles or folds when inflated within the test holes,and their strength shall be sufficient to withstand such pressures as arenecessary to ensure complete filling- of the test holes (Jrt Note 2).

NUTE I Any arrangement for providmg pressui e and partial vacuum which doe.not Impair the porrabrlitv of the apparatus may be used. A convenient method is touse a pressure actuator bulb similar to the one used in the blood-pressure measuringapparatus used by doctors. By providing suitable valves and other arrangement. thelame actuator can be used for creating the required vacuum.

NOT>; 2 - The description and requirements given In 2.1 are intended to be non.resrr icuve, Any apparatus using a fif'Xlble membrane ( rubber) and liquid that can beused to measure the volume of a test hole in soil under the conditions of thi, methodto an accuracv WIthin 1'0 percent IS sat isfact orv ,

2.2 BalaDces - A balance or scale of approximately 20-kR capacityaccurate to I ~ and a balance of 2·kg capacity accurate to 0'2 g.

2.3 Apparatus for the DeterminatioD of Moisture Content - shallbe in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part II )-1969·.

2.4 Miscellaneous Equipmeat -- Small pick, chisels, spoons fordigging test holes, plastic bags, buckets with lids, or other suitable metalcontainers that can be closed for retaining the soil taken from the testholes, thermometer for determining temperature of water, small paintbrush.

"Mf'thnds of tell for sods: Part II [)ptf'rmmation of moisture content (first "viSIOII).

4

IS : 2720 (Part XXXIV). 1972

GRADUATED DIRECTREADING CYLINDER

IN GUARD

CONTAINEDLIQUID

TO PRESSURE/VACUUMACTUATOR BULB

SURFACE OF AREATO 8E TESTED

VOID TO BE FILLEDWHEN EXTERNAL

PRfSSU~E IS APPLIED

1::::::1-- TO PRESSUJlPEGAUGE

1It:.lo;..--FIELD TEST HOLE

FIG. 1 SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF CAI.IBRATED VESSEL

INDICATING PRINCIPLE

3. CALIBRATION CHECK OF VOLUME INDICATOR

3.1 Verify the procedure to be used and the accuracy of the volume indi­calor by using the apparatus to measure containers or moulds of determi­nable volume that dimensionally simulate test holes that will be used inthe field. The apparatus and procedure shall ue such that these volumes

5

IS : 2720 ( Part XXXIV) .. 1972

shall be measured to within 1'0 percent (see Note). Containers of differentvolumes shall be used so that the calibration check of the volume indicatorcovers the range of anticipated lest hole sizes.

No·rF. - The lOO-mm and l50-mm moulds described in IS : 2720 ( Part VII )-1965­and IS: 2720 ( Pall VIII )-1965t or other moulds prepared to srmulare actual testholes may he used, Where several sera of apparatus are used, it may be desirable tocavt duplicates of actual test hcles. These setl should represent the range of ~ize. andII regulMIIle< m the Wdlls of I..st holes that WIll be encountered. These fabricated holes",ay b.. used as standards for the calibration check of !he volume mdicator This mayb.. aceornphshed by forming plaster of Pans negatives in the rest holes and usmg thesea. forms for Pun land cement concrete caltingl. Aftl'r removing the plaster of Parisnegauve from the elm' rete casung, the inside surface of the Iabrrcated boles shouldbe seal,·r! watertight .md their volume determinf"d as indicated in 3.1.

3.1.1 Volumes of Containers- Determine the weight of water, ingrams required to fill one of the containers. Slide a glass plate carefullyover the top surface of the container in such a manner as to ensure that thecontainer is filled completely with water. Determine the temperature ofthe water in the container. A thin film of cup grease smeared on the topsurface of the container shall make a watertight joint between the glassplate and the top of the container. Calculate the volume of the container,in rnillrlitres, by multiplying the weight of water, In grams, used to fill thecontainer by the unit volume of water, in millilitres per gram, at theobserved temperature, taken from Table I. Repeat thrs procedure untilthree values are secured for the volume of the container having maximumrange of variation of 3 rnl, Repeat the procedure for each of the containersto be used in the calibration check.

3.1.2 Calibration Check Tests - Place the rubber- balloon apparatus filledwith water to the required level (see Note I) on a relatively smooth hori­zontal surface and take an initial reading on the volume indicator.Transfer the apparatus to one of the containers and take the reading onthe volume indicator when the rubber-balloon completely fills the contai­ner ( Sit Notes 2 and 3). Apply pressure to the liquid in the apparatus untilthere is no further change indicated on the volume mdrcator , Note andrecord the pressure. Where necessary. add weight (surcharge) to theapparatus to prevent it from rising ( fee Note 4). Note and record the totalamount of weights added. The difference between the initial and finalreadings of the volume indicator is the indicator volume value for thecontainer. The membrane may be withdrawn from the container byapplying a partial vacuum to the liquid in the apparatus.. Repeat theprocedure for the other containers.

~OTE I - Water may be used as fill lrquid and In freezmg temperatures anti-freezethuds may be used 10 the calibrated vl'58el or cylinder.

-Methods of te~t for soils: Part VU Deterrmnation of mourure content-dry densityrelation uving hRht compaction.

tM..'hods of test for lalla: Part VIII Detl'rmmatlon of moisture content-dry denSityrelation uSlOg heavy compacnon,

b

IS: 2720 ( Part XXXIV) -1972

NOTE 2- If the calibration container or mould u airtight, it may be necessary toprovide an air escape, smce the rubber membrane can entrap air withm the containerand cause erroneous volume measurement. After the volume of the container hasbeen determined with wate r and prior to the insertion of the rubb..r-balloon , small airescape-holes may be provided bv piacmg I..ngths of small diamet ..r sIrmg over the edgeof the container and down the imide wall slightly b..yond the bottom centre, Thiswill permit air leakage during the filling of the con tamer with the membrane, If sucha procpourp is necessar v m the laboratory. it may be necessarv to use a similarprocedur.. on right ly-bounded soil in the fipld.

NOTE 3 - Before any measurements are made, it may be n ..cessary to distend therubber-balloon and re-movr- air buhbles adhering to the inside of th .. membrane bykneadmg. '

NOT~~ 4 - III field t..SIS tIl(' additional weights (surcharge) will rncrease the stress inthe unsupported soil surrounding the test hole and will rend to cause 'I to deform.The str..ss may be reducr-d by using a base plate.

TABLE I VOLUME OF WATER PER GRAM BASED ON TEMPF.RATURE

( Clausr 3.1.1 )

Tt:MPI' RA.'l'lJRE

°C

1214Ib182U22242628'lD:~2

343638404244464850

V()f_U~Il!: 011' WATIeR

m1/gI'OUO 411)-000731-001 031-001381·001 771'00221l'OU2681'0032U1-003751'004351-004971-005631-006331-007 UG1-0078&['00857('009 391-010 31('011 12['01204

4. PROCEDURE4.1 Prepare the surface of the test hole site so that it is reasonably plane.Set the apparatus on the test hole site and take an initial reading on thevolume indicator of the calibrated vessel using the same pressure on theliquid in the vessel and the same amount of surcharge weight as was usedin the calibration check. After taking this initial reading on the volumeindicator, scribe the outline of the apparatus on the test hole site. Recordthe pressure used, the amount of the surcharge, and the initial volumereading. If the apparatus was calibrated with a base plate, the base plateshall remain in-place throughout the field test.

7

IS : 2720 ( Part XXXIV) • 1972

4.2 Remove the apparatus from the test hole site and dig a hole centeredwithin the outline scribed for the apparatus. Exercise care in digging thetest hole so that soil around the top edge of the hole is not disturbed.Place all the soil removed from the test hole in an airtight container forweight and moisture content determinations. The test hole shall be of theminimum volume given in Table 2. Larger holes will provide improvedaccuracy and shall be used, where practicable. The dimensions of thetest holes are related to the apparatus design and the pressure used. Ingeneral, the dimensions shall approximate those used in the calibrationcheck procedure.

TABLE 2 MINIMUM FIELD TEST HOLE VOLUMES AND MINIMUMMOISTURE CONTENT SAMPLES BASED ON MAXIMUM

SIZE OF PARTICLE( ClauSlS 4.2 and 4.4 )

SL MAXIMUM PARTICLE TEST HOLE MOIBTU i<F. CONTICNTNo. SIZE VOLUME, M,n SAMPLE, Mill(I) (2) (3) (4)

mm em' g

I) 4'75 700 200

II) 10 1400 300

III ) 20 2100 500

iv) 40 2800 1000

v) 63 3800 1500

4.3 After the test hole has been dug, place the apparatus over the test holein the same position used for the initial reading and inflate the flexiblemembrane in the hole, allowing 'air from the hole to escape Without gett­ing entrapped between the inner surface of the test hole and the flexiblemembrane (see Note 2 under 3.1.2). Apply the same surcharge weightand pressure on the liquid in the vessel as used during the calibrationcheck procedure. Take and record the reading on the volume indicator.The difference between this reading and the initial reading obtained in 4.1is the volume of the test hole (see Note). Note the temperature of thewater used and correct the volume for temperature, taking into considera­tion the temperature at which the apparatus was cahbrated., After thetest, pump the water and flexible membrane back into the cylinder byapplying vacuum.

NoT!'; - Attention is called to mstances an weak soils, where the pressure applied tothe Iiqurd In the vessel may deform the test hole to such an extent as 10 give an errone­ous volume. In such Instances, the apparatus shall be re-cahbrated using lesssurcharge weight and leIS pressure on the hquid in the vessel, or It may be necessary toresort to another method such as that given m IS : 2720 ( Part XXVIII )-1966*.

-Methods of test for soils: Part XXVIII Deter mmahon of dry denllty of .011"in-place, by the sand replacement method.

8

I" = ( w

IS: 2720 ( Part XXXIV) -1972

4.4 Determine the weight of all the moist soil re-moved from the test holeto the nearest 5 g. Mix this soil thorouahly , select a sample in accordancewith Table 2 for the detr-r mi nat ion of moisture content and determine itsweight to the nearest Orl g , Dry the moisture content sample to a constantweight at a temperature IOU to llOcC and determine the dry weight tothe nearest O' I g [ roe also IS: 2720 ( Par t II )-1969·1.

5. CALCULATIONS

5.1 Calculate the moisture content, W, of the soil as follows:

wcizht of moistureW = \\vight 01 dry ~oil X IUU

5.2 Calculate the wet unit weight, Y"" of the soil removed Irom thetest hole, ill g in n 3, as follows:

weight of moist soil1m = . Ivolume 01 test- 101e

5.3 Calculate the dry unit weight, Y,i, of the soil removed from thetest hole, in g/cm 8, as follows;

1'",t- 100) X 100

-Method. of test for soils: Part II Determination of moisture content (first rfl'isillll).

9

IS: 2720 (Part XXXIV) ·1972

( Continued from palie 2 )

Member. R'f>'tJenhng

Ind i.m Insut uu- of Tc( hnologv, :'o:,'w Dt'lhi~,II~ln,'('r'ln-C:llIPf'~HI anch , Al mv Headquar u-. \BlItldin~' & Ro.nl Re\CMCh Laborator v, 1'1I!>1" \\'01 ks

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DIt 1. S. UPPH ( Alternate)Sttlll D, R. N ,"'A II \111

DIIII'CTOIt ( C"'>;TRA I. SOIL

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