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IS 6491 (1972): Methods of sampling fly ash [CED 2: Cementand Concrete]

Gr 3

IS : 6491 -1972(Reaffirmed 2010)

Indian Standard

METHODS OFSAMPLING FLY ASH

Third Reprint FEBRUARY 2005(Incorporating Amendment No.1)

UDC 662.613.13 : 620.113

Copyright 1980

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

December 1980

IS I 6491 • 1972

Indian StandardMETHODS OF

SAMPLING FLY ASH

Building Materials and Components Sampling SectionalOommittee, BDC 31

C1uJirm••SHal G. D.JoQuItAa

ScientUt EmeritusNational Physical Laboratory

New Delhi

Construction Plant at Machinery Sectional Com­mittee, BDC 28. lSI

Indian Statistical Institute, CalcuttaPozzoJanas Sectional Committet, BDC 16. lSIBuilders' Hardware Stttional Committee.

BOC 15, lSIBitumen at Tar Productl Sectional Committee,

scoc 2, lSI

SRRr D. S. PRAL&BSRRI Paw PaALUB

SHRJ N. MOHAH RAO

SaRI ATlV1R JAIM ( .411,matt )SHIU Y. K. MurrA. Cement It Concrete Sectional Committee.

BDC 2, lSIReseareb " Development OrpniaadoD (Minittryor Defence)

MAJ D. C. KtJlHWABA. ( AI,,,,..t, )SHIll S. K. MuwC& Doon, Windows It Shutlen SectioDal Committee,

BDC II, lSIForest Research lnatitute It Collqcs. Debra DunSieves Sectional Committee. BOC 19, lSI

( COlllirtUlti Oil 'dt' 2 )

Smu M. R. MALYI..

DR B. S. BAllI ( Alter,."t, )SHill G. C. ~fATHUR

&/Wu,ftIin,Ccncrete Reinforcement Sectional Committ~~J

BSMDC 8, lSISHIll J. D. DA_OO.\ Iralab Engineering Pvt Ltd, Bombay

SHill N. R. PATaAWALA ( Alte,nate)DIRacroa. CItNTaAL PUB 1.1 C Sanitary Appliance. at Water Finings Sectional

HIALTH ENOL"f&£IUNG RESEARCH Committee, DOC 3, lSIINSTITUT&. NAGPUR

DIIl.eToR, M A H A A ASH T R A Clay Products for Building Sectional Committee,ENOINUIUNO R a S 2 A 1l C H BDO SO, lSII Kl'nTUT&, NAS'1t

EXECUTIVE ENOINES.., C&NTJlAL Central Public WorkJ Department, New DelhiSTORES DIVlSIOJf No. I,NEw DELHI

SRRt A. GANGULYSHRI P.J.JAGOSSRRI K. P.JAIH

M,rU,"8HIU B. B. BIlATTACHU]&&

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK 8HAVAN. a BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

S.., C. A. TANEJA

SHill SHIV MORAle SOfOB( AllmttJII )

Da B. N. SlIfOd,Director ( Stat), lSI

11.'01.1172

( CaIiJtw4j,.. ,." J )

Mlrd", RqwlSfnliqRAILWAY LIAISON OnrlC&R Railway Board (Ministry or RailwaY' )Suat E. K. RANACHAMDRAM National Test House, Calcutta

SHal LALA G. C. DAI (Allmaoll )SRRI A. C. SURA. Ti-nbcr Sectional Committee, BDe 9, JSISaar N. N. 5&TTY Floorinl It Pluteria. Sectional Committee.

BOC 5, lSICentral Buildin. Researcb Institute ( CSIR ) ~

Roorkee; 4114 Gypsum Buildinl MaterialsSectional Committee, DDC 21t lSI

Central Building Research Inltitute (CSIR );Roorkee

Director General, lSI ( & ..ffitU AlI1M,' )

S,er,MrySH.ID.S.AHLUWAL~

Deputy Director (Stat ). lSI

2

IS I 6491 • 1972

Indian StandardMETHODS OF

SAMPLIN'O FLY ASH

o. FORE WO RD

0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institutionon 22 February 1972, after the draft finalized by the Building Materials andComponents Sampling.Sectional Committee had been approved by theCivil Engineering Division Council.

0.2 Fly ash is a finely divided residue resulting from the combustion ofpulverized coal and transported by the flue ~ases of boilers fired by pul­verized coal. It is available in large quantities in the country as a wasteproduct from a number of thermal power stations and industrial plantsusing pulverized coal as fuel for the boil en. I ts availabili ty is likely toincrease with the increased industrialization in the country. The use offlyash a~ a pozzolana and a fine aggregate and also for other allied purposesis well established in a number of countries abroad, but it has come invogue in India only recently. Some recent investigations on Indian flyashes have proved their suitability for various uses. Indigenous fly ashesfor replacement of cement and for use with lime, as an admixture forcement, concrete bituminous mixtures and as fine aggregate for mortar andconcrete have already been successfully tried out and greater attention isnow being paid to fully exploit the potentialities of fly ash as a constructionmaterial. It is, therefore, desirable that, due consideration is given toscientific methods of sampling which will help in the proper and objectiveassessment of the characteristics of the material.

0.3 The procedure of sampling of fly ash had been indicated in IS: 3812( Part I )-1966. IS: 3812 ( Part II )-1966 and IS: 3812 (Part III )-1966.However, in view of the experience gained in course of years and the im­portance of the material, it was felt necessary to revise sampling procedureand make it more rational for determining the various characteristics of flyash. It is hoped that this standard would help in the development of propersampling procedures for fly ashes in the country. .

0.4 This standard forms a necessary adjunct to the following IndianStandards on fly ash:

IS : 3812 ( Part I ) - 1966 Specification for fly ash. Part I For use aspozaolana

IS : 3812 (Part II ) • 1966 Specification for fly ash, Part II For use asadmixture for concrete

IS I &Ul· 1972

IS : 3812 ( Part III ) • 1966 Specification for fly ash. Part III F' ruseas fine aggregate for mortar and concrete.

0.5 I n reporting the results of test or analysis) if the final value. observed orcalculated, is to be rounded o~ it shall be done in accordance withIS : 2·1960·.

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard lays down the procedures to befollowed in collecting andpreparing samples from a lot for determining the physical and chemicalcharacteristics of fly ash.

1.1.1 A method for reporting the quality of the bulk of fly ash sampledis also included.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this standard. the following definitions shan apply.

2.1 Fly Ash - A finely divided residue that results from the combustion ofpulverized coal and is transported from the combustion chambers of boilersby flue gases and collected by cyclone separation or electrostatic precipi­tation.

2.2 Lot- The quantity of8y ash indicated to be for the same use and ofthe same type offered for inspection at one time. A lot may consist of thewhole or a part of the quantity ordered for.

2.3 Sub.-lot - The quantity of fly ash in each of the portions into which aJot is divided for the purpose of sampling.

2.4 Increment - The quantity offly ash taken by a single operation offilling up the sample scoop to its capacity.

2.5 Gras. Sample - Sample as collected from e sub-lot. that is, thequantity offly ash obtained by aggregating together all the increments fromthe same sub-lot.

2.6 Laboratory Sample - The quantity of fly ash obtained by reducinga g.ross sample following a specified procedure and intended Cor laboratorytesting.

2.7 Compoalte Sample- The quantity of fly ash obtained by mixingtogether in equal proportions all the laboratory samples obtained from aUthe gross. samples and reduced followingthe specified procedure for labora­tory tesung.

·Ru1~ (or rounding offnumericalvalues (,trJu,4).

IS : 6491 • 1972

3. SAMPLING.

3.1 The samples shall be selected and examined from each lot (see 2.2)separately.

3.1.1 For obtaining reliable conclusions, it is recommended that as faras possible. fiy ash be sampled when in motion; that is from conveyors orduring loading and unloading.

3.2 Sampling from Coaveyor.

3.2.1 Sub-lots - For the purpose of sampling a lot, while it is beingdischarged over a conveyor. shall be divided into a number of sub-lots ofapproximately equal size as specified in Table 1.

TABLE I NUMBER OF SUB-LOTS INTO WlDCH It, LOT IS TO BE DIVIDED

SIZE OP THB LOT(IN TONMES)

Up to 50

51 " 150151., 300

301" 500501 ,,1 000

No. OF Sua-LOTS

2!45

3.2.1.1 A representative gross sample shall be drawn from each of thesub-lots and shall be kept separately. Thus there will be as many grosssamples as the number of sub-lots into which the lot has been divided.

3.2.2 The number of increments specified in Table 2 shall be collectedat regular intervals, evenly distributed over the sub-lot. The increment,each \\'cighing about 2 kg, shall be collected with the help of a suitablesampling scoop (Stl Fig. 1 ).

TABLE 2 NUMBER OF INCREMENTS TO BE OOLLECTEDFROM A StJB-LOT

WaOHT 0' TID Stm-LOT(To"..)

Up to 2526 .. 5051 I. too

101 " 200

5

MnmroM No. o. INCUM&NTI

.5to20SO

IS t 6491.1972

All dimen.ion. in IDillimetrea.

Flo. 1 SAMPLING SCOOP

3.2.2.1 The increment shall preferably be taken from the full crosssection and thickness of the stream in one operation. \Vhen the fly ash isin motion, the most reliable means of taking such increments is to sampleat a point where the material discharges from the belt. The best possibleincrement is one, which cuts across entirely the falling stream of thematerial by means of a suitable receptacle passed from one side of thestream to the other without allowing the receptacle to over-flow. If thewhole of the stream cannot be covered by one increment without over­flowing the receptacle, the stream should be sampled systematically bytaking material from all portions.

3.2.2.2 If it is not possible to sample jatisfactorily at the point ofdischarge, the increment may be drawn from the moving belt itself. Inthis case the increments shall be collected from the centre and the left andthe right side of the belt along the same width. To ensure that very smallmaterial is also correctly obtained in the sample the scoop 'should sweepthe conveyor.

3.2.3 The material collected from various increments in a sub-lot shallbe aggregated and mixed together to constitute a gross sample.

3.3 SaQlpliDg from Stock Pile - Stock piles vary greatly in size,particularly in height and hence the collection of representative samplesfrom the stock piles become difficult and costly. For obtaining reliableconclusions, it is recommended that as far as possible. fiy ash be sampledwhen in motion, that i~. during loading or unloading of stock piles( SIt 3.3.1 ). \Vht"n sampling of stationary stock piles becomes inevitable,trench sampling ( see 3.~.l.1 )may be used for stock piles up to a maximumheight of 1'2 m, after levelling the stock piles to a uniform height.

6

IS t 601 • 1972

3.3.1 Samplin, During Loadin, Dr Unloading oj StDck Pile3.3.1.1 "Sab-/ols - The quantity of fly ash to be loaded into or

unloaded from a stock pile shall be considered as divided into a number ofsub-lots of approximately equal weight as specifi-d in Table 1.

3.3.2 \'·hile loading or unloading the quantity of fly ash constituting asub-lot, the number of Incremenrs specified in Table 2 shall be collected atregular intervals durjn~ the whole period of Ioadir.g' or unloading the sub­lot. These numbers of increments refer to only a stock pile of 1·2 m highand for higher stock piles they would be proportionately more. Theincrement" each wciehing about 2 kg, shall be collected with the help of.suitable s.impling SCO()p. The scoop may preferably be rectangular inshape with su aight sides on three sides and open Oil the fourth aide, andwith a capacity to hold the required quantity ( It' Fig. 1 ).

3.3.3 Gross Sampltl- All increments collected (roDl the same sub-lotshall be mixed together to constitute a gross sample,

3.~ Samplial a Completed Stock PUe

3.4.1 Sub-lois - The stock pile is divided into a number of sub-Jots ofapproximately equal weight specified in 3.2.1 by suitably marking the lineof demarcation on the surface of the stock pile. The fly ash surface in thesub-lot shall be levelled before sarnplinz. The sub-lots shall be sampledby the method of trench sampling (s(( 3.4.1.1 ).

3.4.1.1 Trench sampling - E~h sub-Jot shall be trenched in thefollowing manner:

a) The direction and pattern of trenches should be at random with­out following definite pattern. The pattern should be changedfrom sub-lot to sub-lot.

b) The trench should extend right up to the bottom or the stackuntil the ground level is exposed.

c) In addition to the trenches, the sides of the stack should beopenedto expose the fly ash inside the stack at places where the trenchdoes not expose the fly ash inside. .

From the entire cross-section of the exposed sides or the trenchesfrom top to bottom. minimum number of increments, as specified in Table 2shall be taken. The weight of each increment shall be 2 kg.

3.4.2 Gross Sample - 6'.11 the increments collected from the same sub-lotshall be mixed together to constitute a gross sample.

3.5 Thus, a lot will be represented by as many gross samples as the numberof sub-lots into which it has been divided, Each gross sample shall beprocessed further individually in accordance \vith. and tested in accordancewith 5.

7

IS I 6491 • 1972

4. REDUCTION OF A CROSS SAMPLE

4.1 Each grosa sample shall be reduced separately. The CDtire quantityof gross sample obtained shall be mixed well and reduced in stages eitherby coning and quartering or by increment reduction till a quantity of10 kg approximately is obtained. This shall be the laboratory sample.

4.1.1 Conin, and Q.uarteri"l- The fiy ash shall be heaped into the shapeof a cone by pouring one scoopful of the material after another at the apexof the cone till the entire sample has been coned. The material shall beallowed to slide down the sides of the cone only under the influence ofgravity.

4.1.1.1 Flatten the cone evenly so that it forms a low circular pile.Cut the pile into four quarters along two diameters which intersect atright angles. Retain one pair of opposite quarters and reject the other.Repeat till the size of the retained sample is reduced to the requiredweight of 10 kg approximately.

4.1.2 Inntmtnt Re4uction- The fly ash .hall be mixed and spread .on asmooth surface to form a unifonn flat rectangle. The rectangle shan bedivided into 20 equal parts,.5 lengthwise and 4 breadthwise. From eachof the 20 parts so formed, equal quantities ofily ash shall be taken. The20 increments thus collected shall be combined and mixed to give about10 kg of the material.

5. NUMBER OF TESTS

.,A composite sample is

to be analyzed

r--Laboratory samples are

tested individually

5.1 All the laboratory samples shall be tested individually for importantcharacteristics. For the remaining characteristics. a composite sampleprepared by mixing equal quantities of fly ash from each of the laboratorysamples shall be analyzed. The characteristics for which each laboratorysample is to be analyzed individually and allO those for which a compositesample is to be tested shall be as given below, unless otherwise agreed tobetween the purchaser and the buyer:

Characteristics or Fly Ash for whichA •

FinenessLime reactivityDrying shrinkageSoundnessSulphur trioxideLoss on ignition

All the remainingchemical requirementsu ~ the relevantlpecification

8

IS a6491·19n

fie UPORTING

6.1 aepordal ofPhysical and Chemical ComposidoD

6.1.1 For those characteristics,. where a composite sample has beentested, only one test result will be available and that result will be reportedas the value of the characteristic for the lot sampled.

6.1.2 For those characteristics, where the laboratory samples have beentested individually, the individual test results shall be reported.

9

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