is sustainable blue growth possible? -...
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Is sustainable Blue Growth possible?Prof. Alan Deidun FRSB
Department of Geosciences, University of MaltaDirector, IOI Malta Training Centre
Alan.de
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The Blue Growth context
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Potential of blue biotechnology
Blue biotechnology applications include:
- production of microalgae as feed or for fuel production (i.e. as biomass) or for climate change trade-offs (e.g. carbon dioxide sequestration)
- water testing (through bioassays)
- bioremediation (e.g. oil spills and organic aquaculture [vaccines])
- bio-fouling applications
- pharmacology (treatment of particular conditions, cancer, anti-oxidants, etc)
- cosmetic industry
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Potential of blue biotechnology
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Potential of blue biotechnology
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Bioactive compounds
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Drugs from the sea
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Cobalt Crusts
grow on the flanks of
old volcanoes (800-2500m)
Co, Ni, Cu
(plus others e.g. Pt, Te, Zr
rare earths)
Massive Sulphides
form along mid-ocean ridge or
at young active volcanoes
(100-5000m)
Cu, Au, Zn, Ag
Mn-Nodules
grow around a nucleus on
sedimented abyssal plains
(3000-6000m)
Ni, Co, Cu,
(plus others e.g. Mo, Zr
rare earths)
Marine Mineral Resources from the Deep Sea
Courtesy Sven Petersen MIDAS Kick-off meeting
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Mining scenario for manganese nodules
Riser technology under
development
Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2103) Deep Sea Minerals: Manganese nodules, a physical, biological, environmental, and
technical review. Vol. 1B, SPC
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Planned mining at
Solwara 1 by
Nautilus Minerals
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Nautilus nearly ready to start mining sulphides at Solwara 1
Sulphide Mining
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•High species
diversity
• low biomass
• very long-lived
individuals, slow
growth
• extremely stable
conditions
3. Environmental knowledge
Manganese nodule areas - biological characteristics
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Figure 5. Exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources.
Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, et al. (2011) Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea. PLOS ONE 6(8): e22588. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022588http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022588
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Cobalt Crusts – biological characteristics
•Hotspots of biodiversity
•Very diverse species including corals
•Complex ecosystems
•Many species with limited distribution,
some to a single seamount
•Many species slow growing, slow to
mature and very long lived
•Seamounts may have a linear
distribution
Photographs from Shank Oceanography Vol. 23, No.1
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Exomar_Rainbow_RimicarisCourtesy of IFREMERON ACTIVE VENTS
•Many endemic species
•High biomass, low
biodiversity
•Linear distribution
•Relatively fast
regeneration ON INACTIVE VENTS
•High biodiversity
•Lower biomass
•More widespread
distribution?
Massive sulphides – biological characteristics
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Plumes
Components of plumes
1.Particle laden
2.May contain toxic chemicals
3.May cause pH changes
4.Can spread very long distances
5.May rise in the water column
Depending on where they are
discharged/created plumes may
affect
6.Plankton
7.Pelagic organisms
8.Benthic organismsPlume from underwater eruption El Hierro, Canary Islands
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Environmental impacts from SMS mining
trans-shipment
plume
Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2103) Deep Sea Minerals: Sea Floor Massive Sulphides, a physical, biological, environmental, and
technical review. Vol. 1A, SPC
plume volume,
depth of release,
temperature,
particle size,
toxicity
plume volume,
particle size
toxicity
Total area
impacted and its
configuration
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Simulated deposits from a single year of nodule mining
Slide courtesy Andy Dale, SAMS
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Licence block
mined areas
Area of plume impact
Potential impact of plumes in mined areas
How to determine this boundary
Transboundary cumulative impact
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Courtesy Craig Smith U Hawaii
Impact of loss of Connectivity on marine populations
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Figure 7. Synergies amongst anthropogenic impacts on deep-sea habitats.
Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, et al. (2011) Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea. PLOS ONE 6(8): e22588. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022588http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022588
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Figure 8. Evolution of the dominant impacts on deep-sea habitats.
Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, et al. (2011) Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea. PLOS ONE 6(8): e22588. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022588http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022588
Mean levels of estimated impact for disposal (red bars), exploitation (green bars) and climate change (blue bars) in past (A), present (B) and future (C) scenarios. Levels of impact estimated from Table 1. MOR, mid-ocean ridge; SL, sediment slope; CA, canyons; CO, corals; SEEP, cold seeps; VENT, hydrothermal vents; SM, seamounts; OMZ, oxygen minimum zones; AP, abyssal plains; MnAP, manganese nodule abyssal plains; BP, bathypelagic; HT, hadal trenches.
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Conclusions…..
Sustainable Blue Growth is possible IF:- we endorse the need for sustainability- precautionary approach prevails throughout- we acknowledge and not resist the limits to Blue Growth- approved strategies and decisions are evidenced-based- robust scientific monitoring protocols are in place (an early warning system if impacts get out of hand – technological leap needed to accompany the one achieved by industry) - effective mitigation measures are in place - permitting procedures are linked to sound EIA screening and- we acknowledge the importance of OCEAN LITERACY
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Your next Ocean Literacy appointment…..
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