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REPORTER“THE WINDOW ON IMAGING”

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* These papers were presented at the CGIV 2010conference, held June 14-17, 2010, in Joensuu, Finland.

HIGHLIGHTED PAPERS: CGIV 2010

(i.e. a combined ocular and macular filtration). Weare also able to predict the cone sensitivities pro-posed by Stockman and Sharpe in recent research.The method is tested on a selection of individual1959 10 degree Color Matching Functions, with theassumption that they have the Stockman and Sharpe10 degree photo-pigment spectral absorbtance incommon. The results for the estimated cone sensitiv-ities look very plausible. Finally we have applied themethod to the CIE1964 10 degree observer and getvery reasonable result as well.

Best Interactive Paper Award Session II

Estimating Melatonin Suppression andPhotosynthesis Activity in Real-World

Scenes from Computer Generated ImagesDavid Geisler-Moroder and Arne Dür,

University of Innsbruck (Austria)

Abstract: In lighting design and architectural illu-mination planning simulations of luminance and il-luminance distributions within scenes are performedusing rendering tools such as RADIANCE. In thispaper we focus on the evaluation by two action spec-tra other than the luminous efficiency function – thecircadian action function describing the melatoninsuppression and the photosynthesis action function.We show how indices that are derived from these ac-tion spectra can be calculated from spectrally ren-dered images of a real-world scene. For both action

Best Interactive Paper Award Session I

Estimation of an Individual’s Human ConeFundamentals from Their Color Matching

Functions”Casper F. Andersen, Mediehøjskolen (Denmark), andGraham D. Finlayson, University of East Anglia (UK)

Abstract: Estimating individual cone sensitivitieson the basis of their corresponding individual colormatching functions is a classic problem of color vi-sion. To solve the problem one has, in effect, to pos-tulate constraints on the shape of the cone sensitivi-ties. For example, Logvinenko applied a linearmatching method (originally proposed by Bongardand Smirnov) which excludes all but one primary towhich each of the sensitivities of the visual system issupposedly sensitive and, mathematically, if this con-straint is met reasonable estimates should result.However, when applied to color matching functionsin general, it turns out that the method estimatesmiddle and especially long wave sensitivity quitepoorly. We propose a new method based on linearoptimization, in which it is assumed only that thephoto-pigment spectral absorptance functions areknown a priori. In an iterative scheme, the methodworks by simultaneously estimating the coefficientsof the linear relation between the known individualcolor matching functions and estimated cone sensi-tivities and estimating the ocular and macular filter-ing that multiplied by the absorptances yield the es-timated cone sensitivities. The ocular and macularpre-filtration is treated as a single spectral function

To view the full papers of these abstracts for no fee go towww.imaging.org/ist/publications/reporter/index.cfm

You can also view a video of all of these talks, as well asmost others from the conference, at

http://river-valley.tv/conferences/cgiv-2010

INSIDE THIS ISSUECGIV 2010 Highlighted Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . 1CGIV 2010 Conference Report . . . . . . . . . . . 3Standards Update. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Vol. 25, No. 5 September/October 2010

IS&T Reporter2

www.imaging.orgVol. 25 No. 5 ––– September / October 2010

spectra we derive approximations based on the CIE color match-ing functions that allow estimations of the corresponding indexfrom RGB rendered images. We evaluate the differences betweenthe spectral results and the RGB approximations for an officeroom with three different types of illumination.

Visual Attention Simulation inRGB and HSV Color Spaces

Frédérique Robert-Inacio1,2, Quentin Stainer2, Rémy Scaramuzzino2, andEdith Kussener-Combier1,2; 1Institut Matériaux Microélectronique et

Nanosciences de Provence and 2Institut Supérieur de l’Électronique etdu Numérique (France)

Abstract: In computer vision several methods are directly in-spired by the human visual system. Visual attention is one of themain abilities a human eye uses to discover a new scene. Thisability is based on the focus of attention principle, which enablesto look at a particular point. The works presented in this paperdescribe how to simulate such an ability in computer vision. Col-or images are resampled according to this principle, in order toconsiderably decrease the amount of data to be processed. Thisresampling is done by using a concentric distribution of hexago-nal cells instead of the rectangular cell grid generally provided byuniform sensors such as CCD cameras. Such a distribution is de-rived from the cone distribution on the retina and the result isencoded by using polar coordinates. In this way the informationis more and more blurred in an isotropic way, when getting farand far from the focusing point. This resampling method then al-lows decreasing data number while it globally keeps all the infor-mation included in the image. In this way a new scene can be ex-plored by focusing successively at a sequence of focusing points.This allows reproducing the human eye behavior that explores anew scene by saccades. Furthermore the resampled images can beused in order to set up image preprocessing. For example this re-sampling can be achieved before a preliminary step of segmenta-tion. The resampled image is segmented in order to coarsely de-termine regions. Afterwards the segmentation step can be refinedby combining the segmented resampled image and the originalimage. A comparison between results obtained in RGB and HSVspaces is also given on a set of images.

Color Edge Saliency Boostingusing Natural Image Statistics

David Rojas Vigo, Joost van de Weijer, and Theo Gevers,Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain)

Abstract: State of the art methods for image matching, content-based retrieval and recognition use local features. Most of these still

exploit only the luminance information for detection. The colorsaliency boosting algorithm has provided an efficient method toexploit the saliency of color edges based on information theory.However, during the design of this algorithm, some issues were notaddressed in depth: (1) The method has ignored the underlyingdistribution of derivatives in natural images. (2) The dependenceof information content in color-boosted edges on its spatial deriv-atives has not been quantitatively established. (3) To evaluate lu-minance and color contributions to saliency of edges, a parametergradually balancing both contributions is required. We introducea novel algorithm, based on the principles of independent compo-nent analysis, which models the first order derivatives of color nat-ural images by a generalized Gaussian distribution. Furthermore,using this probability model we show that for images with a Lapla-cian distribution, which is a particular case of generalized Gauss-ian distribution, the magnitudes of color-boosted edges reflecttheir corresponding information content. In order to evaluate theimpact of color edge saliency in real world applications, we intro-duce an extension of the Laplacian-of-Gaussian detector to color,and the performance for image matching is evaluated. Our exper-iments show that our approach provides more discriminative re-gions in comparison with the original detector.

Digital Reproduction of Small Gamut Objects:A Profiling Procedure based on Custom Color Targets

Giorgio Trumpy, Institute of Applied Physics “N. Carrara” (Italy)

Abstract: In this paper the optimization of color accuracy of digi-tal reproductions is approached. Standard color targets currentlyavailable on the market, are constituted of colors spread uniformlyin the color space, therefore, these targets are usable in any situa-tion, i.e. for any chromatic content of the images to be profiled. Theusage of standard color targets becomes an issue when the objectthat has to be reproduced is characterized by a small gamut of col-ors. In this case the ICC profile that can be obtained with a standardcolor target may miss to match with sufficient accuracy the domi-nating color due to two different causes. First, with reference to thecolors of the standard target, the software used to create an ICCprofile attempts to optimize all colors, including those which arenot present in the object. Secondly, the color of the object can becolorimetrically distant from the patches of the target and thereforethe interpolation process required results in a low level of precision.Hence the profiling process would work better if the color of thepatches of the target were chosen with reference to the palette of theobject that has to be reproduced. Here this problem is approachedempirically by developing a new profiling procedure. A custom-made color target has been created in order to optimize the coloraccuracy of the digital reproduction of a small gamut object. Selec-tion of colors has been carried out from a color catalogue, choosinga set with colorimetric values uniformly distributed in the volumeof the color space took up by the gamut of continued on page 5

CGIV2010, the fifth European Confer-ence on Colour in Graphics, Imaging,and Vision, was held June 14-17, in

Joensuu, at the University of EasternFinland (UEF). Collocated, and making upthe Thursday technical papers program,was MCS’10, the 12th International Sym-posium on Multispectral Colour Science.

Organized by General Chairs JussiParkkinen and Timo Jääskeläinen (UEF),UEF Joensuu Color Group staff, and Pro-gram Chairs Theo Gevers (University ofAmsterdam, Netherlands) and AlainTrémeau (Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France), the conference wel-comed 144 participants. UEF, the city ofJoensuu, the InFotonics Center Joensuu,and Specim provided financial or in-kindsupport to the conference.

Breadth of ProgramWith attendees hailing from 21 countriesfrom as far away as Japan, Taiwan, and theUSA, CGIV 2010 was truly an interna-tional meeting. The breadth of the papersprogram shows that the field of colorscience is robust in Europe, as well as in-creasing in importance in education, re-search, and industry. It is essential to keepthis progress moving forward as a com-bined effort within the entire Europeancolor science community. As an interna-tional event, CGIV 2010 provides a uniqueopportunity to foster and support such co-

operation within the community, as wellas offers those attending the chance tolearn, exchange viewpoints, and seek outinteresting and new collaborations fromaround the globe.

Many Societies cooperated actively inCGIV2010: Applied Light and ColourWorking Group of the Centre of theHungarian Academy of Sciences,Veszprém (VEAB-AFSzMB), The ColorGroup (Great Britain), Comité Españoldel Color, Deutsche Gesellschaft fürAngewandte Optik, DGaO, FinnishColour Association, Flemish InnovationCentre for Graphic CommunicationsVIGC, The French Color Imaging Group,

German Society for Color Scienceand Application (DfwG), Gruppodel Colore (Italian Color Group),Inter-Society Color Council, TheRoyal Photographic Society ofGreat Britain, and Swedish ColourCentre Foundation.

3Society for Imaging Science and Technology

Vol. 25 No. 5 ––– September / October 2010www.imaging.org

Industry and Academia Meet at CVGIV2010by Alain Trémeau, Program Chair

Held in the Infotonics Park atthe University of Eastern Finlandin Joensuu, complementaryworkshops offered the first dayof the conference provided at-tendees with hands-on opportu-nities to learn about variousaspects of color measurement.

Photos:JouniHiltunen

CGIV 2010 STATSAttendees: 144Oral Papers: 51Interactive Papers: 36Workshops: 2Exhibitors: 1Dates: June 14-17, 2010Location: Joensuu, Finland

Keynote presenter Karl Gegenfurtner (Justus-Liebig-Universität) and Markku Hauta-Kasari (UEF) areshown viewing the Specim exhibit in an article onthe conference that appeared in a local paper.

The city of Joensuu hosted a delicious dinner oflocal delicacies in the lovely, Art Deco-inspiredCity Hall.

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Technical ProgramIn order to continue to strengthen theoverall quality of the conference, authorswere asked to submit a full-length paper;next a robust reviewing process was em-ployed. Each paper was reviewed by atleast two experts as part of the technicalprogram acceptance process. The confer-ence encompassed technical areas thatwere a balance between academic and in-dustrial topics, providing plenty of oppor-tunities for professional networking. The87 paper strong technical program em-phasized color science technology withpresentations focusing on color vision andcolor psychophysics, color reproduction,

color image processing and color analysis,color image and video processing, andcolor difference equations, and throughtwo half-day Workshops, three keynotepresentations, 49 oral talks, and 36 inter-active papers. Most of talks were capturedfor future viewing and can be found athttp://river-valley.tv/conferences/cgiv-2010.

Workshops Offer Hands-on LearningBreaking from the tradition of shortcourses, CGIV2010 offered two comple-mentary workshops, which were very wellattended. The first workshop, given byRoger D. Hersch (EPFL), assisted by

Romain Rossier, discussed “Modeling theInteraction of Light, Paper, and InkHalftones.” The workshop was comprisedof a lecture and hands-on laboratory ses-sion. The second workshop—“SpectralColor Measurements”—was taught byseveral members of the UEF Joensuu Col-or Group, including Jukka Antikainen,Ville Heikkinen, Jouni Hiltunen, TuijaJetsu, Jussi Kinnunen, and Pertti Silfsten.In this workshop, after an overview lec-ture on color measurement, participantswere divided into three groups that rotat-ing between three labs where hands-onpracticums were given: measuring withintegrating spheres and bidirectional

Top row, middle and farright: A color matchinggame, lakeside conversa-tions, local grilled meatdinner, and the chance toenjoy a traditional sauna(followed by dip in thelake) were highlights of theCGIV Reception, held atthe “Home of the PolarBears” swim club.

Traditional Finnish folk dances performed and thentaught to attendees by professionals entertained atten-dees at the Conference Banquet Wednesday night.




geometries; bispectral fluorescence meas-urements and simulations; and line scan-ning and LCTF spectral image capturing.

Keynote TalksCGIV2010 opened with a keynote presen-tation by Karl Gegenfurtner (Justus-Liebig-Universität, Germany) on “Corti-cal mechanisms of Color Vision.”Wednesday Alexander Logvinenko (Glas-gow Caledonian University, UK) gave thekeynote “An Object-Colour Space.” Jon Y.Hardeberg (Gjøvik University College,Norway) presented the MCS’10 keynote“Color by Numbers—Quantifying theQuality of Color Reproduction” onThursday morning.

Engaging Social ProgramIn addition to the exciting and substantive

technical program, a number of socialfunctions provided opportunities to net-work and enjoy Joensuu including the op-portunity to experience a famous Finnishsauna ! The Welcome Reception was host-ed by the City of Joensuu in a welcomingenvironment where a delectable banquetwith memorable dishes was served. TheConference Banquet featured traditional

and contemporary songs and dance per-formances, as well as allowed attendees totry their hand at Finnish folk dance.CGIV2010 proved to be a week full ofintellectually and personally satisfyingevents.

CGIV 2012The next CGIV will be held in May 2012in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. �

General Chair Jussi Parkkinen, Program ChairAlain Trémeau, Coordinating Chair Markku Hauta-Kasari, and Program Chair Theo Gevers at theconference banquet.


A highlight of the conference were the twoInteractive Paper Sessions. Casper F. Andersen,Mediehøjskolen, and Graham D. Finlayson,University of East Anglia, won the Best Interac-tive Paper Session I award for for “Estimation ofan Individual’s Human Cone Fundamentals fromTheir Color Matching Functions” and DavidGeisler-Moroder and Arne Dür, University ofInnsbruck Best Interactive Paper Session IIaward for “Estimating Melatonin Suppressionand Photosynthesis Activity in Real-WorldScenes from Computer Generated Images.”Below left: Casper Andersen recieves his awardand a Finnish gift from Markku Hauta-Kasari.

continued from page 2

the object. Then, the creation of the ICCprofile has been carried outreferring to the new target. The main results obtained though acomparison between the developed customprofiling procedure andthe standard profiling procedure confirmed a higher precision ofthe new procedure.

Effect of Colorimetric Attributes onPerceived Blackness of MaterialsReid Clonts, Renzo Shamey, and David Hinks,

North Carolina State University (USA)

Abstract: While black is one of the most prevalent industrial colorsin the world, the colorimetric attributes of what is considered blackvary significantly and the range of subtle hue undertones can be nu-merous. However, no systematic study can be found in the literaturepertaining to the potential role of colorimetric attributes in the per-

ceptual assessment of blackness.We have experimentally determinedthat the perception of blackness is influenced by hue and chroma us-ing psychophysical assessments of a range of black materials.

In the initial part of this study a series of 2 × 2” precision cutglossy Munsell color samples comprising a hue circle with a light-ness (L*) of approximately 20.5 and chroma (C*) between 4 and 6were assessed using thirty color normal observers and a filteredtungsten daylight simulator (D65). Observers were asked toarrange samples in order from most like black to least like blackwith no time limits in three separate sittings. In the second part ofthe study 27 over-dyed woolen samples were arranged in 2”× 3” di-mensions. Samples in this set had a lightness range of 14-16 and C*of 0.5-3.5, and were assessed by 25 observers in two sittings in thesame manner. The third set of samples comprised 24 precision cut2” × 2” dyed acrylic samples with a L* range of 10.5-12 arrangedaround the hue circle. Samples were selected such that they com-prised three concentric hue circles of eight evenly spaced sampleseach. The samples were divided into five sets according to chroma:A (C* = 0.12-0.20), B (C* = 0.42-0.57), continued on page 8

This issue of Standards Update willhighlight the meetings of the TC 130Working Groups and the TC 130

Plenary held in São Paulo, Brazil October11-16, 2010. With more than 70 delegatesand observers from 14 countries this wasprobably the largest meeting of TC 130since its formation in 1989.

In addition to a strong attendance atthe meeting, the Secretariat reported thatin the last year three countries changedfrom O-member (observer) to P-member(participating) status. These are Australia,Ireland, and the Republic of Korea. Inaddition Israel joined as a new P-member,bringing participation in TC 130 to 23P-members and 17 O-members.

The Secretariat’s report also notedthat TC 130 published seven standards inthe last year, which brings active TC 130standards to a total of 68. There are cur-rently 33 documents in process in TC 130,including 12 work items introduced at thisPlenary. While the bulk of the existingstandards have been produced by the fiveWorking Groups (WGs) that formed theoriginal core of TC 130, there are now 13working groups and the diversity of theTC 130 standards will expand.

The current WGs, including the threecreated at this Plenary, are:• WG 1 Terminology• WG 2 Prepress data exchange• WG 3 Process control and related

metrology• WG 4 Media and materials• WG 5 Ergonomics/Safety• WG 6 Certified reference materials

(standby)• WG 7 Colour management

(Joint WG with ICC)• JWG 8 Revision of ISO 13655 (Joint

WG with ISO/TC 42) (standby)• WG 9 Development of ISO 12640-5

(Joint WG with ISO/TC 42)• WG 10 Management of security

printing processes• WG 11 Carbon footprinting

• WG 12 Postpress• WG 13 Printing certification require-

mentsOther items of note from the Plenary

meeting itself are:− ISO 16684-1, Graphics technology —

Extensible metadata platform (XMP)specification — Part 1: Data model,serialization and core properties, ispresently in the ISO fast trackprocess; responsibility for this docu-ment is assigned to WG2/TF4.

− TC 130 resolved to use CIEDE2000,where appropriate, for all newISO/TC 130 standards and revisionsof existing standards.

− TC 130 added a preliminary workitem (PWI) for the development ofan international standard titled:Graphic technology — Requirementsfor measuring the carbon footprint ofprinted products

− TC 130 added a preliminary workitem (PWI) for the development ofan international standard entitled:Graphic technology — Criteria andRequirements for Printing QualityManagement Systems.

− The spring 2011 meetings of TC 130WGs will be held in Berlin, Germanythe week of April 11 and the Fall2011 WG meetings and Plenary willbe held in Tokyo, Japan in conjunc-tion with the IGAS graphic arts showin September.A PWI is also referred to as a Stage 0

project. It is the mechanism used to allowan ISO TC to formally start work on aproject when the subject matter is clearlyidentified, but the details of the probablestandard(s) is still being developed. Onekey issue is that once a project moves be-yond Stage 0, the ISO clock starts tickingwith regard to required progress throughthe various stages of approval. Stage 0allows work to be started, a formal refer-ence number to be assigned, but withoutthe clock running.

Brief summaries of the work of eachactive TC 130 Working Group follow.

WG1 TerminologyWG1’s new Convenor is David Penfold ofGreat Britain. It is working on two stan-dards: ISO 5776, Graphic technology —Symbols for text correction, and a revisionof the multi-part standard ISO 12637,Graphic technology — Vocabulary.

WG2 Prepress Data ExchangeKey current, ongoing activities in WG2are: ISO 12640-5, Graphic technology —Prepress digital data exchange — Part 5:Scene-referred standard colour image data(RIMM/SCID); ISO 17972, Graphic tech-nology — Prepress data exchange —Colour data exchange format (CxFx); andongoing work to develop solutions for avariety of issues related to PDF/X.

The PDF/X issues include: Ink Attrib-utes, Page level output intents, Black pointcompensation, Overprint simulation re-quirements, Non-printable content, PDF/Xpackages and Alternate presentations, andMulti-media co-existence in PDF/X.

WG2 is responsible for ISO 16684-1,Graphic technology — XMP specification— Part 1: Data model, serialization, andcore properties, which is currently in theFast-Track voting procedure. TF4 hasbeen created in WG2 to follow XMP work.

Work has also been started on a newstandard that will define the preparationand visualization of RGB images used inRGB-based graphic arts workflows. Thiswork comes out of several years effort bythe Japanese TC 130 National Body and isexpected to progress quickly to a complet-ed International Standard.

WG3 Process Control and RelatedMetrology

WG3 probably has the largest work-load of all of the TC 130 WGs. Currentongoing projects include: Revision of ISO12646, Graphic technology — Displays for

STANDARDS UPDATE:David Q. McDowell, Editor

IS&T Reporter6




colour proofing— characteristics and view-ing conditions; ISO 14861, Graphic tech-nology — Colour Proofing using electronicdisplays; ISO 12647-6, Graphic technology— Process control for the manufacture ofhalf-tone colour separation, proofs andproduction prints — Part 6: Flexographicprinting; ISO 12647-8, Graphic technology— Process control for the manufacture ofhalf-tone colour separation, proofs andproduction prints — Part 8: Validationprint processes working directly from digi-tal data; and ISO 15339-1, Graphic tech-nology — Printing of digital data— Part 1:Basic principles.

In addition WG3 has several newstandards being started. These include: arevision of Parts 1, 2 and 3 of ISO 12647,Graphic technology — Process control forthe manufacture of half-tone colour sepa-ration, proofs and production prints,whichdeal with general parameters, offset li-thography, and coldest offset onnewsprint; and a multi-part standard ISO15311, Graphic technology — Require-ments for printed matter utilizing digitalprinting technologies for commercial andindustrial production.

WG4 Media and MaterialsThe WG4 standards currently under ac-tive work include: ISO 12705, Graphictechnology — Laboratory test method forchemical ghosting in lithography, ISO15341, Graphic technology — Method forradius determination of printing cylinders,and the revision of the ISO 2846-3, Graph-ic technology — Colour and transparencyof printing ink sets for four-colour-printing — Part 3: Publication gravureprinting and ISO 2846-5: Flexographicprinting.

A new document ISO 15397 Graphictechnology — Communication of opticaland surface properties of printing sub-strates — Graphic papers for proofing, ro-togravure, heat-set web offset and offsetsheets has been prepared and is currentlyin ballot.

WG5 Ergonomics/SafetyWG5 is focused on a five-part document

called ISO 12643, Graphic technology—Safety requirements for graphic technologyequipment and systems, and a technical re-port, TR 15847, Graphic technology —Graphical symbols for printing press sys-tems and finishing systems, including relat-ed auxiliary equipment.

The five parts of ISO 12643 are:Part 1: General requirementsPart 2: Press equipment and systemsPart 3: Bindery equipment and systemsPart 4: Converting equipment and systemsPart 5: Stand-alone platen presses

These have all been completed andare in various stages of balloting and pub-lication. A New Work Item (NWI) to up-date Part 1 is currently being prepared.

WG 7 Colour managementWG7 works jointly with the InternationalColor Commission (ICC) and is responsi-ble for ISO 15076-1 Image technologycolour management — Architecture, pro-file format and data structure — Part 1:Based on ICC.1:2010. The first revision ofthis document has just completed finalballot and it will be published shortly.

JWG 9 Development of ISO 12640-5The fifth document in the ISO 12640SCID series (standard colour image data)deals with scene referred data. Like theother SCID standards it will contain im-age data that is part of the normative partof the standard. ISO 12640-5, Graphictechnology — Prepress digital data ex-change — Part 5: Scene-referred standardcolour image data (RIMM/SCID) is thefirst to contain data that is un-rendered.That is, it is still in scene space and repre-sents to the best of our ability what thecamera saw, not what it captured.

Work is almost complete on the firstballot draft (CD) of RIMM/SCID and it isanticipated that it will be in ballot by early2011.

WG 10 Management of securityprinting processesWG10 will have its first meeting Nov. 17,2010 in the Netherlands. TC 247, Fraudcountermeasures and controls, has

requested that this work be done in a JWGbetween TC 130 and TC 247. This requestwill be considered at theNovembermeeting.

WG 11 Carbon FootprintingUp until this meeting WG11 was TC 130Task Force 1. The first standard undertak-en by WG11 will be Graphic technology —Requirements for measuring the carbonfootprint of printed products, which wasapproved by the Plenary meeting as aStage 0 project.

WG 12 PostpressWG12 started as Task Force 2 and wasalso converted into a WG by this Plenary.It received Plenary approval to start workon two standards at Stage 0. These are:Graphic technology — Requirements forpostpress—General andGraphic technology— Requirements for postpress — Boundproducts.

WG 13 Printing certificationrequirementsThis is the newest of the TC 130 WGs. Itgrew out of activities of a informal groupin WG3 that studied the way various na-tional bodies were looking at complianceof printers to various TC 130 standards.One title suggested for its first documentis Graphic technology — Criteria and Re-quirements for Printing Quality Manage-ment Systems.

Much of the work of WG13 will drawupon the ISO 9000 family of standards todescribe the relationship between the ex-isting TC 130 standards and certificationand compliance recommendations of theISO 9000 series.

As we move more and more into theglobalization of printing, it is importantthat the certification of printers, andprinting, is consistent among and betweennational body groups that provide certifi-cation.

For questions about the activities of TC 130 ,for suggestions for (or input to) future updates,

or standards questions in general, pleasecontact the editor at [email protected].

IS&T Reporter8


continued from page 5

C (C* = 0.89-0.97), D (C* = 1.58-1.86), and E (C* = 3.34-3.46).For the assessment of samples in the third set 100 color normalobservers were employed that repeated the assessments in threeseparate sittings with at least 24 hours gap between each sitting.Analysis of the data indicates that, irrespective of chroma, on av-erage samples with hue angles between approximately 200° and270° were perceived to be the most black, i.e., cyan to bluish-blacks. Blacks with hue angles above 315° or below 45° (reddish-blacks) were considered to be the least black. Chroma and light-ness also influenced the perceived blackness but for the majorityof samples the effect was less pronounced.

Comparison of Colour Difference Methodsfor Natural Images

Henri Kivinen, Mikko Nuutinen, and Pirkko Oittinen,Aalto University School of Science and Technology (Finland)

Abstract: Perceptual colour difference in simple colour patcheshas been extensively studied in the history of colour science.However, these methods are not assumed to be applicable forpredicting the perceived colour difference in complex colourpatches such as digital images of complex scene. In this work ex-isting metrics that predict the perceived colour difference in dig-ital images of complex scene are studied and compared. Per-formance evaluation was based on the correlations betweenvalues of the metrics and results of subjective tests that were doneas a pair comparison, in which fifteen test participants evaluatedthe subjective colour differences in digital images.

The test image set consisted of eight images each having fourversions of distortion generated by applying different ICC pro-files. According to results, none of the metrics were able to pre-dict the perceived colour difference in every test image. The re-

sults of iCAM metric had the highest average correlation for allimages. However, the scatter of the judgements was very high fortwo of the images, and if these were excluded from the compari-son the Hue-angle was the best performing metric. It was alsonoteworthy that the performance of the CIELAB colour differ-ence metric was relatively high.

Angular Variations of Color in Turbid Media –The Influence of Bulk Scattering on

Goniochromism in PaperMagnus Neuman,1 Per Edström,1 Mattias Andersson,1 Ludovic Coppel1,2

and Ole Norberg1; 1Mid Sweden University and 2Innventia AB (Sweden)

Abstract: The angular variations of color of a set of paper samplesare experimentally assessed using goniophotometric measurements.The corresponding simulations are done using a radiative transferbased simulation tool, thus considering only the contribution of bulkscattering to the reflectance. It is seen that measurements and simu-lations agree and display the same characteristics, with the lightnessincreasing and the chroma decreasing as the observation polar angleincreases. The decrease in chroma is larger the more dye the papercontains. Based on previous results about anisotropic reflectancefrom turbid media these findings are explained. The relative re-flectance in large polar angles of wavelengths with strong absorptionis higher than that of wavelengths with low absorption. This leads toa loss of chroma and color information in these angles. The increasein lightness is a result of the anisotropy affecting all wavelengthsequally, which is the case for transmitting media and obliquely inci-dent illumination. The only case with no color variations of this kindis when a nonabsorbing, non-transmitting medium is illuminateddiffusely. The measured and simulated color differences are clearlylarge, and it is an open issue how angle resolved color should be han-dled in standard color calculations. �

January 23-27, 2011; San Francisco Airport Hyatt RegencyElectronic Imaging 2011Symposium Chairs: Sabine Süsstrunk and Majid Rabanni

May 16-19, 2011; Salt Lake City, UtahArchiving 2011General Co-chairs: Wayne Metcalfe and Kate Zwaard

October 2–6, 2010; Minneapolis, MinnesotaNIP27: 27th International Conference on Digital PrintingTechnologies/Digital Fabrication Processes 2011General Chairs: Xavier Bruch (NIP27) and Shinri Sakai (DF2011)

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IS&T REPORTERExecutive Editor: Peter BurnsManaging Editor: Donna SmithStandards Editor: David McDowell

The IS&T Reporter is published bimonthly by IS&T, the Society for Imaging Scienceand Technology. Articles and letters to the editor published here do not necessarilyconstitute endorsement or reflect the opinions of the editors or IS&T. Advertisingand copy are subject to acceptance by the editor.

IS&T (imaging.org) is an international organization dedicated to keeping con-stituents aware of the latest scientific and technological developments in the broadfield of imaging through conferences, journals, and other publications.

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