is there wind energy in florida?
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Is There Wind Energy in Florida?. How can we tell? Frank R. Leslie, B.S.E.E, M.S. Space Technology November 10, 2002. Introduction to Florida Wind Energy. Energy Sources Renewable; won’t run out Nonrenewable; will run out Fossil Fuels Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Is ThereWind Energyin Florida?
How can we tell?
Frank R. Leslie, B.S.E.E,M.S. Space Technology
November 10, 2002
• Energy Sources– Renewable; won’t run
out– Nonrenewable; will run
out• Fossil Fuels
– Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
• Nuclear (very long depletion period)
• Hubbert’s Peak of oil consumption
• Environmental Impacts– Pollution: Air, water,
land, noise– Wildlife; people
(NIMBYs)• Economics: Cost
assessment
Revised 021110
www.worldenergy.org
Introduction to Florida Wind Energy
• Dr. M. King Hubbert, geophysicist, published his prediction that the US oil peak would be reached in 1970. Later, others predicted the World oil peak would occur in the first decade of the 21st Century.
• Past the production peak, oil prices will increase as extraction becomes more difficult and the price is bid up.
The Hubbert Curve Predicts Fossil Fuel Decline
www.hubbertpeak.com/midpoint.htm
Revised 021102
Renewable Energy Overview
• Renewable energy comes to Earth faster than it is used
• Types of Renewable energy– Solar: Light, heat, wind, waves, plant
growth (biomass)– Gravitational: Tides
(almost renewable)• Sustainable energy is used more slowly
than it becomes available– For example, a small hydropower system
might use only part of the available water upstream
Revised 021110
• United States– Transportation, Residential,
Industrial• Florida• FPL electrical districts• Daily load peaking (time of
day)
Energy Source Usage
Revised 021109
US 2000Yourenergyfuture.org
http://www.nyiso.com
http://www.caiso.com/SystemStatus.html
Energy Considerations for 2050• Fossil-fuel energy
will deplete in the future; took millions of years to create that much fuel
• US oil production peaked about 1974; world energy will peak about 2004-9
• Renewable energy will eventually become mandatory, and our lifestyles may change
• Transition to renewable energy must occur well before a crisis occurs
Revised 021102
US 2000Yourenergyfuture.org
Wind Origin and Nature
Revised 021110
• The sun heats the Earth unequally, causing air pressure differences
• Air moves from high to low pressures, but veers due to the Coriolis Effect (to the right in Northern Hemisphere; as in Atlantic hurricanes)
• Range of speeds: Calm to Mt. Washington, NH 231 miles per hour April, 1934 record
• Character: steady, gusty, day/night cyclic – a statistical nature
Wind Energy Effects
• Varies significantly with location• Mountains often channel wind and
increase speed• Plains or water allow unhindered sweep
of wind with low friction• Power is proportional to the cube of the
speed– Eight times as much power at twice the
wind speed• Existing applications/uses
– Power and water pumping
Revised 021110
U.S. Wind Atlas
• Wind map of US shows wind power density by colors
• Pacific Northwest National Labs, WA, created maps– Experts on nuclear
plume drift prediction– Published maps for
each state• Newer technology can
create maps from topography
Revised 021110
Florida Wind Map from Pacific Northwest National Laboratories (PNNL) Atlas
• PNNL rated wind energy “marginal” (200 to 300 W/m2) along the coasts
• Interior of state “negligible”
• Based upon limited airport historical data
• Limited other wind studies found; some masters’ theses
Revised 021110
Wind Map Development & Creation
• Wind maps display areas of strength or intensity as colors or contour lines
• Weather history is used to get long-term records of speed and direction (direction not critical to turbines)
• Airports have weather history, but they are far apart (data gaps)
• Anemometers can measure local winds• Computer modeling produces estimates of
winds at other locations (some models better than others)
Revised 021110
• Find best wind turbine locations• Anemometers measure wind speed• Totalizers measure miles of wind blown
past• Tree “flagging” or distortion of growth
pattern shows high winds• Balloons and kites show turbulence
with flagging streamers• Soil erosion may indicate high wind
speed• Direction of wind approach may affect
speed (trees, buildings)• Higher turbines are above turbulence
and any blocked wind
Wind Prospecting
Revised 021110
Nature of Sea Breeze
• Humid air sweeps inland as land heats more than ocean and air then rises to develop clouds
• Afternoon thunderstorms begin as saturated air forms cumulonimbus clouds
• Electrical static charge develops as drops form and are swept upwards by the wind
• Lightning and heavy rains usually follow
• Air returns overhead to descend at sea
Revised 021110
• Sea breeze of 10 to 15 mph peak caused by sun typically lasts 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
• Gusts are much stronger and have more power, but they last less than a minute
• Wind direction changes as sea breeze progresses
• Sea breeze effect begins as land is heated by sun more than water
• Temperature difference of land and sea causes wind flow inland in daytime; out to sea at night
• Afternoon storms result from humid sea air rising in Central Florida
• North Carolina to Texas coastal areas may have similar energy
Ref.: cimss.ssec.wisc.edu
Sea Breeze Phenomenology
Revised 021110 Ref.: www.icess.ucsb.edu/esrg
Wind Turbine Overview
• Vertical Axis Turbines– Two thin semicircular blades– Savonius rotor best at water pumping– Blade forces reverse with each turn;
fail to endure due to stresses– Darrieus rotor explored by Sandia Labs
and recently removed• Horizontal Axis Turbines
– Two or three-bladed rotor– Successful in practice– Largest 110 meter diameter rotor– 3.4 MW peak power
Revised 021110
www.iwr.de/wind
Typical Wind Turbine Equipment
Temporary homemade wind turbine on roof of Link Bldg. Samples available wind energy. Datalogger records patterns of winds. The weather station in the background records wind speed & direction, temperatures, rainfall, etc.
Wind turbines are fairly simple machines built for long life and reliability. The blades of large turbines revolve about 8-12 times per minute. Complex as a bus?
Revised 021110
Wind Turbine Siting (Location Selection)
• Terrain shapes and changes wind flow• Turbine groups may interfere with wind into
downwind turbines– Must be separated by several diameters
• Operation & Maintenance for lubing, inspection, bolt tightening, etc. requires crew access roads
• Transmission lines (electrical) carry energy to load use areas
• Major US areas in CA, WA, NM, TX, OR, MT, SD, ND, KS, MN, IA, PA, WV, VT, others
Revised 021110
Florida Tech Wind Research
• Civil engineering effects on buildings & emergency vehicles --- WHIRL Laboratory, Dr. Pinelli
• Aeronautical --- airfoils, Dr. Subramanian
• DMES (Department of Marine and Environmental Systems) --- Sea Breeze Wind and Solar Study, Dr. Steven Lazarus & Mr. Frank Leslie
• Greater emphasis on applied research developing at Florida Tech
Revised 021109
DMES Wind/Solar DOE/FSEC Study
• Dr. Steven Lazarus and Mr. Frank Leslie are researching wind and solar energy and the sea breeze effect
• Goal: Determine if there is sufficient wind/solar energy in Florida to economically offset mid-day fossil-fuel utility energy?
• Objectives: Record wind and solar data and evaluate available energy under sea breeze and storm frontal passage conditions
Revised 021110
Sea Breeze Wind and Solar Study
• Obtaining small wind turbines, controllers, and photovoltaic modules from grant funding and generous equipment donations
• Establish permanent campus station and create two portable field stations
• Student field research studies with data gathering, processing, and reporting
• Developing Renewable Energy Lab to further research
• Developing Renewable Energy Course to educate students in energy choices and technology
Revised 021109
• Wind turbines (two 400 W & one 1000W)
• Photovoltaic modules• Anemometers• Dataloggers• Pyranometers
– Solar intensity
Project Instrumentation
Revised 021110
Data Assessment Process• Correlate wind and solar energy
over “long” period (~1 to 5 years)
• Find power variations with respect to location– On ocean shore or offshore on
ship– West side of Indian River
Lagoon (city/county parks; Lagoon House?)
– Inland to perhaps 15 miles• Develop automated data
processing and display to deal with large data files
• Determine available wind/solar energy and costs; economics compared with existing sources
Revised 021110
Tentative Conclusions(always evolving)
• Coastal sea breeze winds may reduce peak load requirements on fossil fuel utilities, reducing pollution and demand load charges
• Sea breeze wind speeds are low, thus there is limited power available
• PV helps during sunny, clear skies• Some renewable energy is available during
afternoon utility peak loads• Additional research will establish the
economics and practicality• Automated data processing and Internet
interface for data will be useful to wind researchers
Revised 021110
Career Choices in Wind Science and Engineering
TechnicalTurbine MaintainerUtilities WorkerAirfoils DesignerGenerator WinderTurbine InstallerSurveyorDrafterElectricianMechanicRiggerCrane OperatorTech WriterData ManagerIllustrator
Engineering
Aeronautical EngineerElectrical Engineer Power & CommMechanical EngineerCivil EngineerSystem EngineerIntegration EngineerDatalogger ProgrammerInternet InterfacesComputer DisplaysReliability EngineerQuality Control Engineer
ScienceMeteorologistGeographic Info Systems (GIS)Computer ScientistStatisticianEnvironmental ScientistPsychologistMathematicianEconomistGeologistOther- Artist- Architect- Attorney- Planner- Materials Specialist- Legislative Advisors & Lobbyists
Revised 021110From Florida Tech, DMES, Frank Leslie, 2002
References: Books
• Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5
• Manwell, J.F., J.G. McGowan, and A. L. Rogers. Wind Energy Explained. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 577 pp., 2002. ISBN 0-471-49972-2.
• Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136
• Johnson, Gary L. Wind Energy Systems. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 360pp., 1985. ISBN 0-13-957754-8; TK1541.J64; 621.4’5.
• Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4.
• Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973.
• Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991
Revised 021110
References: Websites, etc.
Revised 021110
[email protected]. Wind Energy [email protected]. Wind energy home powersite elistgeothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energymailto:[email protected] rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS [email protected]. Elist for wind energy experimenterswww.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon populationwww.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commissionwww.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/otec_hi.html#anchor349152 on OTEC systemstelosnet.com/wind/20th.htmlwww.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22solstice.crest.org/dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.htmlhttp://www.windpower.dk/tour/wres/shear.htm#rough