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Page 1: Iskandar Hack Upgrading and Repairing your Personal Computer with Iskandar Hack IPFW

Iskandar HackIskandar Hack

Upgrading and Upgrading and Repairing yourRepairing yourPersonalPersonalComputerComputer

with with

Iskandar HackIskandar Hack

IPFWIPFW

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OutlineOutline IntroductionIntroduction

– to upgrade or not to upgrade (replace)to upgrade or not to upgrade (replace)

PC OverviewPC Overview– CPU - 86, 88, 286, 386, 486, SX, DX, DX2/4, 586 class, 686 class. CPU - 86, 88, 286, 386, 486, SX, DX, DX2/4, 586 class, 686 class.

Pentium IIPentium II

– Math Co-processorMath Co-processor– Types of Busses - XT (8 Bit), AT (16 Bit), PS/2, EISA, VLB, PCI, Types of Busses - XT (8 Bit), AT (16 Bit), PS/2, EISA, VLB, PCI,

AGP and USBAGP and USB– Memory Memory

Memory AddressingMemory Addressing Speed and SizeSpeed and Size Locating and identifying RAMLocating and identifying RAM RAM, ROM, SIM, Cache, BIOS, and CMOS Config.RAM, ROM, SIM, Cache, BIOS, and CMOS Config. Expansion limit of the computerExpansion limit of the computer

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Outline (2)Outline (2)

– Storage DevicesStorage Devices Floppy Drives - 5.25 (1.2 M, 360K, 180 K)Floppy Drives - 5.25 (1.2 M, 360K, 180 K)

3.5 (2.88 M, 1.44M, and 720 K)3.5 (2.88 M, 1.44M, and 720 K) Hard DrivesHard Drives

– Controller Cards (MFM, RLL, SCSI, IDE)Controller Cards (MFM, RLL, SCSI, IDE)– Hard Drive unit - Matching card and DriveHard Drive unit - Matching card and Drive– Cost of SystemsCost of Systems– Hard CardsHard Cards

Tape DrivesTape Drives CD ROM’sCD ROM’s

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– DOS Versions (3.3 or Higher) DOS Versions (3.3 or Higher) – VideoVideo

Types - Monochrome, Hercules, CGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA, and Types - Monochrome, Hercules, CGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA, and MultisyncMultisync

Resolution, pixels, dots/inch, # of colorsResolution, pixels, dots/inch, # of colors Software CompatibilitySoftware Compatibility Double graphics adaptersDouble graphics adapters

– Power SuppliesPower Supplies– Serial and Parallel PortsSerial and Parallel Ports– Modems (FAX/Modems)Modems (FAX/Modems)– Mouse/Roller BallsMouse/Roller Balls– CasesCases

Future expansion of computer systemFuture expansion of computer system– # of slots# of slots– MemoryMemory

Outline (3)Outline (3)

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Some DefinitionsSome Definitions

BitBit– One piece of information (1 or 0)One piece of information (1 or 0)

ByteByte– 8 Bits8 Bits

WordWord– 2 Bytes (16 bits)2 Bytes (16 bits)

K or KiloK or Kilo– 1024 Bytes (about a thousand)1024 Bytes (about a thousand)

M or MegM or Meg– 1024 K (about a million)1024 K (about a million)

G or GigaG or Giga– 1024 M (about a billion)1024 M (about a billion)

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Types of CPU’sTypes of CPU’s

8086 (TI PRO, Compaq, and other 8086 (TI PRO, Compaq, and other clones)clones)– 16 Bit Bus, slow16 Bit Bus, slow

8088 (IBM-PC/XT)8088 (IBM-PC/XT)– 8/16 Bit Bus, very slow8/16 Bit Bus, very slow

80286 (IBM-AT)80286 (IBM-AT)– 16/32 Bit Bus, Faster Still16/32 Bit Bus, Faster Still

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80386 80386 – 32 Bit Bus, Faster Still32 Bit Bus, Faster Still

8048680486– 32 Bit Bus, very fast32 Bit Bus, very fast

Pentium (80586) (MMX)Pentium (80586) (MMX)– 32/64 Bit Bus, very very fast32/64 Bit Bus, very very fast

– This includes the Cyrix 6x86, AMD k series.This includes the Cyrix 6x86, AMD k series.

Pentium Pro (80686) Pentium Pro (80686) – 32/64 Bit Bus, extremely fast 32/64 Bit Bus, extremely fast

Pentium II (80786) (MMX)Pentium II (80786) (MMX)– 32/64 Bit Bus, extremely fast.32/64 Bit Bus, extremely fast.

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The Math Co-ProcessorThe Math Co-Processor A microprocessor which increases the speed of the A microprocessor which increases the speed of the

main processor by performing math operations.main processor by performing math operations. 8088/868088/86 80878087 8028680286 8028780287 8038680386 8038780387 80486SX80486SX 80487SX80487SX 80486DX-80486DX- BuiltinBuiltin PentiumPentium BuiltinBuiltin When purchasing a Math Co-processor the speed of When purchasing a Math Co-processor the speed of

your system should match the speed of the co-your system should match the speed of the co-processor.processor.

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Types of Bus Types of Bus StructuresStructures 8 Bit ISA8 Bit ISA– Used by most 8086/88 machines, slow Used by most 8086/88 machines, slow

but very commonbut very common 16 Bit ISA16 Bit ISA

– Used by IBM-AT, and most 286/386/486.. Used by IBM-AT, and most 286/386/486.. clones, Will accept 8 bit cardsclones, Will accept 8 bit cards

ESIAESIA– Used by high end 386/486 machines to Used by high end 386/486 machines to

speed up graphics and/or hard drive speed up graphics and/or hard drive access. Will accept 8 or 16 cardsaccess. Will accept 8 or 16 cards

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VLB and PCIVLB and PCI– Same concept as ESIA newer versions Same concept as ESIA newer versions

that are a little faster. Systems are also a that are a little faster. Systems are also a little cheaper.little cheaper.

Micro ChannelMicro Channel– Used by IBM PS/2 family. 16 bit design Used by IBM PS/2 family. 16 bit design

that is not compatible with other systems. that is not compatible with other systems. If you have this type it will be expensive If you have this type it will be expensive to upgrade.to upgrade.

– AGPAGP– Advanced Graphics Port. Used for high Advanced Graphics Port. Used for high

speed video display.speed video display.

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USBUSB– Still fairly new. Still fairly new. – Daisy chainable like SCSI. Daisy chainable like SCSI. – Can use cameras, scanners, mouse, Can use cameras, scanners, mouse,

keyboard, other devices that use the keyboard, other devices that use the USB connector.USB connector.

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Mother Board TypesMother Board Types

AT seriesAT series– Fairly common but starting to fade out.Fairly common but starting to fade out.

ATX seriesATX series– No standard layout has been decided No standard layout has been decided

on. Most use a “all ports, one location” on. Most use a “all ports, one location” approach.approach.

Pizza Box seriesPizza Box series– This type uses a riser card. Avoid this!!This type uses a riser card. Avoid this!!

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Types of MemoryTypes of Memory

RAMRAM ROMROM CPU CacheCPU Cache Disk CacheDisk Cache Video RAMVideo RAM CMOS Setup MemoryCMOS Setup Memory

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RAM RAM Random Access Random Access MemoryMemory Read/Write Memory that the user Read/Write Memory that the user

applications and the operating applications and the operating system uses. This type of system uses. This type of memory is what most people are memory is what most people are talking about when they discuss talking about when they discuss computer memory. This type of computer memory. This type of memory is user expandable.memory is user expandable.

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ROMROMRead Only MemoryRead Only Memory Contains the basic input/output Contains the basic input/output

system (BIOS) that allows the system (BIOS) that allows the machine to start (Boot machine to start (Boot instructions). Normally the user instructions). Normally the user never modifies this memory never modifies this memory device.device.

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CPU CacheCPU Cache

This is very high speed memory This is very high speed memory that is located physically next to that is located physically next to the microprocessor. If the the microprocessor. If the processor can get it’s instructions processor can get it’s instructions from cache, it doesn’t have to from cache, it doesn’t have to wait for the slower RAM. The wait for the slower RAM. The purpose of this memory is to purpose of this memory is to speed up the system.speed up the system.

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Disk CacheDisk Cache

This memory is usually located on This memory is usually located on the disk controller. The disk the disk controller. The disk controller will use this memory to controller will use this memory to read ahead from the disk, or store read ahead from the disk, or store information prior to writing it to information prior to writing it to disk. This way the computer disk. This way the computer doesn’t always have to wait for the doesn’t always have to wait for the physical drive to read and write.physical drive to read and write.

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Video RAM MemoryVideo RAM Memory

This type of memory is contained This type of memory is contained on the video card. The more on the video card. The more video memory in the system can video memory in the system can either speed up the screen writes, either speed up the screen writes, or improve the resolution of the or improve the resolution of the display. Some video cards allow display. Some video cards allow for expansion of video RAM.for expansion of video RAM.

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CMOS MemoryCMOS Memory

This is low power memory that is This is low power memory that is backed up by battery when the backed up by battery when the system is turned off. This system is turned off. This memory contains the memory contains the configuration of your system. configuration of your system.

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Types of Floppy DrivesTypes of Floppy Drives 5.25” 360K5.25” 360K

– Standard on Older PC’s Standard on Older PC’s – No longer used.No longer used.

5.25” 1.2M5.25” 1.2M– Standard on AT Class machines, 360K disks will work Standard on AT Class machines, 360K disks will work

with the 1.2 Meg drives, but not the other way with the 1.2 Meg drives, but not the other way around. around.

3.5” 720K3.5” 720K– Supported by DOS 3.2, used by older machines to be Supported by DOS 3.2, used by older machines to be

compatible with newer systems. Not standard on compatible with newer systems. Not standard on any class of machine.any class of machine.

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Types of Floppy Drives Types of Floppy Drives (2)(2) 3.5” 1.44 M3.5” 1.44 M

– Supported by DOS 3.3. Standard on almost all Supported by DOS 3.3. Standard on almost all current machines. Also support 720 K format.current machines. Also support 720 K format.

3.5” 2.88 M3.5” 2.88 M– Supported by DOS 6. Not standard on most Supported by DOS 6. Not standard on most

current machines. Also support 720 K and 1.44 M current machines. Also support 720 K and 1.44 M format.format.

Combo DrivesCombo Drives– A 3.5” 1.44 M and a 5.25” 1.2 M in a single half A 3.5” 1.44 M and a 5.25” 1.2 M in a single half

height drive bay.height drive bay.

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Hard DrivesHard Drives MFMMFM

– Original Standard, relatively fast, but not much Original Standard, relatively fast, but not much storage capacity for the money.storage capacity for the money.

RLLRLL– Slower than MFM, but has about 50% more storage Slower than MFM, but has about 50% more storage

for the same money. Most common drive used to for the same money. Most common drive used to upgrade older PC’s.upgrade older PC’s.

ESDIESDI– Much faster than MFM or RLL, and could handle Much faster than MFM or RLL, and could handle

larger drives. Not used much today.larger drives. Not used much today.

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Hard Drives (2)Hard Drives (2)

IDE/EIDEIDE/EIDE– Much faster than any of the above, and Much faster than any of the above, and

inexpensive. Current standard for most inexpensive. Current standard for most systems.systems.

Ultra ATA/Ultra DMAUltra ATA/Ultra DMA– Twice as fast as IDE. Twice as fast as IDE.

SCSISCSI– About the same speed as IDE, but can handle About the same speed as IDE, but can handle

multiple drives and larger drives. Used mainly multiple drives and larger drives. Used mainly on high-end systems, Mac’s, and UNIX.on high-end systems, Mac’s, and UNIX.

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CD ROMCD ROM

Read only, write able and now re-write Read only, write able and now re-write able.able.

Stores 640 M of data on a compact Stores 640 M of data on a compact disk.disk.

Much faster than floppy disks.Much faster than floppy disks. External using SCSI or Parallel.External using SCSI or Parallel.

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CD ROM (2)CD ROM (2)

Internal using SCSI, IDE, or sound card Internal using SCSI, IDE, or sound card hookup.hookup.

Single spin up to 100X (in increments Single spin up to 100X (in increments of 2X)of 2X)

Multi CD changers.Multi CD changers. Can play music CD’s.Can play music CD’s.

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DVD ROMDVD ROM

Stores up to 4.7 GIG on a single side. Stores up to 4.7 GIG on a single side. Double sided available.Double sided available.

Usually needs special MPEG card to Usually needs special MPEG card to use to full potential.use to full potential.

Compatible with most older CD ROMS.Compatible with most older CD ROMS.

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Display StandardsDisplay Standards MonochromeMonochrome

– No graphics capacity, very high resolution No graphics capacity, very high resolution text. Not very common todaytext. Not very common today

HerculesHercules– Added graphics capacity to the Added graphics capacity to the

monochrome display, 720 X 348 in two colormonochrome display, 720 X 348 in two color CGACGA

– 640 X 200 two color, or 320 X 200 eight 640 X 200 two color, or 320 X 200 eight colorcolor

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Display Standards (2)Display Standards (2)

EGAEGA– 16 colors, 640 X 35016 colors, 640 X 350

VGAVGA– Up to 1024 X 768, 256 colorsUp to 1024 X 768, 256 colors– More memory on the adapter increases the More memory on the adapter increases the

resolution up to 512Kresolution up to 512K SVGASVGA

– Enhanced VGA, additional memory, up to about 2-8 Enhanced VGA, additional memory, up to about 2-8 Meg, and increase the number of colors (to over a Meg, and increase the number of colors (to over a million)million)

– When purchasing a new video card make sure your When purchasing a new video card make sure your current monitor will be able to handle the new card.current monitor will be able to handle the new card.

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Power SuppliesPower Supplies

Current Systems require a minimum of 200 Current Systems require a minimum of 200 Watts of power. If you have less replace Watts of power. If you have less replace before adding additional drives.before adding additional drives.

Most new computers come with 235 - 300 Most new computers come with 235 - 300 watt range.watt range.

Never try to repair a bad power supply unless Never try to repair a bad power supply unless you know what you are doing.you know what you are doing.

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Major DOS VersionsMajor DOS Versions DOS 1.0 - 1.1DOS 1.0 - 1.1

– Initial Disk Operating System, allowed for Initial Disk Operating System, allowed for the use of floppy disks onlythe use of floppy disks only

DOS 2.0DOS 2.0– Added support of Hard Disks (and Added support of Hard Disks (and

subdirectories)subdirectories) DOS 3.0DOS 3.0

– Added support of 1.2 Meg FDAdded support of 1.2 Meg FD DOS 3.2DOS 3.2

– Added support of 720 K 3.5” FDAdded support of 720 K 3.5” FD

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Major DOS Versions (2)Major DOS Versions (2)

DOS 3.3DOS 3.3– Added support of 1.44 M FDAdded support of 1.44 M FD

DOS 4.0DOS 4.0– Added support of expanded memory, and Added support of expanded memory, and

Hard Disk partitions larger than 30 MegHard Disk partitions larger than 30 Meg DOS 5.0DOS 5.0

– Included QBasic instead of the old basic Included QBasic instead of the old basic interpreterinterpreter

– Included EDIT in addition to EDLINIncluded EDIT in addition to EDLIN– First attempt at a DOS ShellFirst attempt at a DOS Shell– Added Help CommandAdded Help Command

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DOS 6.XDOS 6.X

Included Virus protectionIncluded Virus protection Improved DOS ShellImproved DOS Shell Initial release included Disk Initial release included Disk

CompressionCompression Included Disk OptimizationIncluded Disk Optimization Included Unformat, and UndeleteIncluded Unformat, and Undelete

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Windows 3.xWindows 3.x

16/32 bit operations.16/32 bit operations. Needed DOS 5.0 or greater.Needed DOS 5.0 or greater. Graphical User Interface.Graphical User Interface.

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Windows 95/NT/98Windows 95/NT/98

32 bit operations.32 bit operations. Eliminated DOSEliminated DOS Adds Plug and PlayAdds Plug and Play Easy NetworkingEasy Networking Built in Internet supportBuilt in Internet support Improved user interface.Improved user interface.

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TOP 10 LISTTOP 10 LISTComputer PrecautionsComputer Precautions

Location of ComputerLocation of Computer TemperatureTemperature Food and DrinkFood and Drink SmokeSmoke DustDust PetsPets KidsKids Computer VirusesComputer Viruses Power SurgesPower Surges Quick FingersQuick Fingers

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Important Things to Important Things to RememberRemember

Fill out all warranties and send them!Fill out all warranties and send them! Make copies of the original software.Make copies of the original software. Store all disks in a safe placeStore all disks in a safe place Record all settings from the CMOS menuRecord all settings from the CMOS menu Record serial numbers and label for insurance.Record serial numbers and label for insurance.

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SAFETY TIPS FOR PC’SSAFETY TIPS FOR PC’S

Don’t eat and drink near the computerDon’t eat and drink near the computer Don’t ever use force on your computerDon’t ever use force on your computer Ground yourself if you remove the coverGround yourself if you remove the cover NEVER open the power supplyNEVER open the power supply Handle circuits and cards with careHandle circuits and cards with care TURN OFF THE POWER any time you TURN OFF THE POWER any time you

remove the coverremove the cover

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Rules for working on a Rules for working on a PCPC Switch off ALL devices before startingSwitch off ALL devices before starting

Allow enough timeAllow enough time Have a good working surfaceHave a good working surface Have the correct toolsHave the correct tools Keep all small parts togetherKeep all small parts together Choose a good environmentChoose a good environment Keep good recordsKeep good records Check and test the system before Check and test the system before

reassemblingreassembling

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Removing the Cover Removing the Cover (desktop)(desktop) Turn off all powerTurn off all power Remove 5-6 bolts from rear of Remove 5-6 bolts from rear of

computercomputer Slide the cover forward to Slide the cover forward to

remove. A swift jerk might be remove. A swift jerk might be needed to remove the cover.needed to remove the cover.

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Tower CaseTower Case Turn off all powerTurn off all power Remove plastic guardRemove plastic guard Remove 5-6 bolts from rear of Remove 5-6 bolts from rear of

computercomputer Slide the cover forward to removeSlide the cover forward to remove

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Other CasesOther Cases

Some cases will have bolts Some cases will have bolts located on the side and back of located on the side and back of the computerthe computer

Some cases will flip up instead of Some cases will flip up instead of sliding off.sliding off.

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Installing a Second Installing a Second Floppy Disk DriveFloppy Disk Drive Questions before you buyQuestions before you buy

– Do you have an empty drive bay Do you have an empty drive bay (5.25 or 3.5 bay)(5.25 or 3.5 bay)

– Will your drive controller support an Will your drive controller support an additional driveadditional drive

– What vendor and color?What vendor and color?– Are side rails or mounting rails Are side rails or mounting rails

required?required?

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Steps to Install Steps to Install additional Driveadditional Drive Open the caseOpen the case Remove the bay cover and store for future Remove the bay cover and store for future

useuse Attach rails or mountingsAttach rails or mountings Check documentation for any drive settingsCheck documentation for any drive settings Slide disk drive into empty drive baySlide disk drive into empty drive bay Take extra power cable and connect to disk Take extra power cable and connect to disk

drive. The cable is keyed to prevent drive. The cable is keyed to prevent incorrect connections. If no extra power incorrect connections. If no extra power cable is found a Y adapter must be used.cable is found a Y adapter must be used.

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Steps to Install Steps to Install additional Drive (2)additional Drive (2) Attach ribbon cable coming from Attach ribbon cable coming from

Drive A:. The connector should Drive A:. The connector should be keyed.be keyed.– The drive ribbon cable has two The drive ribbon cable has two

connectorsconnectors The connector with a twist is drive A:The connector with a twist is drive A: The connector in the middle is drive B:The connector in the middle is drive B:

– Insert drive and fasten any hardwareInsert drive and fasten any hardware

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Steps to Install Steps to Install additional Drive (3)additional Drive (3) Recheck all connectionsRecheck all connections Restart ComputerRestart Computer Do the following on the new driveDo the following on the new drive

– Enable Enable drivedrive in the BIOS. in the BIOS.– Format a diskFormat a disk– Copy a file to the driveCopy a file to the drive– Copy a file from the driveCopy a file from the drive– Do a “CHKDSK X:” command (x=drive letter of Do a “CHKDSK X:” command (x=drive letter of

new drive)new drive)– Place cover back on computerPlace cover back on computer

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Additional Step for 3.5 Additional Step for 3.5 Drive in 5.25 SlotDrive in 5.25 Slot Install adapter frame so that the Install adapter frame so that the

3.5 drive fits in a 5.25 bay.3.5 drive fits in a 5.25 bay.

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Hard Drive InstallationHard Drive Installation

Preparation for installingPreparation for installing Connecting the controller card and Connecting the controller card and

power to the hard drive (master-power to the hard drive (master-slave)slave)

Partition the hard drivePartition the hard drive Format the DriveFormat the Drive Install DOS - if necessaryInstall DOS - if necessary Install the application programsInstall the application programs

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Preparation for Preparation for InstallingInstalling Choose a matched controller and hard Choose a matched controller and hard

drive for your computerdrive for your computer– Check if BIOS supports new drive.Check if BIOS supports new drive.

Shut off power and remove caseShut off power and remove case Prepare an empty drive bay for hard drive. Prepare an empty drive bay for hard drive.

If needed, remove any extra disk drivesIf needed, remove any extra disk drives Set jumpers or switches on controller or Set jumpers or switches on controller or

hard drive. Most manufacturers have hard drive. Most manufacturers have preset these switches to the correct preset these switches to the correct settings. settings.

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Connection of the Connection of the Cables and PowerCables and Power The hard drive should come with one 40 pin The hard drive should come with one 40 pin

ribbon cable.ribbon cable. Look for pin one on both ends of the cables. Look for pin one on both ends of the cables.

It has either a arrow, or a red line on the It has either a arrow, or a red line on the ribbon cable.ribbon cable.

Take extra power cable and connect to disk Take extra power cable and connect to disk drive. The cable is keyed to prevent drive. The cable is keyed to prevent incorrect connections. If no extra power incorrect connections. If no extra power cable is found a Y adapter must be used.cable is found a Y adapter must be used.

If needed add Power Cable adapter.If needed add Power Cable adapter.

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Master - Slave Master - Slave ConfigurationConfiguration If you are installing a second drive, one drive If you are installing a second drive, one drive

must be assigned as the master. And the must be assigned as the master. And the other as a slave to the master. (all but SCSI)other as a slave to the master. (all but SCSI)

Master Drive will contain boot sector.Master Drive will contain boot sector. Check documentation for jumper Check documentation for jumper

configuration on each drive.configuration on each drive. With SCSI controller set SCSI number on With SCSI controller set SCSI number on

drive insteaddrive instead

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Partitioning the Hard Partitioning the Hard DriveDrive Boot your system with DOS 5.0 or later.Boot your system with DOS 5.0 or later. At the DOS prompt type ‘fdisk’At the DOS prompt type ‘fdisk’ Go to ‘CreateGo to ‘Create a DOS Partition’, Create a primary a DOS Partition’, Create a primary

partition of any size anpartition of any size and use the rest in a d use the rest in a extended partition.extended partition.

The primary drive will be the next available The primary drive will be the next available drive letter (C: if first hard drive, D: if drive letter (C: if first hard drive, D: if second), and the extended will be the next. second), and the extended will be the next. C: will be the bootable drive. C: will be the bootable drive.

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Format New DriveFormat New Drive

With the system booted with Dos 5.0 or later, With the system booted with Dos 5.0 or later, type ‘format x: [/s]’type ‘format x: [/s]’

x is the drive letter of new drive, and /s is x is the drive letter of new drive, and /s is used if you wish to install the OS on this used if you wish to install the OS on this drive.drive.

WARNING FORMAT WILL WARNING FORMAT WILL DESTROY ANY INFORMATION DESTROY ANY INFORMATION ON THE DISKON THE DISK

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Types of Tape DrivesTypes of Tape Drives

External Using Printer Port or SCSIExternal Using Printer Port or SCSI Internal with interface cardInternal with interface card Internal using Floppy controller, Internal using Floppy controller,

SCSI, or IDESCSI, or IDE All come with software and All come with software and

instructions, internals install instructions, internals install similar to FD or HDsimilar to FD or HD

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Fax/ModemFax/Modem

Internal (norm. set to Com2)Internal (norm. set to Com2) External using Serial portExternal using Serial port Most modems come with FAX Most modems come with FAX

built-in and softwarebuilt-in and software SpeedSpeed

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ScannersScanners

Most have own controller and Most have own controller and softwaresoftware

Hand Held Hand Held Flat BedFlat Bed Black and WhiteBlack and White Gray Scale (16 to 256 levels)Gray Scale (16 to 256 levels) Color (8 bit or 16 bit)Color (8 bit or 16 bit) 150 to 1200 DPI150 to 1200 DPI

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Special Purpose CardsSpecial Purpose Cards

TV/VGATV/VGA Sound CardsSound Cards NTSC Output cardsNTSC Output cards Video EditorsVideo Editors Telephone Voice Mail SystemsTelephone Voice Mail Systems

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Installing The Math Co-Installing The Math Co-Processor or Processor Processor or Processor UpgradeUpgrade Turn off power and remove caseTurn off power and remove case Static Electricity can damage IC, thus ground Static Electricity can damage IC, thus ground

yourself before handling co-processoryourself before handling co-processor Place Co-processor in socket on Place Co-processor in socket on

motherboard. (Check for pin 1 and align) motherboard. (Check for pin 1 and align) (may have to remove expansion cards)(may have to remove expansion cards)

Double check that IC is properly seatedDouble check that IC is properly seated Reinstall any removed cards, install caseReinstall any removed cards, install case Check CMOS to insure it’s been updatedCheck CMOS to insure it’s been updated

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Installing a Power Installing a Power SupplySupply

Select power supply that matches existing supplySelect power supply that matches existing supply Disconnect power and open caseDisconnect power and open case Disconnect power cords from motherboard and Disconnect power cords from motherboard and

disk drivesdisk drives Remove from exterior of case to free supplyRemove from exterior of case to free supply DO NOT OPEN POWER SUPPLYDO NOT OPEN POWER SUPPLY Install the new power supply and secure it with Install the new power supply and secure it with

the bolts.the bolts. Reconnect the power supply to the drives and Reconnect the power supply to the drives and

shut caseshut case

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Adding Additional Adding Additional MemoryMemory

There are three types of memory devices. The There are three types of memory devices. The current standard are SIMM (single in line current standard are SIMM (single in line memory module) packages. The DIMM memory module) packages. The DIMM (Dynamic in line memory module) is currently (Dynamic in line memory module) is currently available. The previous standard was SIP available. The previous standard was SIP (single inline package) packages.(single inline package) packages.

Memory is installed in banks, all memory in a Memory is installed in banks, all memory in a single bank MUST be the same size and speed. single bank MUST be the same size and speed.

Some motherboards have 1 SIMM per bank, Some motherboards have 1 SIMM per bank, some 2 SIMM per, and other have 4 SIMM’s per some 2 SIMM per, and other have 4 SIMM’s per bank.bank.

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Adding Additional Adding Additional Memory (2)Memory (2) Before purchasing memory check your Before purchasing memory check your

motherboard manual to see if you motherboard manual to see if you need Parity, Non-Parity, EDO or need Parity, Non-Parity, EDO or DIMMS. Also if it needs a certain DIMMS. Also if it needs a certain speed. speed.

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Installing Memory Installing Memory (SIMM or DIMM)(SIMM or DIMM)

Open the caseOpen the case Locate existing SIMM packages, and Locate existing SIMM packages, and

remove expansion cards if necessaryremove expansion cards if necessary Remove existing SIMM if necessaryRemove existing SIMM if necessary Insert SIMM at 45 degree angle and snap Insert SIMM at 45 degree angle and snap

into place (check orientation and seating)into place (check orientation and seating) Repeat above for each SIMM in bankRepeat above for each SIMM in bank Replace cards and cover/check CMOSReplace cards and cover/check CMOS

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Installing Memory Installing Memory (SIP)(SIP)

Open the caseOpen the case Locate existing SIP packages, and remove Locate existing SIP packages, and remove

expansion cards if necessaryexpansion cards if necessary Remove existing SIP if necessaryRemove existing SIP if necessary Insert SIP’s in full banks, making sure not bend Insert SIP’s in full banks, making sure not bend

pins. (check orientation and seating)pins. (check orientation and seating) Repeat above for each SIP in bankRepeat above for each SIP in bank Change Switch Settings on older machines if Change Switch Settings on older machines if

necessarynecessary Replace cards and cover/check CMOSReplace cards and cover/check CMOS

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Swapping the Swapping the MotherboardMotherboard

The case and new motherboard must match in the The case and new motherboard must match in the following ways:following ways:– The expansion slotsThe expansion slots– The opening for the keyboardThe opening for the keyboard– hardware mountinghardware mounting

Shut off power and remove caseShut off power and remove case Remove disk drive(s), hard drive(s), and all Remove disk drive(s), hard drive(s), and all

expansion cardsexpansion cards Disconnect the power cords and speaker cords (may Disconnect the power cords and speaker cords (may

be more)be more) Remove the bolts connecting the board to the case. Remove the bolts connecting the board to the case.

Slide board out of case and place on NON-Slide board out of case and place on NON-conducting surfaceconducting surface

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Swapping the Swapping the Motherboard (2)Motherboard (2) Remove RAM and Co-processor from Old board Remove RAM and Co-processor from Old board

and install them on the new motherboard (if and install them on the new motherboard (if applicable)applicable)

Slide new board into computer and fasten all Slide new board into computer and fasten all hardwarehardware

Reconnect the power cords, speaker cords and Reconnect the power cords, speaker cords and any other cablesany other cables

Reinstall the expansion cards, and disk drive(s)Reinstall the expansion cards, and disk drive(s) Recheck and close caseRecheck and close case Set up CMOSSet up CMOS

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Things on the HorizonThings on the Horizon

100 MHz system buses.100 MHz system buses. Rambus RamRambus Ram Faster Processors (of course)!!Faster Processors (of course)!! New mother board buses:New mother board buses:

– AGP 2AGP 2– Faster PCIFaster PCI– Faster USBFaster USB– 13941394