Islam

IslamDoctrine and Beginnings1OverviewNewest of three monotheistic religionsFastest growingAggressive in recruitmentIndonesia has mostSaudi A., Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Turkey 100%

2Pre-islamIdol-worship and Jews in Mid EastControlled by Quraysh tribeNomadic peopleTrade importantMecca and YathribCaravans routesKaaba sacred shrineBlack StoneIdol collectionFee

3MuhammadBorn in 570 ADRaised by uncleDrove caravansWorked for wealthy widow, KhadijaMarried her at age 25Spent time fasting and prayingAge 40, Angel Gabriel ordered him to preach

4The City of the ProphetPreaches in MeccaFew followersMerchants and business owners angered622, Khadija diedMuhammad leaves MeccaHejira respected in Yathrib by poor/ArabsRenamed Medina

5On to meccaRaids Meccan caravansMeccans seige YathribMuhammad withstands630, Yathrib attacks MeccaNegotiationGiven 3 days to worshipGoes in w/armyTakes MeccaRededicates Kaaba, smashes idols632, Muhammad dies

6DoctrineIslam means submissionFive PillarsShahada profession of faithSalat pray 5 times dailyZakat charitable givingSawm fast during RamadanHajj pilgrimage to MeccaSixth Pillar?Jihad holy war

7Individual responsibilitiesShow moderation, cleanlinessNo alcohol, smoking, gambling, porkWomenBarred from educationHusband allowed to disciplineMales can have up to four wives must provide equally

8The Koran and the HadithKoran translates to reciteContains 114 ChaptersInstructs Muslims how to liveHadith teachings and actions of MuhammadTogether called SunnahAbu Bakr ordered them written

9People of the bookBelieve Jews and Christians were people of book and were half correctJesus was prophet, corrupted messageStatus as Ahl Al-DhimmaProtected under IslamSometimes

10Early history of islamFour reasons for quick spreadPeople had strong, united beliefsWhy?Ppl welcomed messageMuslims as liberatorsHad to pay FaySome convertedLarge, swift armiesGood leadership

11Early history of islamCaliph was leaderMeans successorFour able caliphs followed MuhammadAbu Bakr, Umar, UthmanAli was fourthCivil war between Ali and Muawiya UmayyadAli murderedSplit between Shia (followers of Ali) and Sunni

12Shiites vs SunnisShiites believe that only descendants of Muhammad should ruleSunnis believe that accomplished Muslims can be ruler (Caliph)Sunnis more prevalent (80%)Constant warring between two sects

13Umayyad Dynasty (661-750)Ali murdered, Muawiya in charge661, Umayyad Dynasty beginsGoverned Syria capital at DamascusEmphasized Arab cultureExpanded empire to Spain and India732, Battle of ToursEnded Muslim expansionNon-Arabs and Shiites revolted in 750Reasons for Umayyad expansionPersians and Byzantines warring between themselvesEurope in the Dark AgesMosque14

15Abbassid Dynasty (750-1258)Non-Arabs and ShiitesInclusive non-discriminatoryCapital at Baghdad (God-given)City flourished, home to 1 million peopleSponsored many building projectsHouse of Wisdom

16Golden age of Muslim civilizationBlended Greek, Persian, and Indian influencesBuilt on ancient Egypt and MesopotamiaTrade flourishedTrade from India and China to ScandinaviaSet up banks in empireTranslated ancient worksAlgebra al-KhwarizimiMagnetic compass inventedArabic influence on language

17Foreign invadersAbbassids pay Seljuk Turks for protective army1055, Seljuks capture BaghdadAllow puppet Abba. gov.Captured Anatolia from ByzantinesWeakens Byzantine Empire

18Foreign InvadersDuring 1200s, Mongols invade (after Crusades)Breed ponies, invented stirrupsHulagu Khan sacks Baghdad in 1258Kills last of Abbassid caliphsMongol conquest spurred tradeConverted to Islam and assimilated

19The CrusadesRemember, Jerusalem is home to three religions1071 AD, Seljuks stopped visitorsCauses of Crusades:Pope Urban II saw chance for unityEastern Orthodox felt threatenedEmperor Alexius call for helpPeople saw chance for riches Popes guaranteesPrimogenitor first born son gets 100% of inheritanceCall for Crusades took pressure off Pope

20Pre-First CrusadePeasants Crusade20,000-25,000 peasants strongLed by Peter the Hermit and Walter the PennilessEmperor Alexius hoped for warriors Instead, got this Once in Constantinople, looted cityCast out soon afterSlaughtered once they entered Asia Minor

21First CrusadeFirst Crusade led by nobles sets out in 1095Retake captured Byzantine holdingsCrusaders capture JerusalemWholesale rape, pillage, and slaughter ensuesAlexius allows lords to carve out kingdoms after oath of loyalty takenOdessa, Jerusalem, Tripoli, and Antioch formedCrusade #1 = Success

22Post-First CrusadeMost Europeans returned homeBrought back goods and ideasArabic words/alphabetMathematicsScientific ideasEngineering/ architectural conceptsMedical knowledgeGeographical knowledgeGoods from China and IndiaSilk, spices, cotton, pastaDesire to get to Asia

23SaladinMuslims needed leader to unite themSaladin did thisGod-fearing, courteous, generous, mercifulRespected by Muslims and Christians alikeWon decisive victory at Horns of Hattin in 1187

24Second and Third crusadesLed by Saladin, Muslims recaptured much of kingdomsCrusades turn defensive for ChristiansWhen Jerusalem captured, Muslims dont desecrateSaladin forbade:Killing inhabitantsStealing from CrusadersBurning Christian homes and churches

25Fourth CrusadeCrusaders accidentally sack Constantinople

26Consequences of the crusadesIncreased trade between the Middle East and the Byzantine EmpireGrowth of economyIncreased power of the ChurchNew inventions and ideas brought backAge of Exploration begins in EuropeHatred between Christians and Muslims grows27HomeworkCompare Two Sides to the Crusade28The Ottoman EMpire29