Second SemesterQuarter 3The Industrial RevolutionDescribe the agricultural and technological innovations that led tot industrialization in Great Britain and its subsequent spread to continental Europe.Industrial Revolution - greatly increases output of machine-made goods; begins in England in

the middle 1700s. Agricultural Revolution paves way: enclosures - large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges;

wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers; enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods.

Crop rotation - switching crops each year to avoid depleting soil; livestock breeders allow only best to breed = improve food supply.

Why Industrial Revolution began in England: has natural resources - coal, iron, rivers, harbors; expanding economy encourages investment; has all needed factors of production - land, labor, capital.

Textile Industry- weavers work faster with flying shuttles & spinning jennies; water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels; power loom, spinning mule speed up production, improve quality; factories - buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing; cotton gin [Eli Whitney] boosts American cotton production to meet British demand.

Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine; James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton, an entrepreneur – one who organizes, manages, takes business risks.

Robert Fulton builds 1st steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807; England's water transport improved by system of canals.

British roads are improved, paved, made safe; companies operate them as toll roads.In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds 1st steam-driven locomotive; in 1825, George Stephenson

builds world's 1st railroad line.Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester; Stephenson's Rocket acknowledged

as best locomotive (1829). Railroads revolutionize life in Britain; spur industrial growth, create jobs; cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities.

Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods. Industrial cities rise - urbanization - city-building & movement of people to cities; growing

population provides work force, market for factory goods; British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool.

Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums; life span in 1 large city is only 17 years; wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes.

Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes; cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection.

Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round; dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers; many coal miners killed by coal dust.

Middle class - skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals; emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, aristocrats; middle class has comfortable standard of

living.Boom - a time of increased activity, wealth, & prosperity.Economists - people who study ways that goods are made, sold, & bought.Raw materials - materials used in factories to create goods.Laborers' lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines; Luddites, other groups

(Luddites) destroy machinery that puts them out of work; unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers riot.

Immediate benefits: creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress; education expands, clothing cheaper, diet & housing improve; workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages & conditions.

Long-term effects - improved living & working conditions still evident today; governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements.

U.S. has natural & labor resources needed to industrialize; Samuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S.

Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by 1820; manufacturing towns spring up around factories across the country; young single women flock to factory towns, work in textile mills; clothing, shoemaking industries soon mechanize.

Industrialization picks up during post-U.S. Civil War technology boom; cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on railroad lines ; small companies merge to form larger, powerful companies.

Expansion elsewhere in Europe - Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes silk textiles; industrialization in France more measured; agriculture remains strong.

Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind; European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources; imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials, markets.

Europe & US gain economic power; rise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls for social reform.

African & Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts.capitalism - economic system in which people invest money to make a profit.Laissez faire - economic policy of the state(gov’t) not interfering with businesses; originates

with Enlightenment economic philosophers; Adam Smith - defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations; believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress; economic natural laws - self-interest, competition, supply & demand.

Economists Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism; capitalism - system of privately owned businesses seeking profits.

Describe the 19th and early 20th century social and political reforms and reform movements and their effects in Africa, Asia, Europe, the United States, the Caribbean, and Latin America.Pullman Strike - nationwide railroad strike in the U.S. in 1894. It pitted the American Railway

Union (ARU) against the Pullman company, the main railroads, and the federal government of the U.S. The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan.

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Knights of Labor - largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Most important leader was Terence V. Powderly. Promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, but it was never well organized.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) - one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. Founded 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor. Samuel Gompers was elected president. The AFL was the largest union grouping in the United States for the first half of the 20th century, even after the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

Farmers Alliance - organized among American farmers in the 1870s and 1880s. Great Migration - the movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern

United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that lasted up until the 1960s. Homestead Strike - an industrial lockout and strike which began in 1892, culminating in a battle

between strikers and private security agents. The dispute occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the Pittsburgh area town of Homestead, Pennsylvania, between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company. The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for efforts to unionize steelworkers.

Sherman Anti -Trust Act (1890) – prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anti-competitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation.

Granger Laws - a series of laws passed in several mid-western U.S. states in the late 1860s and early 1870s. The Granger Laws were promoted primarily by a group of farmers known as the Grange. The main goal of the Grange was to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies. The laws, which upset major railroad companies, were a topic of much debate at the time and ended up leading to several important court cases, such as Munn v. Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois.

Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 U.S. law prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

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The Age Of RevolutionsAnalyze the extent to which the Enlightenment impacted the American and French Revolutions.Enlightenment ideas help spur the American colonies to shed British rule & create a new nation. England’s American colonies grow large & populous during 1600s, 1700s; colonies thrive

economically through trade with Europe; Britain's Navigation Act restricts that trade (1651); other trade laws add restrictions, taxes;

colonists identify less & less as British subjects.Britain, American colonies win French & Indian War in 1763; Britain taxes colonists to help

pay war debts; colonists argue that British cannot tax them without their consent.Colonists protest tea tax with "Boston Tea Party" in 1773; colonists meet in Philadelphia to

address British policies (1774); British & Americans exchange fire at Lexington & Concord in 1775.

Colonial leaders push for independence, rely on Enlightenment ideas; Declaration of Independence - document justifying colonial rebellion; leader Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration, uses ideas of Locke.

Despite British military might, colonists have advantages: motivating cause of freedom – French assistance – war's expense for Britain.

British surrender at Yorktown in 1781; colonists win the war.Articles of Confederation set government plan for new republic; Articles create legislature only,

no executive or judicial branches; result is weak national government fails to provide unity & order.

Leaders call Constitutional Convention in 1787 to revise articles; group instead creates a new government under U.S. Constitution; Constitution contains many political ideas of the Enlightenment.

Constitution creates 3 branches of government; provides checks & balances - ensures branches share power equally; promotes federal system – power divided between nation & states; some fear too much national power, few protections of rights; leaders win support for Constitution by adding a Bill of Rights - ten amendments to Constitution that protect freedoms.

Summarize the important causes, events, and effects of the French Revolution including the rise and rule of Napoleon.Old Regime (regime ancien) - social & political system in France during 1770s.Estates - 3 social classes

1st Estate - Catholic clergy - own 10 percent land, pay few taxes; 2nd Estate - rich nobles - 2 percent population, own 20 percent land; 3rd Estate; 97 percent of people are peasants, urban workers, middle class; have few

privileges, pay heavy taxes, want change.

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Enlightenment ideas inspire some in 3rd Estate.High taxes & rising costs damage economy by 1780s; King Louis XVI & his wife Marie

Antoinette known for extravagance ; Louis doubles nation's debt; banks refuse to lend more money.

Louis is a weak leader; poor decisions & lack of patience add to France's problems; he calls Estates-General - meeting of representatives from all 3 estates.Third Estate has little power under old rules; Abbe Sieyes persuades them to make major

changes in French government.3rd Estate sets up National Assembly - new legislature to make reforms.Tennis Court Oath – delegates to National Assembly promise to write constitution for France.Rumors fly in Paris that Louis wants to suppress National Assembly; Mob attacks & seizes the

Bastille.Rumors & panic spread throughout France; Great Fear - attacks by peasants taking place across

France; peasants destroy legal papers binding them to feudal system; in October 1789, Parisian women revolt over rising price of bread ; they demand action, forcing Louis to return from Versailles to Paris.

National Assembly adopts Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen – guarantees life, liberty, property; revolutionary leaders use the slogan "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity".

National Assembly seizes church lands, turns clergy into public officials; this action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics.

King Louis XVI, worried about his future, attempts to escape France; revolutionaries catch the royal family near Netherlands' border.

In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution; Legislative Assembly - new body created to pass laws.

Major problems, including debt, food shortages remain. Assembly splits into Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives.

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emigres - nobles who flee country, want Old Regime back in power; Sans-culottes – radical lower class who want more change from the Revolution.Austrians & Prussians want Louis in charge of France; France declares war on them.Prussian forces soon threaten to attack Paris; Parisian mob jails royal family, kills guards; mob

breaks into prisons, murdering over 1,000, including many who support king.Pressured by mob, Legislative Assembly deposes the king & then dissolves; National

Convention takes office in September, forming French republic.Jacobins - radical political organization behind 1792 governmental changes; after a close vote,

Louis XVI is found guilty of treason & beheaded; Guillotine - machine designed during the Revolution to behead people.French army wins great victory against Prussians & Austrians; in 1793 Britain, Spain, Holland

join forces against France; National Convention orders draft of 300,000 to reinforce army.

The revolutionary government of France makes reforms but also uses terror & violence to retain power.

Not all people in France support all changes of the Revolution.Bourgeoisie - well-off merchants & skilled workers.Maximilien Robespierre - Jacobin leader rules France for a year; becomes leader of the

Committee for Public Safety, a murderous Dictator.Reign of Terror – Robespierre's rule, which includes murdering many opponents; tens of

thousands are murdered during the Terror, including former allies & Marie Antoinette; 85 percent of those murdered during the Terror are middle or lower class who are innocent of any crime - "enemies of the Revolution"

In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed; terror results in public opinion shifting away from radicals; moderate leaders write new constitution; 2-house legislature & five-man Directory restore order; new government makes Napoleon Bonaparte commander of armies.

Napoleon Bonaparte - born in Corsica, attends military school, joins army.In 1795, Napoleon defeats royalist rebels who were attacking National Convention; Napoleon

wins In November 1799, he carries out coup d'etat – takeover of government; Napoleon defeats British, Russians, Austrians who join forces against him.

New constitution is approved through plebiscite - vote of the people.To fix economy, he sets up national banking system, efficient tax collection; Establishes Iycees

– government - run public schools to train officials.Signs concordat - agreement - with pope restoring Catholicism in France; creates Napoleonic

Code - uniform system of laws.In 1801, Napoleon attempts to retake colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) but fails; gives up on

the Americas & concentrates on Europe; sells Louisiana Territory to United States for $15 million in 1803.

In December 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France.Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden join forces against Napoleon; Napoleon crushes enemy forces

in several brilliant battles; Napoleon forces Austria, Russia, Sweden to sign peace treaties.

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In 1805, British win Battle of Trafalgar - ensures British naval superiority; this defeat forces Napoleon to give up plan of invading Britain; looks for another way to control Britain.

Napoleon controls Europe except for Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Ottomans; has puppet rulers in some countries, alliances with others; French Empire reaches largest extent from 1807 to 1812.

Napoleon's conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe & contributed to his downfall.

Napoleon strikes Britain through blockade - forced closing of ports; Continental System – economic plan to strengthen Europe, weaken Britain; smugglers & uncooperative allies make France's blockade fail; Britain responds with blockade of its own, led by its stronger navy; Americans fight Britain in War of 1812; war does no major damage to Britain.

The Peninsular War; Napoleon sends troops across Spain to attack Portugal, causing protest; Napoleon makes his brother king of Spain, making things worse; Spanish fight as guerrillas - small groups that attacked & then disappear; British aid Spanish guerrillas; Napoleon loses 300,000 soldiers during this Peninsular War; Nationalist rebels fight the French in other conquered territories.

Relations with Russia break down, Napoleon decides to invade; in June 1812, Napoleon's army marches into Russia with 420,000 men;

Russians use scorched-earth policy - destroying crops, livestock, houses – make sure French find no food or shelter; in September 1812, Russians retreat from Moscow after Battle of Borodino; Napoleon finds Moscow abandoned & burning; Napoleon retreats, losing thousands of soldiers to raids, cold weather.

Britain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia, Austria join forces against Napoleon; Napoleon raises another army, but meets quick defeat by allied powers; Napoleon finally surrenders & is exiled to island of Elba.

Louis XVIII, new king, is soon overthrown & Napoleon returns from exile; Waterloo, Belgium - British, Prussian forces defeat Napoleon's army; this defeat ends Hundred Days -

Napoleon's last attempt at power & he is exiled to the island of St. Helena.

Describe the causes and effects of 19th century Latin American and Caribbean independence movements led by people including Bolivar, de San Martin, and L’Ouverture.Latin America has social classes that determine jobs & authority:

Peninsulares - born in Spain, head colonial government, society; Creoles - American-born Spaniards who can become army officers; Mestizos have both European & Indian ancestry; Mulattos - have both European & African ancestry; Slaves, Indians are at the bottom of society.

Haiti:Haiti is 1st Latin American territory to gain freedom; Toussaint L'Ouverture leads slave revolt

against French (1791) ; Toussaint eventually dies in French prison in 1803; Jean-Jacques 7

Dessalines declares Saint Domingue a nation in 1804; Saint Domingue becomes 1st black colony to win independence; Renamed Haiti, means "mountainous land" in the Arawak Indian language.

Latin America:Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American revolutionaries.Simon Bolivar - wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolution.Jose de San Martin - leader of Argentine revolutionary forces.Venezuela declares independence in 1811; Bolivar wins war by 1821.Argentina independent in 1816; San Martin helps free Chile; Bolivar's & San Martin's armies

drive Spanish out of Peru in 1824.

Mexico:Padre Miguel Hidalgo - priest who launches Mexican revolt (1810). 80,000 Indian & mestizo

followers march on Mexico City; Jose Marfa Morelos - leads revolt after Hidalgo's defeat, but loses.

Mexican creoles react; Iturbide declares Mexico independent (1821); in 1823, Central America breaks away from Mexico.

Emiliano Zapata - a leading figure in the Mexican Followers of Zapata were known as Zapatistas. He is a figure from the Mexican Revolution era who is still revered today

Pancho Villa - Mexican revolutionary, the veritable warlord of the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, which, given its size, mineral wealth, and proximity to the United States of America, provided him with extensive resources. Today his memory is honored by Mexicans.

Central America:Gran Columbia (Great Colombia) - name for the state that encompassed much of northern

South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. This short-lived republic included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru, western Guyana and northwest Brazil.

Spanish-American War – 1898 war won by the U.S. Liberated Cuba, U.S. gained Puerto Rico and the Philippine Islands as Commonwealths.

Teller Amendment – during the Spanish-American War, law stating that the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave “control of the island to its people.”

Roosevelt Corollary - a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that was articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. The corollary states that the U.S. will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.

Brazil:Napoleon invades Portugal; royal family moves to Brazil (1807); Portuguese court returns to

Portugal after Napoleon's defeat (1815); Portuguese prince Dom Pedro stays behind in Brazil - accepts Brazilians' request to rule their new country - officially declares Brazil's independence (September 1822); by 1830, nearly all Latin American regions win independence.

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The Ism’sCompare the philosophies of capitalism, socialism, and communism as described by Adam Smith, Robert Owen, and Karl Marx.Thomas Malthus (wrongly) thinks populations grow faster than food supply; wars, epidemics

kill off extra people or misery & poverty result; Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor underclass providing cheap labor.

Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism – something is only as good as it is useful; John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers, spread wealth.

Utopian Ideas - Robert Owen improves workers' conditions, rents cheap housing; in 1824, Owen founds utopian community, New Harmony.

Indiana Socialism – Socialism - factors of production owned by, operated for the people; socialists think government control can end poverty, bring equality; has never worked.

Karl Marx - German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism ; Friedrich Engels – German whose father owns a Manchester textile mill.

The Communist Manifesto - Marx & Engels believe society is divided into warring classes; capitalism helps "haves," the employers known as the bourgeoisie; hurts "have-nots," workers known as the proletariat; Marx, Engels predict workers will overthrow owners.

Marx believes that capitalism will eventually destroy itself; inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories & mills; communism - society where government owns everything – including you; Marx's ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba – where they murder millions of people.

Thomas Moore – 1779-1852. Irish poet, singer, songwriter, and entertainer, now best remembered for the lyrics of The Minstrel Boy and The Last Rose of Summer.

Utopian Socialism – economic theory that states that the voluntary surrender of the means of production would bring about the end of poverty and unemployment. Utopian socialism drew from early communist and socialist ideas. Advocated by Robert Owen, Charles

Fourier , and John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community in the U.S.

Describe the 19th and 20th century social and political reforms and reform movements and their effects in Africa, Asia, Europe, the United States, the Caribbean, and Latin America.England - in early 1800s, vote limited to men with substantial property; women could not vote;

upper classes (5%) run government.Reform Bill of 1832 gives middle class suffrage - right to vote; also gives thriving new

industrial cities more representation.Chartist Movement - expands suffrage & reform politics; demands suffrage for all men, secret

vote, parliamentary reforms; Parliament at 1st rejects, but eventually adopts, Chartist goals.

Many women organize to win the right to vote; some argue against it as too radical a break from tradition; others say women do not have ability to engage in politics.

Emmeline Pankhurst forms Women's Social & Political Union; after 1903, WSPU members protest, go to jail, stage hunger strikes; women do not win suffrage in Britain & U.S. until after World War I.

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Third Republic - French government formed in 1875 after Napoleon III was exiled; lasts till 1940.

Anti-Semitism - prejudice against Jews, strong in much of Europe. Dreyfus Affair – events surrounding framing of Jewish officer Alfred Dreyfus in French army

for treason; government eventually declares him innocent. Zionism - movement for Jewish homeland - grows after Dreyfus Affair.Emancipation Proclamation - Lincoln declares all southern slaves free; North's army frees

slaves as they push farther south; Amendments after war extend citizenship & voting to blacks.

Reconstruction - from 1865 to 1877, northern troops occupy South, enforce new laws; after Reconstruction, troops leave & Southerners pass new laws; segregation - separation of blacks & whites becomes policy in South.

Charles Darwin - English scientist develops theory of evolution: that all life on earth developed from simpler forms of life; in 1880s most people believe in "special creation" by God.

Darwin's idea of natural selection says competition elevates fittest; fittest then breed, their offspring share their advantages; gradually, over generations, species change; new species evolve; Theory of Evolution - species change slowly through natural selection.

Romanticism – 18th century literary, artistic, and philosophical movement as a reaction to the enlightenment and the sciences. An emphasis on the imagination and emotions, irrationality, an emphasis of the primitive man, a focusing on sadness.

Impressionism – style of painting characterized chiefly by concentration on the general “impression” produced by a scene or object and the use of unmixed primary colors and small strokes to simulate actual reflected light without showing any detail.

Realism - the attempt to represent artistic subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements, focusing instead on everyday life.

Feminism - ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment.

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Unification in EuropeIn 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe: Austria, Prussia, Britain,

France, & Russia; by 1871, Britain & Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power; Austria & Russia are weaker militarily & economically.

Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states; rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects.

3 different types of nationalist movements: unification - merges culturally similar lands. separation - splits off culturally distinct groups. state-building - binds separate cultures into one.

Austria:Austria includes people from many ethnic groups ; 1866 defeat forces emperor to split empire

into Austria & Hungary – both still ruled by emperor.

Turkey:Ottoman Empire - internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens empire; rulers grant

citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks.Tanzimat Reforms – 1839-1876 reforms aimed at modernizing the Ottoman Empire. The

reforms attempted to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the Empire. Ethnic Turks were against this, however.

Italy:Italy forms territory from crumbling empires; 1815-1848 Italians want independence from

foreign rulers; Camillo di Cavour - prime minister of kingdom of Sardinia in 1852; gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land.Giuseppe Garibaldi - leads nationalists Red Shirts who conquer southern Italy; Cavour

convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy & Sardinia; Garibaldi steps aside, allowing king of Sardinia to rule; control of Venetia, Papal States finally unites Italy.

Germany:Beginning in 1815, 39 German states form the German Confederation.Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany: mainly German population; powerful army;

creation of liberal constitution.Junkers - conservative wealthy landowners - support Prussian Wilhelm I; Junker realpolitik

master Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister; Realpolitik - power politics without room for idealism; Bismarck defies Prussian parliament.

Prussia & Austria fight Denmark, gain 2 provinces; quick victory makes other German states respect Prussia.

Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war; Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany; eastern & western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for 1st time.

Franco-Prussian War - Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans; Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser - emperor of a united Germany - at Versailles; Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance.

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Global ImperialismAnalyze the causes and effects of imperialism.Imperialism - seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country; missionaries, explorers,

humanitarians reach interior of Africa; rivers, disease discourage exploration.Henry Stanley helps King Leopold II of Belgium acquire land in Congo ; Leopold brutally

exploits Africans; millions die; Belgian government takes colony away from Leopold; much of Europe begins to claim parts of Africa.

Race for colonies grows out of national pride; racism – belief that one race is better than others; Social Darwinism – natural selection applied to human society = European superiority.Racism - belief that one race is superior to others. Inventions like steam engine, Maxim gun help conquest; perfection of quinine protects

Europeans from malaria; cultural and language difficulties divide Africans.Discovery of gold & diamonds increases interest in colonization.Scramble for Africa - European grab for African land that began in the 1880s.Berlin Conference - 14 nations agree on rules for division (1884-85): countries must claim land

& prove ability to control it; by 1914, only Liberia & Ethiopia are free of European control.

White Man’s Burden - The supposed or presumed responsibility of white people to govern and impart their culture to non-white people, often advanced as a justification for European colonialism. “The White Man’s Burden” is a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling.

Role of Christian Missionaries – missionaries preached, converted, and did humanitarian work, but have sometimes been criticized as aiding imperialism in Asia, Africa and the Americas.

Raw materials are greatest source of wealth in Africa; businesses develop cash-crop plantations.European nations want to control all aspects of their colonies: influence political, social lives of

people; shape economies to benefit Europeans; want people to adopt European customs.Europeans develop 4 forms of controlled territory:

colony - governed by a foreign power.protectorate - governs itself, but under outside control.sphere of influence - outside power controls investment, trading.economic - let private business interests assert control.

Europeans use 2 methods to manage colonies:direct control - colony totally run by Europeans.indirect control - limited self-rule for local governments; legislative body includes

colonial, local officials.Paternalism - governing in a "parental" way by providing for needs but not giving rights. Assimilation - adaptation of local people to ruling culture.Broad resistance to imperialism, but Europeans have superior weapons.Africans lose land & independence, many lose lives; traditional cultures break down; division

of Africa creates problems that continue today.Colonialism reduces local fighting; sanitation improves; hospitals & schools created;

technology brings economic growth.

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Geopolitics - taking land for its strategic location or products;The Great Game - war waged between Russia & Britain over India; battles fought in

Afghanistan until British withdrawal in 1881.sanitation - cleanliness; measures taken to create a clean or healthy environment.sphere of influence - area claimed as the exclusive investment or trading realm of a foreign

power.ethnic - related to one particular group or race of people.Modernization mainly helps European businesses; education, health, sanitation improve;

millions migrate to Southeast Asia to work in mines, plantations; colonialism leads to racial & religious clashes.

Identify major events in China during the 19th and early 20th centuries related to imperialism.In 1793, China rejects gifts brought by British ambassador; China is strong politically because it

is largely self-sufficient; agriculture, mining, manufacturing sectors highly productive.Guangzhou, southern port, is only port open to foreign trade; China earns more from its exports

than it spends on imports; British smuggle opium (late 1700s); many Chinese become addicted.

In 1839, Opium War erupts - fight caused by opium trade; China loses war to more modern British navy; Treaty of Nanjing (1842) gives British control of Hong Kong; in 1844, other nations win extraterritorial rights - means foreigners exempt from Chinese laws at Guangzhou, other ports.

China's population booms from 1790 to 1850; crop yields do not grow as fast, producing widespread hunger, unrest.

In late 1830s, Hong Xiuquan recruits followers to build new China; Taiping Rebellion - name given Hong's movement against the Qing dynasty; Taiping - "Great Peace"; in 1850s, Hong's army grows large, captures large areas in southeast; by 1864, rebellion defeated by infighting and outside attack.

Dowager Empress Cixi rules China most years from 1862 to 1908; supports reforms aimed at education, government, military; otherwise prefers traditional ways.

China suffers attacks from other nations; forced to grant more rights; Europeans, Japan gain spheres of influence - areas of economic control.

Open Door Policy – 1899 U.S. policy to safeguard China from being split into separate colonies by European powers while giving all nations equal opportunities to trade in China.

Many Chinese resent growing power of outsiders, press for change; in 1898, Emperor Guangxu enacts reforms; Empress Cixi, restored, ends them.

Anti-government, anti-European peasants form secret organization; in 1900, they launch Boxer Rebellion - their campaign for reforms by murdering outsiders; rebels take Beijing, but foreign army defeats them, ending rebellion; though rebellion fails, Chinese nationalism surges.

Cixi & other conservatives recognize necessity of reform; in 1905, she sends officials abroad to study other governments; in 1906, Cixi begins making reforms but they move slowly; unrest continues for 4 more decades.

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World War IAnalyze the causes of World War I including the formation of European alliances and the roles of imperialism, nationalism, and militarism.Great Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, & France.Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below surface; Growing nationalism leads to

competition among nations; nationalism in Balkans leads many groups to demand independence.

Competition for colonies stirs mistrust among European nations; mutual animosity spurs European countries to engage in arms race; militarism - policy of glorifying military power, preparing army.

Otto von Bismarck works to keep peace in Europe after 1871; believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War; seeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties & alliances: signs treaty with Russia in 1881; forms Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy - in 1882.

Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler in 1888 ; foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with dismissal of Bismarck – alliance with Russia dropped; Russia then allies with France; effort to strengthen German navy, which alarms Britain; Britain, France, Russia form Triple Entente alliance in 1907.

Many groups in Balkans win independence during early 1900s; new nation of Serbia made up largely of Slavs ; Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region - Bosnia & Herzegovina (1908); Serbia outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands.

Serbian terrorist murders Austro-Hungarian crown prince in June 1914; Austria declares war on Serbia; Russia comes to aid of Serbia.

Russia moves troops to its borders with Austria & Germany; Germany declares war on Russia, quickly attacks France; Great Britain declares war on Germany after Germany invades neutral Belgium.

Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary (and other nations). Allies - Britain, France, Russia (and other nations).Western Front - heavy battle zone in northern France.Schlieffen Plan - German plan to defeat France, then fight Russia; German army quickly

advances to outskirts of Paris; forced to retreat at 1st Battle of the Marne; Schlieffen Plan fails; Germany has to fight 2-front war.

Conflict descends into trench warfare - armies fighting from trenches ; battles result in millions of deaths, small land gains; life in trenches is miserable, difficult, unsanitary; new weapons only lead to more deaths; massive losses for both sides at 1916 battles of Verdun & Somme.

Eastern Front - site of main fighting along the German - Russian border; Russians push into Austria & Germany, but soon forced to retreat.

Russia's war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties, few supplies; huge size of Russian army keeps it a formidable force - prevents Germany from sending more troops to the Western Front.

Allies move to capture Ottoman Dardanelles strait in February 1915; hope to defeat Ottoman

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Empire, a Central Powers ally; also want to open a supply line through region to Russia; effort ends in costly Allied defeat.

Allies take control of German holdings in Asia, Africa; Britain & France use their colonial subjects to help in war effort.

Germany seeks to control Atlantic Ocean to stop supplies to Britain; uses unrestricted submarine warfare - ships near Britain sunk without warning; halts policy in 1915, after sinking of passenger liner Lusitania angers U.S. – 128 U.S. citizens murdered.

Renews unrestricted policy in 1917, hopes to starve Britain quickly; renewal of policy & effort to incite Mexico to declare war on the U.S. angers U.S.

U.S. declares war against Germany in April 1917, joining Allies.World War I becomes total war - nations devote all resources to war; governments take control

of economy to produce war goods; nations turn to rationing - limiting purchases of war-related goods; propaganda - one-sided information to build morale, support for war.

At home, thousands of women fill jobs previously held by men ; many women also experience the war by working as nurses.

Civil unrest in Russia forces czar to step down from throne in 1917; Communists soon take control of Russia's government; Russia signs treaty with Germany in March 1918, pulls out of war.

With Russia gone, Germany moves most forces to Western Front; engage in major fighting; Allies force Germans to retreat; Allies win war.

armistice - end of fighting - signed in November 1918.

Describe the changing nature of warfare during World War I.Innovations – airplanes, submarines, heavy artillery, machine guns, gas warfare, tanks.Stalemate in the trenches due to superiority of defensive weapons (gas, artillery, machine guns)

over mobility of ground troops (mostly on foot or horseback).

The U.S. during World War ILusitania - a British passenger liner torpedoed and sunk 1915 by a German U-boat, with the

loss of 1198 lives (102 Americans). This sinking of an unarmed civilian passenger ship led to a rift between the U.S. and Germany.

Sussex Pledge – 1916 promise by Germany to the U.S. prior to the latter's entry into the war. Early in 1916, Germany had instituted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, allowing armed merchant ships – but not passenger ships – to be torpedoed without warning. Despite this avowed restriction, a French cross-channel passenger ferry, the Sussex, was torpedoed without warning on March 24, 1916; the ship was severely damaged and about 50 lives were lost. Although no U.S. citizens were killed in this attack, it prompted President Woodrow Wilson to declare that if Germany were to continue this practice, the United States would break diplomatic relations with Germany. Fearing the entry of the United States into World War I, Germany attempted to appease the United States by issuing, on May 4, 1916, the Sussex pledge, which promised THAT Germany would obey international law: no attacks on civilian ships. Germany very quickly broke the pledge.

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Zimmerman Telegram - 1917 diplomatic proposal from Germany for Mexico to declare war on and invade the U.S. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. Revelation of the contents outraged American public opinion and helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April of that year

Selective Service Act - authorized the U.S. government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through conscription (the “Draft”).

War Industries Board (WIB) – U.S. government agency established to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The board set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It also conducted psychological testing to help people find the right jobs.

War Bonds – bonds issued by a government to finance military operations and other expenditure in times of war. The bonds also remove money from circulation and thus also help to control inflation. Often made available in a wide range of denominations to make them affordable for all citizens.

Espionage Act – U.S. law intended to prohibit attempts to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere with military recruitment. In 1919, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled through Schenck v. United States that the act did not violate the freedom of speech of those convicted under its provisions.

Sedition Act – U.S. law which forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. Those convicted under the act generally received sentences of imprisonment for 5 to 20 years. t applied only to times “when the United States is in war.” It was repealed in1920

Committee of Public Information (Creel Committee) – U.S. government agency used to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I. Used to create enthusiasm for the war effort and enlist public support against foreign attempts to undercut America's war aims.

Summarize significant effects of World War I.After winning the war, the Allies dictate a harsh peace settlement that leaves many nations

feeling betrayed. Key Leaders Come Together; group of leaders known as the Big 4 dominate peace talks:

U.S. President Woodrow WilsonFrench Premier Georges Clemenceau British Prime Minister David Lloyd George Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy.

Wilson proposes 14 Points - outline for lasting world peace; calls for free trade & end to secret alliances, military buildups; promotes self-determination - right of people to govern own nation; envisions international peace-keeping body to settle world disputes.

Britain, France oppose Wilson's ideas; want to punish Germany; Allies, Germany sign accord, Treaty of Versailles, in June 1919 - creates League of Nations - international organization

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to keep peace - blames Germans for war, forces Germany to pay damages to nations; League to rule former German colonies until deemed ready for independence.

Summarize significant effects of World War I.1. Created feelings of bitterness and betrayal, among the victors and the defeated.2. New nations were created out of land taken from the defeated.3. The treaty was weakened by the U.S. rejecting it, and not taking part in it.4. The “war-guilt” clause left the Germans bitter and full of hatred.5. Many nations felt cheated and betrayed by the treaty. Colonialism was not done away with.

Many areas felt this had been promised, but not delivered.6. The League of Nations was weakened by the U.S. not participating in it.7. The Treaty of Versailles left a legacy of bitterness.

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QUARTER 4Inter-War YearsSummarize significant effects of World War I.1. Created feelings of bitterness and betrayal, among the victors and the defeated.2. New nations were created out of land taken from the defeated.3. The treaty was weakened by the U.S. rejecting it, and not taking part in it.4. The “war-guilt” clause left the Germans bitter and full of hatred.5. Many nations felt cheated and betrayed by the treaty. Colonialism was not done away with.

Many areas felt this had been promised, but not delivered.6. The League of Nations was weakened by the U.S. not participating in it.7. The Treaty of Versailles left a legacy of bitterness.

Compare and contrast the road to recovery after WW I in Britain, France, Germany, and America.1. The U.S. soon entered the “Roaring Twenties,” a period of prosperity, full of material, and

artistic advances. Segments of the U.S. population enjoyed vast riches and most Americans believed their turn to share in prosperity would arrive soon. Americans were confident in a better future.

2. Britain and France were rebuilding their war-torn economies aided by loans from the more prosperous U.S.

3. Germany, which had no tradition of democratic government, did not embrace its new attempt at democracy, the Weimar Republic. Germany had many political parties, and blamed the new Weimar Republic for the country’s defeat, and postwar humiliation caused by the Treaty of Versailles. Germany had massive inflation because paper money had lost value, and because it was forced to pay massive reparations to Britain and France. Reparations were basically, “you lost, and as a result, have to pay us a lot of money.” Germany was in rough shape, which allowed extremists (like Hitler) to sound good to the German people.

4. The American stock market crash in 1929 and the beginnings of the Great Depression had devastating effects all over the world. Germany suffered the most.

Describe the causes and effects of the German economic crisis of the 1920s and the global depression of the 1930s, and analyze how governments responded.Suffering caused by World War I leads many to doubt old beliefs.Philosophy of existentialism - no universal meaning to life; Friedrich Nietzsche urges return to

ancient “heroic” – pagan, irrational – values; dismissed reason, democracy, Christianity, & progress as empty ideas.

Nihilism – life is without meaning, purpose, or value; existence is pointless; are no rules.Nihilism and existentialism are the basic philosophies of Nazism and communism.World War I creates fall of kingdoms, empires creates new democracies in Europe; people have

little experience with representative government; some form coalition governments – temporary, multi-party alliances; frequent changes in government create instability.

Weimar Republic - Germany's democratic government formed in 1919; government has serious weaknesses.

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Inflation causes crisis in Germany; value of German currency falls dramatically.American loans help revive German economy.Germany & France sign treaty pledging no more war; many nations sign a similar agreement,

the Kellogg-Briand pact.Weaknesses in American economy cause serious problems; people overuse credit during the

“Roaring Twenties”; factory owners cut back on production, lay off workers; farmers produce more food than people can eat = low food prices; many farmers cannot repay loans & lose their land.

Stock prices soar; many people buy stocks on credit; investors begin selling stocks, which lowers prices; on October 29, 1929, stock market collapses as prices fall very low.

Great Depression - long business slump of 1930s; marked by bank failures, loss of savings, unemployment.

Dawes Plan – 1924 failed U.S. plan to solve the German reparations problem of non-payment which had bedeviled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. The Allied occupation of the Ruhr industrial area contributed to the hyperinflation crisis in Germany, partially because of its disabling effect on the German economy. The plan provided for an end to the Allied occupation, and a staggered payment plan for Germany's payment of war reparations.

Four Power Treaty - treaty signed by the United States, Great Britain, France and Japan in 1921, all parties agreeing to maintain the status quo in the Pacific, by respecting the Pacific holdings of the other countries signing the agreement, not seeking further territorial expansion, and mutual consultation with each other in the event of a dispute over territorial possessions.

Washington Naval Conference – 1922 disarmament agreement signed by the U.S., Britain, France, Italy, and Japan limiting the size of their navies.

Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom - group works to achieve world disarmament, equal rights for women, and a total end of violence.

New Deal - presidential executive orders or laws passed by Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. They had mixed successl

Dust Bowl (the Dirty Thirties) - a period of severe dust storms on the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. Caused by severe drought and a failure to apply dry farming methods to prevent wind erosion.

Black Tuesday - Stock Market Crash of 1929, began in late October 1929 and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States. The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries.

Surrealism - Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s. The aim was to merge dreams with reality in art. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes and created strange creatures from everyday objects.

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Pablo Picasso - known for co-founding the Cubist movement. Among his most famous works is Guernica (1937), a portrayal of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.

Describe the rise of authoritarian governments in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, and Spain, and analyze the policies and main ideas of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, and Francisco Franco.

Russia:After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over empire; Russification - forcing other

peoples to adopt Russian culture/language.Alexander II - Czar of Russia 1855 until his assassination in 1881. His most important

achievement was the emancipation of serfs in 1861, for which he became known as Alexander the Liberator.

Emancipation of Serfs – (The Peasant Reform of 1861) was the first and most important of liberal reforms effected during the reign of Alexander II of Russia. The Emancipation Manifesto proclaimed the emancipation of the serfs on private estates and of the domestic (household) serfs. By this edict more than 23 million people received their liberty. Serfs were granted the full rights of free citizens, gaining the rights to marry without having to gain consent, to own property and to own a business.

Treaty of Portsmouth – ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War (Russia lost).Revolution of 1905 - a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of

the Russian Empire. Some of it was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to the establishment of limited constitutional monarchy, the State Duma of the Russian Empire, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906.

Duma - council assemblies which were created by the Czar Nicholas II. Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905, Nicholas II pledged to introduce basic civil liberties, provide for broad participation in the State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power. Just before the creation of the Duma in 1906, the Czar issued the Fundamental Laws. It stated in part that Czar's ministers could not be appointed by, and were not responsible to, the Duma, thus denying responsible government at the executive level. Furthermore, the Czar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished.

Long-term social unrest in Russia explodes in revolution in 1917 & ushers in the 1st Communist government.

Industrialization breeds discontent over working conditions, wages; growing popularity of Marxist idea that the “proletariat” (communist word for workers) will rule.

Bolsheviks - Marxists who favor revolution by a small committed group; Lenin - Bolshevik leader - an excellent organizer, inspiring leader.

The final blow: Heavy losses in World War I reveal government's weakness; Nicholas goes to 20

war front; Czarina Alexandra runs government; Czarina falls under the influence of Rasputin – mysterious "holy man"; nobles fear Rasputin's influence, murder him; Army losing effectiveness; people at home hungry & unhappy.

March Revolution - protests become uprising; Nicholas abdicates throne; Duma establishes provisional, or temporary, government; Soviets - committees of Socialist revolutionaries - control many cities.

In April 1917, Germans (hoping to knock Russia out of the war) aid Lenin return from exile to Russia.

In November 1917, workers topple the Provisional Government under Alexander Kerensky; Lenin gives land to peasants, puts workers in control of factories; Bolsheviks sign treaty with Germany; Russia out of World War I.

Civil War between Bolsheviks' Red Army & loosely allied White Army; Red Army wins 3-year war that leaves 14 million dead; Russian, French Revolutions similar - both attempt to remake society; both murder any and all opposition.

In March 1921, Lenin launches New Economic Policy; has some capitalism; NEP & peace restore economy shattered by war, revolution; by 1928, Russia's farms, factories are productive again.

Lenin creates self-governing republics under national government; in 1922, country renamed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S. S.R.).

Communist Party - new name taken by Bolsheviks from writings of Marx.Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin compete to replace Lenin when he dies; Stalin - cold, hard

Communist Party general secretary in 1922 ; Stalin gains power from 1922 to 1927; Lenin dies in 1924; Stalin gains complete control in

1928; Trotsky forced into exile & later murdered.Totalitarianism - government that controls every aspect of life; totalitarian leader often

dynamic, persuasive; Government uses police, neighbors to spy on, intimidate people; Government shapes people's minds through slanted education, media.

Government controls all mass media, crushes opposing views.Leaders brand religious, ethnic minorities "enemies of the state".Stalin aims to create Communist state in Russia - began by destroying his enemies - real &

imagined by murder, torture, intimidation.Stalin's police attack opponents with public force, secret actions; Great Purge - terror campaign

against Stalin's perceived enemies; by the end of 1938, Stalin in complete control; 8-13 million people murdered.

Government controls newspapers, radio, movies; artists censored, controlled; work harnessed to glorify the Party; government controls all education, from early grades to college; children learn the virtues of the Communist Party; teachers, students who challenge the Party are punished.

Government attacks Russian Orthodox Church; magnificent churches, synagogues destroyed; religious leaders murdered; people lose all personal rights, freedoms.

By mid-1930s, Stalin has transformed Soviet Union – totalitarian regime; industrial, political power; Stalin controls all aspects of Soviet life: unopposed as dictator, Communist Party

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leader; rules by terror instead of constitutional government; demands conformity, obedience; power of life and death.

Five Year Plan - Stalin’s efforts to develop the Soviets economy. Set impossible high goals, and created suffering among the Soviet people.

Siberia - place of punishment in Russia.

In response to political turmoil & economic crises, Italy & Germany turn to totalitarian dictators.

Fascism - militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state, and obedience to its leader. Preached an extreme form of nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country, loyalty to an authoritarian leader who guided and brought order to the state.

Italy:Italians want a leader who will take action. Fascist Party leader, Benito Mussolini, promises to

rescue Italy; Italian king puts Mussolini in charge of government; Mussolini (known as Il Duce) takes firm control of politics & economy in Italy.

Black Shirts – armed squads that used violence and intimidation against Mussolini’s opponents.

Germany:Adolf Hitler – German fascist leader. An obscure political figure in 1920s Germany.Nazism - German brand of fascism (German acronym for National Socialist German Worker’s

Party). Hitler becomes Nazi leader, plots to seize national power.Mein Kampf (My Struggle) - Hitler's book detailing beliefs, goals for Germany: Aryans, the

master race. Non-Aryans were inferior (subhuman), outrage over the Treaty of Versailles. Need for lebensraum (living space) conquered from other countries.

Aryan - Hitler’s misused word. It was his “master race,” the Germanic peoples.Lebensraum - “Living Space” that the Nazis said was needed by Germany and used to justify

eastward expansion (conquest) in Poland and Russia.Germans turn to Hitler when economy collapses.Hitler is named chancellor; turns Germany into totalitarian state; uses brutal tactics to eliminate

enemies; Nazis take command of economy.Hitler takes control over every aspect of German life.Nazis deprive Jews of rights, promote violence against them.Thugs - people who carry out violent activities on someone else's orders.

Analyze the restriction of individual rights and the use of mass terror against populations in the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and occupied territories.Analyze the Nuremberg Laws:Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) was a key part of Nazi ideology. They were used as scapegoats”

(people to blame), for all of Germany’s troubles since World War I. The Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of most of their rights as German citizens. Passed in 1935,

they deprived Jews of their rights to German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and non-Jews. Later, they also limited the kinds of work that Jews could do.

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World War IITrace the causes and key events related to World War IIRise of totalitarianism in Europe and the Far East: Fascism: Hitler-Germany, Mussolini-Italy Militarism: Army generals in Japan Communism: Stalin-Soviet UnionExpansionism based upon: Germany - “Lebensraum,” uniting the “Aryan race,” desire for resource rich territories, Nationalism, a sense of “making up” for the “betrayal” of the Treaty of

Versailles. Italy- Nationalism, need for “order,” to gain respect among nations, promote national

pride by aggression.Japan- Aggression based upon belief of racial superiority, and the need for resource rich

territories to feed the massive industrialization of Japan.Appeasement - the “giving in to keep the peace” by the League of Nations, and the western

democracies.No action (other than diplomacy-“talk”) was taken when:

1. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931.2. Japan invaded China in 1937.3. Rape of Nanking – 200,000 to 300,000 innocent Chinese are murdered and

many more are raped and tortured by invading Japanese troops.4. Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and supplies to support the Fascist overthrow of the

Spanish republic in 1936. General Francisco Franco became Spain’s Fascist dictator.

5. Italy (Mussolini) invaded Ethiopia in 1935.6. German rearmament in 1935 (in violation of the Treaty of Versailles).7. German military moved into the Rhineland in 1936 (in violation of the Treaty of

Versailles). 8. Formation of the “Rome-Berlin” Axis in 1936, and soon thereafter, Japan was added

to the group and they became known as the Axis Powers. 9. The Anschluss, in 1938. The takeover of Austria by Germany (in violation of the

Treaty of Versailles). 10. Continued appeasement at the Munich Conference in 1938, when Britain and France

“sold out” Czechoslovakia and allowed Germany to take over the Sudetenland (a predominantly German speaking area of Czechoslovakia. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain “appeased” Hitler when he agreed to let Hitler take part of Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland) in return for his promise to “respect” Czechoslovakia’s new borders.

11. Continued appeasement when all the rest of Czechoslovakia was taken over by Germany in 1939.

12. Hitler and Stalin signed a “non-aggression pact” in 1939. Western democracies had always bet on the German fear of the Soviet Union to stop German eastern

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expansion. The non-aggression pact gave Hitler “permission” to invade Poland on September 1st, 1939. Hitler’s reason for invading Poland was the supposed mistreatment of German minorities in Poland.

11. American isolationism throughout this entire period.When Hitler invaded Poland, there was no more appeasement possibilities (Britain and France

had a treaty with Poland), and World War II began.

World War II: EuropeNeutrality Acts - passed by the U.S. Congress in the 1930s in response to the growing turmoil

in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. Spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the U.S. following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. Their legacy is widely regarded as having been generally negative: they made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as "belligerents" (the rape victim was just as guilty as the rapist) and they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany and China against the Japanese.

Non-aggression Pact - August 23rd, 1939. Fascist Germany and Communist Russia (Soviet Union) pledged never to attack one another.

Blitzkreig - “lightning war.” Surprise attack using fast moving airplanes and tanks, followed by infantry forces. Used by Germans to invade Poland, Russia, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway.

Third Reich - Hitler’s German Empire.Phony War - Period of time (late 1939, early 1940) when not much was going on in WW II.

French and British troops were stationed along the German border with France and waited for a German attack.

Winston Churchill - new British Prime Minister who pledged to the British people after the fall of France, that this nation would never give in. “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets…we shall never surrender.”

Arsenal of Democracy - slogan used by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a radio broadcast delivered on December 29, 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting. The announcement was made a year before the Attack on Pearl Harbor, at a time when Germany had occupied much of Europe and threatened Britain.

Cash and Carry - replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1939. Allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation.

Lend-Lease Act - the U.S. supplied Allied nations with $50 billion of war materiel between 1941 and August 1945 free of charge to fight the Germans and the Japanese.

Battle of Britain - The air war in the skies over England where the German Luftwaffe (air force) pounded British airfields, factories, and then civilian targets in major cities. The valiant RAF (British Royal Air Force) held off the Luftwaffe, and eventually forced Hitler to call

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off his attacks on Britain.Atlantic Charter-A joint declaration by Winston Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt, after a

secret meeting, that upheld free trade among nations, and the right of people to choose their own government.

Battle of Stalingrad - A fight to the death between German and Soviet armies to control the Soviet city of Stalingrad. A massive defeat for the Germans, and the turning point in the war on the eastern front. Germany was now on the defensive in the east.

D-Day - June 6, 1944 (Operation Overlord) The massive (the largest land and sea attack in history) invasion of the German held French coast of Normandy by British, French, American, and Canadian troops. This was the beginning of the end for Germany along the western front.

Battle of the Bulge - Last desperate gamble by Hitler to turn the worsening tide of the war. A massive counterattack in the western front which was initially successful, creating a massive “bulge” in the Allied lines in the Ardennes forest of Belgium. The allies (Americans) valiantly held their ground, and eventually the Germans were pushed back. The allied race toward Germany was then on.

Nuremburg Trials - trials of captured Nazi officials conducted by the Allies after the war in the German city of Nuremburg.

King’s African Rifles - a British Army unit composed of black African soldiers with white British officers.

World War II: PacificPearl Harbor - The American policy of isolationism came to a dramatic end on December 7th

1941, when the Japanese attacked the American Pacific fleet’s home port of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The surprise attack was a stunning success, and was a massive setback for the Americans. President Roosevelt described it as “a date that will live in infamy.” The U.S. quickly declared war on Japan and its allies (Germany and Italy).

Bataan Death March – forced march of 60,000 to 80,000 U.S. and Filipino prisoners of war from Bataan, Philippine Islands to their prison camps. Over 10,000 of these men died of beatings and cold-blooded murder at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Japanese-American Internment – the re-location of over 110,000 people of Japanese heritage who lived on the U.S. Pacific coast. The U.S. government ordered the internment in 1942, shortly after Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.

Coral Sea – site of a naval battle in 1942. Although the U.S. lost more ships than the Japanese, they stopped the attempted Japanese invasion of Port Moresby, New Guinea.

Battle of Midway - Massive air battle near the Pacific island of Midway. The U.S. had advance information of the forthcoming Japanese attack. U.S. aircraft destroyed 322 Japanese planes and four aircraft carriers. It was a massive defeat for Japan and turned the tide of the war in the Pacific.

Douglas MacArthur- The commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific.Island Hopping - U.S. General Douglas McArthur’s strategy in the Pacific. Rather than fight a

costly battle to seize every island on the way to Japan, the U.S. would attack islands that were not well defended, but were closer to Japan.

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Harry Truman- Became President after Franklin D.Roosevelt’s unexpected death in April 1945 just as the war in Europe was drawing to a close. He would make the momentous decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.

Manhattan Project – codename of the secret U.S./British project to develop an atomic bomb.

Explain the causes, events, and effects of the Holocaust (1933-1945) including its roots in the long tradition of anti-Semitism, 19th century ideas about race and nation, and Nazi dehumanization of the Jews and other victims.Analyze the causes and effects of the Holocaust on Jews and other victims.Centuries of Anti-Semitism in (particularly in Eastern Europe where the majority of European

Jews were found).Provide a convenient scapegoat (source of blame) for national failures like the German defeat in

WW I, and the economic problems after the war.Psychologically, it makes people feel better to be able to put others in a “lower” position,The results (effects) of the Holocaust were the massive murder of Jews, and other

“undesirables.” Generations of psychologically scarred adults and children were created. Kristallnacht - “Night of Broken Glass.” November 9th, 1938, Nazi storm trooper mobs

attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany, and murdered almost 100 Jews.

Nuremberg - city in Germany where a series of laws (“Nuremberg Laws”) were passed to severely restrict the civil liberties, and rights of Jews throughout Germany. Also the place

where Nazi leaders were tried for “war crimes” after the war.Holocaust - The systematic mass murder of Jews and other groups judged “inferior” by the Nazis.Final Solution - The systematic murder of Jews and other undesirables that was planned by

Hitler and other top Nazi officials.SS - Hitler’s elite security force that carried out much of the “Final Solution,” and acted as

secret police throughout Germany.Heinrich Himmler- Nazi official who was in charge of the “Final Solution.” The genocide of Jews, and other “undesirables.”Einsatzgruppen- Nazi special unit that had the job of rounding up Jews, and other “undesirables,” and murdering them.Genocide - The systematic murder of an entire people.Ghetto - Dismal, overcrowded areas in cities where Jews were segregated away from others.

Surrounded by barbed wire and stone walls. Nazis hoped that the Jews would starve, and die from diseases found in confined areas.

Concentration Camp - Nazi death camps throughout Eastern Europe during the late 1930s, and during WW II, where the systematic murder of millions of Jews, and other“undesirables” took place. Hitler’s “Final Solution.” Genocide

Auschwitz- The most famous and largest of the Nazi “death camps.” Located in Poland. Gas chambers were used to murder of as many as 6,000 people per day and crematoriums were used to burn their bodies.

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Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - 1943 uprising of Jews confined to the Warsaw, Poland ghetto. Although eventually destroyed, it was the largest revolt by Jews during World War II.

Anne Frank - 15 year old Jewish girl who kept a diary of her family’s hiding from the Nazis in the Netherlands. Betrayed by a neighbor, Anne Frank died in a concentration camp in 1945, but her diaries survived.

Zionism- Movement to create a “Jewish homeland” in Palestine due to the long history of exile and persecution of the Jews. The Zionist movement (creating a Jewish homeland in

Palestine) was accelerated by the Holocaust.

Compare and contrast the Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences:Tehran - Conferences of the “Big Three” (Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill) held in 1943 in the capital city of Iran. A number of concessions were made to Stalin, the most important being the promise of opening a second front in the European theater. That meant that the British and Americans would attack in the west to take some of the “heat” off of Soviet forces in the east. This was done to keep Stalin and the Soviets putting pressure on German forces.Yalta - February, 1945 as the war in Europe was drawing to a close. Stalin, Churchill, and a

gravely ill Roosevelt met at the Soviet town of Yalta. They agree to divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by allied military forces. Germany would have to pay the Soviet Union for its massive loss of life and property (sound familiar?) Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan 3 months after Germany surrendered and promised that Soviet occupied Eastern Europe would have free elections after the war.

Potsdam - Truman, Stalin, and Churchill met at the German city of Potsdam in July of 1945. The Germans had surrendered three months earlier. Truman pushed for the “promised” free elections in Soviet occupied Eastern Europe. Stalin refused. Europe was now to be split between the Soviet led communist nations, and the western democracies.

Identify the wartime strategy and post-war plans of the Allied leaders.When the war broke out, the plan was to fight Germany on two fronts. Stalin wanted the two

front war in Europe to split the German’s strength, by forcing them to fight major battles in two regions instead of one.

Churchill and Roosevelt wanted to attack German positions in Africa, and southern Europe (Italy) before landing in France. Stalin opposed this, but had no choice to accept the strategy. The Soviets were supplied with materials, and the attacks on German positions in the west began to have a positive effect.

Initially American efforts were concentrated in Europe, and the fight against the Japanese was considered the number two goal.

Postwar plans included rebuilding devastated areas, and consolidation areas of control. This meant that the winners would hold on to the areas they occupied, and work to promote their own agendas.

The western democracies wished to create prosperous new democratically governed nations that would help resist the spread of communism. If devastated nations (both victorious and defeated) would become prosperous, they would then support democracy and capitalism, and not be attracted to totalitarianism and communism.

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Explain the concept of Total War, and its effect on the home front.Total war: The involvement of everyone in the war effort. Those not in uniform would be at risk

from attack by the enemy, and also would take part in providing support for those uniform. That support would include sacrifice of food, material comforts, and the salvage of, and gathering of raw materials needed in the war effort.

In the U.S., it also meant the limiting of civil rights for some Americans, particularly the internment of Japanese-Americans in “camps” as a result of fear of possible disloyalty of them, and a potential for sabotage, and espionage.

Summarize the causes and effects of President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan.Truman’s advisors had informed him that an invasion of the Japanese homeland might cost the

allies a half a million lives. They also felt that using the bomb would bring the war to the quickest possible end.

The Hiroshima bomb on August 6th, 1945 killed between 70,000 and 80,000 people. The Nagasaki bomb on August 9th, 1945 killed approximately 70,000 people instantly. Radiation fallout would kill many thousand more.

Atomic Bomb - New devastating weapon developed by the “Manhattan Project” in the U.S. First tested in the New Mexico desert. Truman threatened Japan with a “rain of ruin from the air” if it did not surrender. Bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulting in unimaginable destruction. The Japanese quickly surrendered unconditionally.

On September 2nd, 1945, the Japanese unconditionally surrendered to the U.S.

Describe the effects of World War II.Demilitarization - A process of disbanding armed forces. Allies did this with both the

German and Japanese militaries.Democratization - the process of creating a government elected by the people. In Japan,

McArthur and his advisers actually wrote the new Japanese constitution.Cold War - The struggle of political differences carried on by means short of military action

or war. The U.S. and the Soviet Union were engaged in a “Cold war from 1949 to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. During this period, the “superpowers” used spying, propaganda, diplomacy, and secret operations in their dealing with each other. Much of the world allied with one side or the other.

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The Cold WarIdentify the United States and Soviet aligned states of Europe, and contrast their political and economic characteristics.See the map and chart on page 783 of the textbook. The map shows the eastern European

nations that were aligned (controlled by) with the Soviet Union, and the western European nations that were aligned (political and economic partners) with the United States. The boundary line that separated the two groups of nations was nicknamed the “Iron Curtain (from a post-war speech by Winston Churchill)”

The U.S wanted a rebuilt prosperous Western Europe that would be democratic (capitalistic), and not be attracted to communism. The U.S. wanted access to European raw materials, and markets. The U.S. also wanted a prosperous, united Germany as a “buffer” against communist Eastern Europe.

The Soviet Union wanted to promote worldwide worker’s revolts, and the spread of communism. It wanted to use Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and raw materials to rebuild its devastated economy. The Soviet Union also wanted to keep Germany divided and weak so it would not be a threat in the future and maintain control of Eastern European nations to balance U.S. influence in Western Europe.

Describe characteristics of the early Cold War.Soon after the end of World war II, a number of conflicts developed between the U.S. and the

Soviet Union.Tension between the two sides was continual, and threatening.The Soviets quickly established communist governments in the Eastern European countries that

it controlled and crushed any attempt by these countries to liberate themselves from the Russians.

Containment - U.S. foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from WW II to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1990. Keep communism from spreading. Contain it in the areas where it already existed.

Loyalty Review Boards – boards set up in the Truman administration to ensure the loyalty of government employees – that they were not communists.

Truman Doctrine - President Truman’s pledge to aid any European nation that wished help in preventing a communist takeover. Included economic and military aid.

Marshall Plan - Massive financial aid from the U.S. to the devastated nations (both winners and losers) of Europe after WW II. The goal was to create stable capitalistic economies, and prevent communism from taking roots in the devastated nations.

Iron Curtain - Churchill’s phrase to describe the division of Europe between the western democracies, and the eastern nations that were under the rule of communism and the Soviet Union.

Berlin Wall - Built by Soviets in 1961 to separate communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin and to keep East Germans trapped in the communist system. It symbolized the World-wide split between communist and non-communist nations.

Buffer states - Nations that separate two nations that may not get along. It makes the two

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nations that do not get along seem more comfortable and secure if there is another nation between them.

Both the U.S and Soviet Union engaged in an “arms race” to accumulate nuclear weapons, along with conventional weapons.

NATO - The North Atlantic Treaty Organization- The alliance of the U.S. and western European nations. They promise to come to each other’s aid in the event of an attack by the communist nations.

Warsaw Pact - The communist version of NATO. An alliance of the Soviet Union, and its eastern European “partners” (captive nations).They pledged to aid each other in the event of an attack by NATO nations.

Cominform - to coordinate actions between Communist parties working for revolutions in different countries under Soviet direction. It had its own newspaper, For Lasting Peace, for People's Democracy! (both are lies).

Nikita Khrushchev – Soviet leader from m1953 to1964. Sputnik – the first artificial satellite launched by humans. The Soviet Union launched it into an

elliptical low Earth orbit on October 4, 1957. It was visible all around the Earth and its radio pulses detectable. The surprise success began the Space Age and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War.

Space Race- A contest between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to have the “upper hand” in outer space. Missiles that could propel satellites into outer space could also be used to deliver nuclear war heads. Being first into space was also a matter of national prestige.

U2 incident - A U.S. spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960, and caused a major rise in tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

Brinksmanship - Foreign policy created by American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. This meant that the U.S. would not back down in any confrontation with the Soviets, and would be prepared to go to war. The U.S. would be on the “brink.”

Charles de Gaulle – World War II French military hero and President of France 1959-1969.SEATO – Southeast Asia Treaty Organization was a U.S -led international organization for

collective defense in Southeast Asia against communist aggression. START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) – treaty between the U.S. and the Union of Soviet

Socialist republics (USSR) on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. The treaty was signed in 1991

Summarize key developments in post-war China.Prior to the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, China had been engaged in a Civil War

between Nationalist forces and Communist forces. During WW II, the two sides basically took a “time-out” to fight their mutual enemy, the Japanese. After the Japanese were defeated, the Civil War resumed and lasted from 1946 to 1949.

The Communists were victorious under the leadership of Mao Zedong, and created the People’s Republic of China. The Nationalists escaped to the island of Taiwan (Formosa) and were allied with the U.S. as the Republic of China.

Jiang Jieshi - Leader of the Chinese Nationalists that were defeated by the communists in theChinese Civil War, and escaped to the island of Taiwan.

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Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party transformed China. There was so-called land reform, and the creation of massive “collective” farms called communes. Anybody who disagreed was murdered.

Various programs to better China were attempted along with tightening the Communist grip on Chinese society. Most of the programs were failures resulting in the deaths of millions.

The Chinese and the Soviet Russians, while both promoting Communism, were not allies. “Peoples” “Republic” of China – quotes due to the fact that it does not belong to the people of

China (belongs to the Communist Party of China – not the same thing), nor is it a Republic (one party communist rule by a select few).

Great Leap Forward - led by Mao Zedong and aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a communist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. Led to the Great Chinese Famine.

Great Chinese Famine – result of the Great Leap Forward: 40 million starve to death 1958-1962.

Cultural Revolution - China’s young people formed militia units called the Red Guards who attempted to create a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal.

Gang of Four – name given to a political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party officials. They came to prominence during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and were subsequently charged with a series of treasonous crimes. The members consisted of Mao

Zedong 's last wife Jiang Qing,One Child Policy – policy limiting couples to one child. Has led to selective abortions, the

murder of millions of female children.Deng Xiaoping - Took over rule of China in 1980. He was the last of the “old revolutionaries”

who had ruled China since 1949.Four Modernizations - Deng’s program for progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and

science and technology.Tiananmen Square - In 1989, a Chinese student protest that promoted democracy. It was

crushed by the Chinese military who murdered thousands of peaceful protesters.Hong Kong - British colony on the southeastern coast of China that was returned to Chinese

rule in 1997 after 155 years of British rule.

Summarize the causes and effects of the arms race and proxy wars in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.Arms race- the continual increase in weaponry (both conventional and nuclear) between the Soviets and their allies, and the U.S. and its allies.Proxy - to act in the place of someone else. The democracy versus communism “contest” spread

to many places around the world. The U.S. would back the non-communists with weapons, food, money, and “advisors.” The Soviets would back the communists with the same type of support.

Domino Theory - Part of U.S. containment policy. Like “dominos,” if one falls, the next one falls. The logic was that if one nation fell to the communists, then others would fall.

The cause of the “proxy” wars was the Soviets (and Chinese) continual attempts to spread communism, and the continual attempts of the U.S. to “contain” it.

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The effect was continual “hot spots” around the world as the two sides continued to try to promote their ideology (the things that they believed in).

Even though the U.S. and the Soviet Union were not actually involved in a “hot war” with each other, there was little doubt that they were supporting opposite sides in many of the proxy wars.

Examples of “proxy wars,” included:Korea:After WW II, Korea was split into communist controlled North Korea, and the U.S. allied South

Korea. In 1950, with support of the Chinese communist government, the North invaded South Korea. The U.S. backed the South Koreans with weapons and soldiers. After three years of fighting, a truce was established and South Korea remained non-communist.

38th Parallel- Line of latitude that divided (and divides) communist North Korean, and democratic South Korea.

Douglas McArthur- American General famous in World War II for recapturing the Philippines, and leading the U.S. Army against the Japanese. Would also lead U.S. and United Nations forces in the Korean War. Ultimately fired by President Truman for insubordination.

Cuba:In 1959, Cuban communist revolutionary Fidel Castro overthrew the government of Cuba. Soon

thereafter, he allied himself with the Soviet Union and established Cuba as a communist nation. This was particularly aggravating to the U.S. as Cuba is not only in the Western hemisphere, but only ninety miles from the U.S

Fidel Castro - led communist revolution who overthrew the Cuban government in 1959. He and his brother Raul still control Cuba.

Bay of Pigs – an unsuccessful 1961 invasion of Cuba by a U.S.-backed group of Cuban exiles whose goal was to topple the communist government of Fidel Castro.

Cuban Missile Crisis - confrontation between U.S. and Soviet Union in 1962 over the discovery that the Russians had placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. A major confrontation developed, with the world on the brink of nuclear war. Eventually, the Soviets removed the missiles, and the U.S. made some concessions.

Vietnam:After WW II, Vietnam gained its independence from France. An international committee

divided Vietnam into a communist North Vietnam, and a non-communist South Vietnam, which was backed by the U.S. as part of its containment policy. It was not long before communist rebels in the south attempted to overthrow U.S. backed non-communist government in the south. This resulted in an approximately ten year war which ended in 58,000 American deaths, and a communist conquest of the south after the U.S. withdrew.

Ho Chi Minh - Vietnamese communist guerilla leader who fought the French first, and defeated 32

them, and then led the North Vietnamese, and South Vietnamese rebels against the democratic South and the U.S.

Ngo Dinh Diem - U.S. backed South Vietnamese leader who fell out of favor with the U.S. and was assassinated with U.S. knowledge.

Vietcong - Communist rebels who fought the U.S. backed government of South Vietnam.

Iran:The U.S. supported secular (non-religious) rule in order to protect its economic interests (OIL!)

in Iran. Muslim religious fundamentalists took over the country (in 1979), despite U.S. aid to the secular government, and have promoted anti-Americanism and terrorism since.

Reza Shah Pahlavi - U.S. backed secular ruler of Iran who was forced to flee Iran in 1979 as a result of an Islamic fundamentalist revolution.

Iraq:In 1980, war broke out between Iran and Iraq. The U.S. gave aid to BOTH sides in order to

maintain a balance of power in the region. The Soviets supported Iraq.

Nicaragua:In 1979, communist rebels overthrew a U.S. backed dictatorship. The U.S., then backed forces

(counter-revolutionaries) that opposed the communists, called the Contras. It led to a ten year civil war.

Anastasio Somoza - dictator of Nicaragua who was supported by the U.S. His family’s control of Nicaragua was ended in 1979 by a communist revolution.

Sandinistas - Communist rebels who took over Nicaragua in 1979.Daniel Ortega - Head of the Sandinista communist rebels who overthrew the Somoza family

dictatorship in Nicaragua.

Egypt:The Suez Crisis - in 1956, Egypt took over control of the Suez Canal. The canal had been run

by the British and French feared that the Soviets (who were friendly with the Egyptian government) would gain control of the canal. Israel, supported by the French and British, captured the canal. This created high tension in the Middle East as Israel and its Arab neighbors were always confrontational. Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union pressured the British, French, and Israelis to withdraw, and the canal has remained in the possession of the Egyptians since.

Taiwan (also known as Formosa):After the defeat of the Chinese Nationalists, by the Chinese communists in 1949, the

Nationalists escaped to the island of Taiwan off the coast of China. The U.S. has remained a strong ally of the Nationalist Chinese for six decades. This has created tension between the U.S. and China, and on occasion has accelerated into outright confrontation.

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Afghanistan:Afghanistan - In 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan to protect its communist government

from a Muslim revolt. This led to a ten year war, with the rebels being supported by the U.S., both with money and arms. The Soviet situation was similar the U.S. situation in Vietnam, and also did not end well for the Soviets – forced to leave in defeat.

Babrak Karmal - Soviet “puppet” President of Afghanistan during their occupation.

Identify the factors that led to the decline and fall of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. A young leader of the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachev was part of a new generation that had

not been part of the Stalinist era.Gorbachev’s policy was “glasnost,” or openness. Churches were allowed to open, political

prisoners were released from prison, the Soviet press was free to investigate, and criticize.

Gorbachev’s policy of “perestroika” was an economic restructuring that allowed local managers more control, and allowed small private businesses (a small dose of capitalism).

Foreign policy- Gorbachev realized that the Soviet economy could not support the incredibly expensive arms race that the U.S. and Soviet Union had been engaged in. He and President Reagan began to “tone down” the arms race, by signing a treaty that agreed to lessen the military buildup.

The ethnically different republics within the Soviet Union began to defy Soviet leadership. Lithuania declared its independence. The old communist “hard-liners” tried to maintain control of the republics, but had lost the support of the Soviet people and the military. By the end of 1991, the Soviet Union had broken up into fifteen independent republics.

It would not be long before the communist nations of Eastern Europe (the Soviet “satellites”) would follow, and declare their independence from the Soviet Union. In 1990, East Germany and West Germany would reunify.

Ronald Reagan – President of the U.S. 1981-1989. Best known (along with Margaret Thatcher) for engineering the downfall of the Soviet Union.

Margaret Thatcher – British Prime Minister 1979-1990. Best known (along with Ronald Reagan) for engineering the downfall of the Soviet Union.

Helsinki Accords – agreement signed by most nations promising peaceful solutions to problems, human rights, respect for internations law. Ignored by communist nations after they signed it.

Explain the 20th century background for the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948 and the ongoing military and political conflicts between Israel and the Arab-Muslim world.Balfour Declaration – British government declaration in 1917 to establish a Jewish homeland in

the Middle East.Palestine - The eastern end of the Mediterranean. Contains modern day Israel, and parts of

Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Egypt. Area that is full of holy sites for Islam, Christianity, 34

and Judaism.After the end of WW I, the Jewish presence in Palestine (the “Holy Land”) at the eastern end of

the Mediterranean began to increase.Zionists- Supporters of an independent Jewish homeland in Palestine (Israel).The Zionist movement (formation of Jewish homeland) began to increase. Hostility between

Jewish and Arabs in Palestine would begin to increase.After WW II, the United Nations voted to partition (divide) Palestine into a Palestinian Arab

state, and a Jewish state. All Islamic countries voted against the idea, and the Palestinian Arabs totally rejected it.

On May 14th, 1948, Jews in Palestine declared the independent state of Israel. Six neighboring Arab states immediately invaded Israel. Israel won the war within months, and would also win future wars with its Arab neighbors in 1956, 1967, and 1973. Has constantly been attacked by its Arab neighbors, and terrorists who wish to destroy Israel.

The Palestinian Arab state was never established, and the Palestinian Arabs became refugees in the countries surrounding Israel. This has been a continuing source of tension in the Middle East, and has resulted in terrorism in Israel by Palestinian Arabs, and groups that support them and wish to destroy Israel.

Kibbutz – a collective community in Israel traditionally based on farming.Pan Arabism - General term for the modern day attempts to unify Arab nations.Abdel Gamel Nasser - Leader of Egypt, who became friendly with the Soviets, caused the Suez

Crisis, and created the confrontation with Israel that led to the Six Day War.Six Day War - Believing Israel was about to be attacked by surrounding nations, particularly

Egypt, Israel launched an attack on Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria. In six days, the Israelis West Bank - Formerly a part of Jordan, now under the control of Israel. Contains many holy

sites of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.Sinai Peninsula - Area east of the Suez Canal, part of Egypt that was taken over for some time

by the Israelis.Egypt - Arab nation to the west of Israel that was attacked by Israel in the past, but currently has

a peace treaty with the Israelis.Anwar Sadat - Egyptian President who launched an attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day of

Yom Kippur in 1973. Would later sign a peace treaty with Israel.Menachem Begin – Prime Minister of Israel 1977-1981. Best known for signing Camp David

Accords peace deal with Egypt.Intifada - Palestinian uprisings (civil disobedience and/or terrorist attacks) in Israel and Israeli

controlled areas.Yasser Arafat - Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Carried out hundreds

of terrorist attacks which murdered Israeli civilians.

Iraq:Persian Gulf - Separates Arabian Peninsula from Asian mainland (Iraq, Iran). Area that is

strategic for oil transport and is constantly “tense.”Saddam Hussein- Long time dictator of Iraq that was brought down by the U.S. led coalition (partnership) of nations in 2003.

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Iraq - Arab nation, led by dictator Saddam Hussein that invaded Kuwait in 1990, and was pushed out by the U.S. in the first Gulf War. Later on was invaded by the U.S. in 2003.

Iran:Iran (Persia) - Oil rich, Islamic, NON-Arabic nation that is under the control of religious

fundamentalists and called the U.S., “the Great Satan.’Mohammad Mossadeq - Prime Minister of Iran who took over foreign oil interests and was

overthrown by a coup d’etat in 1953.The Shah - The ruler of Iran, who was backed by the U.S. and overthrown by the Islamist

fundamentalist revolt in 1979.Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini - Iranian Islamist fundamentalist Ayatollah (religious leader)

who led revolution that overthrew the Shah in 1979.

Compare post-war independence movements in Africa, Asia, and Caribbean countries.Africa-European nations had two basic styles of government in the African colonies, direct and

indirect.After WW II, colonies became nationalistic, and European nations questioned the cost and

morality of colonial empires.In colonies which had indirect rule (much of the governing work had been handled by the

colonial peoples), the transition to independence was much smoother. Basically they had plenty of “practice” with self-governing. Colonies that had been ruled “directly,” had little of no experience with the self-government, and European (white) settlers refused to surrender power to African nationalist groups. This led to wars of liberation.

Negritude Movement - movement recognizing black culture and unity.Pan Africanism - Movement that seeks to unify African peoples into one community.

Northern Africa:Algeria:Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)- Algerian independence movement that fought the French, and obtained independence for Algeria in 1962.Ahmed Ben Bella- Leader of the FLN, and first president of the newly independent Algeria.

Libya:Omar Mukhtar - Libyan resistance leader against the Italians. Executed by the Italians.North African nation that was once an Italian colony. Gained independence and for decades was

controlled by Dictator Moammar Quadafi.

Sub-Saharan Africa:Nigeria:Chinua Achebe - Nigerian author and professor who led independence movement for Biafra (a

part of Nigeria). The movement was unsuccessful and he emigrated to the U.S.

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Kenya:East African nation that gained independence from Britain in 1963. Mau Mau was a secret

guerilla organization that fought for independence.Jomo Kenyatta - Nationalist Kenyan leader who was imprisoned by the British, and eventually

became President of independent Kenya.Young Kikuyu Association - Group in Kenya that demanded reforms by the British colonial

rulers.

Ghana:Former British colony that became independent in 1957. Country has shifted back and forth

between civilian and military rule.Kwame Nkrumah - Oversaw Ghana’s independence from Great Britain in 1957 and became the

first Prime Minister.

Tanzania (formerly named Tanganyika):Julius Nyerere - First Prime Minister of African nation in Tanganyika, and then when it became

independent Tanzania, became its first President.

South AfricaSouth Africa - Resource rich nation on the southern tip of Africa. Initially settled by Dutch

settlers (Boers) and then taken over by the British. White ruled for many decades. Policy of Apartheid was practiced.

Apartheid - South African government policy of separation of whites and blacks. Similar to segregation in American South.

African National Congress - Black South African group organized in 1912 to fight for black rights in South Africa. Most famous leader was Nelson Mandela, who would later become President of South Africa.

Nelson Mandela - Leader of African National Congress, who would be imprisoned for many years and after the end of Apartheid would become President of South Africa.

Desmond Tutu - Black South African bishop that led an economic campaign against Apartheid. He asked foreign nations to boycott trade with South Africa.

Nigeria:Igbo Women’s War of 1929 – a protest by Igbo tribe women over their taxation in the census.West African nation. Gained independence from Great Britain in 1960. Rich nation with ethnic

divisions that would lead to continual warfare. Has had a continual issue with divisions and dissidents since independence.

Civil War in Nigeria - Ethnic rivalries led to Civil War from 1967 to 1970.

Congo:Congo - Ruled by Belgium for many years. Became the independent country of Zaire in 1960.Mobuto Sese Seko - After the Congo gained its independence from Belgium on 1960, civil war

broke out . The newly named Zaire was taken over by Seko, an army officer. He ruled by force for 32 years.

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Angola:Angola - Southwestern African nation that was a Portuguese colony. Rebels fought a war of

independence that was successful in 1975.MPLA Proxy Wars- The MPLA was a communist group that wanted to take over Angola. It

used Cuban and Soviet troops to fight against the government.UNITA- Group that fought against the MPLA, and was heavily supported by the U.S. and

South Africa.

Asia:After WW II, the peoples of southeast Asia realized that the European nations were not

invincible (unbeatable). After the Japanese were forced out, Nationalist movements called for and won their independence.

Some of the transitions to independence have been easier than others, and during the period of time when the nationalist movements were ongoing, there was the fear of the Europeans and the U.S. that communists would gain control in some of the areas.

There are a number of examples of “coups” (military takeovers of the government), and corruption. Basically “growing pains” as independence was gained.

India/Pakistan:Indian National Congress - Indian national political party that was dominated by Hindus. Were

rivals of the Muslim League during the British colonial period.Mohandas Gandhi - Indian nationalist leader who led a non-violent campaign of non-

cooperation with the British. His efforts led to an Indian independence in1947.Muslim League - Muslim rival political party to the Hindu dominated Indian National Congress

Party.Muhammad Ali Jinnah - Leader of the Muslim League.Partition - the division of India in 1947, into the Hindu independent nation of India, and the

Muslim independent nation of Pakistan. Initially Pakistan had two parts, East Pakistan and West Pakistan.

Kashmir - in the northern part of India, next to Pakistan. The area has been continually argued and battled over by the Indians, and Pakistanis. Currently part is under Pakistani control, and part is under Indian control.

Jawaharlal Nehru - India’s first Prime Minister after independence. Led India for 17 years.Indira Gandhi - no relation toMohandas Gandhi (is her married name). Daughter of Jawaharlal

Nehru, who was elected Prime Minister. Faced challenges from Sikh nationalist extremists who eventually assassinated her.

Benazir Bhutto - daughter of former ruler of Pakistan, who was twice elected Prime Minister of Pakistan. Overthrown, and later assassinated.

The Punjab - border area between India and Pakistan, which was split after the partition of India in 1947.

Bangladesh - East Pakistan. Fought civil war for independence from West Pakistan in 1971. Gained independence from West Pakistan after receiving help from India.

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Philippines:Ferdinand Marcos - corrupt President of the Philippines from 1966 to 1986. He had an

authoritarian rule, and stole millions from the treasury.Corazon Aquino-widow of assassinated Marcos opponent who decisively was elected president

of the Philippines in 1986.MNLF- Moro National Liberation Front- Muslim terrorist group that has fought the Philippine

Government.

Indonesia:Sukarno - leader of Indonesian independence movement that was successful in gaining independence from the Dutch in1949. Became President of Indonesia.Suharto- Indonesian general who put down an attempted coup (overthrow of the Indonesian

government) in 1967. He then seized power for himself and began a bloodbath to maintain control.

East Timor- seized by Indonesia in the 1970s. Nationalist movement was finally successful in 2002 in regaining independence.

Burma:Aung San Suu Kyi - Burmese reform leader. Promoted democracy. Has been held under house

arrest many times by the ruling military in Burma (sometimes known as Myanmar).

Malaysia:Former British colony in southeast Asia that gained its independence in 1957.

Singapore:Originally part of Malaya, which gained its independence from Britain. In 1965, Singapore

became an independent city-state. It is located at the southern tip of the Malay peninsula in southeast Asia. A very prosperous economic powerhouse.

Caribbean countries:Despite the successful independence movements of the early 1800s, Caribbean governments

have remained fragile, and susceptible to coups.Problems include: powerful militaries, economies that were dependent on a single crop, and

large gaps between rich and poor. These problems continue to exist up to modern day.Wealthy elites controlled many of the Caribbean nations, and have supported dictators favorable

to them. The U.S. has supported some of these dictators as a means of stopping communist takeovers.

Describe the rise and goals of nationalist leaders in the post-war era and the impact of their rule on their societies.

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Nationalist leaders wanted both political and economic independence from colonial rulers. Many of them were able to take advantage of the ideological battle between the U.S. led West (democratic countries), and the Soviet led East (communist countries). They would play one against the other, and gain support for their goals.

Their rise came from a post-war world wide antagonism toward colonialism, and the colonial nations themselves basically becoming “tired” of the time, cost, and moral contradiction of ruling other peoples.

Their impact has been “mixed,” with some nations having a fairly smooth route to independence, while others have remained in a constant state of turmoil. Some new nations have remained stable while others have not.

Analyze the successes and failures of democratic reform movements in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Latin America.Democracy requires: free elections, citizen participation, majority rule with minority rights, and

constitutional government.Establishing democracy takes time, patience, and needs “practice.”Some nations have succeeded to some degree, others have not. The above requirements need to

be met to a large degree in order for the establishment of democracy.The success of democracy requires economic stability. Nations that have a measure of

economic stability are not attracted to radical ideology (happy people don’t rebel). Poverty stricken nations that have wealthy elite are prime targets for the radical political

movements.

Explain the impact of religious fundamentalism in the last half of the 20th century, and identify related events and forces in the Middle East over the last several decades.Fundamentalism is the extreme interpretation of religion. Islamic fundamentalism has grown in

the last six decades in response to perceived injustices to the Muslim world by Jews and Christians (so they say). The establishment of Israel, and its being backed by the Christian western nations has created growing animosity among Islamic nations, both Arabic, and non-Arabic, toward the West in general, and the United States in particular.

Terrorism is the weapon of choice for extreme Muslim organization, like Al-Qaeda, and has had an enormous impact on both Middle Eastern nations and the West.

A number of Middle Eastern nations have supported extremist terrorist organizations, and allowed them to operate within their countries.

The continuing struggle between Israel, and its Arab (and non-Arab) Muslim neighbors had led to thousands of acts of terrorism carried out against Israeli civilians.

The U.S. has invaded and occupied Afghanistan in an effort to neutralize it as a breeding and training ground for extreme Islamist movement like Al-Qaeda, and the Taliban.

The U.S. is also in a very delicate relationship with Pakistan, which has a large Muslim fundamentalist population, and is a nuclear power. The U.S., and Pakistan are supposed to be allies, but many people question whether or not that is true.

T.E. Lawrence - “Lawrence of Arabia.” British officer who united Arab tribes and led them against the Ottomans in WW I. Helped create a sense of Arab nationalism.

Ibn Saud - United Arab tribes in the Arabian Peninsula, creating the nation of Saudi Arabia in 40

1932.

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Post Cold War EraIdentify major scientific figures and breakthroughs of the 20th century, and assess their impact on contemporary life.The “space race” between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s, led to space

flight, and the creation of the International Space Station. Many scientific advances, and space exploration has come from those efforts.

Computers and the Internet, has aided worldwide communication, and made life significantly easier and more efficient.

Genetic engineering, cloning, and the “green revolution” have also been major breakthroughs.International Space Station - Created as a result of a cooperative venture of the U.S., Russia,

and 14 other nations. Space shuttles have docked there, and scientists have conducted valuable experiments.

Internet - A voluntary linkage of computer networks around the world. Began by scientists in the late 1960s, and used by individuals starting in the 1990s.

Genetic engineering - Scientists introduce new genes to an organism to give that organism new traits.

Green Revolution - Began in the 1960s by agricultural scientists. It was an attempt to increase food production worldwide by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield, disease-resistant strains of a variety of crops.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) – genetically modifying crops and animals to produce higher yields, better foods. A controversial method of improving crops and animals.

Free Trade - The elimination of trade barriers, such as tariffs, among nations.Global Economy - It includes all financial interactions- among people, businesses, and

governments- that cross international borders.Ozone Layer - Our main protection against the Sun’s damaging ultraviolet rays. Chemicals

(chlorofluorocarbons – CFCs) released into the atmosphere have destroyed ozone in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. Not good for humans.

Sustainable Growth - Economists and Scientists, working together, are looking for ways to reduce the negative effect that development has on the environment. The goal is to manage development so growth can occur without destroying air, water, and land resources.

Human Rights - Standards that the United Nations stated in 1948 in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They include: “life, liberty, and security of person.” Specific rights were also listed.Pop Culture (Popular Culture) - Involves music, sports, movies, clothing fashions, foods, and

hobbies or leisure activities. Incorporates features from many different lands.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) – lung infection caused by a virus.Kyoto Protocol – agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by signatory nations. Defeated

in the U.S. Senate by a vote of 98 to 0.Bollywood – informal term for the Hindi language film industry in India.

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Describe the causes and effects of post-World War II economic and demographic changes.Modern technology (plastics, robots, computers,) have greatly raised the standard of living in

many areas of the world.Poverty stricken areas of the world have become attractive places for companies to relocate due

to cheap labor and material costs. This “outsourcing” has led to a number of these “emerging” nations economic advancement, and the loss of jobs in the “developed” nations.

Immigration to “developed” nations from “emerging” nations has greatly increased, and is viewed as a threat by some to national identities. An example is the large numbers of Muslims emigrating to the U.S. and Europe. There have been some severe reactions to this movement in the U.S., and Europe.

Explain cultural, historical, and economic factors and governmental policies that created the opportunities for ethnic cleansing or genocide in Cambodia, the Balkans, Rwanda, and Darfur, and describe various governmental and non-governmental responses to them.“Ethnic cleansing” and genocide are basically the same thing. One group wishes to do away

with another group by chasing them out of the area, and/or just plain murdering them. This is due to ancient religious, ethnic, and tribal differences that create mistrust, hatred, and violence. Basically hate, based on “differences.” Economics can enter into the equation when there are valuable natural resources available, and one group wants them all to themselves.

Cambodia:The communist Khmer Rouge murdered over 1.4 million people (1/4 of the country’s

population) in an attempt to transform Cambodia into a communist country.

Balkans-Southeastern Europe.:A “powder keg” back to the time of the Muslim (Ottoman) takeover of the area. The religious

and ethnic rivalries boiled beneath the surface for centuries, then exploded in 1992 when Bosnian ethnic Serbs attempted to “cleanse” Bosnia of Muslims by forcing them out, and slaughtering them.

Ottoman Empire - Muslim Turkish empire that controlled most of the Middle East, and the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe until the end of WW I. The Ottoman Empire was allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary in WW I.

Genocide - The intentional murdering of a minority group by another group. Example: the Nazi attempt to kill all the Jews in Europe.

Ethnic Cleansing - An attempt to rid an area of a certain ethnic group. Usually a majority group attempts to rid a country of a minority group. May lead to genocide.

Dayton Accord – 1995 agreement ending 3-year long Bosnian War.

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Turkey:Ataturk - His real name was Mustafa Kemal. He created the modern secular nation of Turkey

out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire. Ataturk means “Father of the Turks.”Armenians - National (ethnic) groups in southeastern Europe that demanded their freedom from

the Ottoman Empire. The Turks responded with ethnic cleansing and genocide.Africa:Rwanda - In 1994, tribal rivalries between the Hutus and the Tutsis led to the Hutus,

murdering 500,000 Tutsis in one of the worst examples of genocide in history.Darfur - A part of the northeastern African country of Sudan. Muslim attacks on Christians have

led to the murder of thousands of Christians.

Describe the causes and effects of twentieth century nationalist conflicts.World War I:

Nationalism - National pride. Desire for independence. Desire to remain independent.Militarism - Nations increasing the size of their navies and armies.Imperialism - The gathering of colonies.Entangling alliances - secret alliances that would force nations to get involved in disputes

of other nations.World War II:

The rise of totalitarianism-Fascism, Communism, Militarism.Appeasement.Territorial expansion.“Proxy Wars”.The continued rivalry (military and economic), between the western democracies, led by

the United States, and the communist nations, led by the Soviet Union and China.

Assess the social and economic impact of pandemics on a global scale, particularly within the developing and underdeveloped world.Pandemics- widespread (many times uncontrollable) disease.20th century pandemics have included flu, and AIDS.The social impact is massive death and in the case of AIDS, the orphaning of millions of

children. The impact is greater in the developing and under-developed world due to primitive health care, lack of education, and myths about disease.

Economic impact is enormous. The worldwide flu pandemic in 1919, besides killing millions, greatly reduced the work force, and for those who survived, greatly depleted their time on the job. AIDS has also had a huge impact on lost labor and economic growth in the developing and under-developed countries.

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Deadly disease that is the greatest global health issue. Deadly infection that was discovered in the 1980s. Has spread world-wide, with Sub-Saharan Africa the most devastated area.

Analyze the rise of regional trade blocs such as the European Union and NAFTA, and predict the impact of increased globalization in the 20th and 21st centuries.

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European Common Market – a tariff-free zone of Western Europe created to increase trade between countries.

European Union (EU) - Western European nations wished to boost the economy of the entire continent by making the cross border exchange of trade goods easier. Member nations have common laws, taxes, and money.

Maastricht Treaty – set up the European Union.NAFTA - The North American Free Trade Agreement. Created in 1994, called for the gradual

elimination of tariffs, and trade restrictions among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Like the European Union, the goal is to boost the economy of the entire continent.

The effects of increased globalization are in dispute. Supporters argue that open competitive markets, and the free flow of goods, services, technology, and investments benefit all nations. Opponents say that the globalization has been a disaster for the poorest countries.

Four Asian Tigers – high growth economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan

ECLAC (Economic Commission of Latin America and the Caribbean) – U.N. commission designed to increase economic Co-operation in Latin America and the Caribbean.

World Trade Organization (WTO) – deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

MDC - more developed country.LDC - less developed country.NIC - newly industrializing country.Mercosur – free trade agreement in South America.McDonaldization – term used to describe the gradual homogenization of U.S. and Western

culture.

Describe the impact of and global response to international terrorism.Impact:Fear, loss of life, many restrictions on personal documentation, and on travel. Some say a decline of civil liberties. A national “lifestyle” change.Economic-A significant amount of resources (both human and monetary) have been devoted to

responding to terrorist attacks and to the prevention of future attacks.

Global response:Tracking down and punishing terrorist groups.Infiltration of terrorist groups, and assassination of terrorists.Eliminating sources of terrorist finances, and “persuading” governments to not aid terrorist

groups.Terrorism - The use of violence against people or property to force changes in societies, or

governments, strikes fear in the hearts of people everywhere.Osama Bin Ladin - Al Qeada terrorist leader, responsible for the September 11th attack on the New York twin towers. Killed 2011 by a Seal Team in Pakistan.Taliban - Muslim fundamentalists in Afghanistan. Supported by the U.S. during the Soviet

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occupation, but became enemies of the U.S. by supporting terrorism on western nations. Currently the U.S. is fighting the Taliban in Afghanistan.Al Qaeda- Muslim fundamentalist terrorist group that was responsible for the 9-11 attacks. Led by the DECEASED Osama Bin Ladin.Afghanistan - Southwestern Asian Islamic nation that has been invaded by the Soviet Union,

has sheltered anti-U.S. terrorists, and has been invaded by the U.S.Cyber Terrorism - Involves politically motivated attacks on information systems, such as

hacking into computer networks or spreading computer viruses.Homeland Security - U.S. department created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against

terrorism. Measures include searching for terrorists and antiterrorism laws.Patriot Act - Passed by Congress in 2001. Allows the U.S. government to institute security

measures that are often criticized for allowing the government to infringe on people’s civil rights.

Bio-Terrorism – the use of germs (bio-organisms) in a terrorist attack.

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