islamic civilization.ppt

8/14/2019 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION.ppt

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ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION



The Rise and Expansion of Islam

570 C.E. – the birth of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.

610 C.E. – the first revelation.

622 C.E. – the Hijra to Madinah – the beginningof the expansion of Islam.

The unification of Arabian peninsula under Islam.

The expansion of Islam to North Africa,

Andalusia, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Balkans and

later to African continent, Indian sub-continent,

Southeast Asia.



The later part of the 7th century and the beginning of

the 8th century C.E. - the emergence of Islamic

civilization.

Islamic civilization dominated the world of science

and learning for nearly 600 years.

The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 C.E.) and the rule

of Muslim Spain (755-1492 C.E.) – the “golden age”.

Rise of Islamic Civilization



Muslims’ Worldviews

What explain the extraordinary transformation of the

Muslims (Arabs) from the state of ignorance

(Jahiliyya Period) to where they became pioneers of

learning and scientific progress?

What happened in the seventh century, the beginning

of that transformation?

The emergence of Islam – the influence of Islamicteachings, which shaped Muslims‟ worldview.



Muslims‟ Worldviews:

There is true meaning and purpose in life.

The human on earth for an important mission, tofulfill responsibilities as „Khalifah‟ of God. As such,laziness, apathy and fatalism are to be rejected.

To seek the pleasure of Allah and His reward.Scientific discoveries and constructive contributionswhich benefit the ummah and future generations will

be rewarded by Allah.





To understand about the universe, nature and itsresources and explore them for human use.

In order to fulfill the role of khalifah of Allah onearth.

Islam is a complete and comprehensive way of

life. No distinction between the religious and materialaspects of life.



Qur’anic Inducements to Study

and Explore

Qur‟an stimulates research, discovery, development

and improvement of the quality of life.

Encourages the understanding of natural laws. E.g:

“It is Allah Who alternates the Night and the Day:

verily in these things is an instructive example for

those who have vision!” (24:44)




and Explore

The very first word of the Qur‟an revealed to

Prophet Muhamnmad s.a.w. was Iqra‟, literally

reads:

“Proclaim! (or Read)in the name of your Lord and

Cherisher Who created.” (96:1)




and Explore

Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. on theattitude toward learning. E.g:

“Seeking knowledge is a mandatory duty on everyMuslim.”

“The priority of a scholar over a worshipper

[without understanding] is like the superiority ofthe moon over other stars.”

“Scholars are the heirs of Prophets.”



Misconceptions

The common expression “The Dark Ages” should be re-defined as the “European Dark Ages, at leastin the period coinciding with the emergence of

Islamic civilization (7th to 13th century C.E.).

The common notion that Roger Bacon was the„father of experimental method‟ is not accurate.

Born in 1214 C.E. Bacon came nearly sixcenturies after the Qur‟an clearly called for thisapproach in learning.



Misconceptions

The claim that Muslims merely restored Greekclassics.

H. G. Wells – their [the Greeks] knowledge was

“based on rudimentary speculations” and [they]were “poor in experimental apparatus.”

N. Whitehead - the Greeks were over-theoreticaland that for them, science was an offshoot of

philosophy.Unlike Muslims‟ contributions, the Greek andRoman contributions were not based uponexperimentation.



Muslims’ Contributions to Western

Civilization

The European Renaissance was influenced byIslamic civilization.

Europeans came to study at Muslim universitiesesp. in Muslim‟s Spain.

Arabic – the language of scientific research andadvancement.

Muslim science reached Europe before the 14thcentury (the beginning of Renaissance) – as earlyas 12th century C.E.

Led to establishment of universities in Europe.



Muslims’ Contributions to Western

Civilization

Libraries, hospitals, observatories.

Often times, Muslim discoveries were translated

by Europeans who attributed such discoveries tothemselves or incorporated them in their works

without due credit.



Astronomy

The first to use pendulum to measure time.

The first to build observatories.

Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi (13th century) – a theory ofthe movement of stars.



Astronomy

Ibn Younus (11th century) invented the sun dial

(predicts sun spots, eclipses and appearance of

comets).

Abul-Wafa Al-Buzajani discovered the 3rd Lunar

inequality (irregularity of the moon‟s highest

latitudes) – later attributed to Danish astronomer

Tycho-Braho.Ibrahim Al-Fazari, Al-Batani (Albategnius), Al-

Bairouni, Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Rushd (Aventuez).



Chemistry

Jabir (8th century) discovered Nitric Acid anddescribed the operations of distillation,sublimination, filtration, coagulation and

crystalization.Abu Bakar Al-Razi (Rhases) (9th century) – thefirst to describe the properties of Sulphuric Acid.

Abu-Musa Al-Kufi (8th century) – his workstranslated into Latin and French, some as late asthe 17th century.

English terms in chemistry originated from Arabicterms; camphor, alcohol, elexir, syrup.



Mathematics

Thabit bin Qurrah (13th century) – a theory of

infinite numbers being part of another infinite

series of numbers.

Umar Khayyam (12th century) and Nasir Al-Din

Al-Tusi (13th century) – magnitudes expressed in

numbers.



Physics

Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen) (11th century) – the greatest Muslim physicist (optics),wrote “Al-Manazir”.

The science of optics and the inventions ofmicroscopes, telescopes and cameras are indebtedto him.

Muslims‟ invention of compass – for navigation.

Abdul-Rahman Al-Khozaini (9th century)in“Mizan-ul-Hikmah” investigated on hydrostaticsand improvements in the use of water wheels.(e.g.gravities of liquids and solids).



Medicine

Fakhr-Al-Deen Al-Razi (Rhases) (9th century)wrote an immense medical encyclopedia, the mostimportant medical reference in Europe for 600years - gynaecology, obstetrics and opthalmicsurgery.

Areb Ibn Saad (10th century), wrote systematicallyon pediatrics.

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (11th

century) wrote a fivevolume work, “Canon (or Precepts) of Medicine” – physiology, hygiene, pathology, therapeutics andmateria medica.



Al-Kindi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Al-Kindi.jpg



Ibn Rushd

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/af/Averroes_statue.jpg



Al-Farabi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:200TengeNote.jpg



Al-Khwarizmi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Abu_Abdullah_Muhammad_bin_Musa_al-Khwarizmi.jpg



Medicine

Abul Qasim (late 11th and early 12th century) andIbn Rushd – works on surgery.

Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoan) – works on bronchotomy,

dislocations, fractures and treatment of skindiseases.

Ibn Al-Nafees (13th century) – works on psychopathalogy and psychological treatment andcirculatory system.

Mobile and permanent hospitals.

Hospitalization was free and universally available.



History

Al-Tabari (9th century), Al-Mas‟oodi (10th

century), Ibn Al-Atheer (13th century), Ibn

Khaldun (14th century)

“Al-Muqaddima”.



Geography

Al-Idrisi (12th century) – the theory of earth isround.

Caliph al-Ma‟moon (9th century) – ordered the

drawing of a large map of the world.

The work of Ibn Rushd (Aventuez) partly led tothe discovery of the Americas by ChristopherColumbus.

Al-Mas‟oodi (10th century) wrote an encyclopediaarranged by geographical order.

Al-Khawarizimi, Abdul Lateef, Al-Yaqooti, Abul-

Hassan Al-Marakishi.



Reconstruction of the Oikumene (inhabited world) Ancient

Map from Herodotus circa 450 BCE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikumene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikumene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg



Art and Architecture

Diverse due to the fusion of various cultures

which came under Muslim rule. Yet, there is some

elements of unity based on Islamic teachings.

The influence of Muslim caligraphy, Islamic-style

mosaic.

Al-Hambra and the Cordova Mosque in Spain.



Al-Hambra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Alhambra-m.jpg



Al-Hambra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Alhambra_Generalife_fountains.jpg



Al-Hambra

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AlhambraLionsFountain1Small.jpg



The Badshahi Masjid, literally the 'Royal Mosque', was built in 1674

by Aurangzeb. It is one of Lahore's best known landmarks, and

epitomizes the beauty and grandeur of the Mughal era.

Badshahi Mosque

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Masjid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Masjid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran.jpg



Al-Aqsa Mosque

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Domeoftherock.jpg



Islamic Calligraphy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TajCalligraphy3.jpg



Agriculture

Al-Awwam (12th century) described 585 plants

and explained the cultivation of several fruits.

Abul-Abbas Al-Nabati studied plants.Improved the methods of irrigation, used organic

fertilizers, improved the breeds of cattle.

Introduced peaches, apricots, cotton, rice, banana,

sugar cane to the West.

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