island agriculture: perspective...
TRANSCRIPT
ISLAND AGRICULTURE:
PERSPECTIVE AND STRATEGIES
S. DAM ROY
Director
ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute,
Port Blair
1
Overview of the Presentation
1. General information of ANI
2. Island Resources and Production pattern
3. Significant Genetic resources/ Germplasm of
ANI
4. CIARI Interventions in Agri and allied fields
5. Strategies for Island Agricultural Development
6. Knowledge/ Policy developed
• Coastline : 1,192 km
• EEZ : 0.6 million
km2
• Continental shelf : 16,000 km2
• No. of islands : 572
ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS
• Location : 920 to 940 E 60 to 140 N
• Area : 8249 sq kms
• Forest cover : 92%
• No. of Islands : 572
• Inhabited islands : 38
• Districts : 3
• Climate : Tropical
• Humidity : 70-90%
Jarawa (200)
Andamanese (46)
Shompens
(250 Approx)
Sentinelese (300 Approx.)
Onges
(94)
PRIMITIVE TRIBES (ORIGINAL INHABITANTS)
Nicobarese (26,000)
0
20
40
60
80
100
J F M A M J J A S O N DMonths
Te
mp
./R
el H
um
idit
y
Max Temp (oC)Min Temp (oC)R Humidity(%)
572 islands;
36 inhabited
having 94% land
8,249 sq km land
area;
50000 ha (6%) under
cultivation
Average annual rainfall-3100 mm
(94 % between May to Nov.)
Temperature ranges between18-320C
0
200
400
600
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Months
Ra
infa
ll/E
va
po
rati
on
Rainfall (mm)
Evaporation (mm)
AGRO-CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANI
PRODUCTION AND PROJECTION FOR FUTURE
Item
2011 2017
2021
2030
Population
380000 414950 443900 518403
Cereals (t)
66240 (D-51.4%) 71393 76374 89192
Pulses (t)
4035 (D-284%) 4349 4652 5433
Vegetables(t)
23798 25649 27439 32045
Roots and tubers* (t)
20488 (D-105%) 22082 23623 27588
Milk (t) 23940 (D-44%) 25802 27602 32236
Fruits (t) 14052 (E) 15145 16201 18921
Meat and fish(t) 11883 (E) 12807 13701 16001
CULTIVABLE LAND
ISLAND RESOURCES
BEFORE TSUNAMI AFTER TSUNAMI
50,000ha 43,339ha
POTENTIAL FISHERY RESOURCES 1.48 LAKH T
60,000 T OCEANIC FISHERIES
46,700 T TUNA FISHERIES
Fauna
World
India
A&N Islands
Sponges 8360 519 112
Marine Molluscs 56235 32751 1422
Crustaceans 24375 2970 837
Hard Corals 700 334 334
Flat worms 400 19 19
Polychaetes 8000 585 21
Echinoderms 6226 765 430
Fishes 31723 2546 1485
MARINE FAUNAL DIVERSITY OF ANI
Fishery 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Demersal 14585 15028 15039 15409 15863
Pelagic 16658 15200 16276 16495 17295
Oceanic 1092 2772 2420 3168 3268
Total 32335 33000 33735 35072 36426
FISHERY STATISTICS
Source: A & N Administration
GROSS UNDER EXPLOITATION: MARINE CAPTURE FISHERIES
“}
Species / Group Potential (in tons)
Yellow fin tuna 24,000
Skipjack tuna 22,000
Big eye tuna 500
Bill fishes (Marlin, Sail fish, Sword fish) 2,800
Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) 200
Pelagic sharks 7,000
Dolphin fish (Coryphaena sp.) 200
Barracuda (Sphyraena sp.) 200
Flying fish (Exocoetidae) 300
Oceanic squids 2,000
Others 800
Total 60,000
POTENTIAL YIELD OF OCEANIC FISHERY RESOURCES
Significant Genetic
Resources/Germplasm
of ANI
13
Collection and Conservation of Indigenous Pulse crops
Landraces and Germpalsm
Particulars Mungbean Urdbean Pigeonpea
Local landraces 81 78 51
Procurement of
germplasm
124 120 42
Advance lines 52 19 -
Mutant lines 08 13 -
Crosses attempt 04 - -
Total 269 231 93
Pulses of Andaman & Nicobar Islands
14
Collection and Conservation of Farmers Varieties
and Landraces of Pulse crops
Crops Scientific name Number of
collections
Cultivated Farmers variety
Mungbean Vigna radiata 45
Urdbean Vigna mungo 33
Cowpea Vigna unguiculata 13
Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan 16
Unutilized / underutilized relatives of pulse crops
Beachpea Vigna marina 03
Chakor Lobia Vigna unguiculata 02
Other wild relatives Vigna spp. 02
Nicobari fowl
Characteristics
• Nicobari fowl – locally called as Takniet among Nicobari tribes.
• Short shank length • Compact body with curve shaped back • Efficient feed convertors under backyard rearing • Higher immunity
Brown
White
Black
Teresa goat
Found in Nicobar group of islands originating at Teressa island
Tribal community rears them for meat.
Age at sexual maturity is about 9 months.
First kidding is 12-13 months
Feeds on coconut leaves, eaves of bread fruits etc.
Colour : black, brown or white patches on forehead, males have beard, long straight legs, girth is more
• Nicobari pig (Sus scrofa Nicobaricus)
is indigenous breed of A&N Islands
• It is a family asset of Nicobari tribes
• Highly suitable for free range system
under coconut feeding.
• High prolificacy
• Good fostering ability
• Less pre weaning mortality.
• Castrated male and adult female
showed higher body weight (100-150
kg).
• Age at first farrowing (months) : 10.91 ±
0.85
• Litter size (No.) : 6.48 ± 0.31
• Farrowing interval (months) :
8.06 ± 0.33
• Mating method : Natural
Nicobari pigs
An adult female Nicobari pig
Documentation of Genetic resources/Germplasms
30
MARINE SPONGES OF ANI Records to India Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1. Acanthella cavernosa Dendy, 1922
2. Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1816)
3. Damiria toxifera van Soest, Zea & Kielman, 1994
4. Plakortis simplex Schulze, 1880
5. Petrosia (Strongylophora) strongylata Thiele, 1903
6. Axinella cannabina (Esper, 1794)
7. Stylissa massa (Carter, 1887)
8. Aplysilla rosea (Barrois, 1876)
9. Callyspongia (Euplacella) australis (Lendenfeld, 1887)
10. Callyspongia (Toxochalina) multiformis (Pulitzer-Finali, 1986)
11. Diacarnus megaspinorhabdosa Kelly-Bourges & Vacelet, 1994
12. Haliclona (Reniera) fascigera (Hentschel, 1912)
13. Haliclona (Gellius) cymaeformis (Esper, 1794)
14. Neopetrosia exigua (Kirkpatrick, 1900)
15. Cliona varians (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
16. Spirastrella cunctatrix Schmidt, 1868
17. Amphimedon chloros Ilan, Gugel & van Soest, 2004
18. Terpios gelatinosa (Bowerbank, 1866)
19. Callyspongia (Cladochalina) subarmigera (Ridley, 1884)
20. Dysidea avara (Schmidt, 1862)
21. Axinella minor Thomas, 1981
22. Hemiastrella boulini (Thomas, 1973)
23. Siphonodictyon paratypicum (Fromont, 1993)
24. Petrosia (Petrosia) nigricans Lindgren, 1987
25. Xestospongia viridenigra (Vacelet, Vasseur & Levi, 1976)
1. Coelocarteria singaporensis (Carter, 1883)
2. Chalinula nematifera (de Laubenfels, 1954)
3. Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima (Dendy,
1905)
4. Monanchora unguiculata (Dendy, 1922)
5. Lamellodysidea herbacea (Keller, 1889)
6. Liosina paradoxa Thiele, 1899
7. Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889)
8. Oceanapia sagittaria (Sollas, 1902)
9. Pseudoceratina purpurea (Carter, 1880)
10. Hyrtios erectus (Keller, 1889)
11. Crella (Grayella) cyathophora Carter, 1869
12. Clathria (Thalysias) cervicornis (Thiele, 1903)
13. Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884)
14. Chondrilla australiensis Carter, 1873
15. Chondrilla grandistellata Thiele, 1900
16. Myrmekioderma granulatum (Esper, 1794)
17. Neopetrosia carbonaria (Lamarck, 1814)
18. Agelas axifera Hentschel, 1911
Cata
loguin
g a
nd c
onse
rvati
on o
f
mari
ne s
ponges
of
Andam
an t
hro
ugh
DN
A b
arc
odin
g
New
Rec
ord
s
Iden
tifi
ed s
pon
ges
Cliona varians (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Cliona ensifera Sollas, 1878 Clathria (Thalysias) vulpine (Lamark, 1814)
Clathria (Thalysias) cervicornis (Thiele, 1903)
Diacarnus megaspinorhabdosa
Iotrochota baculifera Ridley, 1884 Coelocarteria singaporensis (Carter, 1883)
Aplysilla rosea (Barrois, 1876) Callyspongia (Euplacella) australis (Lendenfeld, 1887)
• The extent of coral reef area in
A&N islands : 1021.5 sq.km
(SAC, 2009)
• Biodiversity of Coral reefs and
their associates
• 34 true mangrove species
belonging to 15 genera, 10 orders
and 12 families have been
documented - 25 fully described.
Cataloguing Coastal Bio-
resources
CIARI’sINTERVENTIONON
AGRICULTURE & ALLIED
SCIENCES
FIELD CROPS
CARI- Annapurna CARI- Chandan
CARI- Surya CARI- Omkar
Coconut
Arecanut
Greater Yam
(CARI-Yamini)
Sweet Potato (CARI-SP1 & CARI-SP2)
Broad Dhaniya (CARI Broad Dhaniya)
Ground orchid (Pretty Green Bay)
Advantage: Around 30
% higher yield than
local check
Advantage:
Longest spike
in the world
(135-150 cm)
HORTICULTURE CROPS
POPULARIZATION OF FLOWER CULTIVATION
Popularization of
Potato Cultivation
H aurantiaca M coccinea H bihai Gerbera
Nicorock
Dual purpose cross between Blackrock X
Black Nicobari.
Advantage: Better survival (70%),
growth (1400 g) and egg production (140
Nos)
Nishibari
Layer Strain; Cross between Black rock X
White nicobari
Advantage : Better body weight (1300g)
and egg production (150 nos) under
backyard condition
Nicorock
Male
Nicorock
female
Nishibari
ANIMAL STRAINS DEVELOPED
Dual purpose cross between
Vanaraja X Brown Nicobari
Advantage: Better disease resistance, growth (1500
g) and egg production (160 Nos).
Boer Cross Bred Cross between Boer X Andaman Local
Advantage : Higher body weight than local goat
Boer Male Boer Female
Degraded Coastal land management through land shaping methods (NAIP)
Harvesting of rainwater , Integration of vegetables + fish
Improvement of degraded land, Diversification of agriculture
Benefits through land shaping interventions
Name of intervention Benefits components
Broad Bed and Furrow
System 240m3/ha water resource
creation by conserving rain
fed water during rainy
seasons
Rice+veg+fish+pineapple
80,000/annum
(24,000)
Paddy cum Fish system 600m3/ha water resource
creation Rice + fish +veg
65,000 /annum
Three tier Farming system 1080m3/ha water resource
creation 75,000/annum
The pH is gradually recovering from 4.9 to 5.6 and 7.4 to 6.9 after intervention
The Ece also is in the acceptable levels 1.2dsm-1
All the proposed interventions enable the integration of agriculture and aquaculture
Around 250 acre of degraded land has been brought under cultivation, benefitted 500
farmers
Some selected properties of bacterial isolates from A&N
Islands
Organisms identified Phosphatase Cellulase Chitinase Protease
µg/ml µg /ml µg /ml µg /ml
Bacillus cereus 40.47 0.84 0.98 102.33
Bacillus pumilus 39.24 0.65 0.0 93.28
Bacillus subtilis 23.68 0.76 0.67 82.66
Lysinibacillus sphaericus 31.8 0.53 0.32 76.31
Bacillus flexus 30.00 0.66 0.0 120.74
Bacillus subtilis 29.46 0.58 1.11 89.65
Bacillus cereus 42.18 0.84 0.0 62.24
Bacillus cereus 0.0 1.20 0.0 54.15
Bacillus thuringiensis 12.05 0.79 1.92 93.88
Bacillus subtilis 46.32 0.72 0.0 87.31
Lysinibacillus sphaericus 35.37 0.49 1.54 79.55
Bacillus cereus 19.84 0.69 0.0 91.94
Bacillus megaterium 38.21 0.11 0.0 84.11
Registered 20 novel bacterial isolates
c) Protease Production b) Siderophore Production
d) Protease Production
c) Cellulase Production
Invitro performance of bacterial isolates
Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus
cereus were identified as P
solubilizers having maximum
phosphate solubilization of about
46, 40 and 38 µg/ml respectively
Bacillus cereus produced
maximum quantity of cellulase
(1.2 µg/ml)
B. flexus produced maximum
quantity of protease enzyme
(120.7 µg/ml)
B. thuringiensis, L. sphaericus
and B. subtilis showed highest
chitenase actitivities
Fodder cultivation on hill slopes
Through grasses and fodder trees as sole and
intercrop in arecanut and coconut.
Mini-Dal Mill
For localized processing of Dal at North Andaman
TECHNOLOGY INTERVENTIONS
Satellite–based fishing technology has been proven to be an
optimal application for harvesting the under utilized marine
fishery resources of the Islands.
34% Increase in mean CPUE
51% Reduction in scouting time
200% Increase in Benefit cost ratio
• TRIBAL SUB PLAN AND NEH PLAN
• COMPOSITE BIO-SECURITY AND QUARANTINE FACILITY
• LAB TO LAND AND NATIONAL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMME
• HORTICULTURE DEVELOPMENT: IPR AND GERMPLASM CONSERVATION
• ISLAND FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT
• BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION POLICY
• HRD IN AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTOR
• FRONT LINE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY: “KVK”
• WATER POLICY FOR ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS
CIARI’sSTRATEGIES
FOR ISLAND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT
KNOWLEDGE / POLICY
DEVELOPED
About 20% of the area in Car Nicobar has high vulnerability to climate
change
10.89%
51.81%
27.46%
9.83%
High Vulnerability Low Vulnerability
Medium Vulnerability Very High Vulnerability
ORGANIC FARMING POLICY
Organic farming especially
cultivation of spices, coconut,
tropical fruits, high value vegetables
and to some extent fine quality rice
varieties can be promoted in phased
manner in a integrated farming
system mode which show least
reduction in product yield under
organic condition.
Research should continuously focus on emerging issues of organic cultivation,
restoration of degraded or abandoned land and bring in improvement in package of
practices for important crops suitable for Island conditions.
At the same time farmers should be given access to attractive markets through value
added and certified products which will enable the farmers to get premium price for their
produce.
WATER POLICY
A three tier water resource development plan for ANI:
• Development of plastic film lined tanks on the top of the hills,
• recharge structure cum well system in the mid-hills and
• development of open dug wells in the valley areas
Rainwater harvesting should be the basic strategy for increasing area under
irrigation
The fallow period after paddy can be effectively converted to vegetables, pulses
and flower cultivation
For efficient utilization of the created water resource, micro irrigation system
should be invariably used
Due to the elevated SST and subsequent
mass bleaching in 2010, 60-70% of corals
have been destroyed in Andaman
Newly Recruited Corals
VIABLE TECHNOLOGY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE
S. NO NAME OF TECHNOLOGY USES
1 Raised bed technology Protect crops from
immediate water logging
stress and also use
irrigation water
efficiently
2 Noni in salinity challenged lands Suitable for salinity
affected areas
3 Protected cultivation technology
for vegetables
Off season production of
vegetables in the
Islands.
S. No Name of crops Varieties Description
1 Poi CIARI POI SELECTION Water stress situation
2 Broad Dhaniya CIARI BROAD DHANIYA Suitable for shade and tolerant
to water logging conditions
3 Noni CIARI RAKSHAK Suitable for salinity affected
areas
4 Brinjal CIARI BRINJAL 1 Bacterial wilt disease and
drought tolerant with yield of
25-35 t/ha
5 Coconut Non viviparous dwarfs: CIARI- Surya, CIARI- Omkar & CIARI-
Chandan
6 Tuber crops Wide adaptability and multiple use
HORTICULTURE CROPS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE
RICE VARIETIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE
BIOTIC STRESS RESISTANT
BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT
CIARI DHAN 6
CIARI DHAN 7
ABIOTIC STRESS RESISTANT
SALT TOLERANT
CIARI DHAN 4
CIARI DHAN 5
CSR 36
TRIBAL SUB
PLAN An Initiative to improve livelihood
of Tribal population through
Agriculture and Allied Activities
Tribal Sub Plan
Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair Locations
Capacity building programmes – 64 nos.
• Protected cultivation of high value vegetables
• Nutritious Kitchen garden
• Plantation based multistoried cropping system
• Floriculture
• Tuber crops cultivation
• Rice, Maize and Pulse production
• Home stead based IFS
• Efficient Natural Resource management
• Agriculture implements for drudgery reduction
• Livestock and Rural poultry Farming
• Fish farming
• Post harvest and value addition of fish produce
Bali
Bali Island NEH NicobarIslands
205 404
2660
No . of Beneficiaries Exposure visit
Exposure visit
Demonstration & Assets created
• Production technology of high yeilding Mungbean,
urdbean & cowpea.
• Rain shelter for vegetable cultivation in off season
• Homestead based IFS
• Vegetable enriched garden
• Low cost poultry & goat shed
• Functioning of Hatchery
• Post-harvest and product development of fish produce
Inp
uts
Homestead based IFS-25 Rainshelter - 10
Goat shed - 2 Poultry shed - 3
Post harvest fish PULSE DEMONSTRATION
Vegetable seed kit (no.) 1300
Banana&Pine apple, Guava, mango, lime (no.) 6750
Tuber crops (no.) 4000
Coconut & Arecanut (no.) 3155
Nutmeg, Black pepper, clove (no.) 2400
Tuberose, Jasmine & gerbera (no.) 4400
Rice, Maize & Pulse (kg) 4219
Goat, Pig & Poultry (no.) 5186
Cryocan (no.) 28
Sprayer, Conoweeder (no.) 40
Power tiller 3
Water pumpset (no.) 10
Coconut climber (no.) 85
Paddy thresher (no.) 10
Fishing boat (no.) 2
Life jacket (no.) 104
Ice box (no.) 23
Deep freezer (no.) 23
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA-CIARI D
isse
min
ati
on
of
Tec
hn
olo
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s
thro
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VK
Thank You…