iso 37120 - open data portal | open data | socrata · 2014-05-15 iso 37120 indicators for city...

Sustainable development

of communities

First edition 2014-05-15

ISO 37120

Indicators for city services and quality of life

Licensed to [email protected] ISO Store order #: OP-12842/Downloaded: 2014-06-18 Single user licence only, copying and networking prohibited.

Our visionTo be the world’s leading provider of high quality, globally relevant International Standards through its members and stakeholders.

Our missionISO develops high quality voluntary International Standards that facilitate international exchange of goods and ser-vices, support sustainable and equitable economic growth, promote innovation and protect health, safety and the environment.

Our processOur standards are developed by experts all over the world who work on a volunteer or part-time basis. We sell International Standards to recover the costs of organ-izing this process and making standards widely available.

Please respect our licensing terms and copyright to ensure this system remains independent.

If you would like to contribute to the devel-opment of ISO standards, please contact the ISO Member Body in your country:

www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso_mem-bers.htm

This document has been prepared by:ISO/TC 268, Sustainable development of communities.

Committee members:ASI; BNSI; BSI; SCC; SAC; UNMZ; DS; EOS; AFNOR; DIN; SII; JISC; NEN; SN; GOST R; ASN; SABS; AENOR; SLSI; SIS; FIDIC; GCIF; ICLEI; UNEP.

This list reflects contributing members at the time of publication.

Cover photo credit: ISO/CS, 2014

Copyright protected document

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or posting on the internet or intranet, with-out prior permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester:

© ISO 2014, Published in Switzerland

ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax. +41 22 749 09 47 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org

2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved Licensed to [email protected] ISO Store order #: OP-12842/Downloaded: 2014-06-18 Single user licence only, copying and networking prohibited.

www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso_members.htm

www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso_members.htm

3

Executive summary

— ISO 37120 establishes definitions and methodologies for a set of city indica-tors to steer and measure delivery of city services and quality of life. As part of a new series of International Standards be-ing developed for a holistic and integrated approach to sustainable development and resilience, this set of standardized indica-tors provides a uniform approach to what is measured, and how that measurement is to be undertaken. — The requirements contained in this International Standard are applicable to any city, municipality or local government

that undertakes to measure its perfor-mance in a comparable and verifiable man-ner, irrespective of size and location.

— The indicators can be used to track and monitor a city’s progress on city ser-vice performance and quality of life and as-sist cities in setting targets and monitoring achievements. In order to achieve sustain-able development, the whole city system needs to be taken into consideration. Planning for future needs must take into consideration current use and efficiency of resources in order to better plan for tomor-row.

© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 37120:2014


4

ISO 37120:2014

Contents Page

Our vision ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2Our mission ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................2Our process ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2Copyright protected document .............................................................................................................................................................................2Executive summary ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................3Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 101 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122 Normative references ............................................................................................................................................................................... 123 Termsanddefinitions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 124 City indicators .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 145 Economy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

5.1 City’s unemployment rate (core indicator) ..............................................................................................................155.2 Assessed value of commercial and industrial properties as a percentage of total assessed

value of all properties (core indicator) ........................................................................................................................165.3 Percentage of city population living in poverty (core indicator)...........................................................165.4 Percentage of persons in full-time employment (supporting indicator) .......................................175.5 Youth unemployment rate (supporting indicator) ............................................................................................185.6 Number of businesses per 100 000 population (supporting indicator) .........................................195.7 Number of new patents per 100 000 population per year (supporting indicator) ...............20

6 Education ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 206.1 Percentage of female school-aged population enrolled in schools (core indicator) .............206.2 Percentage of students completing primary education: survival rate (core indicator).....216.3 Percentage of students completing secondary education: survival rate (core indicator) 226.4 Primary education student/teacher ratio (core indicator) ........................................................................236.5 Percentage of male school-aged population enrolled in schools (supporting indicator) 246.6 Percentage of school-aged population enrolled in schools (supporting indicator) ..............256.7 Number of higher education degrees per 100 000 population (supporting indicator) ....26

7 Energy ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 267.1 Total residential electrical energy use per capita (kWh/year) (core indicator) ......................267.2 Percentage of city population with authorized electrical service (core indicator) ...............277.3 Energy consumption of public buildings per year (kWh/m²) (core indicator) ........................287.4 The percentage of total energy derived from renewable sources, as a share of the city’s

total energy consumption (core indicator) ..............................................................................................................287.5 Total electrical energy use per capita (kWh/year) (supporting indicator) .................................297.6 Average number of electrical interruptions per customer per year

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................307.7 Average length of electrical interruptions (in hours) (supporting indicator) ...........................31

8 Environment ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 328.1 Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration (core indicator) ..........................................................328.2 Particulate matter (PM10) concentration (core indicator) ........................................................................338.3 Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per capita (core indicator)...............................348.4 NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) concentration (supporting indicator) ...............................................................358.5 SO2 (sulphur dioxide) concentration (supporting indicator) ..................................................................368.6 O3 (Ozone) concentration (supporting indicator) .............................................................................................37

© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved Licensed to [email protected] ISO Store order #: OP-12842/Downloaded: 2014-06-18 Single user licence only, copying and networking prohibited.

5

ISO 37120:2014

8.7 Noise pollution (supporting indicator) ........................................................................................................................378.8 Percentage change in number of native species (supporting indicator) ........................................38

9 Finance ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 399.1 Debt service ratio (debt service expenditure as a percentage of a municipality’s own-

source revenue) (core indicator) ......................................................................................................................................399.2 Capital spending as a percentage of total expenditures (supporting indicator) .....................409.3 Own-source revenue as a percentage of total revenues (supporting indicator)......................409.4 Tax collected as a percentage of tax billed (supporting indicator) ......................................................41

10 Fire and emergency response .......................................................................................................................................................... 4210.1 Number of firefighters per 100 000 population (core indicator) .........................................................4210.2 Number of fire related deaths per 100 000 population (core indicator) .......................................4210.3 Number of natural disaster related deaths per 100 000 population (core indicator) ........4310.4 Number of volunteer and part-time firefighters per 100 000 population

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................4410.5 Response time for emergency response services from initial call (supporting indicator) 4410.6 Response time for fire department from initial call (supporting indicator) ...............................45

11 Governance .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4611.1 Voter participation in last municipal election (as a percentage of eligible voters)

(core indicator) .................................................................................................................................................................................4611.2 Women as a percentage of total elected to city-level office (core indicator) ..............................4711.3 Percentage of women employed in the city government workforce

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................4711.4 Number of convictions for corruption and/or bribery by city officials per 100 000

population (supporting indicator) ...................................................................................................................................4811.5 Citizens’ representation: number of local officials elected to office per 100 000 population

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................4811.6 Number of registered voters as a percentage of the voting age population

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................4912 Health ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50

12.1 Average life expectancy (core indicator) ....................................................................................................................5012.2 Number of in-patient hospital beds per 100 000 population (core indicator) .........................5012.3 Number of physicians per 100 000 population (core indicator) ...........................................................5112.4 Under age five mortality per 1 000 live births (core indicator) .............................................................5212.5 Number of nursing and midwifery personnel per 100 000 population

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................5312.6 Number of mental health practitioners per 100 000 population (supporting indicator) 5412.7 Suicide rate per 100 000 population (supporting indicator) ...................................................................54

13 Recreation ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5513.1 Square meters of public indoor recreation space per capita (supporting indicator) ..........5513.2 Square meters of public outdoor recreation space per capita (supporting indicator) ......56

14 Safety ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5714.1 Number of police officers per 100 000 population (core indicator) ..................................................5714.2 Number of homicides per 100 000 population (core indicator) ...........................................................5814.3 Crimes against property per 100 000 (supporting indicator) .................................................................5914.4 Response time for police department from initial call (supporting indicator) .........................5914.5 Violent crime rate per 100 000 population (supporting indicator) ...................................................60

15 Shelter....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6115.1 Percentage of city population living in slums (core indicator) ...............................................................6115.2 Number of homeless per 100 000 population (supporting indicator) ............................................6215.3 Percentage of households that exist without registered legal titles

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................63


6

ISO 37120:2014

16 Solid waste ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6316.1 Percentage of city population with regular solid waste collection (residential)

(core indicator) .................................................................................................................................................................................6316.2 Total collected municipal solid waste per capita (core indicator) .......................................................6516.3 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is recycled (core indicator) ...............................................6616.4 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in a sanitary landfill

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................6716.5 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in an incinerator

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................6816.6 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is burned openly (supporting indicator) ...............6916.7 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in an open dump

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................7016.8 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of by other means

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................7016.9 Hazardous Waste Generation per capita (tonnes) (supporting indicator) ...................................7116.10 Percentage of the city’s hazardous waste that is recycled (supporting indicator) ................73

17 Telecommunication and innovation ......................................................................................................................................... 7317.1 Number of internet connections per 100 000 population (core indicator) .................................7317.2 Number of cell phone connections per 100 000 population (core indicator) ...........................7417.3 Number of landline phone connections per 100 000 population (supporting indicator) 75

18 Transportation ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7518.1 Kilometres of high capacity public transport system per 100 000 population

(core indicator) .................................................................................................................................................................................7518.2 Kilometres of light passenger public transport system per 100 000 population

(core indicator) .................................................................................................................................................................................7618.3 Annual number of public transport trips per capita (core indicator) ...............................................7718.4 Number of personal automobiles per capita (core indicator) .................................................................7818.5 Percentage of commuters using a travel mode to work other than a personal vehicle

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................7818.6 Number of two-wheel motorized vehicles per capita (supporting indicator) ...........................8018.7 Kilometres of bicycle paths and lanes per 100 000 population (supporting indicator) ...8018.8 Transportation fatalities per 100 000 population (supporting indicator) ...................................8118.9 Commercial air connectivity (number of non-stop commercial air destinations)

(supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................8219 Urban planning ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 83

19.1 Green area (hectares) per 100 000 population (core indicator) ...........................................................8319.2 Annual number of trees planted per 100 000 population (supporting indicator) ................8319.3 Areal size of informal settlements as a percentage of city area (supporting indicator) ...8419.4 Jobs/housing ratio (supporting indicator) ...............................................................................................................85

20 Wastewater .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8620.1 Percentage of city population served by wastewater collection (core indicator) ..................8620.2 Percentage of the city’s wastewater that has received no treatment (core indicator) .......8720.3 Percentage of the city’s wastewater receiving primary treatment (core indicator) ............8720.4 Percentage of the city’s wastewater receiving secondary treatment (core indicator) .......8820.5 Percentage of the city’s wastewater receiving tertiary treatment (core indicator) ..............89

21 Water and sanitation ................................................................................................................................................................................. 9021.1 Percentage of city population with potable water supply service (core indicator) ..............9021.2 Percentage of city population with sustainable access to an improved water source

(core indicator) .................................................................................................................................................................................9121.3 Percentage of population with access to improved sanitation (core indicator) ......................9221.4 Total domestic water consumption per capita (litres/day) (core indicator)..............................9321.5 Total water consumption per capita (litres/day) (supporting indicator) .....................................94


7

ISO 37120:2014

21.6 Average annual hours of water service interruption per household (supporting indicator) ................................................................................................................................................................95

21.7 Percentage of water loss (unaccounted for water) (supporting indicator) .................................9622 Reporting and record maintenance ........................................................................................................................................... 96Annex A (informative) City indicators .......................................................................................................................................................... 97Annex B (informative)Profileindicators ...............................................................................................................................................103Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................105


Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide fed-eration of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of pre-paring International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that com-mittee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechni-cal standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its fur-ther maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi-fying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information

The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 268, Sustainable devel-opment in communities.

9

ISO 37120:2014


http://www.iso.org/directives

http://www.iso.org/patents

http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/resources-for-technical-work/foreword.htm

Introduction

Cities need indicators to measure their performance. Existing indicators are often not standardized, consistent, or comparable over time or across cities.

As part of a new series of International Standards being developed for a holistic and integrated approach to sustainable development and resilience, this set of standardized indicators provides a uniform approach to what is measured, and how that measurement is to be undertaken. As a list, it does not provide a value judgement, or threshold or a target numerical value for the indicators.

Conformance with this standard does not confer a status in this regard. A city which conforms to this standard in regards to measurement of indicators for city services and quality of life may only claim compliance to that effect.

These indicators can be used to track and monitor progress on city perfor-mance. In order to achieve sustainable development, the whole city system needs to be taken into consideration. Planning for future needs must take into consideration current use and efficiency of resources in order to better plan for tomorrow.

The indicators and associated test methods in this International Standard have been developed in order to help cities:

a) measure performance management of city services and quality of life over time;

b) learn from one another by allowing comparison across a wide range of per-formance measures; and,

c) share best practices.NOTE It is acknowledged that cities may not have direct influence or control over factors governing some of these indicators, but the reporting is important for meaning-ful comparison and provides a general indication of service delivery and quality of life within a city.

The indicators in this International Standard have been selected to make reporting as simple and inexpensive as possible, and therefore reflect an initial platform for reporting. Further development of indicators to support sustain-able development and resilience in cities is on-going in TC268.

The indicators are structured around themes. Recognizing the differences in resources and capabilities of cities worldwide, the overall set of indicators for city performance has been divided into “core” indicators (those implementing this International Standard shall follow) and “supporting” indicators, (those implementing this International Standard should follow). Both core and sup-porting indicators are listed in Annex A, Table A.1. In addition, profile indicators, which provide basic statistics and background information to help cities deter-mine which cities are of interest for comparisons, are included in Annex B, Table B.1, as a reference.

10

ISO 37120:2014


In this International Standard, the following verbal forms are used:

— “shall” indicates a requirement;— “should” indicates a recommendation;— “may” indicates a permission;— “can” indicates a possibility or a capability.

11

ISO 37120:2014


1 ScopeThis International Standard defines and establishes methodologies for a set of indicators to steer and measure the performance of city services and qual-ity of life. It follows the principles set out and can be used in conjunction with ISO 37101:—, Sustainable development in communities — Management systems — General principles and requirements, when published, and other strategic frameworks.

This International Standard is applicable to any city, municipality or local gov-ernment that undertakes to measure its performance in a comparable and veri-fiable manner, irrespective of size and location.

2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the refer-enced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 37101:—, Sustainable development and resilience of communities — Management systems — General principles and requirements

ISO 1996-2:—, Acoustics Description, measurement and assessment of environ-mental noise — Part 2: Determination of environmental noise levels

3 TermsanddefinitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 37101, and the following apply.

3.1cityurban community falling under a specific administrative boundary, commonly referred to as a city, municipality or local government

3.2indicatora quantitative, qualitative or descriptive measure

[SOURCE: ISO 15392:2008, 3.14]

Note 1 to entry: Indicators in this standard are divided into:

a) core indicators: indicators that are required to demonstrate performance in the delivery of city services and quality of life.

b) supporting indicators: indicators that are recommended to demonstrate perfor-mance in the delivery of city services and quality of life.

12

ISO 37120:2014


c) profile indicators: indicators that provide basic statistics and background informa-tion to help cities determine which cities are of interest for peer comparisons. Profile indicators are used as an informative reference.

3.3full-time enrolmentenrolment in school for every full school day in a week over the entire school year

3.4natural disastera natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or hurricane that causes great dam-age or loss of life

3.5part-time enrolmentenrolment in school for at least every half-day in a week over the entire school year or equivalent on a weekly basis

EXAMPLE A student is counted as enrolled part-time if he/she is enrolled in school for every half-day in a week, but is not counted as enrolled if he/she is only enrolled for 0,25 of a day.

3.6primary educationelementary schooleducation that is considered to be the first stage of ‘basic education’

Note 1 to entry: Primary education typically covers six years of full-time schooling with the legal age of entrance normally being not younger than 5 years or older than 7 years. Primary education typically lasts until age 10 to 12. Primary education refers to children ages 5-12 years or 1st grade through 5th or 6th grade as defined by local education systems.

[SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UOE data collection on education sys-tems, 10.1]

3.7secondary educationeducation that is considered to be the second stage of basic education and marks the end of compulsory education where it exists

Note 1 to entry: Students usually enter between age 10 and 13 (age 12 being the most common). Secondary education usually ends 12 or 13 years after the beginning of primary education (or around age 18); however, systems can range between ending 11 to 14 years after beginning school (or around age 17 to 20). Secondary education also refers to 6th grade (or 7th grade) to 12th grade as defined by local education systems.

3.8tertiary educationeducation provided by universities and other higher education institutions fol-lowing secondary education

13

ISO 37120:2014


3.9hazardous wastewaste that is potentially harmful to human beings, property or the environment

[SOURCE: ISO 18113-1:2009, 3.22]

3.10solid wastenon-soluble, discarded solid materials, including sewage sludge, municipal garbage, industrial wastes, agricultural refuse, demolition wastes and mining residues

3.11vascular plants (tracheophytes)plants that can internally transport water and food

4 City indicatorsThis International Standard is designed to assist cities in steering and assessing the performance management of city services and all service provisions as well as quality of life. It considers sustainability as its general principle and resil-ience as a guiding concept in the development of cities. All indicators shall be compiled on an annual basis.

Those implementing this International Standard shall report on all core indica-tors listed in Clauses 5 to 21 of this International Standard.

The core indicators described in this International Standard are considered essential for steering and assessing the performance management of city ser-vices and quality of life.

In order to promote best practice, cities should also report on the supporting indicators given in Clauses 5 to 21 of this International Standard.

The core and supporting indicators are classified into themes according to the different sectors and services provided by a city. The classification structure is used solely to denote the services and area of application of each type of indica-tor when reported on by a city. This classification has no hierarchical signifi-cance and is organized alphabetically according to themes.

Indicators under each theme, where possible, were selected and paired on the basis of input and outcome indicators for further contextual analysis.

When interpreting the results of a particular service area, it is important to review the results of multiple types of indicators across themes; to focus on a single indicator can lead to a distorted or incomplete conclusion. Elements of aspiration must also be taken into consideration in the analysis.

Users may also consider the following aspects which shall be clearly stated in the report and justified: indicators can be aggregated to larger administrative areas (ex. region, metropolitan areas etc.); since some indicators are indirectly linked to sustainability, there is a need to consider the resource efficiency of a

14

ISO 37120:2014


city; indicators can be grouped together for analysis when taking into consid-eration holistic characteristics of a city; and, this set of indicators may be com-plemented by other indicator sets in order to have a more comprehensive holis-tic approach to analysis on sustainability.

Furthermore, it is also important to acknowledge potential antagonistic effects of the outcome of particular indicators, either positive or negative, when ana-lysing results. For example, an increase in air connectivity and the number of automobiles per capita will potentially result in increased levels of PM10 and greenhouse gas emissions.

For data interpretation purposes cities shall take into consideration contextual analysis when interpreting results. The local institutional environment may affect the capacity to apply indicators. In some cases, services may be delivered by the private sector or the community itself.

Table B.1 lists a series of profile indicators for reference purposes.

5 Economy

5.1 City’s unemployment rate (core indicator)

5.1.1 GeneralThose implementing this International Standard shall report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements.

NOTE The unemployment rate is considered one of the single, most informative labour market indicators reflecting the general performance of the labour market and the health of the economy as a whole. It is used to measure a city’s unutilized labour supply and track business cycles. When economic growth is strong, unemployment rates tend to be low and when the economy is stagnating or in recession, unemploy-ment rates tend to be higher.

5.1.2 Core indicator requirementsA city’s unemployment rate shall be calculated as the number of working-age city residents who during the survey reference period were not in paid employ-ment or self-employment, but available for work, and seeking work (numerator) divided by the total labour force (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Unemployment shall refer to individuals without work, actively seeking work in a recent past period (past four weeks), and currently available for work. Persons who did not look for work but have a future labour market stake (arrangements for a future job start) are counted as unemployed (International Labour Organization). Discouraged workers or hidden unemployed shall refer to persons who are not actively seeking work because they believe the prospects of finding it are extremely poor or they have restricted labour mobility, face dis-crimination, and/or structural, social, and cultural barriers – are not counted as

15

ISO 37120:2014


unemployed or as part of the labour force. Not actively seeking work shall refer to people who have not taken active steps to seek work (i.e. job searches, inter-views, informational meetings etc.) during a specified recent period (usually the past four weeks).

Labour Force shall refer to the sum of the total persons employed and unem-ployed who are legally eligible to work.

5.2 Assessed value of commercial and industrial prop-erties as a percentage of total assessed value of all prop-erties (core indicator)


NOTE Assessed value of commercial and industrial properties as a percentage of total assessed value of all properties provides an understanding of the mix of assessed values of properties as well as the stability of the assessed base. A downward trend in the proportion of commercial and industrial assessed values could indicate an eroding economic base. Over reliance on residential assessed values can impact affordability.

5.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe assessed value of commercial and industrial properties as a percentage of total assessed value of all properties shall be expressed as the total assessed value of commercial and industrial properties (numerator) divided by the total assessed value of all properties (denominator). The result shall then be multi-plied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Commercial and industrial properties shall refer to those which have been des-ignated by the city for commercial and industrial use.

NOTE Property assessment methods may vary from one jurisdiction or country to another, including the market-oriented method, the profit-oriented method and the cost-oriented method.

5.3 Percentage of city population living in poverty (core indicator)


NOTE The percentage of the city’s population living in poverty is an indicator of social equity and reflects levels of economic and social marginality and/or inclusive-ness in a city. Eradication of poverty is an essential component of the Millennium Development Goals.[22]

16

ISO 37120:2014


5.3.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of city population living in poverty shall be calculated as the number of people living below the poverty threshold (numerator) divided by the total current population of the city (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The total number of persons in the city living below the poverty threshold shall first be determined by multiplying the number of city households living at or below the poverty threshold by the current average number of persons per household for that city.

NOTE The poverty threshold for each country is recorded by the World Bank, which can be viewed through its website at: www.worldbank.org (search for PovertyNet) or directly on the PovertyNet website at: www.povertynet.org[34] where, the poverty threshold for households is specified as persons unable to adequately provide themselves over a 12 month period with water, food, shelter, and other basic needs for a healthy life.

5.3.3 Data interpretationApplying current average persons per household figure to all households can lower distinctions between household size in poor and more affluent households.

5.4 Percentage of persons in full-time employment (sup-porting indicator)

5.4.1 GeneralThose implementing this International Standard should report on this indicator in accordance with the following requirements.

NOTE The percentage of the city population in full-time employment is an indicator of the economic health of the city and the success of city economic policy.

5.4.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage of persons in full-time employment shall be calculated as the number of persons in full- time employment (numerator) divided by the total city population (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The number of persons residing in the city in full-time employment shall include those that are self- employed and shall only include the residents that work a minimum of 35 hours a week in one job and who are of legal working age.

NOTE 1 City population has been used as the denominator for this indicator instead of workforce given that population will be known for most cities. This indicator is dependent on the government agency charged with the responsibility of collecting relevant employment and population data and the precise nature of the available data.

17

ISO 37120:2014


http://www.worldbank.org

http://www.povertynet.org

NOTE 2 Employment is a formal labour market concept which is often complicated in developing countries with a large informal sector of the city economy.

NOTE 3 The Social Responsibility core subjects on Human Rights and Labour Practices from ISO 26000 can be considered, and are particularly useful in regards to child labour.

NOTE 4 The International Labour Organization (ILO) Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (FPRW) include the elimination of child labour alongside the right to freedom of association and collective bargaining, elimination of forced labour, and the elimination of discrimination in employment or occupation. These fundamental princi-ples and rights at work are mutually interdependent. Violation of one category of rights at work often has an adverse impact on the respect and realization of the others. Vice versa, recognition, promotion and implementation of one category of rights can have a beneficial impact on the respect and realization of the others.

Over the years the international community has developed a framework of international standards which seek to protect children from child labour, in par-ticular the two important ILO Conventions on the subject and more generally the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.[45] Whilst some progress is being made in reducing child labour, in too many cases the rights contained in these international standards are still not fully applied in practice and enforced. Users of this standard are encouraged to keep these principles in mind.

5.5 Youth unemployment rate (supporting indicator)


NOTE The unemployment rate is probably the best-known and most used labour market performance indicator. Youth Unemployment Rate is key indicator for quanti-fying and analyzing the current labour market trends and challenges of young people. Young men and women today face increasing uncertainty in their hopes of undergoing a satisfactory transition in the labour market, and this uncertainty and disillusion-ment can, in turn, have damaging effects on individuals, communities, economies and society at large. Unemployed or underemployed youth are less able to contribute effectively to community and national development and have fewer opportunities to exercise their rights as citizens. They have less to spend as consumers, less to invest as savers and often have no “voice” to bring about change in their lives and communities. Widespread youth unemployment and underemployment also prevents companies and countries from innovating and developing competitive advantages based on human capital investment, thus undermining future prospects. Knowing the costs of non-action, many governments around the world do prioritize the issue of youth employ-ment and attempt to develop pro-active policies and programmes.

5.5.2 Supporting indicator requirementsYouth unemployment rate shall be calculated as the total number of unemployed youth (numerator) divided by the youth labour force (denominator). The result shall be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

18

ISO 37120:2014


Unemployed youth shall refer to individuals above the legal working age and under 24 years of age who are without work, actively seeking work in a recent past period (past four weeks), and currently available for work. Youth who did not look for work but have a future labour market stake (arrange-ments for a future job start) are counted as unemployed (International Labour Organization). Discouraged workers or hidden unemployed shall not be counted as unemployed or as part of the labour force. Not actively seeking work shall refer to people who have not taken active steps to seek work (i.e. job searches, interviews, informational meetings etc.) during a specified recent period (usu-ally the past four weeks).

Youth labour force shall refer to all persons above the legal working age and under 24 years of age, who are either employed or unemployed over a specified reference period.

NOTE Countries vary somewhat in their operational definitions of youth, in par-ticular, the lower age limit for young people is usually determined by the minimum age for leaving school, where this exists.

5.6 Number of businesses per 100 000 population (sup-porting indicator)


NOTE The number of businesses per 100 000 can inform a city’s level of economic activity and economic performance. It provides one indication of the overall business climate in a jurisdiction, and attitudes towards entrepreneurship. Strong entrepre-neurial activity is closely associated with a dynamic and growing economy. The num-ber of businesses is also used to inform competitiveness of a city. The number of busi-nesses reflects both the number of new businesses created and the survival of existing businesses.

5.6.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of businesses per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the total number of businesses in a city (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the num-ber of businesses per 100 000 population.

Businesses shall refer to companies or enterprises. The enterprise is the small-est combination of legal unit, that is, an organizational unit producing goods or services. Business can either be categorized as simple (one operating entity) or complex (multiple operating entities).

19

ISO 37120:2014


5.7 Number of new patents per 100 000 population per year (supporting indicator)


NOTE The number of patents issued to resident persons or corporations of a city is an indicator of commercial and technological innovation.

5.7.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of new patents per 100 000 population per year shall be calculated as the total number of new patents issued to resident persons and corporations of the city (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of patents regis-tered per 100 000 population.

5.7.3 Data sourcesAs patents are generally issued by the national government cities will be reliant on another level of government to provide this information on an annual city-by-city basis.

Data should be obtained from Government Patent Offices, who maintain records of all patents registered to persons and corporations across jurisdiction.

6 Education

6.1 Percentage of female school-aged population enrolled in schools (core indicator)


NOTE Education is one of the most important aspects of human development. This indicator addresses the issue of educational opportunity, by indicating how wide-spread formal education is in the city among school-aged population. Reporting on the differential enrolment by gender is consistent with the Millennium Development Goals,[21] Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women.

6.1.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of female school-aged population enrolled in schools shall be calculated as the number of female school- aged population enrolled at primary and secondary levels in public and private schools (numerator) divided by the

20

ISO 37120:2014


total number of female school-aged population (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The definitions of primary and secondary school detailed in Clauses 3.5 and 3.6 shall apply.

The proportion of enrolment in public and private schools should be reported, and cities shall note if private school data are included. In many cities, private schools are a significant component of education in the city. Private schools shall be recognized as providing real, bona fide education; many ministries or departments of education have a program that recognizes such schools. Enrolment in religious schools and home schools should be included if they are recognized.

One part-time enrolment of a half-day or more shall be counted as a full-time enrolment.

If the geographies of school districts and the city are different, best judgment should be used to relate enrolment data to the city boundaries.

6.1.3 Data sourcesData on school enrolment should be obtained from local school boards, or the relevant Ministry or Department of Education. If enrolment data from these sources are not available, then data for enrolment from surveys or censuses may be used.

6.2 Percentage of students completing primary educa-tion: survival rate (core indicator)


NOTE Survival rate measures the holding power and internal efficiency of an edu-cation system. Survival rate to grade five of primary education is of particular inter-est since this is commonly considered as a pre-requisite for sustainable literacy. This indicator is often used as an assessment to Millennium Development Goals.[22]

6.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of students completing primary education or survival rate shall be calculated as the total number of students belonging to a school-cohort who complete the final grade of primary education (numerator) divided by the total number of students belonging to a school-cohort, i.e. those originally enrolled in the first grade of primary education (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage. The survival rate of primary education shall be expressed as the percentage of a cohort of students enrolled in the first grade of primary education who reached the final grade of primary education.

21

ISO 37120:2014


Survival rates for the private education sector should be reported, if known. The user of this International Standard shall note if private school data are included.

NOTE 1 This indicator measures students belonging to a school-cohort who has reached each successive grade of primary education without failing or moving to another jurisdiction.

NOTE 2 This methodology is adapted from UNESCO Education Indicator Technical Guidelines.[4]

EXAMPLE If the city reporting year is 2012 and primary education lasts five years, report the percentage of students that entered primary education in 2006 and reached the final grade of primary education in 2011.

6.2.3 Data sourcesSince the calculation of this indicator is based on student-flow rates, the reli-ability of the survival rate depends on the consistency of data on enrolment and repeaters (those who repeat one or more grades) in terms of coverage over time and across grades.

NOTE 1 In most cities, survival rates will only be readily available for public school systems.

NOTE 2 Data on school enrolment is usually recorded by the Ministry or Department of Education.

6.3 Percentage of students completing secondary edu-cation: survival rate (core indicator)


NOTE Survival rate measures the holding power and internal efficiency of an edu-cation system.

6.3.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of students completing secondary education or survival rate shall be calculated as the total number of students belonging to a school-cohort who complete the final grade of secondary education (numerator) divided by the total number of students belonging to a school-cohort, i.e. those originally enrolled in the first grade of secondary education (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage. The survival rate of secondary education shall be expressed as the percentage of a cohort of students enrolled in the first grade of secondary education who reached the final grade of secondary education.

22

ISO 37120:2014


Survival rates for the private education sector should be reported, if known. The user of this International Standard shall note if private school data are included.

NOTE 1 This indicator measures students belonging to a school-cohort who has reached each successive grade of secondary education without failing or moving to another jurisdiction.

NOTE 2 This methodology is adapted from UNESCO Education Indicator Technical Guidelines.[4]

EXAMPLE If the city reporting year is 2012 and secondary education lasts seven years, report the percentage of students that entered secondary education in 2004 and reached the final grade of secondary education in 2011.

6.3.3 Data sourcesSince the calculation of this indicator is based on student-flow rates, the reli-ability of the survival rate depends on the consistency of data on enrolment and repeaters (those who repeat one or more grades) in terms of coverage over time and across grades.

NOTE 1 In most cities, survival rates will only be readily available for public school systems.

NOTE 2 Data on school enrolment are usually recorded by the Ministry or Department of Education.

6.4 Primary education student/teacher ratio (core indicator)


NOTE The student/teacher ratio is an indicator of the adequacy of teacher avail-ability and can be related to the strength and quality of an education system.

6.4.2 Core indicator requirementsThe student/teacher ratio shall be expressed as the number of enrolled primary school students (numerator) divided by the number of full-time equivalent pri-mary school classroom teachers (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of students per teacher.

Private educational facilities shall not be included in the student/teacher ratio.

One part-time student enrolment shall be counted as one full-time enrolment; in other words a student who attends school for half a day should be counted as a full-time enrolment. If a city reports full-time equivalent (FTE) enrolment (where two half day students equal one full student enrolment), this shall be noted.

23

ISO 37120:2014


The number of classroom teachers and other instructional staff (e.g. teach-ers’ aides, guidance counsellors), shall not include administrators or other non-teaching staff. Kindergarten or pre-school teachers and staff shall not be included.

The number of teachers shall be counted in fifth time increments, for example, a teacher working one day per week should be counted as 0,2 teachers, and a teacher working three days per week should be counted as 0,6 teachers.

6.4.3 Data sourcesThe number of full-time equivalent primary school classroom teachers and the number of enrolled primary school students should be collected from the local public school system or Ministry of Education.

6.4.4 Data interpretationThe student/teacher ratio reflects teacher workload and the availability of teachers’ services to their students. The lower the student/teacher ratio, the higher the availability of teacher services to students. The student/teacher ratio has implications not only for the cost of education, but also for the quality. Higher educational attainment is correlated with a lower student/teacher ratio.

6.5 Percentage of male school-aged population enrolled in schools (supporting indicator)


NOTE Education is one of the most important aspects of human development. This indicator addresses the issue of educational opportunity by indicating how widespread formal education is in the city among school-aged population.

6.5.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage of male school-aged population enrolled in schools shall be cal-culated as the number of male school-aged population enrolled at primary and secondary levels in public and private schools (numerator) divided by the total number of male school-aged population (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The definitions of primary and secondary school detailed in 3.5 and 3.6 shall apply.

Enrolment in public and private schools should be reported, and cities shall note if private school data are included. In many cities, private schools are a significant component of education in the city. Private schools shall be recog-nized as providing real, bona fide education; many ministries or departments of

24

ISO 37120:2014


education have a program that recognizes such schools. Enrolment in religious schools and home schools should be included if they are recognized.

One part-time enrolment of a half-day or more shall be counted as a full-time enrolment.


6.5.3 Data sourcesData on school enrolment should be obtained from local school boards, or the relevant Ministry or Department of Education. If enrolment data from these sources is not available, then data for enrolment from surveys or censuses may be used.

6.6 Percentage of school-aged population enrolled in schools (supporting indicator)


NOTE Education is one of the most important aspects of human development. This indicator addresses the issue of educational opportunity by indicating how widespread formal education is in the city among the school-aged population.

6.6.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage of school-aged population enrolled in schools shall be calculated as the number of school-aged population enrolled in primary and secondary levels in public and private schools (numerator) divided by the total number of the school-aged population (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Enrolment in public and private schools should be reported, and cities shall note in the comment section if private school data are included. In many cit-ies, private schools are a significant component of education in the city. Private schools shall be recognized as providing real, bona fide education; many minis-tries or departments of education have a program that recognizes such schools. Enrolment in religious schools and home schools should be included if they are recognized.

Part-time enrolment of a half-day or more shall be counted as a full-time enrolment.


25

ISO 37120:2014


6.7 Number of higher education degrees per 100 000 population (supporting indicator)


NOTE Education is a major component of well-being and is an indicator of economic development and quality of life. Receiving higher education provides individuals with a foundation for meaningful participation in the labour force and helps reduce poverty and inequality. This pillar of human development is widely recognized as the main avenue for social mobility.

6.7.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of higher education (tertiary education) degrees per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the number of people holding higher educa-tion degrees (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total popula-tion. The result shall be expressed as the number of higher degrees per 100 000 population.

6.7.3 Data sourcesData on school enrolment should be gathered from local school boards, or the relevant Ministry or Department of Education, if available. If enrolment data from these sources is not available, data from surveys or censuses may be used.

7 Energy

7.1 Total residential electrical energy use per capita (kWh/year) (core indicator)


NOTE An understanding of how much electricity is currently being consumed is needed in order to effectively manage generation, consumption, and conservation of electricity. Residential areas are one of the major consumers of electricity and its asso-ciated resource use. All forms of electricity generation have some level of environmen-tal impact.

7.1.2 Core indicator requirementsTotal residential electrical energy use per capita shall be calculated as the total residential electrical usage of a city in kilowatt hours (numerator) divided by

26

ISO 37120:2014


the total population of the city (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the total residential electrical use per capita in kilowatt hours/year.

7.1.3 Data sourcesData should be gathered from electricity providers. Electricity consumption statistics are typically collected in three categories, residential, commercial and industrial.

NOTE Electricity providers typically report electricity consumption statistics by customer and not by resident or they report consumption by sector (residential, com-mercial and industrial) in bulk and then report more detailed statistics as averages.

7.2 Percentage of city population with authorized elec-trical service (core indicator)


NOTE The percentage of city residents with lawful connection to the electricity supply system (the electricity grid) is an indicator of lawful provision of a basic urban service, which is of particular relevance to cities in less developed regions of the world. Electrical service is a contributing indicator of sustainability, resilience, economic pro-ductivity and health.

7.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of city population with authorized electrical service shall be calculated as the number of persons in the city with lawful connection to the electrical supply system (numerator) divided by the total population of the city (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The number of city households lawfully connected to the electricity grid shall be multiplied by the current average city household size to determine the number of city residents with lawful connection to the electricity supply system (the electricity grid).

NOTE Most electricity supply authorities distinguish billing accounts to residential and non residential establishments. Residential establishments in most cities equate to households (although in some condominiums, the body corporate holds the account for multiple households).

27

ISO 37120:2014


7.3 Energy consumption of public buildings per year (kWh/m²) (core indicator)


NOTE Buildings are some of the largest energy consumers in cities. Reduced and effective energy use can create substantial savings and can enhance security of the energy supply. Reducing the energy consumption of a building can also reduce green-house gas emissions and its ecological footprint, which can help combat climate change and achieve a low carbon economy.

7.3.2 Core indicator requirementsEnergy consumption of public buildings shall be calculated per year as the total use of electricity at final consumption stage by public buildings (kWh) within a city (numerator) divided by total floor space of these buildings in square meters (m²) (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the total energy consump-tion of public buildings per year in kilowatt hours per square meter.

NOTE Public buildings are government owned buildings such as government offices, hospitals and schools.

7.4 The percentage of total energy derived from renew-able sources, as a share of the city’s total energy con-sumption (core indicator)


NOTE The promotion of renewable energy sources is a high priority for sustainable development, for reasons such as the security and diversification of energy supply and for environmental protection.

7.4.2 Core indicator requirementsThe share of a city’s total energy consumption derived from renewable sources shall be calculated as the total consumption of electricity generated from renewable sources (numerator) divided by total energy consumption (denomi-nator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percent-age. Consumption of renewable sources should include geothermal, solar, wind, hydro, tide and wave energy, and combustibles, such as biomass.

28

ISO 37120:2014


7.4.3 Data sourcesData available from local utility provider, city energy or environment office, and from various international sources, such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the World Bank.

7.4.4 Data interpretationRenewable energy shall include both combustible and non-combustible renewa-bles. Non-combustible renewables include geothermal, solar, wind, hydro, tide and wave energy. For geothermal energy, the energy quantity is the enthalpy of the geothermal heat entering the process. For solar, wind, hydro, tide and wave energy, the quantities entering electricity generation are equal to the electri-cal energy generated. The combustible renewables and waste (CRW) consist of biomass (fuelwood, vegetal waste, ethanol) and animal products (animal materials/waste and sulphite lyes), municipal waste (waste produced by the residential, commercial and public service sectors that are collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location for the production of heat and/or power) and industrial waste.

NOTE 1 The breakdown of energy consumption by source, if this data are available (i.e. % derived from fossil fuel; % derived from nuclear; % derived from renewables, etc.) should be noted.

NOTE 2 Data on particular renewables for a number of developing countries might be a limitation.

7.5 Total electrical energy use per capita (kWh/year) (supporting indicator)


NOTE An understanding of how much electricity is currently being consumed is needed in order to effectively manage generation, consumption, and conservation of electricity. Electricity is used to produce goods and services that are needed for eco-nomic growth and improved quality of life. Total electrical consumption reflects the overall consumption used by commercial, industrial, and residential sectors. All forms of electricity generation have some level of environmental impact.

7.5.2 Supporting indicator requirementsTotal electrical energy use per capita shall be calculated as the total electrical usage of a city in kilowatt hours including residential and non-residential use (numerator) divided by the total population of the city (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the total electrical use per capita in kilowatt hours/year.

29

ISO 37120:2014


7.5.3 Data sourcesData shall be gathered from electricity providers. Electricity consumption sta-tistics are typically collected in three categories: residential, commercial and industrial.

NOTE Electricity providers typically report electricity consumption statistics by customer and not by resident or they report consumption by sector (residential, com-mercial and industrial) in bulk and then report more detailed statistics as averages.

7.5.4 Data interpretationCompilation of the sources used to generate energy based on fossil and renew-able energy sources; types of renewable energy already in use; identification of locally existing renewable energy sources; compilation of the energy required for heating and cooling processes; completed and planned measures to save energy and to improve energy efficiency; completed and planned activities for the environmentally friendly insulation and cooling of buildings, if available should be noted.

7.6 Average number of electrical interruptions per cus-tomer per year (supporting indicator)


NOTE Average number of electrical interruptions helps to track and benchmark reliability performance in electric utility services.

7.6.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe average number of electrical interruptions per customer per year shall be calculated as the total number of customer interruptions (numerator) divided by the total number of customers served (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the average number of electrical interruptions per customer per year.

Electrical interruptions shall include both residential and non-residential.

It is normal to expect interruptions in service for a number of reasons including scheduled maintenance and equipment breakdown. To establish the opportu-nity to have a reasonable comparison between energy providers, major storms

30

ISO 37120:2014


and weather events should be excluded due to their unpredictability and ran-domness since they are difficult to predict, prevent or mitigate against.

NOTE This indicator is affected by the age, standard of maintenance and reliability of the infrastructure that constitutes the electricity grid and the electricity trans-mission capacity that services the grid. The ability of both the grid and its electricity transmission capacity to provide supply on demand and to cope with peak loads is also an important consideration.

7.7 Average length of electrical interruptions (in hours) (supporting indicator)


NOTE Average length of electrical interruptions helps to track and benchmark reli-ability performance in electric utility services.

7.7.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe average length of electrical interruptions shall be calculated as the sum of the duration of all customer interruptions in hours (numerator) divided by the total number of customer interruptions (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the average length of electrical interruptions in hours.

Electrical interruptions shall include both residential and non-residential.

It is normal to expect interruptions in service for a number of reasons including scheduled maintenance and equipment breakdown. To establish the opportu-nity to have a reasonable comparison between energy providers, major storms and weather events shall be excluded due to their unpredictability as they are difficult to prevent or mitigate against.

NOTE This indicator is affected by the age, standard of maintenance and reliability of the infrastructure that constitutes the electricity grid and the electricity trans-mission capacity that services the grid. The ability of both the grid and its electricity transmission capacity to provide supply on demand and to cope with peak loads is also an important consideration.

31

ISO 37120:2014


8 Environment

8.1 Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration (core indicator)


NOTE Fine particulate matter can cause major health problems in cities. According to the WHO, any concentration of particulate matter (PM) is harmful to human health. PM is carcinogenic and harms the circulatory system as well as the respiratory system. As with many other air pollutants, there is a connection with questions of environmen-tal justice, since often underprivileged citizens may suffer from stronger exposure. The evidence on PM and its public health impact is consistent in showing adverse health effects at exposures that are currently experienced by urban populations in both developed and developing countries. The range of health effects is broad, but are predominantly to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

8.1.2 Core indicator requirementsFine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration shall be calculated as the total mass of collected particles that are 2.5 microns or less in diameter (numera-tor) divided by the volume of air sampled (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the concentration of PM2.5 in micrograms per standard cubic meter (μg/m3).

The method for measurement shall involve the use of an air sampler which draws ambient air at a constant flow rate into a specially shaped inlet where the suspended particulate matter is inertially separated into one or more size frac-tions within the PM2.5 size range. The 24-hour (daily) measurements of PM2.5 concentrations are forwarded to a database where yearly summaries for each monitoring stations are computed.

NOTE Since data for PM2.5 is not readily available, levels are often calculated on the basis of PM10 emission and this is reported as a separate indicator.

32

ISO 37120:2014


8.2 Particulate matter (PM10) concentration (core indicator)

8.2.1 GeneralThose implementing this International Standard shall report on this indica-tor (unless reporting on PM2.5 under 8.1) in accordance with the following requirements.

NOTE The evidence on airborne Particulate Matter (PM) and its public health impact is consistent in showing adverse health effects at exposures that are currently experienced by urban populations in both developed and developing countries. PM pose a health concern because they can be inhaled into and accumulate in the respira-tory system.

People with heart or lung disease, older adults, and children are considered at greater risk to particle pollution. Long-term exposures (annual mean) to par-ticles, such as those experienced by people living for many years in areas with high particle levels, have been associated with problems such as reduced lung function and the development of chronic bronchitis - and even premature death. Short-term exposures (24 h) to particles can aggravate lung diseases, causing asthma attacks and acute bronchitis, and may also increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. High particle pollution in major cities have major nega-tive impacts on economic/business growth due to decline in foreign investors. According to the World Health Organization,[12] air pollution is estimated to cause approximately 2 million premature deaths worldwide per year. In many cities, the average levels of PM10 exceed 70 µg per cubic meter (µ/m3).

8.2.2 Core indicator requirementsParticulate Matter (PM10) concentration shall be calculated as the total mass of collected particles in the PM10 size range (numerator) divided by the volume of air sampled (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the concentration of PM10 in micrograms per standard cubic meter (μg/m3).

The method for measurement shall involve the use of an air sampler which draws ambient air at a constant flow rate into a specially shaped inlet where the suspended particulate matter is inertially separated into one or more size frac-tions within the PM10 size range. The 24-hour (daily) measurements of PM10 concentrations are forwarded to a database where yearly summaries for each monitoring stations are computed.

NOTE Particulate matter is a mixture of microscopic solids and liquid droplets suspended in air. These particulates are made up of a number of components, includ-ing acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, soil or dust parti-cles, and allergens (such as fragments of pollen or mould spores). Coarse particles are greater than 2,5 microns and less or equal to 10 microns in diameter and are defined as “respirable particulate matter” or PM10. Sources of coarse particles include crush-ing or grinding operations, and dust from paved or unpaved roads.

33

ISO 37120:2014


8.3 Greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per capita (core indicator)


NOTE The greenhouse gas emissions from all activities within the city are an indi-cator of the adverse contribution the city is making to climate change.

8.3.2 Core indicator requirementsThe greenhouse gas emissions measured in tonnes per capita shall be measured as the total amount of greenhouse gases in tonnes (equivalent carbon dioxide units) generated over a calendar year by all activities within the city, including indirect emissions outside city boundaries (numerator) divided by the current city population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the total green-house gas emissions per capita in tonnes.

The total aggregate tonnage (expressed as equivalent carbon dioxide units of greenhouse gas) of greenhouse gas emissions shall be calculated for all activi-ties within the city for the preceding 12 months.

The Global Protocol for Community-Scale GHG Emissions (GPC), (2012 Accounting and Reporting Standard) refers to a multi-stakeholder consensus-based protocol for developing international recognized and accepted commu-nity-scale greenhouse gas accounting and reporting. This protocol defines the basic emissions sources and categories within sectors for a community-scale GHG inventory, in order to standardize GHG inventories between communities and within a community over time. The protocol provides accounting method-ologies and step-by-step guidance on data collection, quantification, and report-ing recommendations for each source of emissions.

Both emissions sources and sector categorizations reflect the unique nature of cities and their primary emissions sources. These include emissions from: 1) Stationary units, 2) Mobile units, 3) Waste, and 4) Industrial process and prod-uct use sectors. For further specifications, refer to the full GPC methodology. Local governments shall be expected to provide information (i.e., quantified emissions) for each of these emission sources.

In order to address the issue of inter-city sources of emissions that transcend more than one jurisdictional body, the GPC integrates the GHG Protocol Scope definitions, as follows:

Scope 2 emissions: Energy-related indirect emissions that result as a conse-quence of consumption of grid-supplied electricity, heating and/or cooling, within the community’s geopolitical boundary.

Scope 3 emissions: All other indirect emissions that occur as a result of activi-ties within the community’s geopolitical boundary.

34

ISO 37120:2014


For step-by-step guidance on data and accounting collection, see Section 3 of the GPC. http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/GPC%20v9%2020120320.pdf

NOTE Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases in the atmosphere that absorb infrared radiation that would otherwise escape to space; thereby contributing to rising sur-face temperatures. There are six major GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The warming potential for these gases varies from several years to decades to centuries.

Users may also consult the ISO 14064 series[82] on Greenhouse Gases for further guidance.

8.4 NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) concentration (supporting indicator)


NOTE NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) is a major air pollutant, which can have significant impacts on human health and the environment. NO2 contributes to the formation of photochemical smog and at raised levels can increase the likelihood of respiratory problems. Nitrogen dioxide inflames the lining of the lungs, and it can reduce immu-nity to lung infections. This can cause problems such as wheezing, coughing, colds, flu and bronchitis. Increased levels of nitrogen dioxide can have significant impacts on people with asthma because it can cause more frequent and more intense attacks. NO2 chemically transforms into nitric acid and contributes to acid rain. Nitric acid can cor-rode metals, fade fabrics, and degrade rubber. When deposited, it can also contribute to lake acidification and can damage trees and crops, resulting in substantial losses.

8.4.2 Supporting indicator requirementsNO2 concentration shall be calculated as the sum of daily concentrations for whole year (numerator) divided by 365 days (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the annual average for daily NO2 concentration in µg/m3. The daily concentrations shall be determined by averaging the hourly concentrations throughout a 24 hour period from all monitoring stations within the city.

NOTE If the local air quality monitoring station measures NO2 in parts per billion, the following conversion ratio to μg/m3 can be used: 1 ppb = 1.88 μg/m3. The conver-sion assumes an ambient pressure of 1 atmosphere and a temperature of 25 degrees °C. The general equation is μg/m3 = (ppb)*(12.187)*(M) / (273.15 + °C) where M is the molecular weight of the gaseous pollutant. An atmospheric pressure of 1 atmosphere is assumed.

Users of this standard should also note the frequency of NO2 exposures. Peak exposure is determined by calculating the number of times the hourly mean exceeded 200 µg/m3 of NO2 in a calendar year. Long-term exposure is deter-mined by calculating the number of times the daily mean exceeded 40 µg/m3 of NO2 in a calendar year.

35

ISO 37120:2014


http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/GPC%20v9%2020120320.pdf

8.4.3 Data sourcesHourly average concentrations are measured by monitoring equipment and reported to Air Quality monitoring authority (i.e., City Environment Office, National Environment Office, etc.)

8.5 SO2 (sulphur dioxide) concentration (supporting indicator)


NOTE SO2 (sulphur dioxide) is a major air pollutant, which can have significant impacts on human health and the environment. Health effects caused by exposure to high levels of SO2 include breathing problems, respiratory illness, changes in the lung’s defenses, and worsening respiratory and cardiovascular disease. People with asthma or chronic lung or heart disease are the most sensitive to SO2. It also damages trees and crops. SO2, along with nitrogen oxides, are the main precursors of acid rain. This contributes to the acidification of lakes and streams, accelerated corrosion of build-ings, reduced visibility and deforestation. SO2 also causes formation of microscopic acid aerosols, which have serious health implications as well as contributing to climate change.

8.5.2 Supporting indicator requirementsSO2 concentration shall be calculated as the sum of daily concentrations for the whole year (numerator) divided by 365 days. The result shall be expressed as the annual average for daily SO2 concentration in µg/m3. The daily concentra-tion shall be determined by averaging the hourly concentrations throughout a 24 hour period from all monitoring stations within the city.

Users of this standard should also note the frequency of SO2 exposures. Peak exposure is determined by calculating the number of times the 10 minute mean exceeded 500 µg/m3 of SO2 in a calendar year. Long-term exposure is deter-mined by calculating the number of times the daily mean exceeded 20 µg/m3 of SO2 in a calendar year.

NOTE If the local air quality monitoring stations measure SO2 in parts per bil-lion the following conversion ratio to μg/m3: 1 ppb = 2.62 μg/m3 shall be used. The conversion assumes an ambient pressure of 1 atmosphere and a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. The general equation is μg/m3 = (ppb)*(12.187)*(M) / (273.15 + °C) where M is the molecular weight of the gaseous pollutant. An atmospheric pressure of 1 atmosphere is assumed.

8.5.3 Data SourcesHourly average concentrations are measured by monitoring equipment and reported to Air Quality monitoring authority (i.e., City Environment Office, National Environment Office, etc.).

36

ISO 37120:2014


8.6 O3 (Ozone) concentration (supporting indicator)


NOTE High concentrations of ozone in the ambient air are harmful for humans as well as plants. High concentrations of ozone can irritate the respiratory system and are linked to asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks. The elderly are especially vulner-able. There are links being made to ozone concentration and environmental justice, in particular with reference to underprivileged social groups with higher exposure and vulnerability.

8.6.2 Supporting indicator requirementsO3(ozone) concentration shall be calculated as the sum of daily concentrations for the whole year (numerator) divided by 365 days (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the annual average for daily O3 (ozone) concentration in μg/m3. O3 is normally monitored at 8- hour intervals. To determine the 24 hour average daily concentration, the three 8 hour concentrations shall be deter-mined and averaged over a 24 hour period at all monitoring stations within the city’s boundaries.

NOTE If local stations monitor O3 in parts per billion, the following conversion ratio to μg/m3 shall be used: 1 ppb = 2.00 μg /m3. The conversion assumes an ambient pressure of 1 atmosphere and a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. The general equa-tion is μg/m3 = (ppb)*(12.187)*(M) / (273.15 + °C) where M is the molecular weight of the gaseous pollutant. An atmospheric pressure of 1 atmosphere is assumed.

Long-term exposure shall be determined by the number of days when the daily average concentration over an 8 hour exposure exceeds 100 μg/m3. Long-term exposure shall be noted.

8.7 Noise pollution (supporting indicator)


NOTE Prolonged exposure to noise can lead to significant health effects, both physical and mental.

8.7.2 Supporting indicator requirementsNoise pollution shall be calculated by mapping the noise level Lden (day-evening-night) likely to cause annoyance as given in ISO 1996-2:1987, identifying the areas of the city where Lden is greater than 55 dB(A) and estimating the popula-tion of those areas as a percentage of the total city population. The result shall be expressed as the percentage of the population affected by noise pollution.

37

ISO 37120:2014


Users of this standard should note that noise pollution can also be recorded as Ln (night) and when exceeding 50 dB(A) is likely to cause sleep deprivation.

NOTE Another useful indicator of the noise levels in a city is the degree of annoy-ance as specified in ISO/TS 15666:2003.

8.7.3 Data sourcesAverage concentrations are measured by monitoring equipment and reported to Air Quality monitoring authority (i.e., City Environment Office, National Environment Office, etc.)

8.8 Percentage change in number of native species (supporting indicator)


NOTE Urbanization affects biodiversity through urban sprawl/habitat fragmenta-tion, loss of fertile agricultural lands, and spread of invasive alien species. A loss in biodiversity threatens food supplies, lessens opportunities for recreation and tourism, and impacts a diverse range of medicinal sources, varieties of wood, and energy. It also interferes with essential ecological function, such as carbon sequestration and air fil-tering. The net change in the number of native species in a municipality is an indication of biological diversity loss or gain.

8.8.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage change in number of native species shall be calculated as the total net change in species (numerator) divided by the total number of species from the 5 taxonomic groups from most recent survey (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The net change in species shall be calculated as the number of new species within the city from the three core taxonomic groups and the city’s selection of an additional two taxonomic groups (as a result of re-introduction, rediscovery, new species found, etc.) subtracted by the number of species that have become extirpated or locally extinct within the city.

The three core taxonomic groups shall refer to vascular plants, birds and but-terflies. Additional taxonomic groups that cities should select can include the following: mammals, insects, bryophytes, fungi, amphibians, reptiles, freshwa-ter fish, molluscs, dragonflies, carabid beetles, spiders, hard corals, marine fish, seagrasses, sponges, etc. A full list can be found in the User’s Manual for the City Biodiversity Index.[83]

38

ISO 37120:2014


8.8.3 Data sourcesPossible sources of data include government agencies in charge of biodiversity, city municipalities, urban planning agencies, city forestry departments, biodi-versity centres, nature groups, universities, etc.

9 Finance

9.1 Debt service ratio (debt service expenditure as a percentage of a municipality’s own-source revenue) (core indicator)


NOTE Widely accepted as a measure of sound financial management, this indicator reflects the amount of financial resources that are available for day-to-day operations and how much money is spent paying down debt. It can be a controllable cost and can assist in priority setting.

9.1.2 Core indicator requirementsDebt service ratio is the ratio of debt service expenditures as a per cent of a municipality’s own source revenue. Debt service ratio shall be calculated as the total long-term debt servicing costs including lease payments, temporary financing and other debt charges (numerator) divided by total own source rev-enue (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage of debt service expenditure as a percent of a municipality’s own-source revenue.

Total own source revenue shall be calculated as the total revenue less transfers.

9.1.3 Data interpretationA lower number may indicate either an increased ability to borrow or a decision by a municipality to limit its debt to enable funding of other service areas.

Care must be used in evaluating this indicator. A high debt service ratio may indicate a municipality that has taken on too much debt but it may also indicate that the municipality has taken an aggressive approach to debt repayment and is paying down their debt quickly. Similarly, a low debt service ratio could indi-cate a municipality is strong financially and can finance most capital projects through alternative funding sources. It may also indicate that a municipality is financially weaker and has deferred capital projects and allowed important infrastructure to deteriorate.

39

ISO 37120:2014


9.2 Capital spending as a percentage of total expendi-tures (supporting indicator)


NOTE The amount of capital expenditure by the city expressed as a percentage of the total city expenditure is an indicator of capital re-investment and the fiscal health of the city.

9.2.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe capital spending as a percentage of total expenditures shall be calculated as the total expenditure on fixed assets in the preceding year (numerator) divided by the total expenditure (operating and capital) (denominator) by the city in that same period. The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage of capital spending as a percent of total expenditures.

NOTE Fixed assets are not expected to be consumed or converted into cash in the normal course of business. They are long-term, more permanent or “fixed” items, such as land, building, equipment, fixtures, furniture, and leasehold improvements.

9.2.3 Data sourcesThe figures used in this calculation should to be taken directly from the city’s audited financial statements without amendment or variation.

9.2.4 Data interpretationThis indicator needs to be considered in conjunction with the debt service ratio indicator to obtain an understanding of the city’s capacity to maintain its capital expenditure. The level of capital expenditure in relation to recurrent expendi-ture may reflect the city’s financial capacity to invest in capital items needed to support future growth and development.

9.3 Own-source revenue as a percentage of total rev-enues (supporting indicator)


NOTE On a very basic level, this indicator measures the level of dependence of the city on other levels of government for revenues to deliver its services to the public.

The balance between own source of income and senior level government trans-fers provides an indication of a city’s viability, independence and control over its

40

ISO 37120:2014


own resources and can reveal , a city’s ability to be effective in financial plan-ning and management..

9.3.2 Supporting indicator requirementsOwn-source revenue as a percentage of total revenues shall be calculated as the total amount of funds obtained through permit fees, user charges for city services, and taxes collected for city purposes only (numerator), divided by all operating or re-occurring revenues including those provided by other levels of government transferred to the city (denominator). The result shall then be mul-tiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Own-source revenue as a percentage of total revenues represent the percentage of local government revenues originating from fees, charges and taxes as per-mitted by law or legislation in relation to all revenues including those provided by other levels of government, (which includes operating or re-occurring rev-enues determined through methods such as formula driven payments or repa-triation of income tax, grant donations from higher government levels including national or state governments and other types of financial transfers that may be tied to the delivery of specific services.

9.4 Tax collected as a percentage of tax billed (support-ing indicator)


NOTE Tax collection is a major source of income for all levels of government includ-ing cities. This indicator is intended to measure the effectiveness of a city’s financial management capabilities and to some extent is a proxy of the willingness of citizens to pay taxes.

9.4.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe tax collected as a percentage of tax billed measures the ratio of the actual tax collected to the mandated tax. It shall be calculated as the total revenues generated by tax collection (numerator) divided by the amount of taxes billed (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

41

ISO 37120:2014


10 Fire and emergency response

10.1 Numberoffirefightersper100000population(coreindicator)


NOTE Fire response is one of the fundamental services that all cities provide in its role of protecting life and property of its citizens.

10.1.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of firefighters per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the total number of paid full-time firefighters (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the num-ber of firefighters per 100 000 population.

A firefighter shall refer to a full-time operational staff member located in the fire suppression unit that regularly responds to daily calls, and shall not include staff from fire prevention, safety, training, administration, senior management not directly involved in fire suppression, communication and dispatch.

This indicator is only intended to identify the number of paid fire fighters engaged in fire suppression or directly related activities. This indicator shall not include volunteer firefighters and shall be reported as a separate indicator.

NOTE The choice of 100 000 population was chosen to permit cities of different sizes to be able to compare results with each other relatively easily and effectively. It should be noted that in some countries this statistic is typically collected per 1000 capita and a slight mathematical adjustment may be necessary to reflect this differ-ence to obtain an accurate comparison.

10.2 Numberoffirerelateddeathsper100000population(core indicator)


NOTE One of the many measures used to demonstrate the effectiveness of a city’s fire services is the number of fire related deaths that occur on an annual basis.

10.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of fire related deaths per 100 000 population shall be expressed as the number of deaths directly attributed to a fire incident with death occurring

42

ISO 37120:2014


within 30 days. This indicator shall be calculated as the total number of citi-zen fire related deaths recorded in a 12 month period (numerator), divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of fire related deaths per 100 000 population.

NOTE Some of the factors that can influence the rate of fatalities in a city include: Age and density of housing, fire prevention and education efforts, socio-demographics, enforcement of Fire Code, and presence of working smoke detectors and alarm sys-tems.[35]

10.3 Number of natural disaster related deaths per 100 000 population (core indicator)


NOTE The attractiveness of cities for citizens and investors alike, is affected by the frequency and magnitude of natural disasters occurring within a city and a city’s abil-ity to respond. The natural disaster related losses of lives in the past can be indicative of a city’s potential future exposure.

10.3.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of natural disaster related deaths per 100 000 population shall be expressed as the number of deaths directly attributed to natural disaster inci-dents. This indicator shall be calculated as the total number of natural disaster related deaths recorded in a 12 month period (numerator), divided by one 100 000th of the city population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of natural disaster related deaths per 100 000 population.

NOTE As natural disasters are generally not restricted to the exact geographic con-fines of a city, disaster database content may need slight readjustment/recalculation to produce results matching a given city’s defined geographic boundary.

10.3.3 Data sourcesInsurance companies and disaster management agencies are key providers of such data

10.3.4 Data interpretationThis indicator can be expanded beyond fatalities. Monetary losses can also be assessed as a result of natural disasters. This data is often available from insur-ance companies.

43

ISO 37120:2014


10.4 Numberofvolunteerandpart-timefirefightersper100 000 population (supporting indicator)


NOTE Fire response is a fundamental service for protecting life and property of citizens. While many larger cities (25 000 or more people) are served by full time firefighters, many communities are also protected by volunteer firefighters. Volunteer firefighters are often located in smaller, rural departments.

10.4.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of volunteer and part time firefighters per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the total number of volunteer and part time firefighters (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of city’s total population (denominator).The result shall be expressed as the number of volunteer and part time firefight-ers per 100 000 population.

Volunteer firefighters shall refer to individuals who respond to incidents with-out pay.

Part-time firefighters shall refer to individuals who are not considered full time career firefighters and are paid only for incidents that they respond to.

NOTE The term “volunteer” may be used in reference to a group of part-time or on call firefighters who may have other occupations when not engaged in occasional fire-fighting. Therefore, volunteer and part time firefighters are considered to be the same classification.

10.5 Response time for emergency response services from initial call (supporting indicator)


NOTE The average response time (in minutes and seconds) it takes an emergency and rescue department to respond to an initial distress call is an indicator of how pro-tected a city’s residents are from security and safety threats.

10.5.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe response time for the emergency and rescue department from the ini-tial call shall be calculated as the sum of all initial distress calls to the on-site arrival of the emergency personnel and equipment in minutes and seconds for the year (numerator) divided by the number of emergency responses in the

44

ISO 37120:2014


same year (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the response time for emergency response services from initial call in minutes and seconds.

The total number of minutes and seconds taken to respond to all emergency res-cue calls shall include the time elapsed from receiving the initial call for assis-tance to arrival on-site of emergency personnel and equipment is calculated for the preceding 12 months.

NOTE Because it has the appearance of objectivity, emergency response time is a valuable key operational measure used to assess system performance from the citi-zen’s perspective.

10.6 Responsetimeforfiredepartmentfrominitialcall(supporting indicator)


NOTE The average response time (in minutes and seconds) it takes a fire depart-ment to respond to an initial distress call is an indicator of how protected a city’s residents are from fires and emergencies.

10.6.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe response time for a fire department from the initial call shall be calculated as the sum of all initial distress calls to the on-site arrival of the fire depart-ment personnel and equipment in minutes and seconds for the year (numerator) divided by the number of fire department responses in the same year (denomi-nator). The result shall be expressed as the response time for fire department from initial call in minutes and seconds.

The total number of minutes and seconds taken to respond to all emergency calls shall include the time elapsed from receiving the initial call for assistance to the on-site arrival of fire department personnel and equipment and is calcu-lated for the preceding 12 months.

NOTE Because it has the appearance of objectivity, response time is a valuable and key operational measure used to assess system performance from the citizen’s perspective

45

ISO 37120:2014


11 Governance

11.1 Voter participation in last municipal election (as a percentage of eligible voters) (core indicator)


NOTE The percentage of the eligible voting population that voted in the last munic-ipal election is an indicator of the public’s level of participation and degree of interest in local government.

11.1.2 Core indicator requirementsThe voter participation in the last municipal election shall be calculated as the number of persons that voted in the last municipal election (numerator) divided by the city population eligible to vote (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

A result of zero shall be indicated if there have been no municipal elections in the last five years and this shall be noted in the comments.

In countries where voting is mandatory, the per cent of votes (ballots) that are not blank or spoiled shall be reported. This will indicate the share of positive voter participation.

There is a distinction between eligible to vote and registered to vote. In some countries people have to register (actively) in order to be allowed to vote. In all other countries, eligible and registered voters are one and the same. This should be noted.

11.1.3 Data sourcesInformation should be obtained from the local authorities, officials or the Ministry responsible for local governments.

11.1.4 Data interpretationThis indicator will only reveal the level of participation, not the level of satis-faction of the population. In some cases, high rates of participation will mean that the population is not satisfied with its local government’s leadership and actions.

46

ISO 37120:2014


11.2 Women as a percentage of total elected to city-level office(coreindicator)


NOTE The percentage of women elected to city-level office is a direct reflection of inclusiveness in governance.

11.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of women elected to city-level office shall be calculated as the total number of elected city-level positions held by women (numerator) divided by the total number of elected city-level positions (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The number of elected city-level positions shall refer to the number of places on the city council or in city government that are directly elected. This shall include elected managerial roles such as Sherriff and Comptroller, where relevant.

11.3 Percentage of women employed in the city govern-ment workforce (supporting indicator)


NOTE The percentage of the city government workforce that is women is a direct reflection of the equity of the hiring system within the city government.

11.3.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of women employed in the city government workforce shall be calculated as the total number of employees in the city government workforce that are women (numerator) divided by the total number of the city govern-ment workforce (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The city government workforce shall be calculated as the total number of employees working within the city government.

47

ISO 37120:2014


11.4 Number of convictions for corruption and/or brib-erybycityofficialsper100000population(supportingindicator)


NOTE The principles of governance include selflessness, objectivity, accountability, openness, honesty and leadership. The number of convictions for corruption/bribery can reflect the extent to which governance adheres to these core principles.

11.4.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of convictions for corruption and/or bribery by city officials shall be calculated as the total number of convictions for corruption and/or bribery by city officials (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total popula-tion (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of convictions for corruption and/or bribery by city officials per 100 000 population.

City officials are the elected or employed representatives of the city.

11.5 Citizens’representation:numberoflocalofficialselectedtoofficeper100000population(supportingindicator)


NOTE The number of public officials elected by citizens of the city and the right of citizens as guaranteed by law, to examine and then make submissions/objections to urban planning, development and infrastructure policies/plans/projects prior to their approval/construction is an indicator of citizens’ rights to participate in the affairs of their city.

11.5.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of local officials elected to office per 100 000 shall be calculated as the total number of public officials elected to local office by citizens of the city (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denomina-tor). The result shall be expressed as the number of local officials elected to office per 100 000 population.

The term “public officials elected to local office by citizens of the city” shall include all positions in the public service relating to the city that require elec-tion by the citizens of the city to hold office. It includes all councils, boards,

48

ISO 37120:2014


commissions etc. where members are elected by the citizens of the city but does not include national or state government politicians.

NOTE This indicator only reveals the number of local officials elected to office and does not determine whether or not citizens have the right, guaranteed by law, to examine and then make submissions/objections to urban planning, development and infrastructure policies/plans/projects prior to their approval/construction. It is codi-fied and enforceable law of the city that guarantees citizens the right to examine and then make submissions/objections to urban planning, development and infrastruc-ture policies/plans/projects prior to their approval/construction in order for cities to report that this element of the citizens’ participation exists in their city. Whether these rights exist should be noted.

11.5.3 Comments and limitationsAn increase in elected city officials and a corresponding increase in city work-ers may in some circumstances indicate an expensive city administration.

11.6 Number of registered voters as a percentage of the voting age population (supporting indicator)


NOTE Determining the percentage of the number of registered voters from the voting age population can reveal the legitimacy and quality of the electoral process in a city. For citizens to exercise their democratic right to vote there must be a comprehen-sive and inclusive electoral register, also called a voters list; and this must be carefully maintained to ensure that each eligible citizen is registered to vote once and only once. A voters list makes it possible to separate two of the most important functions of the election authority: verifying voter eligibility and controlling the legitimacy of the bal-loting process.

11.6.2 Supporting indicator requirementThe number of registered voters as a percentage of the voting age population shall be calculated as the total number of registered voters, as determined by the official voter register (numerator) divided by the voting age population (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Number of registered voters shall refer to the number of names on the vot-ers’ register at the time that the registration process closes (cut-off date), as reported by the election authority. The election authority should use one of three options for voter registration: a periodic list, a continuous register/ list, or a civil registry. Any one of these options can determine the number of regis-tered voters.

49

ISO 37120:2014


Voting age population shall include all citizens of legal voting age.

NOTE Voting age population is not necessarily an exact measure of the number of citizens entitled to vote as it does not take into account legal or systemic barriers to the exercise of the franchise or account for non-eligible members of the popula-tion, such as resident non-citizens or in some jurisdictions persons serving a sentence of imprisonment in a penal or correctional institution (the voting eligible popula-tion – VEP – would capture these discrepancies but it is very hard to achieve the data required to measure VEP). However in some countries, non-citizens, such as immi-grants have been granted the legal right to vote in municipal elections before they become citizens.

12 Health

12.1 Average life expectancy (core indicator)


NOTE Life expectancy reflects the overall mortality level of a population. Life expectancy is closely connected with health conditions, which are an integral part of development. Mortality is also one of the variables that determine the size of human populations and their potential for future growth. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capi-tal and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures.

12.1.2 Core indicator requirementsThe average life expectancy shall be calculated as the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if health and living condi-tions at the time of their birth remained the same throughout their lives.[3][84]

12.2 Number of in-patient hospital beds per 100 000 pop-ulation (core indicator)


NOTE The number of in-patient public hospital beds is one of the few available indicators which monitor the level of a health service delivery. Service delivery is an important part of health systems, and in-patient public hospital bed density is one of the few indicators that can be collected worldwide (WHO, 2006).[12]

50

ISO 37120:2014


12.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of in-patient hospital beds per 100 000 shall be calculated as the total number of in-patient public and private hospital beds (numerator), divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of in-patient public and private hospital beds per 100 000 of the city population.

Hospital beds shall include in-patient and maternity beds. This shall include beds in wards which are closed for reasons such as lack of health staff, and building works. It shall also include beds for patients admitted who require continual assistance, incubators and specialized care. It may not include day care beds, pre-anaesthesia beds, wake-up beds, beds for members of a patient’s family, and beds for hospital staff.[6]

12.2.3 Data sourcesThis indicator should rely on administrative records, based on reported data by public inpatient facilities. Data may also come from censuses of health care facilities.

12.3 Number of physicians per 100 000 population (core indicator)


NOTE The availability of physicians is an important indicator of the strength of a city’s health system. There is evidence that the number of physicians is positively asso-ciated with immunization coverage, outreach of primary care, and infant, child and maternal survival (WHO, 2006).[12] In this standard physicians may also be referred to as doctors.

12.3.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of physicians per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the number of general or specialized practitioners whose work-place is in the city (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denomi-nator). The result shall be expressed as the number of physicians per 100 000 population.

For this indicator, a physician shall be defined as someone who graduates from any facility or school of medicine whose work-place is in the city.

FTE shall be applied, in order to capture doctors working part-time in hospitals and in practices.

51

ISO 37120:2014


12.3.3 Data sourcesCities should report the number of physicians based on administrative records such as registered physicians in the City. Information may also be obtained from the census, labour force statistics or other surveys which inquire about occupation.

The accuracy and completeness of the human resource data in countries can be a problem because databases are not updated frequently, private sector data are often not included and definitions of workers vary. It is for this reason that yearly updated data sources, such as administrative records, should be used. The definition presented above shall be the definition used when gathering data to report on this indicator.

12.4 Underagefivemortalityper1000livebirths(coreindicator)


NOTE The under age five mortality rate is a leading indicator of the level of child health and overall development in cities. Child mortality is an indicator of the sta-tus of the city as a healthy or unhealthy place to live. In addition, mortality rates are among the most frequently used indicators to compare levels of socioeconomic devel-opment across countries. Improving child mortality rates is a vital component of the Millennium Development Goals.[21]

12.4.2 Core indicator requirementsThe under age five mortality per 1 000 live births shall refer to the probability of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five, and shall be expressed as a rate per 1 000 live births.

NOTE The under age five mortality rate, is strictly speaking, not a rate (i.e. the number of deaths divided by the number of population at risk during a certain period of time) but a probability of death derived from a life table and expressed as rate per 1 000 live births.

Age-specific mortality rates among children and infants shall be calculated from birth and death data derived from vital registration, census, and/or household surveys. Estimates based on household surveys data shall be obtained:

a) directly, using birth history, as in demographic and health surveys, orb) indirectly, using the Brass method, as specified in the Multiple Indicator

Cluster Surveys.[26]

The data shall then be summed for children under age five and shall be expressed as a rate per 1,000.

52

ISO 37120:2014


12.4.3 Data sourcesAt the city level, a complete vital statistics registration system covering at least 90 per cent of vital events in the population should be used, since these repre-sent the best source of data. Such systems are uncommon in developing coun-tries, so estimates may be obtained from sample surveys or derived by applying direct and indirect estimation techniques to registration, census or survey data.

NOTE In developing countries, household surveys are essential to the calculation of this indicator, but there are some limits to their quality. Survey data are subject to recall error, and surveys estimating under age five deaths require large samples, because such incidences are uncommon and representative households cannot ordi-narily be identified by the sampling. Moreover, the frequency of the survey is generally only every three to five years. When using household surveys the user shall take sam-pling errors into account. Also, indirect estimates rely on estimated actuarial (“life”) tables that may be inappropriate for the population concerned.

12.5 Number of nursing and midwifery personnel per 100 000 population (supporting indicator)


NOTE The number of nursing and midwifery personnel is a good indication of the city’s health system and the strength of its outreach for maternal health.

12.5.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of nursing and midwifery personnel shall be calculated as the total number of nurses and midwives (numerator), divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the num-ber of nursing and midwifery personnel per 100 000 population.

The number of nurses shall include actively practicing nurses and mid-wives employed in public and private hospitals, clinics and other health facilities, including self-employed nurses and midwives. Both fully-qualified nurses with post-secondary education in nursing and vocational/associate/auxiliary/practical nurses with a lower level of nursing skills but also usually registered, shall be reported.

NOTE Some figures may be underestimated or overestimated when it is not pos-sible to distinguish whether the data includes health workers in the private sector, double counts of health workers holding two or more jobs at different locations, health service providers working outside the health care sector (e.g. nurses working in a school or large private company), workers who are unpaid or unregulated but per-forming health care tasks (e.g. volunteer community health workers) or people with health vocational training who are not currently engaged in the national health labour market (e.g. unemployed, migrated, retired or withdrawn from the labour force for personal reasons).

53

ISO 37120:2014


12.6 Number of mental health practitioners per 100 000 population (supporting indicator)


NOTE Mental health is central to human development. Positive mental health is linked to a range of development outcomes, including better health status, higher edu-cational achievement, enhanced productivity and earnings, improved interpersonal relationships, better parenting, closer social connections and improved quality of life. Positive mental health is also fundamental to coping with adversity.

On the other hand, poor mental health impedes an individual’s capacity to realize their potential, work productively, and make a contribution to their community. The social and economic impact of mental and psychosocial disabilities is diverse and far-reaching, leading to homelessness, poor educational and health outcomes and high unemployment rates culminating in high rates of poverty. All these issues are directly linked to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

12.6.2 Supporting indicator requirementThe number of mental health practitioners per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the total number of mental health practitioners whose work-place is in the city (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of mental health practitioners per 100 000 population.

Mental health practitioners shall refer to psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, clinical social workers, psychiatric nurses and mental health counsellors.

12.7 Suicide rate per 100 000 population (supporting indicator)


NOTE Suicide rate is a serious issue in many cities and reflects on mental health in a city which is central to human development.

12.7.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of deaths by suicide per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the total number of reported deaths by suicide (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of deaths by suicide per 100 000 population.

54

ISO 37120:2014


Death by suicide shall refer to acts deliberately initiated and performed by a person who fully acknowledges the fatal outcome of such acts.

12.7.3 Data sourcesThis information should be obtained from the coroner’s office, regional health authority or national census.

NOTE Suicides are not always reported as such. In particular, suicides may some-times be reported as homicides or accidents.

13 Recreation

13.1 Square meters of public indoor recreation space per capita (supporting indicator)


NOTE Recreation is an important aspect of city life, contributing to the health of citizens and the vitality of the city. Recreation is a service that many cities provide through a parks and recreation department or related office.

13.1.2 Supporting indicator requirementsSquare meters of public indoor recreation space per capita shall be calculated as the square meters of indoor public recreation space (numerator) divided by the population of the city (denominator), and shall be expressed as the number of square meters of indoor recreation space per capita.

NOTE The need for indoor public recreational spaces varies depending on local climatic and cultural conditions.

Public recreation space is defined broadly to mean land and buildings open to the public for recreation. Recreation space shall include only space that primar-ily serves a recreation purpose.

Indoor public recreation space should include:

a) city-owned or maintained buildings;b) other recreation buildings within the city not owned or operated by the city,

provided they are open to the public. This category may include state or provincially owned buildings, schools and colleges, as well as non-profit. If cities report only city-owned recreation space, this shall be noted.

For multi-story buildings the floor area of all floors in the building should be counted if known.

55

ISO 37120:2014


For multi-use facilities only the portion of the building devoted to recreation shall be counted (the play areas at a school or college, for example, not the entire school site).

The area of the entire recreation site shall be included (including, for example, building maintenance and utility areas) but shall exclude parking areas.

NOTE Many cities report city-owned recreation space and this does not include the contribution to recreation from non-city-owned facilities. This may be very important in developing countries. While the methodology in this International Standard is more complex, the result will ultimately be more meaningful. It is recommended that a rec-reation space inventory be created.

13.1.3 Data sourcesThis information should be obtained from the City Planning Department together with departments knowledgeable about the city.

Recreation spaces may also be delineated using aerial photography and/or land use maps. Once the areas have been identified on a map, the area in square meters may be calculated using low cost Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or, if not available, through use of hand-held measuring devices. Area may be calculated in hectares or acres and converted to square meters.

13.2 Square meters of public outdoor recreation space per capita (supporting indicator)


NOTE Recreation is an important aspect of city life, contributing to the health of citizens and the vitality of the city. Recreation is a service that many cities provide through a parks and recreation department or related office. This will include outdoor recreation space.

13.2.2 Supporting indicator requirementsSquare meters of public outdoor recreation space per capita shall be calculated as square meters of outdoor public recreation space (numerator) divided by the population of the city (denominator), and shall be expressed as the number of square meters of outdoor recreation space per capita.

Public recreation space is defined broadly to mean land and open space avail-able to the public for recreation. Recreation space shall include only space that primarily serves a recreation purpose.

Outdoor recreation space should include:

a) city-owned or maintained land;

56

ISO 37120:2014


b) other-recreation lands within the city not owned or operated by the city, provided they are open to the public. This category may include state or provincially owned lands, school and college grounds, as well as non-profit. If cities report only city-owned recreation space, this shall be noted.

For multi-use facilities, only the portion of the land devoted to recreation shall be counted (the play areas at a school or college, for example, not the entire school site). Double counting shall be avoided. For example, do not include indoor facilities on parkland.

The area of the entire outdoor recreation site shall be included (including, for example wooded areas of parks, building maintenance and utility areas) but shall exclude parking areas.

NOTE Many cities report city-owned recreation space and this does not include the contribution to recreation from non-city owned facilities. This may be very important in developing countries. While the methodology in this International Standard is more complex, the result will ultimately be more meaningful. It is recommended that a rec-reation space inventory be created.

13.2.3 Data sourcesThis information should be obtained from a City Planning Department together with departments knowledgeable about the city.

Outdoor recreation spaces may also be delineated using aerial photography and/or land use maps. Once the areas have been identified on a map, the area in square meters may be calculated using low cost Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or, if not available, through use of hand-held measuring devices. Area may be calculated in hectares or acres and converted to square meters.

14 Safety

14.1 Numberofpoliceofficersper100000population(core indicator)


NOTE The number of sworn police officers per 100 000 population is an indicator of the overall crime prevention in place in a city.

14.1.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of police officers per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the number of permanent full-time (or full-time equivalent) sworn police officers (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population

57

ISO 37120:2014


(denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of police officers per 100 000 population.

Sworn law enforcement officers should meet the following criteria: work in an official capacity; have full arrest powers; carry identification; and, be paid from governmental funds set aside specifically for payment of sworn law enforce-ment representatives.

Each year, law enforcement agencies shall report the total number of sworn law enforcement officers as of a locally determined date. Personnel counts shall be based on permanent, FTE. Part-time employees can be converted to full-time equivalents (e.g. four employees working 10 h per week would equal one full-time employee working a 40 h week). Temporary officers shall not be included in this count.

14.1.3 Data sourcesData for this indicator should be gathered through police personnel information collected annually.

14.2 Number of homicides per 100 000 population (core indicator)


NOTE The number of homicides is an indicator of the amount of crime and an indi-cator of feelings of personal safety and can affect incentives to invest.

14.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of homicide per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the num-ber of reported homicides (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of homicides per 100 000 population.

Homicide shall include intentional and non-intentional homicide. Intentional homicide shall refer to death deliberately inflicted on a person by another per-son, including infanticide. Non-intentional homicide shall refer to death non-deliberately inflicted on a person by another person. This shall include man-slaughter, but shall exclude traffic accidents that result in the death of a person, and suicides.

58

ISO 37120:2014


14.2.3 Data sourcesThe data should be obtained from the police or other law enforcement agencies.

NOTE Homicides are not always reported as such. In particular, domestic homi-cides are sometimes reported as suicides or accidents.

14.3 Crimes against property per 100 000 (supporting indicator)


NOTE The number of property crimes is an indicator of the amount of criminal offences against privately-owned property and an indicator of feelings of personal safety and can affect incentives to invest. The number of property crimes in a city is considered a benchmark for the overall level of safety in the city. Because they have the appearance of objectivity, property crime statistics are a valuable key operational measure used to assess system performance concerning private space protection from the citizen’s perspective.

14.3.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of crimes against property shall be calculated as the total number of all property crimes reported (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the num-ber of property crimes per 100 000 population.

Crimes against property shall be defined as all offences involving the unlawful taking or destruction of property, but without the threat of use of force against a person.

Crime against property should include: burglary; larceny-theft; motor vehicle theft; and, arson.

14.4 Response time for police department from initial call (supporting indicator)


NOTE The average response time (in minutes and seconds) it takes a police depart-ment to respond to an initial distress call is an indicator of how protected a city’s residents are from security and safety threats. Because it has the appearance of objec-tivity, police response time is a valuable and key operational measure used to assess system performance from the citizen’s perspective.

59

ISO 37120:2014


14.4.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe response time for police department from initial call shall be calculated as the sum of number of all initial distress calls to the on-site arrival of the police department personnel for the year in minutes and seconds (numerator) divided by the number of police department responses in the same year (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the response time for police department from initial call in minutes and seconds.

The total number of minutes and seconds taken to respond to all emergency calls shall include the time elapsed from receiving the initial call for assistance to arrival on-site of police department personnel is calculated for the preceding 12 months.

14.5 Violent crime rate per 100 000 population (support-ing indicator)


NOTE The number of violent crimes is an indicator of the amount of serious crimi-nal offences in a City and a lead indicator of feelings of personal safety. The number of violent crimes in a city is considered a benchmark measure of the overall level of safety in the city.

14.5.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe violent crime rate per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the total number of all violent crimes reported (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of violent crimes per 100 000 population.

Violent crimes shall include offences that involve force or the threat of force to a person. Total violent crimes reported shall be calculated as the total sum of the number of murders and non-negligent manslaughters, the number of rapes, the number of robberies and the number of aggravated assaults.

Furthermore, a violent crime should be classified as one of the following four offences (in order of severity): murder and non-negligent manslaughter; rape; robbery; and, aggravated assault.

For a multiple-offence, only the most serious/severe offence shall be counted.

60

ISO 37120:2014


15 Shelter

15.1 Percentage of city population living in slums (core indicator)


NOTE The percentage of the population living in slums is an indicator of the num-ber of city residents living in substandard or insecure housing. Evidence shows that slums are growing and becoming permanent features of urban landscapes. One out of every three city dwellers lives in a slum today. Since slums host significantly large proportions of the urban population it is important to measure them.

15.1.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of city population living in slums shall be calculated as the number of people living in slums (numerator) divided by the city population (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The number of people living in slums shall be calculated as the number of slum households multiplied by current average household size.

Different cultures and countries define the physical and social attributes of slums differently. UN-HABITAT acknowledges this diversity and the fact that slums take many different forms and names.

A slum household shall refer to a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following five conditions:

a) Durable housing: A house is considered “durable” if it is built on a non-hazardous location and has a structure permanent and adequate enough to protect its inhabitants from the extremes of climatic conditions, such as rain, heat, cold and humidity.

b) Sufficient living area: A house is considered to provide a sufficient living area for the household members if not more than three people share the same room.

c) Access to improved water: A household is considered to have access to improved water supply if it has a sufficient amount of water for family use, at an affordable price, available to household members without being sub-ject to extreme effort, especially on the part of women and children.

d) Access to sanitation: a household is considered to have adequate access to sanitation if an excreta disposal system, either in the form of a private toilet or a public toilet shared with a reasonable number of people, is available to household members.

61

ISO 37120:2014


e) Secure tenure: Secure tenure is the right of all individuals and groups to effective protection against forced evictions. People have secure tenure when there is evidence of documentation that can be used as proof of secure tenure status or when there is either de facto or perceived protection against forced evictions.

Care should be taken to avoid double counting so as to not exaggerate or over-count the percentage of population in slums.

EXAMPLE A household that lacks access to improved water and does not have secured tenure should be counted as one slum household.

15.1.3 Data sourcesData for the above conditions should be gathered from census and survey data and information from agencies working with slums.

15.2 Number of homeless per 100 000 population (sup-porting indicator)


NOTE Having a home to live in can be considered a basic need. There may be sev-eral reasons for a homeless situation, such as the housing price to income ratio.[40]

15.2.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of homeless per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the total number of homeless people (numerator), divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of homeless per 100 000 population.

The following definition is used by the United Nations[41] to define homeless-ness: Absolute homelessness refers to those without any physical shelter, for example, those living outside, in parks, in doorways, in parked vehicles, or parking garages, as well as those in emergency shelters or in transition houses for women fleeing abuse.

62

ISO 37120:2014


15.3 Percentage of households that exist without regis-tered legal titles (supporting indicator)


NOTE Understanding the percentage of households that exist without registered legal titles informs municipal leaders on housing security for city residents as well as housing conditions, infrastructure requirements and builds a better database for less formal parts of the city.

15.3.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage of households that exist without registered legal titles shall be calculated as the number of households that exist without registered legal titles (numerator) divided by the total number of households (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Unregistered legal title includes the following tenure types: unregistered lease or leaseholds, rental, occupancy right, use right (including sub-lease, sub-rental and co-tenancy, and co-occupancy right).

16 Solid waste

16.1 Percentage of city population with regular solid waste collection (residential) (core indicator)


NOTE The percentage of the city population served by regular solid waste collec-tion is an indicator of city health, cleanliness and quality of life. Solid waste systems contribute in many ways to public health, the local economy, the environment, and the social understanding and education about the latter.

16.1.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of city population with regular solid waste collection shall be calculated as the number of people within the city that are served by solid waste collection (numerator) divided by the total city population (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The number of households in the city serviced with regular solid waste collec-tion shall first be determined. The number of households being serviced by the regular solid waste collection service shall then be multiplied by the current

63

ISO 37120:2014


average household size for that city to determine the number of persons ser-viced with regular solid waste collection. Regular solid waste collection shall be defined as having the solid waste picked up from the household, transported and dropped at a proper treatment facility (recycling or landfill sites) on at least a weekly basis or every two weeks. If the solid waste is collected in any mov-ing vehicle by persons that have not constituted a legally established entity, the house shall not be considered as a household serviced with a solid waste collec-tion service.

NOTE Use of persons rather than city area as the metric for this indicator avoids the distortion arising from local government areas that include both urban and non-urban areas.

16.1.3 Data sourcesInformation should be obtained from the local operator(s) of solid waste collec-tion systems, census data, and municipal waste facilities.

16.1.4 Data interpretationResults will only indicate how much of the city population has access to solid waste collection systems, not the quality of the system: the quality of the ser-vice (street level), the levels of recycling (and of land fill misuse), or the capacity of the land fill to meet the demand. Some of these issues will be addressed in the supporting indicators.

The proper discharge, transportation and treatment of solid waste is one of the most important components of life in a city and one of the first areas in which governments and institutions should focus. Solid waste systems contribute in many ways to public health, the local economy, the environment, and the social understanding and education about the latter. A proper solid waste system can foster recycling practices that maximize the life cycle of landfills and create recycling micro-economies; and it provides alternative sources of energy that help reduce the consumption of electricity and/or petroleum based fuels.

64

ISO 37120:2014


16.2 Total collected municipal solid waste per capita (core indicator)


NOTE This indicator provides a measure of how much waste a city is producing and the level of service a city is providing for its collection. Higher levels of municipal waste contribute to greater environmental problems and therefore levels of collection, and also methods of disposal, of municipal solid waste are an important component of municipal environmental management. Collection of municipal solid waste is also an indicator of city management with regard to cleanliness, health and quality of life. Solid waste systems contribute in many ways to public health, the local economy, the environment, and the social understanding and education about the latter.

16.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe total collected municipal solid waste per capita shall be expressed as the total municipal solid waste produced in the municipality per person. This indi-cator shall be calculated as the total amount of solid waste (household and commercial) generated in tonnes (numerator) divided by the total city popula-tion (denominator). The result shall be expressed as total municipal solid waste collected per capita in tonnes.

Municipal waste shall refer to waste collected by or on behalf of municipalities.

The data shall only refer to the waste flows managed under the responsibility of the local administration including waste collected on behalf of the local author-ity by private companies or regional associations founded for that purpose.

Municipal waste should include waste originating from:

— households;— commerce and trade, small businesses, office buildings and institutions (e.g.

schools, hospitals, government buildings).The definition should also include:

— bulky waste (e.g. white goods, old furniture, mattresses);— garden waste, leaves, grass clippings, street sweepings, the content of litter

containers, and market cleansing waste, if managed as waste;— waste from selected municipal services, i.e. waste from park and garden

maintenance, waste from street cleaning services (e.g. street sweepings, the content of litter containers, market cleansing waste), if managed as waste.

The definition shall exclude:

— waste from municipal sewage network and treatment;— municipal construction and demolition waste.

65

ISO 37120:2014


16.2.3 Data interpretationThe proper discharge, transportation and treatment of solid waste is one of the most important components of life in a city and one of the first areas in which governments and institutions should focus. Solid waste systems contribute in many ways to public health, the local economy, the environment, and the social understanding and education about the latter. A proper solid waste system can foster recycling practices that maximize the life cycle of landfills and create recycling micro-economies; and it provides alternative sources of energy that help reduce the consumption of electricity and/or petroleum based fuels.

16.3 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is recycled (core indicator)


NOTE Many cities generate more solid waste than they can dispose of. Even when municipal budgets are adequate for collection, the safe disposal of collected waste often remains a problem. Diverting recyclable materials from the waste stream is one strategy for addressing this municipal issue. Higher levels of municipal waste contribute to greater environmental problems and therefore levels of collection, and also methods of disposal, of municipal solid waste are an important component of municipal environmental management. Solid waste systems contribute in many ways to public health, the local economy, the environment, and the social understanding and education about the latter. A proper solid waste system can foster recycling practices that maximize the life cycle of landfills and create recycling micro-economies; and it provides alternative sources of energy that help reduce the consumption of electricity and/or petroleum based fuels.

16.3.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of the city’s solid waste that is recycled shall be calculated as the total amount of the city’s solid waste that is recycled in tonnes (numera-tor) divided by the total amount of solid waste produced in the city in tonnes (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Recycled materials shall denote those materials diverted from the waste stream, recovered, and processed into new products following local government permits and regulations (International Solid Waste Association, ISWA[23]).

Hazardous waste that is produced in the city and is recycled shall be reported separately.

16.3.3 Data sourcesThis information should be obtained from municipal bodies, public services and major private contractors dealing with solid waste collection and disposal. Data

66

ISO 37120:2014


may be obtained from specific studies carried out on solid waste for specific projects.

Information on selected disposal methods should be gathered from municipal facilities and operators, parastatal and private companies dealing with solid waste treatment. Solid waste experts, as well as NGOs working in this area, may be consulted.

16.4 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed ofinasanitarylandfill(supportingindicator)


NOTE Many cities generate more solid waste than they can dispose of. Even when municipal budgets are adequate for collection, the safe disposal of collected waste often remains a problem. Open dumping and unsanitary landfills are sometimes the main disposal methods, particularly in lower income cities; sanitary landfills are the norm in only a limited number of cities worldwide.

16.4.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in a sanitary landfill shall be calculated as the amount of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in a sanitary landfill in tonnes (numerator) divided by the total amount of solid waste produced in the city in tonnes (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Sanitary landfill shall refer to a carefully designed structure which uses a clay liner or a synthetic liner in order to isolate solid waste from the surrounding environment. This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily cover-ing of soil.

16.4.3 Data sourcesThis information should be obtained from municipal bodies, public services and major private contractors dealing with solid waste collection and disposal. Data may be obtained from specific studies carried out on solid waste for specific projects.


When data are not available, an estimate of the proportion of waste to sanitary landfill and the proportion disposed to open dump should be provided.

67

ISO 37120:2014


16.5 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in an incinerator (supporting indicator)


NOTE Many cities generate more solid waste than they can dispose of. Even when municipal budgets are adequate for collection, the safe disposal of collected waste often remains a problem. As sanitary landfill sites are limited, cities examine other alternatives for disposal such as incineration.

16.5.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in an incinerator shall be calculated as the total amount of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in an incinerator in tonnes (numerator) divided by the total amount of solid waste produced in the city in tonnes (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

An incinerator shall refer to a unit or facility used to burn waste, often referred to as an incineration plant.




68

ISO 37120:2014


16.6 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is burned openly (supporting indicator)


NOTE Many cities generate more solid waste than they can dispose of. Even when municipal budgets are adequate for collection, the safe disposal of collected waste often remains a problem. Open burning as a disposal method remains an alternative for some cities facing budgetary limitations, particularly in lower income cities.

16.6.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage of the city’s solid waste that is burned openly shall be calcu-lated as the amount of the city’s solid waste that is burned in tonnes (numera-tor) divided by the total amount of solid waste produced in the city in tonnes (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Burned openly shall refer to the combustion of solid waste in an open dump or open space.




69

ISO 37120:2014


16.7 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in an open dump (supporting indicator)


NOTE Many cities generate more solid waste than they can dispose of. Even when municipal budgets are adequate for collection, the safe disposal of collected waste often remains a problem. Open dump as a disposal method remains an alternative for some cities facing budgetary limitations, particularly in lower income cities.

16.7.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in an open dump shall be calculated as the amount of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in an open dump in tonnes (numerator) divided by the total amount of solid waste produced in the city in tonnes (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Open dump shall refer to an uncovered space or hole where solid waste is dis-posed of without further treatment.



When data are not available, an estimate of the proportion of waste to sanitary landfill and the proportion disposed to open dump shall be provided.

16.8 Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of by other means (supporting indicator)


NOTE Many cities generate more solid waste than they can dispose of. Even when municipal budgets are adequate for collection, the safe disposal of collected waste often remains a problem.

70

ISO 37120:2014


16.8.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of by other means shall be calculated as the total amount of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of by other means in tonnes (numerator) divided by the total amount of solid waste produced in the city in tonnes (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Other means shall refer to methods of disposal by means other than the ones indicated in 16.3 (recycling), 16.4 (sanitary landfill), 16.5 (incinerator), 16.6 (burned openly), and 16.7 (open dump).




16.9 Hazardous Waste Generation per capita (tonnes) (supporting indicator)


NOTE The amount of hazardous waste generated is an indication of the risk to human health and the environment from hazardous substances. Hazardous waste impacts human health and degrades the environment. Hazardous waste may repre-sent an immediate danger, such as burning skin on contact, or longer-term human health or environmental risks due to accumulation and persistence of toxics in the environment. Since many hazardous substances are persistent, breaking down very slowly in the environment, they build up in the air, water, food and soil. If disposed of without proper treatment, hazardous wastes can cause serious, long-lasting damage to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This may lead to habitat fragmentation and the disruption of ecosystem functioning, which in turn may lead to species loss and the decreased ability of ecosystems to support human livelihoods and commercial activities.

71

ISO 37120:2014


16.9.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe hazardous waste generation per capita shall be calculated as the annual total amount of hazardous waste in tonnes (numerator) divided by total city population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as total hazardous waste generated per capita in tonnes.

Hazardous waste generated in the city includes hazardous waste collected under national or municipal hazardous waste directives or regulations, and in accordance with the city’s monitoring and information systems. Hazardous waste is usually accepted at landfills, hazardous waste treatment facilities (including incinerators) and wastewater treatment facilities located in the boundaries of the city. This indicator also covers those hazardous wastes exported for disposal.

NOTE Normally the industrial sector is the biggest producer of hazardous waste and they are responsible for adequate disposal and recycling of their waste. However, private households also produce hazardous waste which should be collected sepa-rately for adequate disposal and recycling. The Municipality should inform citizens on the negative impacts of this type of waste on the environment and encourage them to use the different collection methods (e.g. separate collection or dedicated collection points).

Hazardous waste shall refer to any substance intended for disposal, which can be harmful to people, plants, animals or the environment. A waste shall be defined as hazardous if it shows one or more of the following characteristics: toxicity, flammability, corrosivity or reactivity. They can be in any form - liq-uids, solids, gases (in containers), or sludge and are produced by manufacturing processes, the chemical industry, the petroleum industry and other industrial sectors. Examples include acids, alkalis, solvents, medical waste, resins, sludge and heavy metals.

Hazardous wastes are those substances that require special technologically advanced methods of disposal to render them harmless or less dangerous to humans and the environment. Hazardous waste must be treated, stored, and disposed of properly at designated sites. Most hazardous wastes are eventually disposed in landfills, surface impoundments (which eventually become land-fills), land application units, or by deep well injection.

16.9.3 Data sourcesMunicipal hazardous waste landfill sites; provincial or state authorities that regulate the operations of local facilities; census data.

72

ISO 37120:2014


16.10 Percentage of the city’s hazardous waste that is recycled (supporting indicator)


NOTE Hazardous waste impacts human health and degrades the environment. Hazardous waste reuse, recycling, and reclamation can:

— reduce risks to human health,

— avoid environmental hazards,

— conserve and protect scarce natural resources,

— provide economic benefits, and

— reduce reliance on raw materials and energy.

16.10.2 Supporting indicator requirementThe percentage of the city’s hazardous waste that is recycled shall be calculated as the total amount of hazardous waste that is recycled in tonnes (numerator) divided by the total amount of hazardous waste that is generated in tonnes (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Recycled hazardous waste (or hazardous recyclables) shall refer to hazardous waste that is used, reused, or reclaimed.

16.10.3 Data sourcesMunicipal hazardous waste landfill sites; provincial or state authorities that regulate the operations of local facilities; census data

17 Telecommunication and innovation

17.1 Number of internet connections per 100 000 popula-tion (core indicator)


NOTE The number of internet connections is an indicator of information access and communication technology connectivity.

73

ISO 37120:2014


17.1.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of internet connections per 100 000 population shall be calcu-lated as the number of internet connections in the city (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of internet connections per 100 000 population.

17.1.3 Data sourcesInternet access records are kept by internet service and telecommunications providers in the form of subscriber locations and accounts. Other sources include government censuses, telecommunications records and official estimates.

17.2 Number of cell phone connections per 100 000 pop-ulation (core indicator)


NOTE The number of cell phone connections in a city’s population can reflect levels of telecommunication technology, information and communication technology, and innovation. Connectivity within a city, across regions and globally is a significant contributor to economic growth and development. This is also included under the Millennium Development Goals.[22]

17.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of cell phone connections per 100 000 shall be calculated as the total number of cell phone connections in the city (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of cell phone connections per 100 000 population.

Individuals may have more than one cell phone connection which shall be counted.

17.2.3 Data sourcesCell phone service records are kept by telecommunications providers in the form of subscriber locations and accounts. Other sources include government censuses, telecommunications records and official estimates.

74

ISO 37120:2014


17.3 Number of landline phone connections per 100 000 population (supporting indicator)


NOTE The number of telephone connections is an indicator of information and communication technology and connectivity. Connectivity within a city, across regions and globally is a significant contributor to economic growth and development.

17.3.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of landline phone connections per 100 000 shall be calculated as the total number of landline telephone connections in the city (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). This result shall be expressed as the number of landline connections per 100 000 population.

The total number of the city’s landline telephone connections shall not include cellular connections and shall be reported separately.

The total number of telephone connections shall include domestic, business and other organizations.

17.3.3 Data sourcesTelephone service records are kept by telecommunications providers in the form of subscriber locations and accounts. Other sources include government censuses, telecommunications records and official estimates.

18 Transportation

18.1 Kilometres of high capacity public transport system per 100 000 population (core indicator)


NOTE The extent of a city’s transportation network can provide insight into traf-fic congestion, transportation system flexibility, and urban form. Cities with larger amounts of public transport may tend to be more geographically compact and support-ive of non-motorized modes of transportation.

75

ISO 37120:2014


18.1.2 Core indicator requirementsThe kilometres of high capacity public transport system per 100 000 population shall be calculated by adding the kilometres of high capacity public transport systems operating within the city (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the kilo-metres of high capacity public transport system per 100 000 population.

High capacity public transport may include heavy rail metro, subway systems and commuter rail systems.

18.1.3 Data sourcesInformation on kilometres of high capacity public transport should be gathered from municipal transport offices and local/regional transit authorities and can also be counted using computerized mapping, aerial photography, or existing paper maps, all of which shall be field-verified. This information may be gath-ered from transport system plans or other master plans.

18.2 Kilometres of light passenger public transport sys-tem per 100 000 population (core indicator)


NOTE The extent of a city’s transportation network can provide insight into traf-fic congestion, transportation system flexibility, and urban form. Cities with larger amounts of public transport may tend to be more geographically compact and support-ive of non-motorized modes of transportation.

18.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe kilometres of light passenger public transport system per 100 000 popula-tion shall be calculated by adding the kilometres of light passenger transport systems provided within the city (numerator), divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the kilo-metres of light passenger transport system per 100 000 population. Expressed as per 100 000 population.

Light passenger transport may include light rail streetcars and tramways, bus, trolleybus and other light passenger transport services.

18.2.3 Data sourcesInformation on kilometres of light passenger transport should be gathered from municipal transport offices and local/regional transit authorities and can also be counted using computerized mapping, aerial photography, or existing paper

76

ISO 37120:2014


maps, all of which shall be field-verified. This information may be gathered from transport system plans or other master plans.

18.3 Annual number of public transport trips per capita (core indicator)


NOTE Transport usage is a key indicator of how easy it is to travel in the city by modes other than single occupancy vehicles. The indicator might also provide insight into transportation policy, traffic congestion, and urban form. Cities with higher transport ridership rates tend to invest more in their transport systems and are more geographically compact. Transport usage also addresses overall travel patterns in the city, and not just the journey to work.

18.3.2 Core indicator requirementsAnnual number of public transport trips per capita shall be calculated as the total annual number of transport trips originating in the city - “ridership of pub-lic transport” - (numerator), divided by the total city population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the annual number of public transport trips per capita.

Transport trips shall include trips via heavy rail metro or subway, commuter rail, light rail streetcars and tramways, organized bus, trolleybus, and other public transport services.

Cities shall only calculate the number of transport trips with origins in the city itself.

NOTE Transport systems often serve entire metropolitan areas, and not just cen-tral cities. The use of number of transport trips with origins in the city itself will still capture many trips whose destination are outside the city, but will generally capture the impact that the city has on the regional transport network.

18.3.3 Data sourcesTransport data should be gathered from a number of sources, including: official transport surveys, revenue collection systems (e.g. number of fares purchased), and national censuses.

NOTE 1 Farebox records (e.g. transport fares paid) are usually the primary source of data for this indicator. However, the relationship between fares purchased and trips taken is not always exact. For example, many transport systems do not actively check for proof of fare purchase – often, riders are expected to have valid tickets, and are severely fined if a ticket is not presented, but enforcement of such rules is not uniform for every rider on every trip. Other transport systems offer monthly or weekly passes, which do not necessarily allow for accurate counts of each trip.

77

ISO 37120:2014


NOTE 2 In many countries, a large number of trips are made via “informal transport” services (e.g. mini-buses not operated by the government or municipal transport cor-poration). These informal trips are not part of the official transport network and shall not be counted.

NOTE 3 While higher transport ridership rates are generally considered desirable, extremely high ridership rates can also indicate cities with overcrowding problems.

18.4 Number of personal automobiles per capita (core indicator)


NOTE Measuring each type of transportation infrastructure sheds light on travel behaviour. The use of automobiles as a travel mode provides access to work, shopping, school and other community services. This measure can also inform the need for fur-ther transport facilities.

18.4.2 Core indicator requirementsThe number of personal automobiles per capita shall be calculated as the total number of registered personal automobiles in a city (numerator) divided by the total city population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of personal automobiles per capita.

The total number of registered personal automobiles shall include automobiles used for personal use by commercial enterprises.

This number shall not include automobiles, trucks and vans that are used for the delivery of goods and services by commercial enterprises.

18.5 Percentage of commuters using a travel mode to work other than a personal vehicle (supporting indicator)


NOTE The mode of transportation used to commute to work is a key indicator of transportation policy, traffic congestion, urban form, and energy use. Cities with lower personal vehicle usage tend to be more supportive of public transit, and are more geographically compact. Lower use of single occupancy vehicles (SOV) is increasingly correlated with lower energy consumption and lower emissions of smog-producing chemicals.

78

ISO 37120:2014


18.5.1.1 Supporting indicator requirements

Percent of commuters using a travel mode to work other than a personal vehicle shall be calculated as the number of commuters working in the city who use a mode of transportation other than a private Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) as their primary way to travel to work (numerator) divided by all trips to work, regardless of mode (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage of commuters using a travel mode other than a personal vehicle.

Modes other than non-SOV may include carpools, bus, mini-bus, train, tram, light rail, ferry, motorcycle and non-motorized two-wheel vehicles such as bicycles, and walking, and other modes.

NOTE This indicator uses commuters who work in the subject city, regardless of where they live. Even if these individuals do not live in the subject city, they use the transportation resources of the city, and therefore create impacts on the city’s entire transportation system.

For cases where multiple modes are used, the indicator shall reflect the primary travel mode, either by length of trip on that mode or by distance travelled on that mode. For example, if a person drives a SOV from home to a suburban train station (5 minutes), takes a 30-minute train ride to the central city, and then takes a 5- minute bus ride to their office, the primary travel mode is the passen-ger train.

18.5.2 Data sourcesThe most likely sources of data for this indicator are travel surveys that collect trip frequency, trip duration, and travel mode information from a statistically significant sample of a city’s population. Such surveys are frequently performed at irregular intervals (primarily due to the cost and time associated with such an undertaking).

One common form of survey is a written travel log. Individuals or families use a log book or notebook to record information such as travel mode, time, distance, and length of each trip.

This information is also frequently collected in general population censuses, which occur at regular intervals.

79

ISO 37120:2014


18.6 Number of two-wheel motorized vehicles per capita (supporting indicator)


NOTE This indicator is important to cities that use two-wheel motorized vehicles such as motorcycles and scooters as a major mode of transport. An indicator of non motorized two-wheel vehicles such as bicycles is also an important measure for sus-tainable city mobility and is reported as separate indicator.

18.6.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe number of two-wheel motorized vehicles per capita shall be calculated as the total number of two-wheel motorized vehicles in the city (numerator) divided by the total city population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the number of two-wheel motorized vehicles per capita.

Two-wheel motorized vehicles shall include scooters and motorcycles. This shall not include non motorized vehicles such as bicycles.

18.7 Kilometres of bicycle paths and lanes per 100 000 population (supporting indicator)


NOTE A transportation system that is conducive to bicycling can reap many benefits in terms of reduced traffic congestion and improved quality of life. Economic rewards both to the individual and to society are also realized through reduced health care costs and reduced dependency on auto ownership (and the resulting in insurance, maintenance and fuel costs). Bicycle lanes also require smaller infrastructure invest-ments than other types of transportation infrastructure. Cycling has less of an envi-ronmental impact. This indicator provides city’s with a useful measure of a diversified transportation system.

18.7.2 Supporting indicator requirementsKilometres of bicycle paths and lanes per 100 000 population shall be calcu-lated as the total kilometres of bicycle paths and lanes (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the kilometres of bicycle paths and lanes per 100 000 population.

Bicycle lanes shall refer to part of a carriageway designated for cycles and distinguished from the rest of the road/carriageway by longitudinal road markings.

80

ISO 37120:2014


Bicycle paths shall refer to independent road or part of a road designated for cycles and sign-posted as such. A cycle track is separated from other roads or other parts of the same road by structural means.

18.8 Transportation fatalities per 100 000 population (supporting indicator)


NOTE Traffic accident rates and, specifically, fatality rates, can serve as indica-tors for the overall safety of the transportation system, the complexity and congestion of the roadway and transport network, the amount and effectiveness of traffic law enforcement, the quality of the transportation fleet (public and private), and the condi-tion of the roads themselves. Traffic deaths represent the most severe type of traffic safety failure, allowing cities to focus on their most urgent traffic safety needs.

18.8.2 Supporting indicator requirementsTransportation fatalities per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the num-ber of fatalities related to transportation of any kind within the city borders (numerator), divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denomina-tor). The result shall be expressed as the number of transportation fatalities per 100 000 population.

The city shall include in this indicator deaths due to any transportation-related proximate causes in any mode of travel (automobile, public transport, walking, bicycling, etc.). The city shall count any death directly related to a transporta-tion incident within city limits, even if death does not occur at the site of the incident, but is directly attributable to the accident.

NOTE Transportation fatalities are used here as a proxy for all transportation injuries. Whereas many minor injuries are never reported—and thus cannot be meas-ured— deaths are almost always reported. It is also worth noting that differences in the quality of the roadway, the quality of motorized vehicles, and the nature of law enforcement can change the relationship between injury and fatality. Cities and coun-tries may have different definitions of causality, specifically related to the amount of time that can elapse between a traffic incident and a death.

81

ISO 37120:2014


18.9 Commercial air connectivity (number of non-stop commercial air destinations) (supporting indicator)


NOTE The diversity of non-stop commercial airline destinations is indicative of a city’s connectivity to the rest of the nation and the world. Cities with high commercial air connectivity typically have more robust economies and are able to provide a higher level of service to residents. Although commercial air is one demonstration of connec-tivity, other modes such as rail can also measure connectivity and may be considered a more sustainable alternative to air travel.

18.9.2 Supporting indicator requirementsCommercial air connectivity shall be expressed as the sum of all non-stop com-mercial (i.e. scheduled) flights departing from all airports serving the city.

Airports serving the city shall include all airports within a two hour travel dis-tance from the subject city.

EXAMPLE Paris could count flights departing from Charles de Gaulle and Orly airports.

Connecting flights shall be excluded because travel is theoretically possible between any two cities in the world, given an unlimited number of connections.

18.9.3 Data sourcesCommercial air destinations lists should be obtained from airport operators, passenger airport facility planners, and/or federal aviation agencies. Web resources including airline websites and the Official Airline Guide (OAG) may also be used.

82

ISO 37120:2014


19 Urban planning

19.1 Green area (hectares) per 100 000 population (core indicator)


NOTE The amount of green area, natural and semi-natural, parks and other open space is an indicator of how much green space a city has. Green areas perform impor-tant environmental functions in an urban setting. They improve the urban climate, capture atmospheric pollutants and improve quality of life by providing recreation for urban inhabitants.

19.1.2 Core indicator requirementsGreen area (hectares) per 100 000 population shall be calculated as the total area (in hectares) of green in the city (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed in hec-tares of green area per 100 000 population.

This indicator reflects green area that is “publicly accessible” as opposed to whether or not the green area is protected.

NOTE Green area is broader than recreation space (See Clause 13).

19.1.3 Data sourcesInformation on green area should be obtained from municipal recreation and parks departments, planning departments, forestry departments and census.

19.2 Annual number of trees planted per 100 000 popula-tion (supporting indicator)


NOTE The annual number of trees planted per 100 000 population is a useful measure of a city’s commitment to urban and environmental sustainability, as well as municipal beautification. Trees, in an urban context, are often cited as an important tool in reducing the impacts of climate change due to their role in removing carbon dioxide from the Earth’s atmosphere.

83

ISO 37120:2014


19.2.2 Supporting indicator requirementThe annual number of trees planted per 100 000 shall be calculated as the total number of trees planted in a given year (numerator) divided by one 100 000th of the city’s total population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the annual number of trees planted per 100 000 population.

The number of trees planted shall include trees planted and/or funded by gov-ernment (or by a third party under government oversight). This shall include trees planted by private businesses and non-governmental organizations under the purview of government greening and reforestation initiatives.

19.2.3 Data sourcesNumbers and figures shall be based on plantings and expenditures of munici-pal government record and not general estimates. Information can be obtained from municipal government records, census, municipal departments of forestry and other related planning or environmental departments of the city.

19.2.4 Data interpretationA city’s tree planting strategy should reflect not only the number of new trees planted but also attention to indigenous species.

19.3 Areal size of informal settlements as a percentage of city area (supporting indicator)


NOTE Settlements characterized by irregular tenure, unplanned development and unauthorized shelter that is not in compliance with local building codes and regula-tions, are generally marginal and precarious, and affect social well-being, human health and economic development. The size of informal settlements is an indicator of the extent of the challenges for the reporting city in meeting shelter needs and demand.

19.3.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe areal size of informal settlements as a percentage of city area shall be cal-culated as the area of informal settlements in square kilometres (numerator) divided by the city area in square kilometres (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

To simplify the measure of informal settlements, those smaller than 2 km2 should not be included.

Informal settlements are known by many different names around the world including shantytowns, favelas (Brazil), squatter camps (South Africa), and

84

ISO 37120:2014


bidonvilles in French-speaking areas. The UN Statistics Division has developed the following definition which is used here:

a) Areas where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no formal legal claim to;

b) Unplanned settlements and areas where housing is not in compliance with current planning and building regulations (unauthorized housing).[17]

NOTE While many informal settlements also meet the definition of slum, the terms are not synonymous. Slums may exist in areas that do not meet the definition of infor-mal settlements. Some informal settlements may have improved such that they do not meet the definition of slum.

19.3.3 Data sourcesData should be gathered from the City Planning Department together with departments knowledgeable about the city neighbourhoods. Local academic institutions may also be of assistance. Areas of informal settlements should be delineated using aerial photography and/or land use maps and the area in square kilometres shall be calculated. Some low cost and more sophisticated measurement methodologies have been developed. Once the areas have been identified on a map, the area in square kilometres should be calculated using low cost GIS or, if not available, hand-held measuring devices may be used.

19.4 Jobs/housing ratio (supporting indicator)


NOTE A well-planned city focuses on the implications of new growth on its econ-omy, existing communities and the environment. Growth should be concentrated in areas that can accommodate a mix of housing, commerce, industry and recreation to maximize the use of existing infrastructure, minimize travel times to and from work, and minimize servicing costs resulting from new growth. Encouraging mixed-use developments combining housing and employment opportunities is essential to achieve these objectives.

19.4.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe jobs/housing ratio shall be calculated as the total number of jobs (numera-tor) divided by the total number of dwelling units (denominator). The result shall be expressed as a whole number reflecting jobs to housing ratio within a city.

Jobs shall refer to all types of employment opportunities including those pro-vided in the retail, industrial, government and office sectors located within the city boundaries. Housing shall refer to all dwelling units available for habitation.

85

ISO 37120:2014


This indicator does not take into account the informal sector, labour or employ-ment, as unofficial employment is unaccounted for.

20 Wastewater

20.1 Percentage of city population served by wastewater collection (core indicator)


NOTE The percentage of the city population served by a wastewater collection is an indicator of city health, cleanliness and quality of life. Wastewater collection and treatment is a significant component of the Millennium Development Goals.[22]

20.1.2 Core indicator requirementsPercentage of city population served by wastewater collection shall be calcu-lated as the number of people within the city that are served by wastewater collection (numerator) divided by the city population (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The number of households in the city serviced with regular wastewater col-lection shall first be determined by counting the number of households that are connected as part of a public or community owned system of discharge of served waters and other residues through a pipe or similar duct that is con-nected to a network that takes it to a facility where it is treated. The number of households being serviced by wastewater connection shall then be multiplied by the then current average household size for that city to determine the number of persons serviced with wastewater collection.

NOTE Results will only indicate whether or not a house has access to wastewater systems, not the quality of the system, the capacity and quality of the service, the lev-els of loss (contamination), or the capacity of the treatment plants to meet the growth in waste water volumes. Some of these limitations will be addressed in other support-ing indicators.

20.1.3 Data sourcesInformation on the number of households in the city serviced with regular wastewater collection should be obtained from the local operator(s) of waste-water systems.

86

ISO 37120:2014


20.2 Percentage of the city’s wastewater that has received no treatment (core indicator)


NOTE It has been proven that improvement of water treatment reduces the inci-dence of a variety of water-borne diseases. A reliable wastewater treatment system is a major indicator of the level of local development and of community health. Water pollution from human waste is less of a problem in countries that can afford to treat sewage and wastewater, and water pollution can be minimized with adequate invest-ment in treatment systems. The percentage of wastewater treated is a key indicator of water quality management.

20.2.2 Core indicator requirementsPercentage of the city’s wastewater that has received no treatment shall be calculated as the total amount of the city’s wastewater that has undergone no treatment (numerator) divided by the total amount of wastewater produced in the city and collected (denominator). This result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

No treatment shall refer to collected wastewater that is discharged to a water body without any treatment, including periods when wastewater volume exceeds treatment plant capacity.

20.2.3 Data sourcesThis information may be obtained by municipal authorities and the main water supply and treatment companies.

20.3 Percentage of the city’s wastewater receiving pri-mary treatment (core indicator)


NOTE The percentage of wastewater treated is a key indicator of water quality management. It has been proven that improvement of water treatment reduces the incidence of a variety of water-borne diseases. A reliable wastewater treatment system is a major indicator of the level of local development and of community health. Water pollution from human waste is less of a problem in countries that can afford to treat sewage and wastewater, and water pollution can be minimized with adequate invest-ment in treatment systems.

87

ISO 37120:2014


20.3.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of the city’s wastewater receiving primary treatment shall be calculated as the total amount of the city’s wastewater that has undergone pri-mary treatment (numerator) divided by the total amount of wastewater pro-duced in the city and collected (denominator). This result is then multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage of the city’s wastewater receiving primary treatment.

Primary wastewater treatment shall refer to the physical separation of sus-pended solids from the wastewater flow using primary clarifiers. This separa-tion reduces total suspended solids as well as the biological oxygen demand (BOD) levels and prepares the waste stream for the next step in the wastewater treatment process.

NOTE Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved oxygen required to oxidize or neutralize biodegradable matter in water. High BOD levels represent high amounts of contaminant matter, and the reduction of BOD is a common measure for determining the efficacy of water treatment.

Some cities have no system for treating wastewater. This shall be reported.

20.3.3 Data sourcesThis information may be obtained from municipal authorities and the main water supply and treatment companies.

20.4 Percentage of the city’s wastewater receiving sec-ondary treatment (core indicator)



20.4.2 Core indicator requirementsPercentage of the city’s wastewater receiving secondary treatment shall be cal-culated as the total amount of the city’s wastewater that has undergone second-ary treatment (numerator) divided by the total amount of wastewater produced in the city and collected (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

88

ISO 37120:2014


Secondary treatment shall refer to the process of removing or reducing con-taminants or growths that are left in the wastewater from the primary treat-ment process. Secondary treatment reduces Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) by microbial oxidation.

NOTE BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen required to oxidize or neutralize bio-degradable matter in water. High BOD levels represent high amounts of contaminant matter, and the reduction of BOD is a common measure for determining the efficacy of water treatment.



20.5 Percentage of the city’s wastewater receiving ter-tiary treatment (core indicator)



20.5.2 Core indicator requirementsPercentage of the city’s wastewater receiving tertiary treatment shall be calcu-lated as the total amount of the city’s wastewater that has undergone tertiary treatment (numerator) divided by the total amount of wastewater produced in the city and collected (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Tertiary treatment shall refer to the next wastewater treatment process after secondary treatment. This step removes stubborn contaminants that secondary treatment was not able to clean up. Wastewater effluent becomes even cleaner in this treatment process through the use of stronger and more advanced treatment systems. Tertiary treatment technologies can be extensions of con-ventional secondary biological treatment to reduce Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels and further stabilize oxygen-demanding substances in the waste-water and to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. Tertiary treatment may also involve physical-chemical separation techniques such as carbon adsorption,

89

ISO 37120:2014


flocculation/precipitation, membranes for advanced filtration, ion exchange, chlorination, dechlorination and reverse osmosis.

NOTE BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen required to oxidize or neutralize bio-degradable matter in water. High BOD levels represent high amounts of contaminant matter, and the reduction of BOD is a common measure for determining the efficacy of water treatment.



21 Water and sanitation

21.1 Percentage of city population with potable water supply service (core indicator)


NOTE The percentage of the city population served by a potable water supply is an indicator of city health and quality of life and a significant component of the Millennium Development Goals.[22]

21.1.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of city population with potable water supply service shall be calculated as the total number of people with potable water supply service (numerator) divided by total city population (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage of city population ser-viced by a potable water supply service.

The total number of people with potable water supply service shall be calcu-lated as the total number of households in the city connected to a potable water supply service multiplied by the current average household size for the city.

NOTE 1 Results will only indicate whether or not a house has access to potable water, not the quality of the delivery, the levels of loss, consumption or misuse, or the capacity of the sources to meet the demand.

Potable water shall refer to water that is treated or confirmed safe for human consumption. A potable water supply service shall refer to a service that deliv-ers potable water through a pipe or similar duct that is connected to a network, the supply of which is relatively continuous given that it includes a deposit built for its storage. If a house or group of houses has a ‘mother’ pipe connected either

90

ISO 37120:2014


provisionally or permanently; it shall be considered to have access to potable water.

A house shall not be considered to have access to potable water when an indi-vidual house or group is served by a conduit system built with for example wood, bamboo, or rubber hose, connected directly to a river, well, or to another house.

21.1.3 Data sourcesInformation should be obtained from the local operator(s) of water supply systems.

21.2 Percentage of city population with sustainable access to an improved water source (core indicator)


NOTE Access to drinking water is a fundamental need and a human right vital for the health of all people. About 1.1 billion people have no access to any type of improved drinking source of water. 1.6 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases attributable to lack of safe drinking water and basic sanitation. The health and eco-nomic benefits of improved water supply to households and individuals are well docu-mented.[12]

21.2.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of city population with sustainable access to an improved water source shall be calculated as the total population with access to an improved water source (numerator) divided by the total city population. The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

An improved water source shall refer to piped water, public tap, borehole or pump, protected well, protected spring or rainwater.

The percentage of city population with sustainable access to an improved water source represents the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate supply of safe water in their dwelling or within a convenient distance of their dwelling. Reasonable access to water is defined as the availability of at least 20 litres of water per person a day from a source within one kilometer of the dwelling.

91

ISO 37120:2014


21.3 Percentage of population with access to improved sanitation (core indicator)


NOTE Access to improved sanitation is fundamental need vital for the dignity and health of all people. About 2.6 billion people lack even a simple ‘improved’ latrine. Furthermore, 1.6 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases attributable to lack of safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

21.3.2 Core indicator requirementsThe percentage of population with access to improved sanitation shall be calcu-lated as the total number of people using improved sanitation facilities (numera-tor) divided by the total city population (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

Access to improved sanitation facilities shall refer to the percentage of the city population with at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple, but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained.

Improved sanitation facilities shall include:

— Flush or pour-flush to piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine,— Ventilated improved pit latrine,— Pit latrine with slab and— Composting toiletNOTE Sanitation facilities are not considered improved when shared with other households, or open to public use.

Unimproved sanitation shall include:

— Flush or pour-flush to elsewhere,— Pit latrine without slab or open pit,— Bucket, hanging toilet or hanging latrine and— No facilities or bush or field (open defecation)

92

ISO 37120:2014


21.4 Total domestic water consumption per capita (litres/day) (core indicator)


Water consumption must be in harmony with water resources to be sustain-able. This harmony may be achieved through improvements in water supply systems and changes in water consumption patterns. This indicator will need to be measured in terms of changes from year to year within a city within a range of rates due to the variability among cities. Consumption of water per person depends on the availability and price of water, the climate, and the uses to which water is customarily put by individuals (drinking, bathing, washing, gardening). In many cities, potable water supply is not constant and households rely on a few hours to tap the available water during the day. Water consumption is usu-ally much higher in cities of higher income countries.

21.4.2 Core indicator requirementsThe total domestic water consumption per capita shall be calculated as the total amount of the city’s water consumption in litres per day for domestic use (numerator) divided by the total city population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the total domestic water consumption per capita in litres per day.

Only water consumed for domestic purpose shall be taken into account. Water consumed for industrial and commercial purposes shall be excluded.

NOTE Domestic water use is a small portion of total water consumption (e.g. 10 per cent in the European Union), trailing agricultural and industrial uses. Before reaching the users, a part of the water supplied might be lost through leakage or illegal tapping. In cities with old and deteriorating water reticulation systems, a substantial propor-tion of piped water may be lost through cracks and flaws in pipes – for example up to 30 per cent of water is lost in this way in some countries in Eastern Europe. It is therefore important to take this into account in the final consumption measure and if possible, not to take the actual supply as the final consumption figure.

21.4.3 Data sourcesThis information should be obtained from the main water supply companies, which maintain records on water supplied, delivered, consumed and ultimately paid by the end-users for domestic purposes.

21.4.4 Data interpretationIn interpreting this indicator, water consumption per capita should fall within a range that is sustainable for the climate of the city. A minimum benchmark should be established to meet public health and safety needs. Higher rates of per

93

ISO 37120:2014


capita water consumption should show reductions approaching the minimum or sustainable consumption rates.

NOTE Water consumption rates may temporarily spike with income as new appli-ances are purchased and until water prices increase, encouraging water saving appli-ances to enter the market.

21.5 Total water consumption per capita (litres/day) (sup-porting indicator)


Water consumption must be in harmony with water resources to be sustain-able. This harmony may be achieved through improvements in water supply systems and changes in water consumption patterns. This indicator will need to be measured in terms of changes from year to year within a city within a range of rates due to the variability among cities. Consumption of water per person depends on the availability and price of water, the climate, and the uses to which water is customarily put by individuals (drinking, bathing, washing, garden-ing) and industrial, commercial and agricultural entities. In many cities, potable water supply is not constant and households rely on a few hours to tap the avail-able water during the day. Water consumption is much higher in cities of higher income countries, as with most other forms of consumption.

21.5.2 Supporting indicator requirementsTotal water consumption per capita (litres/day) shall be calculated as the total amount of the city’s water consumption in litres per day (numerator) divided by the total city population (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the total water consumption per capita in litres/days.

21.5.3 Data sourcesThis information should be obtained from the main water supply companies, which maintain record on water supplied, delivered, consumed and ultimately paid by the end-users.

94

ISO 37120:2014


21.6 Average annual hours of water service interruption per household (supporting indicator)


NOTE The reliability of water service to the user is the ultimate consideration in evaluating water supply, even though this reliability is based on both quantity and quality considerations and on interconnected systems of source water availability, water treatment and water distribution. This indicator determines whether a water supply system is reliable, or whether the water supply system needs fundamental or marginal improvements.

21.6.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe average annual hours of water service interruption per household shall be calculated by taking the total sum of hours of interruption multiplied by the number of households impacted (numerator), divided by the number of house-holds (denominator). The result shall be expressed as the average annual hours of water service interruption per household.

Incidents of complete shutoff, low flow restriction, boil water advisory, water main flushing, planned and unplanned interruptions shall be counted equally.

This indicator shall exclude:

— incidents where there is some reduction to the level of service but where normal activities (shower, washing machine, toilet flushing etc.) are still possible, and

— breaks in house connection branches.An “unplanned interruption” is an interruption caused by a fault in the utility’s system. A “planned interruption” is an interruption for which the utility has pro-vided at least 24 h advanced notification (or as otherwise prescribed by regula-tory requirements).

21.6.3 Data interpretationCities with older infrastructure, in areas with electric power interruptions, in areas of war or civil unrest, or in areas that are more susceptible to natural hazards such as earthquakes and extensive flooding will tend to report more incidents of service interruptions.

A physically larger service area is likely to have more kilometres of pipes and mains in the distribution system vulnerable to service interruptions. This indicator may need to be compared differently among large (greater than 25 000 connections or bulk water providers), medium (1 000 to 25 000 connec-tions) and small (1 000 or fewer connections) service providers. To facilitate

95

ISO 37120:2014


comparison among cities, the number of interruptions can also be related to the hectares of water service area within the city.

21.7 Percentage of water loss (unaccounted for water) (supporting indicator)


NOTE Before reaching the users, a part of the water supplied might be lost through leakage or illegal tapping. In cities with old and deteriorating water reticulation sys-tems, a substantial proportion of piped water may be lost through cracks and flaws in pipes – for example up to 30 per cent of water is lost in this way in some countries in Eastern Europe.

21.7.2 Supporting indicator requirementsThe percentage of water loss (unaccounted for water) shall be calculated as the volume of water supplied minus the volume of utilized water (numerator) divided by the total volume of water supplied (denominator). The result shall then be multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.

The percentage of water loss (unaccounted for water) represents the percent-age of water that is lost from treated water entering distribution system and that is accounted for and billed by the water provider. This includes actual water losses, e.g. leaking pipes, and billing losses, e.g. delivered through informal or illegal connection.

21.7.3 Data sourcesData should be obtained from water utilities servicing the city.

22 Reporting and record maintenanceReports on city indicators shall compile the data required in the individual test methods used.

96

ISO 37120:2014


97

Annex A (informative)

City indicators

Table A.1 — City services and quality of life indicators

Core indicator Supporting indicatorEconomy (Clause 5)

City’s unemployment rate

Assessed value of commercial and industrial properties as a percentage of total assessed value of all properties

Percentage of city population liv-ing in poverty

Percentage of persons in full-time employment

Youth unemployment rate

Number of businesses per 100 000 population

Number of new patents per 100 000 population per year

Education (Clause 6)

Percentage of female school-aged population enrolled in school

Percentage of students complet-ing primary education

Percentage of students complet-ing secondary education

Primary education student/teacher ratio

Percentage of male school-aged population enrolled in school

Percentage of school-aged popu-lation enrolled in school

Number of higher education degrees per 100 000 population

ISO 37120:2014


98

Core indicator Supporting indicatorEnergy (Clause 7)

Total residential electrical energy use per capita (kWh/year)

Percentage of city population with authorized electrical ser-vice

Energy consumption of public buildings per year (kWh/m²)

Percentage of total energy derived from renewable sources, as a share of the city’s total energy consumption

Total electrical energy use per capita (kWh/year)

Average number of electrical interruptions per customer per year

Average length of electrical interruptions (in hours)

Environment (Clause 8)

Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) concentration

Particulate Matter (PM10) con-centration

Greenhouse gas emissions meas-ured in tonnes per capita

NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) concen-tration

SO2 (sulphur dioxide) concentra-tion

O3 (ozone) concentration

Noise pollution

Percentage change in number of native species

Finance (Clause 9)

Debt service ratio (debt service expenditure as a percentage of a municipality’s own-source revenue)

Capital spending as a percentage of total expenditures

Own-source revenue as a per-centage of total revenues

Tax collected as percentage of tax billed

Table A.1 (continued)

ISO 37120:2014


99

Core indicator Supporting indicatorFire and emer-gency response (Clause 10)

Number of firefighters per 100 000 population

Number of fire related deaths per 100 000 population

Number of natural disaster related deaths per 100 000 popu-lation

Number of volunteer and part-time firefighters per 100 000 population.

Response time for emergency response services from initial call

Response time for fire depart-ment from initial call

Governance (Clause 11)

Voter participation in last munic-ipal election (as a percentage of eligible voters)

Women as a percentage of total elected to city-level office

Percentage of women employed in the city government work-force

Number of convictions for cor-ruption and or bribery by city officials per 100 000 population

Citizens’ representation: num-ber of local officials elected to office per 100 000 population

Number of registered voters as a percentage of the voting age population

Health (Clause 12)

Average life expectancy

Number of in-patient hospital beds per 100 000 population

Number of physicians per 100 000 population

Under age five mortality per 1 000 live births

Number of nursing and mid-wifery personnel per 100 000 population

Number of mental health practi-tioners per 100 000 population

Suicide rate per 100 000 popula-tion

Recreation (Clause 13)

Square metres of public indoor recreation space per capita

Square metres of public outdoor recreation space per capita


ISO 37120:2014


100

Core indicator Supporting indicatorSafety (Clause 14)

Number of police officers per 100 000 population

Number of homicides per 100 000 population

Crimes against property per 100 000

Response time for police depart-ment from initial call

Violent crime rate per 100 000 population

Shelter (Clause 15)

Percentage of city population liv-ing in slums

Number of homeless per 100 000 population

Percentage of households that exist without registered legal titles

Solid waste (Clause 16)

Percentage of city population with regular solid waste collec-tion (residential)

Total collected municipal solid waste per capita

Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is recycled

Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in a sanitary landfill

Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in an incinerator

Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is burned openly

Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of in an open dump

Percentage of the city’s solid waste that is disposed of by other means

Hazardous waste generation per capita

Percentage of city’s hazardous waste that is recycled


ISO 37120:2014


101

Core indicator Supporting indicatorTelecommunica-tion and innova-tion (Clause 17)

Number of internet connections per 100 000 population

Number of cell phone connec-tions per 100 000 population

Number of landline phone con-nections per 100 000 population

Transportation (Clause 18)

Kilometres of high capacity pub-lic transport system per 100 000 population

Kilometres of light passenger public transport system per 100 000 population

Annual number of public trans-port trips per capita

Number of personal automobiles per capita

Percentage of commuters using a travel mode other than a per-sonal vehicle

Number of two-wheel motorized vehicles per capita

Kilometres of bicycle paths and lanes per 100 000 population

Transportation fatalities per 100 000 population

Commercial air connectivity (number of non-stop commercial air destinations)

Urban planning (Clause 19)

Green area (hectares) per 100 000 population

Annual number of trees planted per 100 000 population

Areal size of informal settle-ments as a per cent of city area

Jobs/housing ratio


ISO 37120:2014


102

Core indicator Supporting indicatorWastewater (Clause 20)

Percentage of city population served by wastewater collection

Percentage of the city’s wastewa-ter that has received no treat-ment

Percentage of the city’s wastewa-ter receiving primary treatment

Percentage of the city’s wastewa-ter receiving secondary treat-ment

Percentage of the city’s wastewa-ter receiving tertiary treatment

Water and sani-tation (Clause 21)

Percentage of city population with potable water supply ser-vice

Percentage of city population with sustainable access to an improved water source

Percentage of population with access to improved sanitation

Total domestic water consump-tion per capita (litres/day)

Total water consumption per capita (litres/day)

Average annual hours of water service interruptions per house-hold

Percentage of water loss (unac-counted for water)


ISO 37120:2014


103

Annex B (informative)

Profileindicators

The list of profile indicators provide basic statistics and background informa-tion to help cities determine which cities are of interest for comparisons are shown below and are not included as part of this draft standard. Definitions and methodologies for the profile indicators are now under-development.

TableB.1—ProfileIndicators

IndicatorPeople Total city population

Population density (per square kilometre)Percentage of country’s populationPercentage of population that are children (0-14)Percentage of population that are youth (15-24)Percentage of population that are adult (25-64)Percentage of population that are senior citizens (65+)Male to female ratio (number of males per 100 females)Annual population changePopulation dependency ratioPercentage of population that are foreign bornPercentage of population that are new immigrantsPercentage of residents who are not citizens

Housing Total number of householdsTotal number of occupied dwelling units (owned & rented)Persons per unitDwelling density (per square kilometre)

Economy Average household income (USD)Annual inflation rate based on average of last 5 yearsCost of livingIncome distribution (Gini Coefficient)Country’s GDP (USD)Country’s GDP per capita (USD)City Product per capita (USD)City Product as a percentage of Country’s GDPEmployment percentage change based on the last 5 years

ISO 37120:2014


104

IndicatorGovernment Type of government (e.g. local, regional, county)

Gross operating budget (USD)Gross operating budget per capita (USD)Gross capital budget (USD)Gross capital budget per capita (USD)

Geography and climate

RegionClimate typeLand area (Square kilometres)Percentage of non-residential area (square kilometres)Number of native speciesAnnual average temperature (Celsius)Average annual rain (mm)Average annual snowfall (cm)

Table B.1 (continued)

ISO 37120:2014


105

Bibliography

[1] Statistics Canada. Police Administration Survey 2011 [updated 2011-12-12 ]. Available from: http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3301&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2

[2] Statistics Canada. Uniform Crime Reporting Survey [updated 2012-07-23]. Available from: http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3302&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2

[3] Central Intelligence Agency. CIA Factbook 2012 [ISSN 1552-8133. The online Factbook is updated weekly]. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook

[4] UNESCO. Education Indicator Technical Guidelines 2012. Available from: http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=5455&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_ SECTION=201

[5] US Energy Information Administration. Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program [Section 1605 Text. Program suspended as of May 2011]. Available from: http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/frntvrgg.html

[6] European Commission. LANDSIS g.e.i.e. Urban Audit - Methodological Handbook. 2004. Luxembourg: European Communities. Retrieved from P:\EU Urban Audit

[7] OECD. Health at a Glance: Europe 2012. [ISBN 9789264183605. Published on November 16, 2012]. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/health/healthataglanceeurope.htm

[8] IAEA. Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. IAEA, Vienna, 2005

[9] Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories [Revised in 1996]. Available from: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm

[10] LandGEM and other EPA models: http://www.epa.gov/ttncatc1/products.html

[11] Reporting U.C. (UCR) Program: http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm

[12] Statistics W.H. World Health Organization. WHO, 2006

[13] The Conference Board of Canada. Municipal Waste Generation [data cur-rent as of July 2011] Available from http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/details/environment/municipal-waste-generation.aspx

[14] Uniform Crime Reports F.B.I. Available from: http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm.

ISO 37120:2014


http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3301&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2




https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook

http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=5455&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_

http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=5455&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/frntvrgg.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/frntvrgg.html

http://www.oecd.org/health/healthataglanceeurope.htm

http://www.oecd.org/health/healthataglanceeurope.htm

http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm

http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm

http://www.epa.gov/ttncatc1/products.html

http://www.epa.gov/ttncatc1/products.html

http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm

http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/details/environment/municipal-waste-generation.aspx

http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/details/environment/municipal-waste-generation.aspx



106

[15] Siemens/The Economist. European Green City Index: City Report - Stockholm. [23 November 200]. Available from: http://www.nwe.siemens.com/sweden/internet/se/press1/affarspress/affarspress/Documents/Siemens_EGCI_Executive_summary_final.pdf.

[16] United Nations. Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies [ISBN 92–0–116204–9. April 2005. STI/PUB/1222]. Available from: http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1222_web.pdf

[17] United Nations Statistics Division. Environment Glossary [Published in 1997; Updated in 2001]. Available from: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/default.asp

[18] Expert Consultation W.H.O. Health Indicators of sustainable water [17-18 May 2012]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hia/green_economy/indicators_water.pdf

[19] International Development Association. Sanitation and Water Supply - Improving Services for the Poor. The World Bank. Washington D.C. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/IDA/Resources/IDA-Sanitation-WaterSupply.pdf

[20] United Nations Environment Program. UNEP - Agenda 21 United Nations Conference on Environment & Development http://www.unep.org/documents.multilingual/default.asp?documentid=52

[21] Aalborg Commitments. Available from: http://www.aalborgplus10.dk/default.aspx?m=2&i=42

[22] Millennium Development Goals [UN Millennium Summit 2000] http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

[23] International Solid Waste Association http://www.iswa.org/

[24] ISO/DTR 14069:—, Greenhouse gases (GHG) — Quantification and report-ing of GHG emissions for organizations (Carbonfootprint of organization) — Guidance for the application of ISO 14064-1

[25] ISO/PAS 2070:2012Specification for the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of a city by direct plus supply chain, and consumption-based approaches [BSI Draft on Public Consultation as of June 2012]

[26] Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. MICS on Methodology for child mortality estimation http://www.unicef.org/media/files/BACKGROUND_NOTE_ON_METHODOLOGY_FOR_UNDER-FIVE_MORTALITY_ESTIMATION_web.pdf

[27] UK Home Office’s Recorded Crime Statistics. Available from: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/crime-stats-2002-2010

[28] Official Airline Guide (OAG). Available from: http://www.oag.com/

ISO 37120:2014


http://www.nwe.siemens.com/sweden/internet/se/press1/affarspress/affarspress/Documents/Siemens_EGCI_Executive_summary_final.pdf



http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1222_web.pdf

http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1222_web.pdf

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/default.asp

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/default.asp

http://www.who.int/hia/green_economy/indicators_water.pdf

http://www.who.int/hia/green_economy/indicators_water.pdf

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/IDA/Resources/IDA-Sanitation-WaterSupply.pdf

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/IDA/Resources/IDA-Sanitation-WaterSupply.pdf

http://www.unep.org/documents.multilingual/default.asp?documentid=52

http://www.unep.org/documents.multilingual/default.asp?documentid=52

http://www.aalborgplus10.dk/default.aspx?m=2&i=42

http://www.aalborgplus10.dk/default.aspx?m=2&i=42

http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

http://www.iswa.org/

http://www.unicef.org/media/files/BACKGROUND_NOTE_ON_METHODOLOGY_FOR_UNDER-FIVE_MORTALITY_ESTIMATION_web.pdf



http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/crime-stats-2002-2010



http://www.oag.com/

107

[29] US EPA Reference Method 40 CFR 50, Appendix J. Available from: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol2-part50-appJ.pdf

[30] The Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems. Volume II http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/files/ambient/qaqc/2-11meth.pdf

[31] ICLEI HEAT software. Available from: http://heat.iclei.org

[32] Cities for Climate Protection Campaign. Available from: http://www.iclei.org/?id=11012

[33] United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2006) p. 27 Global monitoring, http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=9

[34] Poverty country threshold www.worldbank.org (search for PovertyNet) or access it directly at www.povertynet.org

[35] Ontario Municipal Benchmarking Initiative. OMBI www.ombi.ca

[36] ISO 1996-2:1987, Description and measurement of environmental noise — Part 2: Guide to the acquisition of data pertinent to land use

[37] ISO/TS 15666:2003, Acoustics — Assessment of noise annoyance by means of social and socio-acoustic surveys

[38] Cities Environment Reports on the Internet. Available from: www.ceroi.net

[39] ISO 26000:2010, Guidance on social responsibility

[40] Cities Environmental Reports on the Internet. CEROI http://www.ceroi.net/

[41] United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UN-Habitat) http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=9

[42] A Participatory Approach to Monitoring Slum Conditions http://www.itc.nl/library/papers_2005/conf/sliuzas_par.pdf

[43] Quickbird Data – Hoffman et al. http://www.commis-sion4.isprs.org/obia06/Papers/05_Automated%20classification %20Urban/OBIA2006_Hofmann_et_al.pdf Accessed on: March 6, 2007

[44] Reference Framework for Sustainable European Cities (RFSC) http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/news_en.html?id_news=436 http://www.rfsc.eu/

[45] UN Convention on the Rights of the Child http://www.unicef.ca/en/policy-advocacy-for-children/about-the-convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child

ISO 37120:2014


http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol2/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol2-part50-appJ.pdf



http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/files/ambient/qaqc/2-11meth.pdf

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/files/ambient/qaqc/2-11meth.pdf

http://heat.iclei.org

http://www.iclei.org/?id=11012

http://www.iclei.org/?id=11012

http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=9

http://www.worldbank.org

http://www.povertynet.org

http://www.ombi.ca

http://www.ceroi.net

http://www.ceroi.net

http://www.ceroi.net/

http://www.ceroi.net/



http://www.itc.nl/library/papers_2005/conf/sliuzas_par.pdf

http://www.itc.nl/library/papers_2005/conf/sliuzas_par.pdf

http://www.commission4.isprs.org/obia06/Papers/05_Automated%20classification

http://www.commission4.isprs.org/obia06/Papers/05_Automated%20classification

http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/news_en.html?id_news=436

http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/news_en.html?id_news=436

http://www.rfsc.eu/

http://www.rfsc.eu/

http://www.unicef.ca/en/policy-advocacy-for-children/about-the-convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child



108

[46] Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities http://www.eukn.org/E_library/Urban_Policy/Leipzig_Charter_on_Sustainable_European_Cities

[47] Toledo Declaration http://www.eukn.org/News/2010/June/Ministers_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_approve_the_Toledo_Declaration

[48] Management Consultants B.M.A. Draft BMA Municipal Study 2011. Available from: http://www.guelph.ca/uploads/finance//bmamunicipal-study.pdf.

[49] Enterprise Saskatchewan - Performance Indicators for Saskatchewan’s Economy [December 2010]. Available from: http://www.enterpris-esaskatchewan.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?DocID=8e4247d7-76c2-4dd0-b294-32ef0954804b&MediaID=ea287104-d6dc-46e8-890b a5877b37af5e&Filename=Performance+Indicators+for+Saskatchewan%27s+Economy+-+December+2010.pdf.

[50] Government of Alberta Municipal Affairs. Guide to property assess-ment and taxation in Alberta. Available from: http://www.municipalaf-fairs.alberta.ca/documents/as/AB_GuidePtyAssmt_finrev.pdf.

[51] International Labour Organization (ILO) - Unemployment. under-employment and inactivity indicators (KILM 9-13). Available from: http://kilm.ilo.org/2011/download/kilm09EN.pdf.

[52] International Labour Organization (ILO). Youth unemployment (KILM 10). Available from: http://kilm.ilo.org/2011/download/kilm10EN.pdf.

[53] Statistics Canada. A Brief Guide to the Business Register (BR) [July 2010]. Available from: http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb-bmdi/document/1105_D2_T1_V3-eng.pdf.

[54] Wikipedia. Gini Coefficient [accessed 2013-02-13]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient.

[55] World Bank. Measuring Inequality: Measuring Poverty [accessed 2013-02-13]. Available from: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20238991~menuPK:492138~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html

[56] World Bank. Unemployment, total (% of total labor force). Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS.

[57] Youth Employment Network. Indicator 2: Youth Unemployment Rate [updated 2011-02-08]. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/yen/whatwedo/projects/indicators/2.htm.

[58] Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Global Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene (WASH): Assessing Access to Water & Sanitation [accessed 2013-02-06]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/assessing.html.

ISO 37120:2014


http://www.eukn.org/E_library/Urban_Policy/Leipzig_Charter_on_Sustainable_European_Cities

http://www.eukn.org/E_library/Urban_Policy/Leipzig_Charter_on_Sustainable_European_Cities

http://www.eukn.org/News/2010/June/Ministers_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_approve_the_Toledo_Declaration

http://www.eukn.org/News/2010/June/Ministers_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_approve_the_Toledo_Declaration

http://www.guelph.ca/uploads/finance/bmamunicipalstudy.pdf

http://www.guelph.ca/uploads/finance/bmamunicipalstudy.pdf

http://www.enterprisesaskatchewan.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?DocID=8e4247d7-76c2-4dd0-b294-32ef0954804b&MediaID=ea287104-d6dc-46e8-890ba5877b37af5e&Filename=Performance+Indicators+for+Saskatchewan%27s+Economy+-+December+2010.pdf





http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/documents/as/AB_GuidePtyAssmt_finrev.pdf

http://www.municipalaffairs.alberta.ca/documents/as/AB_GuidePtyAssmt_finrev.pdf

http://kilm.ilo.org/2011/download/kilm09EN.pdf



http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb-bmdi/document/1105_D2_T1_V3-eng.pdf

http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb-bmdi/document/1105_D2_T1_V3-eng.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20238991~menuPK:492138~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html



http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/yen/whatwedo/projects/indicators/2.htm

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/yen/whatwedo/projects/indicators/2.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/assessing.html

http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/assessing.html

109

[59] United Nations Children’s Fund. Series Metadata: Goal 7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability [accessed 2013-02-06]. Available from: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=669.

[60] World Bank. Cape Verde [accessed 2013-02-06]. Available from:http://data.worldbank.org/country/cape-verde.

[61] World Bank. Improved Sanitation Facilities (% of Population with Access) [Chart] [accessed 2013-02-06]. Available from: http://data.world-bank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ACSN.

[62] World Health Organization. Population using improved sani-tation facilities (%). Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/indicatorregistry/App_Main/view_indicator.aspx?iid=9.

[63] ACE Electoral Knowledge Network. Guiding Principles of Voter Registration [accessed 2013-02-14]. Available from: http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/vr/vr20.

[64] IDEA (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance). Glossary [accessed 2013-02-14]. Available from: http://www.idea.int/vt/glossary.cfm#registration.

[65] Saraceno B., & Saxena S. Mental health resources in the world: results from Project Atlas of the WHO. World Psychiatry. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489823/.

[66] The World Health Organization. Facts on Mental Health. Available from: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/mental_health_facts/en/index9.html.

[67] The World Health Organization. Mental Health and Development: Targeting People with Mental Health Conditions as a Vulnerable Group. Available from: http://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/mhtargeting/development_targeting_mh_summary.pdf.

[68] The World Health Organization. Mental Health: a state of well-being. Available from: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/index.html.

[69] The World Health Organization. Mental Health Atlas 2011. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9799241564359_eng.pdf.

[70] The World Health Organization. What is mental health? Available from:http://www.who.int/features/qa/62/en/index.html.

[71] The World Health Organization. WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). Available from: http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/en/index.html.

ISO 37120:2014


http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=669

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=669

http://data.worldbank.org/country/cape-verde

http://data.worldbank.org/country/cape-verde

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ACSN

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ACSN

http://apps.who.int/gho/indicatorregistry/App_Main/view_indicator.aspx?iid=9

http://apps.who.int/gho/indicatorregistry/App_Main/view_indicator.aspx?iid=9

http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/vr/vr20

http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/vr/vr20

http://www.idea.int/vt/glossary.cfm#registration

http://www.idea.int/vt/glossary.cfm#registration

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489823/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1489823/

http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/mental_health_facts/en/index9.html

http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/mental_health_facts/en/index9.html

http://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/mhtargeting/development_targeting_mh_summary.pdf

http://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/mhtargeting/development_targeting_mh_summary.pdf

http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/index.html

http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/index.html

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9799241564359_eng.pdf

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9799241564359_eng.pdf

http://www.who.int/features/qa/62/en/index.html

http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/en/index.html

http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/en/index.html

110

[72] User’s Manual for the City Biodiversity Index. http://www.cbd.int/help/error404.shtml?aspxerrorpath=/authorities/doc/User’s%20Manual-for-the-City-Biodiversity%20Index27Sept2010.pdf

[73] Encyclopedia Britannica. (2013). Bird. Available from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/66391/bird

[74] Oxford Dictionaries. (2013). Birds. Available from: http://oxforddic-tionaries.com/definition/english/bird?q=bird.

[75] Encyclopedia Britannica. (2013). Butterfly. Available from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/86657/butterfly.

[76] Oxford Dictionaries. (2013). Butterfly. Available from: http://oxford-dictionaries.com/definition/english/butterfly.

[77] Encyclopedia Britannica. (2013). Definition of Vascular Plants. Available from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/463192/plant/66072/Vascular-plants.

[78] Air quality and health facts. World Health Organization. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/index.html

[79] Ozone. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Available from: http://www.airqualityontario.com/science/pollutants/ozone.php

[80] Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter Air Quality Indicators. Environment Canada. Available from: http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=En&n=9F4EBF11-1&offset=4&toc=show

[81] Conversion factors. Aarhus Universitet. Available from: http://www2.dmu.dk/AtmosphericEnvironment/Expost/database/docs/PPM_conversion.pdf

[82] ISO 14064-1:2006, Greenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guid-ance at the organization level for quantification and reporting of green-house gas emissions and removals

[83] ISO 14064-2:2006, Greenhouse gases — Part 2: Specification with guidance at the project level for quantification, monitoring and reporting of green-house gas emission reductions or removal enhancements

[84] ISO 14064-3:2006, Greenhouse gases — Part 3: Specification with guidance for the validation and verification of greenhouse gas assertions

[85] User’s Manual for the City Biodiversity Index. Available at: http://www.cbd.int/authorities/doc/User%27s%20Manual-for-the-City-Biodiversity-Index27Sept2010.pdf

[84] WHO – Life expectancy defintion http://www.who.int/topics/life_expectancy/en/

[85] ISO 15392:2008, Sustainability in building construction — General principles

ISO 37120:2014


http://www.cbd.int/help/error404.shtml?aspxerrorpath=/authorities/doc/User's%20Manual-for-the-City-Biodiversity%20Index27Sept2010.pdf



http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/66391/bird

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/66391/bird

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/bird?q=bird

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/bird?q=bird

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/86657/butterfly

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/86657/butterfly

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/butterfly

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/butterfly

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/463192/plant/66072/Vascular-plants

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/463192/plant/66072/Vascular-plants

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/index.html

http://www.airqualityontario.com/science/pollutants/ozone.php

http://www.airqualityontario.com/science/pollutants/ozone.php

http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=En&n=9F4EBF11-1&offset=4&toc=show

http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-indicators/default.asp?lang=En&n=9F4EBF11-1&offset=4&toc=show

http://www2.dmu.dk/AtmosphericEnvironment/Expost/database/docs/PPM_conversion.pdf



http://www.cbd.int/authorities/doc/User%27s%20Manual-for-the-City-Biodiversity-Index27Sept2010.pdf



http://www.who.int/topics/life_expectancy/en/

http://www.who.int/topics/life_expectancy/en/

ICS 13.020.20

International Organization for StandardizationISO Central Secretariat1, chemin de la Voie-Creuse Case postale 56CH-1211 Genève 20 Switzerlandwww.iso.org
