isotope formulae, electron configurations & orbital diagrams
DESCRIPTION
Isotope Formulae, Electron Configurations & Orbital Diagrams. Isotope Formulae. Provide element’s symbol Mass number mass# = #p + + #n written as a superscript to the left Atomic number atomic# = #p + or #e - written as a subscript to the left. Mass#. X. Atomic#. 12. C. 6. 13. C. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Isotope Formulae, Electron
Configurations & Orbital Diagrams
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Isotope Formulae•Provide element’s symbol•Mass number
–mass# = #p+ + #n–written as a superscript to the left
•Atomic number–atomic# = #p+ or #e-
–written as a subscript to the left
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Isotope Formulae
XMass#Atomic#
C126
Carbon has two naturally occurring isotopes:carbon-12 and carbon-13
C136
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Isotope FormulaeGive the isotope formula for each of thefollowing:
H311. Hydrogen with 2 neutrons
2. Fluorine with 9 neutrons
3. Uranium with 143 neutrons
F189
U23592
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Valence Electron(s)•The electron(s) farthest
from the nucleus or in the outermost energy level.
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Aufbau Principle•Comes from German word
meaning “to build”•Electrons will occupy lower
energy orbitals first
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
•An atomic orbital can hold at most two electrons.
•If an atomic orbital holds two electrons, they must have opposite spins.
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Hund’s Rule•When filling atomic orbitals
of equal energy, place electrons with parallel spins in the orbitals first. Then, place the oppositely spinning electrons in to the orbitals.
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Electron Configurations•Also describe where
electrons live within an atom•It’s like a translation of
quantum numbers.•They give the energy level,
atomic orbital, and number of electrons residing in the orbital and energy level.
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Electron Configurations
•Energy level–May be any positive integer– Just like the principal quantum number
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Electron Configurations
•Atomic Orbital or Sublevel–Represented by letters: s, p, d, f
–Translates azimuthal number and magnetic number
–s is the same as l = 0–p is the same as l = 1–d is the same as l = 2–f is the same as l = 3
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Electron Configurations
•Number of Electrons– in either an atomic orbital or a sublevel
–max of 2 in the s sublevel–max of 6 in the p sublevel–max of 10 in the d sublevel–max of 14 in the f sublevel
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Electron Configurations
•Use the periodic table to guide you in writing electron configurations.
•Find the link between 2,6,10, and 14 and the periodic table.
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Electron Configurations• Hydrogen
1s1
energy level
sublevel/orbital
# of electrons
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Electron Configurations
•Write the e- configurations of the next 9 elements (through Ne).
1s2He…1s22s1
Li…1s22s2
Be…1s22s22p1
B…
Look at the sumof the superscripts…
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Electron Configurations1s22s22p2C…1s22s22p3N…1s22s22p4O…1s22s22p5
F…1s22s22p6
Ne…
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Electron Configurations
•Shorthand configurations are written by assuming that you can let the symbol of the noble gas preceding the valence electrons represent the e- configuration to that point.
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Electron Configurations…shorthand
1s2He…[He]2s1Li…[He]2s2Be…[He]2s22p1B…[He]2s22p2
C…
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Electron Configurations…shorthand
[He]2s22p3
N…[He]
2s22p4O…
[He] 2s22p5F…[He] 2s22p6Ne…
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Electron Configurations…shorthand
[Ne]3s1Na…[Ne]
3s23p2Si…
[Ne] 3s23p5Cl…[Ne] 3s23p6Ar…
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Electron Configurations…shorthand
[Ar]4s2Ca…[Ar] 4s23d1Sc…[Ar] 4s23d5Mn…[Ar]
4s23d104p4Se…
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Electron Configurations…shorthand
[Kr] 5s24d105p5I…[Xe] 6s25d1La…[Xe] 6s25d14f1Ce…[Xe] 6s24f145d10Hg…
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Exceptional Electron Configurations…
shorthand[Ar]
4s23d4Cr…
[Ar] 4s23d9Cu…[Kr]
5s24d4Mo…
[Kr] 5s24d9Ag…
[Ar]
4s13d5[Ar]
4s13d10[Kr]
5s14d5[Kr]
5s14d10
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Orbital Diagrams• Show the electron configuration
while illustrating the Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund’s Rule
• Place energy on the y-axis• Use lines to represent orbitals• Use up and down arrows to
indicate spin
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Orbital Diagrams (template)
E
1s
2s
2px 2py 2pz
3px 3py 3pz
3s
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Orbital Diagram for H
E
1s
2s
2px 2py 2pz
3px 3py 3pz
3s
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Orbital Diagram for He
E
1s
2s
2px 2py 2pz
3px 3py 3pz
3s
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Orbital Diagram for Be
E
1s
2s
2px 2py 2pz
3px 3py 3pz
3s
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Orbital Diagram for C
E
1s
2s
2px 2py 2pz
3px 3py 3pz
3s
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Orbital Diagram for O
E
1s
2s
2px 2py 2pz
3px 3py 3pz
3s
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Orbital Diagram for P
E
1s
2s
2px 2py 2pz
3px 3py 3pz
3s
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Wrap-Up•Write the electron
configuration for nitrogen.•Write the orbital diagram for
nitrogen.