Israel/Palestine - Six-Day Israel/Palestine - Six-Day WarWar

following the Suez Crisis following the Suez Crisis Palestinians remained a Palestinians remained a marginalized populationmarginalized population

conditions in Gaza conditions in Gaza particularly bad; particularly bad; Palestinians in West Palestinians in West Bank resisted efforts by Bank resisted efforts by Jordan to integrate Jordan to integrate

Palestinians had viewed Palestinians had viewed Pan-Arabism as a way Pan-Arabism as a way to resolve their struggle to resolve their struggle with Israelwith Israel

under Yasser Arafat’s under Yasser Arafat’s leadership Fatah came leadership Fatah came to dominate the to dominate the Palestinian causePalestinian cause

Fatah principlesFatah principles

Palestinians alone Palestinians alone responsible for their responsible for their fatefate

priority of priority of Palestinian liberation Palestinian liberation over Arab unityover Arab unity

armed struggle to armed struggle to achieve goalachieve goal

Fatah part of global Fatah part of global anti-imperialist anti-imperialist causecause

AssifaAssifa

rivalry between Fatah and rivalry between Fatah and PLO - Artafat boycott of PLO PLO - Artafat boycott of PLO meeting in East Jerusalemmeeting in East Jerusalem

some Fatah members some Fatah members attracted to PLO attracted to PLO

Fatah battle group Assifa (the Fatah battle group Assifa (the Storm) attacked the National Storm) attacked the National Water Carrier Canal in IsraelWater Carrier Canal in Israel

plan failed, but resulting plan failed, but resulting publicity increased support publicity increased support for Fatah and Arafatfor Fatah and Arafat

further attacks by Assifa - further attacks by Assifa - eleven Israelis killed; eleven Israelis killed; provocative attacks prepare provocative attacks prepare way for Six-Day Warway for Six-Day War

Path to WarPath to War

Israeli PM Eskol invited Israeli PM Eskol invited “hawks” Menachem “hawks” Menachem Begin and Moshe Dayan Begin and Moshe Dayan to join his cabinet in to join his cabinet in 19671967

hawks favored war in hawks favored war in order to expand Israeli order to expand Israeli territory and make it territory and make it more defensiblemore defensible

Palestinians also favored Palestinians also favored war to regain their landswar to regain their lands

Lebanon and Jordan Lebanon and Jordan rejected war; while rejected war; while Nasser publicly Nasser publicly advocated war, he advocated war, he privately considered the privately considered the consequences of defeatconsequences of defeat

Cross-border conflictsCross-border conflicts

conflicts on the Syrian/Israeli conflicts on the Syrian/Israeli border - water rights; aerial border - water rights; aerial combatcombat

Palestinians carried out raids Palestinians carried out raids on Israel from southern on Israel from southern Lebanon and JordanLebanon and Jordan

in reprisal for the killing of in reprisal for the killing of Israeli soldiers in Jerusalem Israeli soldiers in Jerusalem the IDF launched amajor the IDF launched amajor attack on the village of attack on the village of Samu in the West BankSamu in the West Bank

homes, mosque demolished homes, mosque demolished and 50 Jordanian forces, and 50 Jordanian forces, killed or injuredkilled or injured

Hussein almost overthrownHussein almost overthrown

reflecting Cold War reflecting Cold War rivalries Israel and its rivalries Israel and its enemies received arms enemies received arms from both the Soviet Union from both the Soviet Union and the Westand the West

U.S., (Johnson) West U.S., (Johnson) West Germany, France provided Germany, France provided weaponsweapons

Soviet Union supplied SyriaSoviet Union supplied Syria

with Soviet backing Egypt with Soviet backing Egypt and Syria entered defense and Syria entered defense pact in 1966pact in 1966

based on false information based on false information supplied by the Soviets supplied by the Soviets Nasser prepared for war - Nasser prepared for war - UN observers were asked UN observers were asked to withdraw from Sinaito withdraw from Sinai

Six-Day War 1967Six-Day War 1967

U Thant, UN Secretary U Thant, UN Secretary General, agreed to General, agreed to withdraw observerswithdraw observers

Nasser closed Strait of Nasser closed Strait of TiranTiran

considered an act of war considered an act of war by Israelby Israel

waiting period - Hussein waiting period - Hussein agreement with Nasser; agreement with Nasser; Arab nations promised Arab nations promised solidarity with Egyptsolidarity with Egypt

Israel planned attackIsrael planned attack

advantage Israel - highly advantage Israel - highly trained, highly motivated trained, highly motivated forces; superior weaponry; forces; superior weaponry; surprise attacksurprise attack

Arab countries lacked Arab countries lacked coordination and motivation coordination and motivation - Jordan a reluctant - Jordan a reluctant participantparticipant

quick victory essential for quick victory essential for IsraelIsrael

June 5, 1967 Israeli’s June 5, 1967 Israeli’s targeted Egyptian airbases targeted Egyptian airbases and communication networkand communication network

309 of 340 Egyptian aircraft 309 of 340 Egyptian aircraft were destroyedwere destroyed

IDF advanced across Sinai IDF advanced across Sinai to Suez Canalto Suez Canal

within days Israel within days Israel now occupied now occupied Sinai, Gaza, West Sinai, Gaza, West Bank - including Bank - including East JerusalemEast Jerusalem

tensions tensions mounted mounted between the U.S. between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.and the U.S.S.R.

with the West with the West Bank secured, Bank secured, Israel accepted a Israel accepted a ceasefire - Jordan ceasefire - Jordan and Egypt had and Egypt had already accepted already accepted the ceasefire the ceasefire proposalproposal

despite the ceasefire Israel despite the ceasefire Israel attacked the Golan Heights in attacked the Golan Heights in SyriaSyria

U.S. (Johnson) condemnation U.S. (Johnson) condemnation of the actionof the action

off the coast of Gaza an off the coast of Gaza an intelligence-gathering ship, intelligence-gathering ship, the USS Liberty was attacked the USS Liberty was attacked by Israeli planesby Israeli planes

205 of crew were killed or 205 of crew were killed or woundedwounded

planned by Dayan? Israelis planned by Dayan? Israelis claimed it was all a terrible claimed it was all a terrible mistakemistake

Israelis now struck and Israelis now struck and captured the Golan Heights - captured the Golan Heights - 10 June10 June

After the warAfter the war

major loss of major loss of forces and forces and equipment on Arab equipment on Arab side; Israelis lost side; Israelis lost only 779 soldiersonly 779 soldiers

Israel had captured Israel had captured Sinai, West Bank, Sinai, West Bank, Gaza and the Gaza and the Golan HeightsGolan Heights

captured territories captured territories under military under military occupationoccupation

Jerusalem was Jerusalem was made Israel’s made Israel’s capitalcapital

Six-Day War greatly Six-Day War greatly added to the Palestinian added to the Palestinian refugee problemrefugee problem

some 323,000 new some 323,000 new refugees from the refugees from the occupied territoriesoccupied territories

war, however, helped to war, however, helped to strengthen sense of strengthen sense of Palestinian unityPalestinian unity

Arafat’s Fatah-Arafat’s Fatah-dominated PLO policy of dominated PLO policy of aggressive nationalism aggressive nationalism now held sway - Pan-now held sway - Pan-Arabism had failedArabism had failed

greater international greater international focus on the plight of focus on the plight of the Palestinian peoplethe Palestinian people

Resolution 242Resolution 242

following war, hawks following war, hawks and doves on both and doves on both sidessides

doves willing to doves willing to exchange land for exchange land for peace - Israeli PM peace - Israeli PM Eshkol, King Hussein, Eshkol, King Hussein, NasserNasser

hawks, no compromise hawks, no compromise attitude - Israel’s attitude - Israel’s Menachem Begin and Menachem Begin and SyriaSyria

Arab summit, Arab summit, September 1967 September 1967 adopted ‘three-noes’adopted ‘three-noes’

Resolution 242Resolution 242

British-worded British-worded compromisecompromise

resolution stated resolution stated illegality of conquestillegality of conquest

Israel must return Israel must return ‘territories occupied’ ‘territories occupied’ - abiguity, all or - abiguity, all or some?some?

land for peace basis land for peace basis for resolution of for resolution of conflictconflict

by 1970 Israel had by 1970 Israel had accepted Resolutionaccepted Resolution

Syria strongly against Syria strongly against Resolution 242 Resolution 242 proposalsproposals

Arafat and the Arafat and the Palestinians also Palestinians also rejected the Resolutionrejected the Resolution

all stolen Palestinian all stolen Palestinian land should be land should be returnedreturned

Israel’s neighbors Israel’s neighbors would ultimately would ultimately accept the principle of accept the principle of ‘land for peace’‘land for peace’

some in the Palestinian some in the Palestinian movement would also movement would also accept this principleaccept this principle