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CSI CommunicationsKnowledge Digest for IT Community

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Volume No. 40 | Issue No. 9 | December 2016 ` 50/-

SECURITY CORNERRemote Sensors and Information Security 29

ARTICLEBrain Tumor Segmentation 31

COVER STORYEmerging Patterns ofGeographical Information Science 9

TECHNICAL TRENDSUAV: The Current Trend in the Aerial Imaging 21

RESEARCH FRONTSemi-supervised and CrowdsourcingApproach for Situation Awareness duringDisaster Events 23

REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Join CSI : India’s Largest Society of IT Professionals

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• Coverstory• Technical Trends• Reserach Front• Articles• Innovations in IT• Security Corner• Practioner Workbench• brain Teaser• Chapter Reports• Student branch reports

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C S I C O M M U N I C A T I O N S | D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 6

CSI Nihilent eGovernance Awards 2016AWARD WINNERS

State Category Awards � Award of Excellence : State of Rajasthan, State of

Telangana � Award of Recognition : State of Odisha –Progressive

State, State of Nagaland – NE StatesSustenance Category AwardsAward of Appreciation : � Integrated Odisha Treasury Management System

(iOTMS), Department of Finance, Govt. of Odisha � Electronic Payment and Application System of

Scholarships (ePASS), Govt. of Andhra Pradesh

Project Category Awards – Govt. of India ProjectsAward of Excellence : � Court Case Management System, Central Electricity

Regulatory Commission, New Delhi � SUGAM – an eGovernance Solution, Central Drug

Research and Standards Organization, New Delhi & CDAC, Noida

Award of Appreciation : � Mobile Services Gateway, Ministry of Electronic and

Information Technology, New Delhi & CDAC, Mumbai � e-Project Appraisal and Continuing Enhancements,

National Highways Infrastructure & Development Corporation Ltd, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, New Delhi

� InamPro, National Highways Infrastructure & Development Corporation Ltd, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi

� Electronic Project Proposal Management System, Science & Engineering Research Board, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi & CDAC, Noida

Project Category Awards – From StatesAward of Excellence: � IT initiatives in MP State Election Commission- A

paradigm shift, Election Commission, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

� Citizen Friendly Services Transport, Road Transport Authority, Govt. of Telangana,

� e-GRAS integrated with e-Stamping, Finance Department, Govt. of Haryana

� VarnijYakar Automation System, Department of Commercial Taxes, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh & NIC UP State Unit

� Village Profile and Taluka Planning Atlas, General Administration Department, Govt. of Gujarat

� “AAPURTI” – Uttar Pradesh Public Distribution System, Food and Civil Supplies Department, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh& NIC UP State Unit

� SARAL (Systematic Administrative Reforms for Achieving Learning by Students), School Education

Department, Govt. of Maharashtra � HYDCOP (Empowering frontline Police Officers),

Hyderabad Police Commissionerate, Govt. of Telangana � Smart Energy Infrastructure and Revenue Administration

System (SEITRA), Bihar State Power Holding Company Ltd, Govt. of Bihar

� i-Budget- Integrated Budget Application, Finance Department, Govt. of West Bengal

� e-District, Haryana, Department of Electronics and Information technology, Govt. of Haryana

Award of Appreciation: � Haryana- Social Security Pension Schemes through

DBT, Social Justice and Empowerment Department, Govt. of Haryana

� “SAKSHAM” The e-Scholarship, Department of IT & Electronics and NIC UP State Unit, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh

� Rani Lakshmi Bai Mahila Samman Khosh Portal, Department of Women Welfare and NIC UP State Unit, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh

� One Stop Clearance System @Invest Punjab, Department of Investment Promotion, Govt. of Punjab

� Intelligent Transport System, Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation, Govt. of Karnataka

� iBhugoal- Roads, Rural Works Department, Govt. of Bihar

� Core Treasury System (EKOSH), Department of Finance, Govt. of Uttarakhand

Award of Recognition : � Skill Young India Portal for Skilling Sikkim & North East,

Department of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Govt. of Sikkim

� GIS based Planning and Monitoring System for the Gram panchayats, Panchayat and Rural Development Department, Govt. of West Bengal

� eRevenue, Office of the Collector, North Goa, Govt. of Goa

� Performance Measurement System, State Crime Records Bureau, Govt. of Rajasthan

� Vidhan Sabha Prashnottar Pranali, Vidhan Sabha Secretariat, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh

� Jan Dhan PDS, Consumer Affairs, Food & Civil Supplies Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh

� Citizen Centric Services under the Portal e-Cooperatives, Department of Cooperation, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh

� e-Agriculture Scheme Monitoring Information System, Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Bihar

� AMMA Land Records Online Mutation for Title transfer, Department of Survey & Settlements, Govt. of Tamil Nadu

� Electronic Benefit Transfer Portal, Finance Department, Govt. of Kerala

3 C S I C O M M U N I C A T I O N S | D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 6

CSI COMMUNICATIONS

Please note:CSI Communications is published by Computer Society of India, a non-profit organization. Views and opinions expressed in the CSI Communications are those of individual authors, contributors and advertisers and they may differ from policies and official statements of CSI. These should not be construed as legal or professional advice. The CSI, the publisher, the editors and the contributors are not responsible for any decisions taken by readers on the basis of these views and opinions.Although every care is being taken to ensure genuineness of the writings in this publication, CSI Communications does not attest to the originality of the respective authors’ content. © 2012 CSI. All rights reserved.Instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for non-commercial classroom use without fee. For any other copying, reprint or republication, permission must be obtained in writing from the Society. Copying for other than personal use or internal reference, or of articles or columns not owned by the Society without explicit permission of the Society or the copyright owner is strictly prohibited.

P L U SCSI Annual Conventions : Some Snapshots 7Application Form for Individual / Life Membership 26CSI Adhyayan: Call for Articles 28Brain Teaser 40CSI Reports 41CSI IT-2020 Conference and IT Innovation and Excellence Award 2016 44Student Branches News 45

ContentsCover StoryEmerging Patterns of Geographical Information ScienceNarayan Panigrahi

9

Open Source Geospatial Technology for Developing Web Enabled Park GISArati Paul, Debasish Chakraborty and Dibyendu Dutta

12

Remote Sensing Data an aid for Smart CitiesJaya Saxena

14

Municipal Taxation and Q-GISK. P. Chaudhari and S. N. Kakarwal

16

Role of GIS in Travel & Tourism Digital Guide DevelopmentRikita D. Patel

18

Technical TrendsUAV: The Current Trend in the Aerial ImagingKoshy George and Vishnukumar S.

21

Research FrontSemi-supervised and Crowdsourcing Approach for Situation Awareness during Disaster EventsNeha Pandey and S Natarajan

23

Security CornerRemote Sensors and Information SecurityV. Rajendran

29

ArticlesBrain Tumor SegmentationRupal R. Agravat and Mehul S. Raval

31

A Study on Open Source Software in Health Care SystemShikha Agrawal and Jitendra Agrawal

36

Printed and Published by Mr. Sanjay Mohapatra on Behalf of Computer Society of India, Printed at G.P. Offset Pvt. Ltd. Unit-81, Plot-14, Marol Co-Op. Industrial Estate, off Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri (East), Mumbai 400059 and Published from Computer Society of India, Samruddhi Venture Park, Unit-3, 4th Floor, Marol Industrial Area, Andheri (East), Mumbai 400 093. Tel. : 022-2926 1700 • Fax : 022-2830 2133 • Email : [email protected] Chief Editor: Prof. A. K. Nayak

Chief EditorPROF. A. K. NAYAK

EditorPROF. VIPIN TYAGI

Published byMR. SANJAY MOHAPATRAFor Computer Society of India

Design, Print and Dispatch byGP OFFSET PVT. LTD.

VOLUME NO. 40 • ISSUE NO. 9 • DECEMBER 2016


www.csi-india.org 4


Dear Fellow CSI Members,Since time man has always tried to reach greater heights, to observe various phenomena

on the earth surface, e.g. to decide habitat places, farming. This inquisitiveness to get a bird’s eye view prompted man to take photographs of earth from elevated platforms. So, the initial photographs of earth were captured from elevated platforms on the surface of the earth. Then the platform moved to balloons and now satellites are used to take photographs. Remote sensing and Geographic information systems (GIS) is a combination of computer-based information systems and geographical systems to enable acquisition, analysis, and modelling of static and dynamic environmental information in digital form.

Keeping in mind the importance of Remote Sensing and GIS in today’s context, the publication committee of Computer Society of India, selected the theme of CSI Communications (The Knowledge Digest for IT Community) December 2016 issue as “Remote Sensing and GIS”.

In this issue, Cover Story contains first article “Emerging Patterns of Geographical Information Science” by N. Panigrahi that discusses the emergence of GISc and its allied scientific principles. Next cover story “Open Source Geospatial Technology for Developing Web Enabled Park GIS” by A. Paul, D. Chakraborty and D. Dutta provides the concept of web enabled Park GIS with an example of Kolkata city developed using FOSSGIS. Next J. Saxena describes the importance of remote sensing data in development of smart cities in transforming their managements to a more efficient level in cover story “Remote Sensing Data an aid for Smart Cities”. Next “Municipal Taxation and Q-GIS” by K. P. Chaudhari and S. N. Kakarwal provides an application of GIS in municipal taxation system. Cover story “Role of GIS in Travel & Tourism Digital Guide Development” by R. D. Patel explains the role of GIS in the development of digital guide based on GIS.

Technical Trends contains “UAV: The Current Trend in the Aerial Imaging” by K. George and Vishnukumar S. that presents development and growth in the field of UAVs and UAV imaging.

In Research Front, we have included “Semi-supervised and Crowdsourcing Approach for Situation Awareness during Disaster Events” by N. Pandey and S Natarajan that has proposed a prototype solution to provide situation awareness during and post disaster event using semi-supervised machine learning technique and creating interactive openstreet maps for crowdsourcing the user data providing threat and relief information.

Security Corner contains “Remote Sensors and Information Security” by V. Rajendran that describes various aspects of information security required while using remote sensors.

In Article category, the first article “Brain Tumor Segmentation- Towards a better life” by R. R. Agravat and M. S. Raval gives various basic segmentation techniques followed by atlas and probabilistic methods, deformable methods and machine learning methods. Next article “A Study on Open Source Software in Health Care System” by S. Agrawal and J. Agrawal has provided an overview of various open source software used in health care systems.

This issue also contains Crossword, CSI activity reports from chapters, student branches and Calendar of events.

We have tried our best to follow election code of conduct in this issue. I am thankful to Chair-Publication Committee and entire ExecCom for their continuous support in bringing this issue successfully.

On behalf of publication committee, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all authors and reviewers for their contributions and support to this issue.

I hope this issue will be successful in providing useful information related to Remote Sensing and GIS to our readers. The next issue of CSI Communications will be on the theme “Applications of IT”. We invite the contributions from CSI members on various applications of IT.

Finally, we look forward to receive the feedback, contribution, criticism, suggestions from our esteemed members and readers at [email protected] kind regards,Editor

EditorialPresidentDr. Anirban [email protected]

Vice-PresidentMr. Sanjay [email protected]

Hon. SecretaryProf. A. K. [email protected]

Hon. TreasurerMr. R. K. [email protected]

Nomination Committee (2016-2017)Mr. Ved Parkash Goel

Dr. Santosh Kumar Yadav

Mr. Sushant Rath

Regional Vice-PresidentsRegion-IMr. Shiv [email protected]

Region-IIMr. Devaprasanna [email protected]

Region-IIIProf. Vipin [email protected]

Region-IVMr. Hari Shankar [email protected]

Region-VMr. Raju L. [email protected]

Region-VIDr. Shirish S. [email protected]

Region-VIIDr. K. [email protected]

Division ChairpersonsDivision-I : HardwareProf. M. N. [email protected]

Division-II : SoftwareProf. P. [email protected]

Division-III : ApplicationsMr. Ravikiran [email protected]

Division-IV : CommunicationsDr. Durgesh Kumar [email protected]

Division-V : Education and ResearchDr. Suresh C. [email protected]

Publications CommitteeChairmanProf. A. K. [email protected]

Know Your CSIExecutive Committee (2016-17/18)

President’s Message

Dr. Anirban Basu, Bangalore, [email protected]


01 December 2016

Greetings!The month of November has been eventful for CSI and for me. I attended ICANN 57 in Hyderabad on November 5 and attended the inauguration function. ICANN 57 was inaugurated by Hon’ble Minister Mr Ravi Shankar Prasad in presence of several dignitaries. I had the opportunity to meet senior officials of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEIT) of the Government of India and other office members of ICANN and discuss possibility of association with CSI.The SEARCC International Schools Software Competition 2016 (ISSC 2016) was held from November 4-6 at Bangalore. Prizes were given on November 6. Teams from Australia, Taiwan and India participated and there was close contest among the teams.Like every year, SIG-eGov has been busy in selecting the best projects in e-governance the CSI Nihilent e-Governance awards. The “Finalists Presentations” were held on November 11-12, 2016 at IIIT, Hyderabad and there were a number of presentations from different states. The awards will be given during CSI 2016 function in Coimbatore.The International Conference on ICT in Business, Industry, and Government (ICTBIG) was organized by Computer Society of India (CSI), ACM, and IEEE at Sri Aurobindo Institute of Technology, Indore during November 18-19, 2016. I was present in the inaugural function on Nov 18 and delivered my address.CSI Ranchi Chapter organized the 5th International Conference on Automation and Information Technology in Iron and Steel Making on November 26-27, 2016 and I was invited to take part in the inaugural session. A number of experts from different parts of the world shared their expertise. CSI-IEEE Education Awards is in the last stage of finalization and the winner will be announced soon. The award will be presented during CSI 2016 at Coimbatore.Our application for becoming REP of Project Management Institute (PMI) has been sent for vetting by PMI office in Singapore. We hope to know their decision soon. Becoming an REP will be extremely beneficial to CSI as the Chapters can conduct PMP trainings. This will help the Chapters as well as our Members.We are in the process of finalizing a MOU with IBM for conducting trainings in advanced areas for the student community.The resource persons for conducting seminars and trainings in CSI Student Branches have been selected and the list compiled. The CSI Student Branches can invite them to deliver talks and conduct workshops in their college.We are all waiting to participate in the Annual Convention CSI 2016 to held during December 8-10 at Coimbatore. There are a number of interesting speakers during the conference and a variety of seminars, meetings etc.. We hope to see our members in Coimbatore.

With best wishes,

Dr. Anirban BasuPresident, CSI


Dear Friends and Colleagues,Warm Greetings !We are on the edge of completing one more year in the journey of >>> Computer Society of India ( CSI ). We as a team strived for the growth of the society with the motivation from valuable members of CSI across the nation. Many developmental activities had been initiated and implemented in this year with the extreme support from all the chapters, SB’s and IM’s. On behalf of the Computer Society of India, it gives me great pleasure in welcoming you to the 51st Annual convention of CSI being held at Coimbatore on the theme “Digitial Connectivity - Social Impact” which is in line with the Government of India’s vision to empower our society through Technology.The convention is being hosted by the Coimbatore Chapter for the First time. The Organising team has worked very hard to line up an exceptional series of sessions and activities for the delegates.The elaborate program has been designed to cover various verticals of the domain. A galaxy of renowned practitioners from top notch corporates including IBM (USA), GE, Microsoft, HCL, Deloitte, TCS, Adobe, Amazon etc. will be providing enriching talks. The technical sessions will have an equal measure of enlightening talks by academicians from some of the best institutions including IITs (Bombay, Hyderabad, Kharagpur), IMSc-Chennai and IISc. The Pre-convention tutorial content has been selected with relevance to current changes happening in the domain and promises to foster deliberations for betterment.We again thank our esteemed members by giving us this opportunity to serve the society at various levels. We once again request all the members to recollect the developments undertaken this year under the leadership of our Hon. President. We as a team promise all the members that the same level of commitment and studious efforts will be delivered towards the society’s growth in the coming years as well. I whole heartedly request all the stakeholders of this esteemed organization to contribute in whatever way possible to promote the society and its activities.

Welcome to Coimbatore. Welcome to CSI-2016.Advance Season’s Greetings with all good wishes for the New Year!!For feedback & suggestions please write to - [email protected].

With regards

Sanjay MohapatraVice President, CSI

Appeal to all CSI MembersAll members of CSI are requested to update their personal details such as mobile number, latest email address, address for communication and other details in the CSI membership database, if there is any change. This will help CSI to serve its members better. The change request must be supported by valid supporting proof for the change requested.The members must provide the following details along with the request:1. Member’s Name2. Membership No.3. Old Communication Address with registered email-id

(with CSI) and Mobile no.4. New Communication Address with email-id and Mobile

no.Please send the request with any one of the following document/s duly signed by the member for updating database at CSI HQ either by registered post at CSI HQ OR

through email to CSI HQ with copy to concerned RVP for necessary correction / change in details at : [email protected] following documents would be accepted for change request:Voter ID Card / Aadhaar Card / Passport / Bank (Nationalised) Pass Book with photo / Credit Card with Photo / Driving Licence

Prof . A . K . NayakHony. Secretary

www.csi-india.org 6


Vice President’s desk

CSI Annual Conventions : Some Snapshots Devaprasanna Sinha

Fellow, Computer Society of India and RVP-II, CSI Formerly, Director, Cad Cam Consultants Pvt. Ltd, Kolkata

CSI 2016, Annual Convention of Computer Society of India, is in the offing. Being an pro-active ardent worker in varied levels of Computer Society of India (CSI), in general and the Kolkata Chapter, in particular, I stand to be an witness to many events during the last four decades of Computer Society of India. I still advocate for CSI, in different fora for the spread of computer literacy and by applications at all levels, from time to time, and have observed the role of CSI through their chapters, divisions and the like. The present write-up may be taken as a sequel to what I wrote earlier in the CSI Communications.

I often say and sometimes, harp on the what the seniors belonging to the society and in the profession for many years should write, from time to time, through these Communications, not only to show and prove the impact of societies like ours on the development of computer sciences and technology and also information technology in different parts of India, through different ages and phases, but also to present an anthology/collection of thoughts prevailing during the years. There are few books and some writings available here and there on this score. Substantially a number of persons worked in various establishments and their contributions hardly afford to be overlooked, rather to be documented with great esteem. It is true that we, though advising at different levels of systems and at different levels, hardly tend to preserve or archive our works through the history, unlike the western world. We talk about our posterity and legacy with pride, but hardly sometimes back up with authentic data. We talk more about the history of other disciplines, but not concerned with the history of this ever changing and emerging discipline. Some of our stalwarts are no more. Possibly, they have left the huge tasks of writing the same to the fairly young generations who, in turn, should write and create the history through oral history and can provide a shape to form a part of the curricula in the subsequent years, without belittling them as part of quizzes and entertainments only.

CSI Annual Conventions are always great events of CSI, truly mirroring the aims and objectives of the Society with its today’s redefined mission and future vision. The Society thrives to encompass almost all activities related to this discipline. Even in these days of speedy and pervading internet, a person wishes to meet in person and exchanges his thoughts and ideas, possibly to know him; accordingly, Annual Conventions have become more than rituals. We have had more than fifty conventions and the happenings are the sources for the big depository of history. This year it is held in Coimbatore, another southern city. One should mention and remember as well that out of the first six Conventions of CSI, as many as four were held in the southern cities. It is an accepted fact that IT applications in different areas, rather computerization, in the beginning, had a kick-start in the southern areas in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu.

The history also tells us that the first computer was installed at ISI. Kolkata in 1953-54. Indeed, the first second-generation indigenous computer ISIJU was built and commissioned at Jadavpur University in April 1966 (the first first-genertion indigenous TIFRAC in TIFR, Bombay). Thereafter Kolkata missed the bus for reasons known to many. Bengaluru is now regarded is the de facto computer capital of the country on different scores. Yet, one finds a lot of computer cities and these days smart cities are coming up.

While we talk about the history and its preparation, one must take into account its very important component, the personalia, apart from organisations, topics, events, ambience, etc. A separate mammoth exercise has become imperative now to prepare this list with their works. Researchers and educators may celebrate the centenary or even bicentenary of yesteryears scientists who are considered the pioneers of this discipline; yet, they ought to engage themselves who have excelled in this discipline and contributed effectively to evolve and live today’s digital era.

I first attended the CSI Convention

in 1976 at Hyderabad. It was held in Institution of Engineers and Academic Staff College of India. I read a paper on Approximation Theory in front of a mike - no overhead or powerpoint presentation. CSI-78 was held at Calcutta. Many of us remember that the Regional Computer Centre was established in 1976 in Calcutta with Burroughs 6738 System to provide the high-end computing facility, primarily to educational and research institutions, to governments and commercial organisations. Remote connections with Mecon, Ranchi (Mr R K Sandhir who later became the Chairman of Ranchi Chapter was there at that time) was launched and shown to CSI delegates at Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata. Since then, I attended all CSI Conventions in Kolkata and some, outside Kolkata.

This year the 51st Annual convention will be held in Coimbatore, another major city in Tamil Nadu, from December 8-10, 2016 with the focal theme DIGITAL CONNECTIVITY – SOCIAL IMPACT. Coimbatore Chapter was formed as early in 1984-85 (the 26th Chapter at that time). It has organised from time to time, many programmes – the first programme possibly in September, 1984, a two-day programme on Computers in Business. Dr. A Shanmugasundaram, Chairman of the Chapter, inaugurated the programme. As many as 22 senior and middle level executives from different organisations attended the programme. It is interesting to mention here, may be as part of nostalgia, demonstration of accounts receivable package was demonstrated on a DCM computer. With the events like Intra-college Symposium in 2006, Workshop in Cloud Computing Tools in 2014, these activities in the Coimbatore Chapter continue unabated. We look forward to listening to the distinguished speakers from both academic institutions and industries on diverse topics with greater participation of delegates across the country.

There is no denying the fact the contents and formats of Annual Conventions should change with its changing coverage and emphasis. In



the first Annual Convention held in ISI, Calcutta from December 15-17, 1965, 21 papers were presented in four technical sessions. There was a panel discussion, chairman being Professor P V S Rao, TIFR, Bombay with recorder being Lt. Col. Balasubramanian, from DRDL, Hyderabad. I find now more than five hundred papers were received for presentation in the last Annual Convention in New Delhi, out of which a substantial numbers of papers were read in the convention in various sessions. In the Annual Convention of 1990, Exhibition of computers, and allied products, with books stole the show. In the last Annual Convention held in Kolkata from December 1-2, 2012, we have also noticed a change that, in addition to the focal theme, the announcement of International Conference on Intelligent Structure.

Over these years, more and more different categories of awards, not necessarily academic in nature, have been instituted, to encourage participation as well as to recognize the works carried by the persons of different ages. The list is varied and many. Governmental participations have increased manifold with the introduction of e-governance awards. A large number of Student Branches

have been formed particularly in the southern states/regions and students are participating in the Conventions not just as volunteers, but also coming in a big way with paper presentations, publications, contests, awards.

One can write pages after pages in attempts to compile the writings of all the focal themes in CSI Annual Conventions. This will, as written earlier, be the source of history and will provide through the years, how computers and IT with its various techniques and applications have changed the Indian scenario. It is true that well before the formation of other professional bodies other than CSI and even before setting up government departments at the central/state levels, CSI had played pivotal roles in providing recommendations for formulating policies, action plans, priorities etc. These Conventions focussed on technical insights as well as innovative applications and solutions. The technical conferences used to be of the highest calibre in terms of the range of topics so as to meet the interests of the participants/delegates including students, keeping in view the diversity of CSI community of members. Some of the focal themes are : An Ideal Computer Map for India (the First Convention in CSI-66, Calcutta), Computers for

National Development (10, CSI-75, Madras), Computers for Advancement of Rural Society (20, CSI-85, Delhi), IT Key to Progress (25, the Silver Jubilee Convention CSI-90, Kolkata), information Technology: Challenges & Opportunities ( 30, CSI-95, Hyderabad), ICT for National Development (40, CSI-2005, Hyderabad), Digital Life (50, the Golden Jubilee Convention CSI-2015, New Delhi).

One should not miss attending the CSI Conventions, particularly the younger generations to understand the methodology of conducting how the conferences are being organized now. All the conferences including its functioning right from the beginning have underwent drastic changes - thanks to internet, communication devices with everything coming up in mobile, apps. Debates on publications are still on whether we would like to have hardcopy or softcopy only.

Even the days of web conferencing, webinars, like other social events, we look forward to meeting the IT professionals at least once a year, if not more frequently all together, with varied representations here and there throughout the year. That’s how we fulfil our goal of bringing computer fraternity in one platform.

www.csi-india.org 8


an individual.2 are friends.

3 is company.

more than 3 makes a society. The arrangement of these elements makes the letter ‘C’ connoting ‘Computer Society of India’.the space inside the letter ‘C’ connotes an arrow - the feeding-in of information or receiving information from a computer.

CSI Headquarter :Samruddhi Venture Park, Unit No. 3, 4th Floor, MIDC, Andheri (E), Mumbai-400093, Maharashtra, IndiaPhone : 91-22-29261700Fax : 91-22-28302133Email : [email protected]

CSI Education Directorate : CSI Registered Office :CIT Campus, 4th Cross Road, Taramani, 302, Archana Arcade, 10-3-190,Chennai-600 113, Tamilnadu, India St. Johns Road, Phone : 91-44-22541102 Secunderabad-500025,Fax : 91-44-22541103 : 91-44-22542874 Telengana, IndiaEmail : [email protected] Phone : 91-40-27821998

performance and are providing many features for improving performance. In fact, some of the BI tool vendors design and market their BI products with performance as the unique selling proposition. In addition to the choice of appropriate BI tool, there are other factors too which play an equally important role in the BI application performance. Those factors which we discussed in this article are : the data model design, the usage of the performance improvement features of the database, the BI server configuration and setup, the BI performance monitoring and the best practices usage in BI application development. Having performance as one of the main guiding principles at all the mentioned steps, layers and stages of BI life cycle is bound to result in highly performing and successful BI reporting system and

applications. References [1] https://developer.gooddata.com/

article/optimizing-data-models-for-better-performance

[2] h t t p : / / e r w i n . c o m / c o n t e n t /erworld/2015-presentations/ER05_Howard_Performance_Tuning_Data_Models_-_ERworld_2015.pdf

[3] https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc505841.aspx

[4] https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B10501_01/server.920/a96567/repmview.htm

[5] h t t p : / / w w w. d b a - o r a c l e . c o m / t _garmany_easysql_btree_index.htm

[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap_index

[7] https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b32024/partition.htm

[8] http://go.sap.com/product/analytics/bi-platform.html

[9] http://www.oracle.com/us/solutions/b u s i n e s s - a n a l y t i c s / b u s i n e s s -inte l l igence/enterpr ise-ed i t ion/

overview/index.html[10] http://www.tableau.com/[11] https://www.qlik.com/us/[12] https://www.sisense.com/glossary/in-

memory-bi/[13] https://f5.com/glossary/load-balancer[14] http://www8.hp.com/in/en/software-

solut ions/sitescope-appl icat ion-monitoring/

[15] Rajesh K V N and Ramesh K V N (2015), “Planning, Deploying and Maintaining Business Intelligence (BI) Reporting Systems”, CSI Communications, Vol. 39, Issue 8, pp 21-24.

[16] Rajesh K V N and Ramesh K V N (2014), “A Brief History of BIDW (Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing)”, CSI Communications, Vol. 38, Issue 6, pp 26-28.

[17] Tableau Server Administrator Guide.[18] Mark Rittman (2013). Oracle Business

Intelligence 11g Developer’s Guide. Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited.

n

About the Authors:Mr. K.V.N. Rajesh [CSI-N1236945] is Head of the Department and Senior Assistant Professor in Department of information technology at Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam since 2005. His research interests include Business Intelligence, Location Intelligence and Big Data and he has published papers in the respective areas. He can be reached at [email protected].

Mr. K.V.N. Ramesh is currently working as Project Manager at Tech Mahindra, Visakhapatnam. He has 15 years of experience in IT industry with expertise in the area of Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence. He has worked on UNIX, Oracle, Sybase, Business Objects, OBIEE and Tableau during these years. He can be reached at [email protected].

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Emerging Patterns of Geographical Information Science

Narayan Panigrahi Scientist-’G’, Group Head GIS, Center for AI and Robotics, C V Raman Nagar, Bangalore

Geographic Information Science (GISc) is a nascent field of applied science which is emerging as a collaborative field of many different traditional sciences. This has wide applications in many domains because of its collaborative nature. Various other disciplines of science and engineering are finding it as a platform to impart education. Therefore the interdisciplinary nature of GISc is pushing the boundary of many pedagogical subjects reinventing the principles and theories. The scientific principles of GISc and its growth have provided a potential scientific learning platform from educational prospective of GIS. This paper discusses the emergence of GISc and its allied scientific principles.

I. IntroductionPast fifty years have witnessed the

emergence and growth of many fields of applied sciences. Study of the pattern of growth of these applied sciences can be summarized by following activities.(a) The scientific postulates giving way

to scientific principles

(b) The scientific principles and definitions are consolidated in the form of mathematical principles and mathematical proofs.

(c) The mathematical proofs further expressed through mathematical equations and methods

(d) These mathematical methods are further used to design and develop computing methods or algorithms

(e) The methods and algorithms formed the basis of scientific computing in respective domains such as Digital Signal Processing (DSP), Digital Image Processing (DIP) leading to development of various systems, sub-systems and applications.

Some of the prominent applied sciences which followed the above pattern of emergence are DIP (Digital Image Processing), DSP (Digital Signal Processing), Computing Science, RS (Remote Sensing), Photogrammetry, Digital Cartography etc. The scientific growth pattern followed by these fields of applied science is depicted in the block diagram (Fig-1)

Therefore one can safely conclude that the trajectory of emergence of these modern day science follows the pattern Science-> Technology-> Systems-> Applications.

Unlike other applied sciences and contrary to the above pattern of scientific emergence GISc (Geographic Information Science) has trodden a reverse path whereby the applications of GIS has surfaced first, the GIS systems are built using different sub-systems and the technology of GIS are consolidated later. From the recent literature survey one can safely conclude that the Science of GIS is emerging. This paper discusses the emergence of Geographical Information Science (GISc), its constituents and some of its key application domains.II. Geographical Information Science

(GISc)Survey of literature has

established that first the applications of GIS (Geographical Information System) has emerged from number of operational necessities arising out of usage of digital maps in military and civil applications. The motif force

which spurred the development of GIS as an information system was thematic cartography which deals with generation of application specific maps. Thematic cartography was further aided by principles, computing methods and algorithms borrowed from Geodesy, Remote Sensing, Digital Image Processing, Photogrammetric etc. making it digital cartography. The first known use of the term GIS was by “Roger Tomlinson”, in the year 1968, in his paper “A Geographic Information System for Regional Planning”. In a way the digital cartography was named as GIS by Tomlinson. GIS has further imbibed different principles from the traditional techniques such geodesy, statistics, cartography, remote sensing, interpolation, geometry etc. The principles of cartography, geodesy, photogrammetric, mathematics are suitably augmented and altered to model, visualize, analyze and measure spatial data thus forming Geographic Information Science (GIScience).

The table below enlists some of the prime scientific principles which are part of GISc and are borrowed from the

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Observations of Scientific phenomena,

modeling of Scientific Phenomena

Scientific definition of Scientific

Principles and methods and verification of

scientific models

Mathematical Proofs and empirical

equations defining the scientific

principles

Design of Algorithms

and validating the scientific

principles through computing

Implementing the algorithms and computations

through Software, hardware and

firmware

Fig. 1 : Conventional Scientific Growth Pattern



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sub-domains of other applied sciences.British Geographer Michael

Goodchild first coined Geographic Information Science in the year 1990 [1]. The first definition of GISc is “The discipline that studies data structures and computational techniques to capture, represent process and analyze geographic information”.

Therefore an all inclusive definition of GISc can be a conglomeration of scientific principles from Geodesy, cartography, photogrammetric, remote sensing, image processing, computational geography, and bathymetry for visualization, analysis, modeling and measurements of spatio-temporal data. The collaborative nature of GISc is depicted in the diagram (Fig-2).

Yet another definition of GISc can be a field of information science dealing with modeling, analysis, visualization, computing and measurement of spatial data [2].

Another alternate definition of GISC is the basic field of research dealing with geographic concepts and their use in the context of GIS. GI Science also examines the impact of GIS on individual and the influence of society on GIS.

GIS being an interdisciplinary field of applied technologies is adopting many concepts from different domains and sub-domains [3]. Therefore a collaborative definition of GISc can be “Geographical Information Science or Spatial Information Science or Science governing spatio-temporal phenomenon is an interdisciplinary field of sciences dealing with modeling, simulation, visualization, analysis, computation and measurement of spatio-temporal objects and phenomena”. III. Applications of GISc

GISc finds its applications in design and development of systems useful in many domains [4][5]. The prominent applications of GISc are in operation planning, disaster management, Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) analysis, infrastructure planning and facility management in cities, map based facility, navigation etc. The application of GIS is ever emerging in different domains. The collaborative nature of GISc is the guiding factor for its emergence as a field of applied science

and system [6]. This is described through a collaborative diagram depicted in Fig.3IV. Conclusion

Of late GISc and GIS are emerging as a prominent academic curriculum taught in number of educational institutions and in different departments. GISc has sufficient theoretical methods and algorithms which can be taught with practical examples to students to

understand the scientific principles and consolidate the principle with practical assignment. Easy availability of spatial data complimenting these theoretical methods for experimentations has emerged GISc as one of the leading academic curriculum. Now as days GISc is taught in mainstream computer science, resource engineering, civil engineering and other departments of educational institutes worldwide.

Table-1: Sub-Domains of GISS.

No.Applied Science / Sub Domains

Principles / Functions

1 Geodesy Mathematical modeling of earth (a, b, f,, e ,x0 , y0, z0), mean radius modeling of sea surface, MSL (Mean Sea Level)

2 Cartography Digital map composition, Thematic map generation, Application specific map generation, modeling of spatial data, maps projection, coordinates transformation.

3 Remote Sensing Acquisition and processing of remotely sensor images through sensors mounted on satellite, UAS, UAV. Classification of RS Digital Images.

4 Photogrammetric Image registration, scale based measurements. Removal of geometric and radiometric errors.

5 Mathematics Spatial statistical principles, Spatial Interpolations, krigging

6 Digital Image Processing

Segmentation, edge detection denoising / noise removal, image enhancement techniques, object recognition techniques, classification of image. Image interpolation

Geodesy

Geography

Photogram metric GISc

Bathymetry

Remote Sensing

Mathematics

Digital Image Processing

Cartography

Fig. 2 : GIScience as an interdisciplinary field of research

www.csi-india.org 10


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References[1] Goodchild, Michael F, “Twenty years of

progress: GIScience in 2010”, Journal of Spatial Information Science, 2010.

[2] Panigrahi, N., “Geographic Information Science”, University Press, Hyderabad, India, 2009.

[3] Panigrahi, N., “Computations in Geographic Information Systems”, CRC Press, US, 2014.

[4] Cowen, D. J. GIS versus CAD versus DBMS: What are the differences? Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 54: 1551–4.1988.

[5] Goodchild, M. F. Geographical information science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 6:31–45.1992

[6] Longley, Paul A., Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire and David W. Rhind (eds.). Geographical Information Systems. vol 1, vol 2. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons. 1999.

Scientific visualization

& Modeling of sea space &

Terrain

Geographical Engineering

& Remote Engineering

Location based Service

LBS

Geographic Information

System

Navigation in land /Air/Sea

Military and civil operation planning, resource planning & natural resource

planning

Survey & map Making

Disaster Management

LU & LC infrastructure /city planning

Fig. 3 : Application Domains of of GISc

About the Author:Dr. Narayan Panigrahi [CSI-l1503035] Scientist-’G’, is currently working as Group Head, GIS, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), a Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) laboratory in Bangalore, India. He is the recipient of Governor’s gold medal and best graduate of Berhampur University, Odisha in the year 1987. He has authored 35 research papers, four patents and four books in the field of Geographical Information Science and System. The books entitled “Geographical Information Science” and “Computations in GIS” are some of his note worthy academic work used in the academic curriculum worldwide. His research interest includes GI Science and System, Digital Image Processing and design and development of robust computational methods in Spatio-Temporal data visualization and analysis. He can be reached at [email protected].

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Open Source Geospatial Technology for Developing Web Enabled Park GIS

Arati Paul, Debasish Chakraborty and Dibyendu Dutta Regional Remote Sensing Centre-East, NRSC, ISRO, Kolkata

1. IntroductionWebGIS disseminates and shares

geospatial data through Internet for visualizing natural resource and ancillary data of an area of interest (AOI). In order to make a cost effective implementation, operation and maintenance of geospatial data over the web, a cheaper yet feature rich alternative to commercial software is required which can be fulfilled by existing free and open source software (FOSS) for geographic information systems (FOSSGIS) and FOSS for web development. Many FOSSGIS are available which can be used to acquire, modify, store, visualize, and analyze spatial data in web environment and they are largely grouped into following categories: (i) Geospatial data server for sharing spatial data (viz. UMN MapServer, GeoServer, and MapGuide), (ii) mapping libraries (viz. OpenLayers and Google Maps™) for visualizing spatial datasets, (iii) spatial analysis for geoprocessing (GeoServer WPS, 52_North WPS, PyWPS), (iv) database (viz. PostgreSQL/PostGIS, MySQL and SQL Lite) to store large non-spatial datasets with several features and provide an efficient mechanism to store, query, analyze and update these data (2,3,5) and (v) Web development Programming language (viz. PHP, Java). The availability of FOSSGIS makes the WebGIS application more affordable and acceptable to the user community. In recent years FOSSGIS have been successfully used in developing applications for sharing and managing natural resources (4,5,6).

Parks play an important role in the urban landscape since they promote public health, arts, culture, tourism and economy. To get the benefit of parks and green spaces, city dwellers need information about different

parks available around the city. Hence a system is required to provide easy access of park information viz. location, accessibility, facilities etc. The web enabled Park GIS for Kolkata city is developed using FOSSGIS successfully and presented in this article as a case study.2. Development of Park GIS using

FOSS The web enabled Park GIS uses

spatial and aspatial data of Kolkata city Parks. The spatial data includes geo-referenced vector layers (viz. park location, park boundary, borough boundary, satellite image) and aspatial data includes park wise information like name of the park, street name, ward number, borough number and pin code. Ground photographs of parks are used in this application for visualisation of facilities. The Bhuvan Web Map Service (WMS) is used for displaying satellite images of the study area (Bhuvan, 2016).

Initially the park locations and boundary are collected using GPS which are converted into spatial layers. Subsequently ground photographs along with name, address of the park are integrated with spatial layers and stored in PostgreSQL/PostGIS database. These data are shared over the Internet in OGC-WMS standard using GeoServer. Consequently the GIS application is developed using Open Layer, HTML, PHP and Java scripts. 3. Application Interface

An interactive user friendly interface is developed for visualising and accessing park information over the web. The major components of the interface is categorised into viewer, query and tools as shown in Fig. 1. The viewer enables to display and overlay the satellite image and maps. It facilitates to display the parklocations along with its name,address and geo-tagged ground photo graph as shown in

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Fig. 1 : Park location map of Kolkata city



Fig. 2. The tools viz. zoom in, zoom out,

zoom to full extent, selective zoom, re-centre tool and pan are provided for navigation. The measurement tools aredevelopedfor measuring the distanceand areain the map. The print map tool is included to print the map.The display tool made available in the interface to switch the current display of the viewer to map/ satellite image/ hybrid (map overlaid on image) mode.

The “query” enables user to visualize the parks available in a PIN code area / ward / borough. The application also provides facility to search a park by name and locate itin the map as shown in Fig. 2. 4. Conclusion

The Park GIS stores and shares spatial and aspatial information in an integrated manner and disseminate the information over the web in customized form for searching and visualizing parks in KMC area of Kolkata city. The FOSSGIS are used for developing the application and users only requires Internet connection to use it. Hence the proposed approach may be considered as a low cost web enabled GIS solution. As a growing metropolitan city, Kolkata confronts substantial overpopulation that increases the demand of logistics

and infrastructure development at the cost of open and green areas of the city. Thus to conserve the green area there is a need to keep aninventory of green parks along with itslocation and area extent. The presented application not only disseminates the green park information over web but also helps in preserving the same.Acknowledgement

Authors acknowledge Centre for Contemporary Communication for providing park location data along with

attribute information.References[1] Bhuvan, 2016, from: www.bhuvan.nrsc.

gov.in[2] Blodgett, D., Booth, N., Kunicki, T.,

Walker, J., Lucido, J. ( 2012) Description of the US Geological Survey Geo Data Portal Data Integration Framework. Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing IEEE J. 5 (6): 1687-1691.

[3] Cau, P., Manca, S., Soru, C., Muroni, D., Gorgan, D., Bacu, V., Giuliani, G. (2013) An interoperable, GIS-oriented, information and support system for water resources management. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 3 (3): 75-82. http:// dx.doi.org/10.14569/SpecialIssue.2013.030309.

[4] Paul A., Chowdary V. M., Chakraborty D., Dutta D., Sharma J. R., 2014, “Customization of freeware GIS software for management of natural resources data for developmental planning - A case study”, International Journal of Open Information Technologies, 2(4): 25-29, ISSN: 2307-8162.

[5] Sarup J. and Shukla V., 2012, “Web-Based solution for Mapping Application using Open-Source Software Server”, International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology, 11 (2):91-99.

[6] Singh P.S., Chutia D. andSudhakar S., 2012, “Development of a Web Based GIS Application for Spatial Natural Resources Information System Using Effective Open Source Software and Standards”, Journal of Geographic Information System, 4: 261-266.

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Fig. 2: Park location overlaid on satellite image along with name address and ground photo

About the Authors:Ms. Arati Paul [CSI-l1503410] is working as Scientist in Regional Remote Sensing Centre- East, NRSC, ISRO. Her area of work includes remote sensing, GIS, image processing and data analytics. She can be reached at [email protected].

Dr. D. Chakraborty [CSI-I1502984] is currently working as Scientist and System Manager of Regional Remote Sensing Centre- East, NRSC, ISRO, Kolkata. His research interests include remote sensing satellite image processing and GIS. He can be reached at [email protected].

Dr. D. Dutta is currently working as General Manager of Regional Remote Sensing Centre-East, NRSC, ISRO, Kolkata. He can be reached at [email protected].



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Remote Sensing Data an aid for Smart Cities Jaya Saxena

Scientist E, National Remote Sensing Centre, Balanagar, Hyderabad. Email: [email protected]

Cities are complex systems composed of numerous interacting components that evolve over multiple spatio-temporal scales. They cover hardly 3% of the Earth’s surface yet consume about 75% of the world’s resources. Thus it becomes obvious that cities are the key element for climate change and consumption of resources. Since their growth can hardly be avoided, one must be able to cope with its consequences. It is essential that harmony exists among the spatial, social, economical and environmental aspects of a city and between their inhabitants. This harmony hinges on 3 key pillars: earth environment, economic development and social equity. These pillars are balanced through sustainability and gave rise to the concept of smart city. Cities can only be smart if there are intelligence functions available to integrate and synthesize data from various sources for the purpose of improving efficiency, sustainability and quality of life. Designing, modeling and planning for smart cities on a platform requires actual, accurate and complete data where all constrains are controlled in an integrated manner. No single data source is sufficient to satisfy the information needs required to map, monitor, model, and ultimately manage the interaction within platform. With some challenges remote sensing technology always had played a significant role when it comes to reality-based data acquisition and processing.

Remote sensing (RS) is generally defined as the technology of measuring the characteristics of an object or surface form a distance [1, 2]. Remote sensing data are acquired from satellites, airplanes or other sensing devices while the other forms of data are retrieved from cyberspace. RS data are preprocessed by geometric and radiometric correction, georeferencing, noise removal, etc. [3], and the data

from cyberspace are cleaned to reduce errors and noise, to improve the data quality. The RS data are the earth observing data continuously obtaining from space-borne and airborne sensors, as well as some other data acquisition measurements. With the exponential growth of data amount and increasing degree of diversity and complexity, the remotely sensed data are regarded as Big Data. At a global level satellite observation network techniques are deployed to seek shorter re-visit cycle and larger coverage in compensation for the limitations of a single sensor. Currently, more than 200 on-orbit satellite sensors are capturing multi-spatial, multi-temporal RS data from multisensors. These continual global observing data are capable of covering the global atmosphere, land surface as well as oceans. NASAs Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) [4, 5] have successfully managed a growing archived RS data which exceeds 7.5 petabytes. During the year 2012, EOSDIS system has already distributed more than 4.5 million gigabytes of data [6]. Considering the velocity of data, the RS data archives of EOSDIS are undergoing a growth of 4 terabytes daily. The increasing of remote sensing data also brings in the rapid growth of the metadata. For EOSDIS system, the amount of data records in the metadata database would probably outstrip 129 millions and also dramatically increasing at a rate of more than 60 thousand every single day [6]. Current airborne and satellite remote sensing sensors have significantly advanced, since the first recorded air photograph was acquired from a hot air balloon over the city of Paris in 1858. However, today the airborne hyperspectral sensors such as CASI 1500 [7] provide a 650 nm spectral range between 365 and 1,050 nm, 288 programmable spectral samples (<3.5 nm FWHM), and a spatial resolution of

25 cm–1.5 m; while satellite sensors such as GeoEye and Worldview-2 are capable of providing (sub 0.5 m) high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution imagery e.g. WorldView-2 is able to collect imagery for nearly 1 million square km every day with a revisit frequency of 1.1 days at 1.1 m resolution.

In order to effectively use visualization, remote sensing data are aggregated from diverse sources in a huge volume, and imported to a model which allows decision-making in minutes rather than weeks or months. This is a big challenge for peta-byte level of data inputs and remote sensing data should deal with challenges of large data visualization as well as interactive exploration of data for an improved understanding. Further, the current task scheduling strategies [8, 9] seeking load balancing among computational resources seldom takes the data availability into account. The optimized scheduling for bunch of tasks is a critical issue for achieving higher performance. The intensive irregular data access patterns for parallel I/O programming of remote sensing applications on hierarchical cluster-based system only adds to the challenges. However, remote sensing techniques have been successfully used for different applications, such as agriculture applications (e.g., food security monitoring, pasture monitoring), oceanic applications (e.g., ship detection, oil spill detection), urban planning, urban monitoring, human settlements (both urban and rural), food security monitoring, water quality monitoring, energy assessment, population of disease, ecosystem assessment, global warming, global change, global forest resources assessment, ancient site discovery (archaeology), and so on. Combined with human activities and data from social network platforms, remote sensing



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techniques have become much more powerful tool to significantly improve the effectiveness of production and operation for human welfare. RS data had provided the capacity to accomplish targets which were hard or impossible to achieve in traditional ways. For instance, a hidden relic site can be found by high resolution remote sensing data in a dense forest without modern infrastructure, which is an incredible barrier for field archaeologists to penetrate. In our country under Phase-I of National Urban Information System (NUIS), 1:10000 scale urban geospatial database from Cartosat-1 along with LISS-IV data has been generated for 152 towns and hosted on Bhuvan[10]. On behalf of MoUD, Bhuvan-NUIS: urban geospatial governance application has been developed for master plan preparation. Further Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) is underway consisting around 500 Cities (with population > 1.0 Lakh) covering the GIS based master plan, water supply systems, sewerage and seepage, storm water drainage, urban transport, green space and parks, reforms management & support, capacity building. An example of the AMRUTH mission reforms where building rooftops with area of more than 500 sq.m for potential solar power were identified for the Rajkot city by using 2D Building rooftops from Cartosat-1 Stereo data[10]. Parallelly the prevalence of economical GPS enabled smart phone devices makes it possible to implement individual/vehicle tracking functionalities, and integrating with near real time data transfer and data management at server side provides maximum benefits in terms of visualization, monitoring and management. This would enable

the officials to make right decisions and provide appropriate re-deployment instructions as and when required in the fleet management. Conclusion:

Remote Sensing provides extremely useful tools for environmental and natural resources management. It is widely recognized as supporting tool for the planning, monitoring, and management of the appropriate utilization of resources at the country, regional and global levels. Various initiatives are being taken by the Government of India to convert 100+ cities into smart cities in phased manner. The real challenge before the Government is to build inclusive smart cities for all its residents, irrespective of whether they are rich or poor. RS technologies along with social networking contribute significantly to the spatial intelligence of modern smart cities and play an indispensable role in the development of future smart cities. The demand for real-time processing, on-demand processing as well as the in-transit processing of standard remote sensing data products, though poses few challenges. However, the modern remote sensing technology brings advantages to the smart city in many dimensions covering transportation and mobility, risk management, urban planning, noise mapping and solar energy. With the help of RS technologies, few cities have already succeeded in transforming their managements to a more efficient level. We are also very hopeful that in India this may bring much needed transformation and finally improve the quality of life for all the citizens.References:[1] Russell G. Congalton. A review

of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 37(1) pp.35–36, 1991.

[2] F. F. Sabins. Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation. Waveland Pr Inc; 3 edition (April 2007).

[3] P. M. Mather and M. Koch, Computer Processing of Remotely-Sensed Images: An Introduction, 4th ed. Wiley, January 2011.

[4] R. Pfister and Wichmann K. New paradigm for search and order in eos-13dis. In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2000. Proceedings. IGARSS 2000. IEEE International Conference on, volume 3, pages 1208–1210 vol.3, 2000.

[5] M. Esfandiari, H. Ramapriyan, J. Behnke, and E. Sofinowski. Evolution of the earth observing system (eos) data and information system (eosdis). In Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2006. IGARSS 2006. IEEE International Conference on, pp. 309–312, July 2006.

[6] Hampapuram Ramapriyan, Jennifer Brennan, and Jeanne Behnke. Managing big data: NASA tackles complex data challenges, 2013. Earth Imaging Journal, http://eijournal.com/print/articles/managing-big-data.

[7] ITRES. CASI-1500 Hyperspectral Imager; Available online: http://www.itres.com/products/imagers/

[8] Hesham El-Rewini, Theodore G Lewis, and Hesham H Ali. Task scheduling in parallel and distributed systems. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1994.

[9] Behrooz A. Shirazi, Krishna M. Kavi, and Ali R. Hurson, editors. Scheduling and Load Balancing in Parallel and Distributed Systems. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 1995.

[10] K. Venu Gopal Rao, Geo-spatial applications – smart cities, in UIM 2016 Technical Proceedings, session 3.4, available at http://nrsc.gov.in/sites/all/pdf/UIM-2016%20Indian%20Smart%20cities_Venu%20Gopal_4.pdf).

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Municipal Taxation and Q-GIS K. P. Chaudhari S. N. Kakarwal

Asst. Professor, IT Dept., Marathwada Institute of Professor in Dept. of CS and Engg., Technology, Aurangabad P.E.S. College of Engineering, Aurangabad

Introduction to QGISQGIS is an abbreviated form of

Quantum Geographical Information System. QGIS is an open source software for geographical information system. QGIS allows users to create user friendly maps with many layers using different projection techniques. QGIS is used to handle spatial data (data related to any geographical locations is called as geo-spatial data). QGIS application allows data storage, management and analysis of geo-spatial data. It allows us to access various plug-ins, it support shape-files and utilizes personal geo data while working on any project. The heterogeneous data from various sources is supported by QGIS using web services. QGIS developers invest their personal time and money so that the users can experience free version of QGIS and also release updates periodically. Using QGIS, data from many sources like satellite, census - survey data, aerial photographs etc. can be accessed on one map. The Municipal Taxation System

Property tax is a compulsory amount; a land owner must pay to the local government or the municipal corporation for the area of land in his possession. Citizens of India have to pay taxes for the properties they own periodically to the municipal corporation. In India, the municipal corporation of a particular area analyses and implements the property tax annually or semi annually. The tax to be paid is based on the area of construction, property size, building etc.Problems of Municipal Corporation in tax collection

It is a huge problem for the municipal corporation to collect tax, it is really difficult to collect the authentic tax for different properties. Tax payers hide their actual (illegal) property to get rid of tax payment. Tax payers of India

don’t want to pay taxes unless they have no other options.

Property tax is difficult to evade and can lead to serious disciplinary actions by the government. The government’s inability to manage and analyse the tax payment issues is the main reason why there are so many drawbacks in the system. The common causes of error include cost and accuracy of valuation in property management and political difficulty in enforcement of disciplinary measures. In developing countries like India, the property tax collection has to face numerous problems. There are many reasons because of which success rate is very poor. Local government’s shear negligence towards difficult administrative challenges like valuation of properties and implementation of law-bound retrieval of tax is mainly responsible for the low yield from property tax.Implementation of QGIS in Municipal tax collection

The Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palika (BBMP) is recognized by the World E-Governments Organisation of Cities and Local Governments (WeGO) for their award winning work on GIS-based property identification number system (PID). The municipal corporations all over India are perusing the idea of using GIS technologies for various e-governance applications; the award for BBMP is a mile stone work which describes the use technology to achieve error-free tax collections.

Similar to the Bangalore Mahanagar Palika Kanpur Municipal Corporation (KMC) was struggling with many problems like poorly assessed properties, lack of proper mechanism to take legal actions against tax defaulters. The issues were sorted out when KMC resorted to GIS mapping of all the properties in Kanpur. It helped in developing an accurate database, according to the National Institute of

Urban Affairs (NIUA).By using QGIS various plug-ins for

mapping, it cover an entire area and provide unique identification number to each properties. By using QGIS we can take a picture of an area to map a location and take a survey on it i.e. which is part of government property, part of private property etc.

We can use QGIS to find out the building, number of floors in building and other details.Plugins

Plug-ins are the application which provide the interface for creating geospatial data.There many plug-ins in QGIS like:1. Core plug-ins2. External plug-ins3. Experimental plug-ins

1. Core Plug-InsThese are the inbuilt plug-in which

are present in QGIS at the time of installation if we have to use it, we just need to enable them.2. External Plug-Ins

These plug-ins are needed to installed by user whenever they want to use. There are different QGIS plug-in which help in municipality taxation.3. Open Layer Plugins

Open layer plug-ins contains the Maps, Google map is used to capture the different geospatial data or the maps in satellite or a physical view. Open layers plug-ins are mostly installed in Q-GIS. Advantages to Local Buddies

Using QGIS in municipal taxation helps to find the accuracy in taxation. The accuracy of location determine it value and various properties. Q-GIS helps in analysing the properties for betterment in tax collection. The local citizens can identify the type of buildings for example, the floor of building, government building under construction



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etc. Citizen are categorised with the help of a unique identification number in which their whole information is saved in database. So this leads to accuracy of data.

The system has exponentially increased the collection of property based tax revenues by three times as compared to the existing system. Objectives of using GIS for Municipal tax collection

The use of GIS system for Municipal Tax collection is proposed by keeping in mind following objectives – � To digitize the revenue department

for efficient tax management. � To automate the property tax

collection and information system using GIS approach.

� To improvise the documentation of properties owned by citizens, increase the tax fulfilment rates and allow the officials to make informed and planned decisions.

� To legalize the unauthorized properties by bringing them into tax net.

� To downsize the property tax using proper evaluation techniques.

� To bring transparency in property tax levy and collection.

How Remote Mobile Application Can Help :

By using remote application we can access the database from any remote location. There are mobile applications, where we allow the users to create, edit, visualise, analysis and publish the geospatial information. User can use the mobile application for accessing this information from server.

The use of QGIS on the field may not be the same as on a desktop application. The screen is smaller, the input devices are different and the tasks are different. A remote Mobile application aims to help the user to perform the tasks he

needs to do without actually having to interface with the existing functionalities confined to the desktop version of QGIS.

Q-Field is an Open Source android application. It allows us to capture data directly from the field and management of data is fully compatible with QGIS. Q-Field allows to work on QGIS projects from any remote location while maintaining QGIS’s functionality. QField is based on QGIS. It is not just an imitation of QGIS but it uses some of the QGIS libraries to give a user friendly experience. The rendering engine is exactly the same as in QGIS desktop. The project will therefore look exactly the same on mobile device as it does on computer. If some functionality is already available as a configuration option in a QGIS system, there is no need to re-invent special plug-ins for the mobile application. If a project is already configured for the desktop, it should just run on mobile as well.

About the AuthorsMr. K. P. Chaudhari [CSI-I1147734] is presently working with Marathwada Institute of Technol-ogy, Aurangabad as Assistant Professor in In-formation Technology department. His area of interest is Image Processing, Text mining, Com-puter Network and Software Testing.

Dr. S. N. Kakarwal [CSI-F8000602] is presently working as Professor in Department of CS and Engg., P.E.S. College of Engineering, Aurangabad, MS-India. Her research interests include Image Processing, Pattern Recognition. She can be reached at [email protected].

Memorandum of Understandingbetween Computer Society of India and Springer Nature

valid upto 31st December 2020Requirements : � Formulate strong Technical and Advisory Committees comprising of national and international experts (from renowned

Universities/corporates of repute) in the focus area of proposed conferences � Build communities around conferences � Define steps to check plagiarism � Focus on stringent peer-review process involving all the members mentioned in the Committees and by allowing

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Ms. Suvira Srivastav, Associate Editorial Director, Computer Science & Publishing DevelopmentSpringer India, 7th Floor, Vijaya Buiding, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi, India.

Ph: +91-11-45755884, Email: [email protected].



COVER STORY

Role of GIS in Travel & Tourism Digital Guide Development

Rikita D. Patel Asst. Professor, Anand Institute of Information Science, Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad.

IntroductionTravel & Tourism is one of the

largest and fastest growing sector across the globe. This particular sector holds cardinal accent in the Indian economy imparting a few financial advantages. Employment opportunities, assets and adopted exchange, development or amplification of added industries such as agriculture, construction, handicrafts etc. are some of the economic advantages furnished through the tourism industry.

Travel & Tourism (T&T) with Geographic Information System (GIS) are two terms having common properties and that is the potential benefit of the combo any country across the world can have in the sustainable development of T & T industry. GIS is widely used technology in the T & T planning, development, and decision making now a days. No matter how big or small the geographic regions of the nation GIS is applicable at everywhere and bring lot many benefits with its applications.The Concept and Significance of Geographic Information System in T & T

Integrating GIS with Travel & Tourism makes fined actionable decisions that are based on real world data. The 21st century is the era of information technology and most of the work is done via smart devices like computers, laptops, mobile phones, etc. As a result, people are having some leisure time from their work and they want to utilize this time by visiting different places around the world. They are in continues search of places where they can spend quality times with their belongings. And the complete solution is the combination of T & T with GIS.

According to geographic database for tourism, GIS utilizes the hypothesis

techniques for frameworks designing and data science to gather, upgrade, manage, display, question, and break down, cartographic travel information. The main objects are those data and information that are identified with tourism geographic data and information, for example, transportation, settlement, amusement, shopping, social attributes and components. The main objective is to give opportune, exact and advantageous services to meet the diverse needs of different people.

Geographic Information System (GIS) comes into situation when we discuss the maps and its utilization. As GIS are designed to work with spatial type of data it becomes easy to collect, store, analyze, manipulate and represent the geographic data. Power of GIS lies in spatial data coordination, spatial examination and spatial correspondence have the potential for creating significant new bits of knowledge on new data. It organizes and controlling spatial data by using, both a database management system (DBMS) and a robotized cartographic framework for judiciously connecting map elements to property information. GIS and its helpfulness in different territories and applications are notable at this point. Tourism is one such zone where GIS is being utilized to further bolster its administrations.Role of GIS in T & T Development

Spatial data refers to the location related information on the earth’s surface, which is normally communicated in the form of coordinate system or in the form of degrees of latitude and longitude.

Travel & Tourism is worried with going amongst close and inaccessible places and maps are a vital guide for area of these spots, hence it is more

worried with maps and topical data than different ventures. Maps of travel courses and general data about the regions to visit are utilized as a part of selecting the goal, arranging travel and settlement and so forth.

It is suitable to state that utilizing Internet and other most recent innovations for managing gathering, making, breaking down or controlling the cartographic information and maps have been consolidated together in a framework known as GIS. This is a superior apparatus in managing tremendous area particular spatial and non spatial information, and subsequently, simple to sort out and mechanize the information that can encourage organizers, authorities and overall population in arranging, advancement and advertising of tourism movement.

Initial move towards the development of digital guide for T & T is to automate the tourism business in India. Second important step is to develop a user friendly guide system for foreign tourist as well as for local tourist. As T & T is a huge sector comprises many interrelated components, the GIS can be categorized into two parts: The Management & Tourist.

The management user is responsible for overall development of the GIS which includes analysis, planning, Development, Testing, Marketing, etc. On the other side, tourist is the user of this system who can use it for searching the location while on tour or to find out specific type of place like nearby restaurants, hotels, airports, etc. Following is a figure showing the GIS categorization:Development of Travel & Tourism Information Digital Guide

Tourism industry includes numerous organizations that are



COVER STORY

straightforwardly or in a roundabout way required in giving administrations to the voyagers. Tourism is viewed as one of the biggest financial assets to a nation’s income. It is a wellspring of outside money for creating nations as it includes portability of sightseers to and starting with one place then onto the next.

Tourism has various tangible and intangible components as an administration industry. Major tangible components incorporate transportation, convenience and different segments of hospitality. Real immaterial components identify with the reason or inspiration for turning into a traveler, for example, rest, relaxation, chance to meet new individuals and experience different societies, or essentially to accomplish something else and enterprise. For going amongst close and distant spots, maps are required as imperative devices for giving exact areas.

Over the years, tourism has been upheld by travel-books and visit guides. Commonly, such aides incorporate maps that are stamped in order to connect portrayal of spots with their separate areas. For a normal visitor, such aides absolutely fill their need. Then again, for

the travelers looking for more than only a portrayal, run of the mill visit guides demonstrate unsuitable. Tourism industry now uses the web innovation broadly to distribute website pages loaded with data about the travel, visit and cordiality administrations. Items and administrations are being offered online straightforwardly to the clients by both tourism providers and tourism offices.

Travel & Tourism Information Digital Guide proves to be useful by giving an interface from where the client can specifically choose or inquiry the data they require from or to the guide. Individuals can indicate their ranges of intrigue and after that take a gander at the data depicted in a guide. Else they can likewise tap on the intuitive useful guide and get the trait data about the purposes of enthusiasm from the guide database.Following are the needed components for digital guide for T & T:1. Data 2. Other GIS Components3. GIS software development Tool

Data:Development of digital guide for

tourist needs two types of data. Spatial data & Non - Spatial Data

Spatial Data: Spatial data includes the data which is in the form of latitude & longitude, data in the form of co-ordinate system.

Non - Spatial Data: This includes information regarding geographic history of tourist attractions of the city, services and facilities were acquired from various resources such as tourism related websites and from other relevant agencies departments.

Basic GIS Components:The necessary components

involved in the development of digital guide are: Client, Web Server, Map Server, and Data Server.Client:

This is a Web interface with HTML and structures a basic customer of digital guide. As this sort of interface has exceptionally restricted client intelligence, accordingly it is impractical for the clients to communicate with the spatial questions and maps. Keeping in mind the goal to overcome from this issue and give the client an interface to communicate with the spatial information.Web Server & Application Server:

Web server and application server constitutes the second segment of the digital guide. A Web server is likewise called as the HTTP server. The HTTP server is in charge of answering to the solicitations from the customers. The Web server can answer in a few approaches to the customer by sending the current HTML records or the guide images; or by passing solicitations to and conjuring different projects that can procedure the request. Application server gets demands from the Web server. At the point when the Web server gets a demand that should be prepared by some other program, it passes the solicitations to the Application Server which thus hunt down the separate relevant application program e.g. delineate and afterward passes on the demand to process it. The application server goes about as an extension or connector between the Web server and the guide server.


Fig 1. : GIS Categorization in Travel & Tourism

GIS in Travel & Tourism

The Management

AnalysisSearching Geographic Region while on tour

Finding specific type of place (Eg. restaurants, hotels, airports, etc.)

Planning

Development

Testing

Marketing

Tourist


Information Server:An information server is in charge

of keeping up the spatial and in addition non-spatial information in a social or nonsocial database structures. The information server reacts to the solicitations sent through the SQL by a customer or the guide server for the required information, and along these lines additionally called as a SQL server.GIS Database:

This is the essential component used to store data regarding geographic locations. It stores the data in form latitude, longitude or in coordinate system. It is having the additional functionalities like querying, searching, editing, etc.Mapping Server:

This is a noteworthy workhorse segment that satisfies spatial questions, conducts spatial investigation, and creates and conveys maps to the customer in light of the client’s demand. Delineate plays out the GIS capacities or administrations, for example, inquiry sifting, information extraction, geocoding, spatial examination, outline,

and so forth. Results from the guide server are both of the two structures - highlight information sent to the customer for control by the client or a straightforward guide picture in a realistic organization.GIS software development Tool:

MapInfo company’s windows programming improvement toolbox MapXtreme 2005 permits .NET-experienced designers to make intense area upgraded desktop and customer/server applications. In support of Microsoft’s .NET Framework for Windows, MapXtreme mirrors a solitary question display for creating or amplifying mapping applications for the desktop, conventional customer/server situations or the Web. MapXtreme is an application advancement device for information representation and mapping for better business choices, administration of benefits and operations all the more viably.

GIS based digital guide development comprises of parts, for example, information advancement, information association and application improvement that are not comparative

but rather not quite the same as the standard programming advancement ventures. Yet at the same time, there are similarities in the improvement procedure in surveying client necessities, framework prerequisites and different parts of advancement. There are various systems of programming improvement. The prototyping model is one of those and gives input from the client amid improvement prepare as opposed to toward the end. This empowers the engineer to approve prerequisites and determinations before usage of the framework which ought to spare the assets of the venture in the event that the outcome is undesirable. Along these lines, prototyping lifecycle prepare model is taken after to build up the online GIS application

The way to build up a fruitful tourism digital guide is to accurately characterize client necessities. It is the most essential and most vital part in any study on building up a GIS instrument, as every venture is exceptional and holds an alternate perspective of the framework being created. To build an electronic GIS application, important segments that take an interest in the model are customer and server. A customer can be any program which is utilized by a client to cooperate with the application. A server comprises of a web server, interface program, web GIS programming and database, which has the information and gives information conveyance benefit through demand and reaction procedure to the customer.Conclusion

This article is an endevour to study the role of GIS in the development of digital guide based on GIS. This incorporated online data framework can help the travelers from far goals to investigate city visitor exercises and choose their visit in a fitting way by performing on-line GIS inquiries, examination and all the solution related to geographic question.

About the AuthorMs. Rikita D. Patel [CSI-F8000710] is currently working as Asst. Professor in Anand Institute of Information Science, Anand, afiliated To: Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad. She can be reached at [email protected].

COVER STORY



Client Client

Web Server & Application Server

Mapping Server

Information Server GIS Database

Client

Fig 2. : Components of T & T Digital Guide

UAV: The Current Trend in the Aerial Imaging Koshy George and Vishnukumar S.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology, Trivandrum

IntroductionFrom Alexander the Great through

Napoleon to Hitler, the way rulers and conquerors saw their spoils of war has advanced a great deal. Where rulers till the nineteenth century conquered could not see their vast empire first hand, the situation changed with the advent of the twentieth century; thanks to the emergence of aerial photography. Aerial imagery has been able to provide information about an area first hand without having to wait for long tenures which was the case prior to the nineteenth century.

According to Prof. Paul R. Baumann [1], the term remote sensing was coined out of the existing term aerial photography. Remote sensing can be considered as the concept of gathering information about a remote area without actually being present at that area to gather the required information. In remote sensing, the sensors used for gathering information do not have direct contact with the object or area. Aerial photography did just that. For understanding an area, camera mounted on aircrafts were used to gather information which were then used at the ground station to understand or gather information about the area.

Fig. 1 : “Pin-pointing.” U.S. School of photography, Langley Field, Virginia.

(Photo Courtesy of U.S. Airforce)

Remote sensing has expanded with the emergence of satellites. From the era where black and white analog aerial images were first filmed, washed and processed to finally generate a depiction of the area, with the satellite era, digital

images in color were transmitted to the ground stations in real time for quick viewing and analysis. Moreover, satellites provided a wider coverage when compared to aerial images which led to its quicker and wider adaptation in the field of remote sensing. Remote sensing using satellites has gained a lot of prominence in the recent past owing to the need to study the earth and various phenomena that occur on the surface of the earth. This helped in identifying and monitoring the various changes that occur on the earth’s surface.

Fig. 2 : A pictorial representation of the remote sensing using satellites

(Image courtesy of Crisp center for Remote imaging, sensing and processing)

What is the significance of remote sensing in today’s world?

The application of remote sensing is numerous. It is now considered as an area of choice in the fields of archeology, environment monitoring, surveillance etc. The applications keep expanding owing to the identification of new areas that are now seeing potential in use of remote sensing technology. The cost effective approach followed by its quick deployment over the area of interest without much effort increases its significance in today’s world. Be it being used for disaster assessment or monitoring or crop growth monitoring or change in the geography of a region, remote sensing provides the means to understand and act on scenarios quickly and more effectively.UAVs for remote sensing? Why?

Aerial Photography has grown a long way; from a risky yet humble beginning using balloons, to the latest technology involving drones, the way aerial imaging has evolved in such a

short duration is tremendous. With the advancement in control engineering, hardware and software development, the things that were in the hands of an elite few is now commercially available to the common man. This has helped in increased growth and innovation in this field.

Fig. 3 : Illustration of the first recorded aerial photograph from a balloon (Image

courtesy of oneonta.edu)

The latest trend in aerial photography is the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, also known as UAVs, which are now being considered as the first choice for use in the field of remote sensing. Its versatile usage is mainly credited to the availability of technology to all. UAVs, once seen as part of the military domain is now available in the civilian domain and has gained wide recognition on its vast usage options.

The history of UAVs dates back to World War 1. Just like the aerial imaging history, the first UAVs were made using balloons [2] and has come a long way since. In India, the use of UAVs have not been limited only to the military domain, though extensively used by the armed forces in insurgency operations and surveillance[3][4]. The use of UAVs for drought monitoring has gained prominence of late. The Maharashtra Government in 2015[5] utilized UAVs to understand crop loss in drought

TECHNICAL TRENDS



affected areas. This was a milestone as there was a shift seen from the manual survey process to an automated quick survey. Also it seen that UAVs have been considered as a choice for monitoring wildlife and forests [6][7]. The use of drones to keep track of animals that are prone to poaching has gained importance due to the fact that the UAVs can enter or monitor places which are inaccessible to humans. A very important use of UAVs is monitoring and providing data upfront during various natural calamities. UAVs were extensively used for rescue missions during the Uttarakand floods in 2013 [8]. They acted as first responders and a device of choice to identify and locate survivors and access the amount of damage during and post the floods. Another reason for use of UAVs was that it did not need any special infrastructure setup and went to areas which were not accessible to people.

Fig. 4 Unmanned aerial vehicles being used for the first time in a disaster rescue operation in Uttarakhand (Image Courtesy

of The Hindu Newspaper)

What is the significance of using UAVs for remote sensing?

UAVs can travel to places which are not accessible to humans. They help provide sufficient information using on-board sensors for analysis at quick intervals without the use of manual and tedious effort. They do not need a separate infrastructure setup and can be assembled very quickly. UAVs make use of other remote sensing data like the Global positioning System (GPS) data to ensure more accurate data is

sent back and precision o flight path is maintained. UAVs are prone to issues like limited flight time and payload capacity. This is being solved using the latest advancement in control, power and hardware technologies. Also, the assembling of UAVs and its maintenance has reduced significantly owing to the development in technology. How is aerial photography from UAVs significant in remote sensing?

The UAVs provide clear digital aerial images that can be analyzed precisely owing to the use of high-end commercially available cameras. Even though the area covered during flight by a UAV is less and the area captured in each image frame captured is small, the clarity of the image is higher as the altitude of flight is usually less than hundred feet. The aerial images captured by the UAVs are mosaicked to form an orthomap or ortho-rectified mosaick. This helps give a proper top-down view of the area under study. The latest UAVs have been fitted with multiple sensors and this helps in understanding the area under different conditions. This is why it is being preferred over the traditional aerial imaging techniques. The cost factor also plays an important role in the use of UAVs over the traditional approaches.Conclusion

Traditional techniques for aerial imaging is slowly being phased out and importance to quick and more versatile approach for aerial mosaicks are being considered. Hence it can be said that UAVs are the next big thing in the area of remote sensing and aerial imaging. The cost effectiveness followed by the ease of use has enabled the decision for use of UAVs to provide images of high quality. In India, there has been major advancements in this field with

involvement of many startups and organizations which try to innovate ideas to bring out better aerial images using UAVs. The development and growth in the field of UAVs and UAV imaging is immense and it is for us to see what different would be offered by the UAV and UAV imaging in the future.References[1] Paul R. Baumann, HISTORY OF REMOTE

SENSING, SATELLITE IMAGERY,PART II, https://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/baumanpr/geosat2/RS%20History%20II/RS-History-Part-2.html, Accessed 21 Oct 2016

[2] “Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles”, http://www.ctie.monash.edu/hargrave/rpav_home.html#Beginnings, Accessed 21 Oct 2016

[3] Operation Ginger, http://www.firstpost.com/india/operation-ginger-indian-armys-surgical-strikes-in-2011-killed-eight-pakistani-soldiers-3042386.html, Accessed 21 Oct 2016

[4] Drones in India, http://dronecenter.bard.edu/drones-in-india, Accessed 19 Oct 2016

[5] Maharashtra Using Drones to Survey Crop Losses in Drought-Hit Parts, http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/m a h a ra s h t ra - u s i n g - d ro n e s - to -survey-crop-losses-in-drought-hit-parts-1210983, Accessed 21 Oct 2016

[6] Drones to monitor wildlife in 10 Indian sites, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Drones-to-monitor-wildlife-in-10-Indian-sites/articleshow/39539136.cms, Accessed 21 Oct 2016

[7] Drones to guard India’s forests and wildlife, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drones-to-guard-indias-forests-and-wildlife/article6286830.ece, Accessed 19 Oct 2016

[8] Three UAVs deployed in Uttarakhand rescue operations, http://www.thehindu.com/news/cit ies/Delhi/three-uavs-deployed-in-uttarakhand-rescue-operations/article4859694.ece, Accessed 21 Oct 2016

TECHNICAL TRENDS

About the Authors:Mr. Vishnu kumar S [CSI-01104002 ] is currently working as Assistant Professor at Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Mar Baselios College of Engineering & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram and he is the Vice Chairman of Computer Society of India, Trivandrum Chapter. His area of interest include Digital image Processing, Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction, and Fuzzy Techniques. He can be reached at [email protected]. Koshy George is a student at Mar Baselios College of Engineering & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram. He has more than 5 years of industry experience in the software development field. His area of interest include Digital image Processing and Data Analytics.



Semi-supervised and Crowdsourcing Approach for Situation Awareness during Disaster Events

Neha Pandey S Natarajan PESIT, Bangalore Professor, Information Science & Engineering, PESIT, Bangalore

This article proposes a prototype solution to provide situation awareness during and post the time of a disaster event using semi-supervised machine learning technique and creating interactive open street maps for crowdsourcing the user data providing threat and relief information. The model is based on the data from chennai flood 2015.

Disaster creates a massive impact on area and on the lives of people residing in that area. Disaster preparedness and recovery are the important step that needs to be taken care of in all the places that are vulnerable to disaster. Millions of tweets are generated during a normal day. When a disaster occurs, the population residing in that place is adversely affected. When there is an emergency situation like a disaster enormous numbers of tweets are generated. These tweets can provide useful information to the general public during the disaster event. This type of information is called situation awareness information. Extraction of situation awareness information from tweets is a challenging task since the vocabulary used by the users differs as well as the writing short hand notations reduces the readability of the tweets. Generally tweets collected are not in the form of a labelled data so implementing supervised learning approach can be tedious and time consuming task. Hence, we followed a method that uses the semi-supervised machine learning approach which can be used to obtain such useful information. This approach uses basic support vector machine for initial classification. Another aspect that has to be considered after a disaster strikes is the rehabilitation activity that focuses on bringing back the state of affected people to stability. Providing information about relief operation post disaster can help speed up rehabilitation activity for the disaster affected population. This can account to extraction of relief related urls that provides information such as volunteering, donation, relief camps etc.Also, use of crowdsourcing system to obtain relief related information can help general public become aware of various locations where relief operations are carried out. This use of open street map as a base of interactive map was used to crowdsource the information.

IntroductionIn this era, information is one of

the most valuable assets that can be used for various purposes to deduce important results that can serve the society in different ways. In case of a disaster calamity, information may be available in various forms from social networking sites, news channels, papers, satellite data, etc.[6]. Using such information to create a system that can

reduce the impact of disaster can help the victims of disaster. Crowdsourcing is a method of gathering information from the crowd on the internet[7]. The authenticity of the information obtained by crowdsourcing cannot be known as it is accessed by general public. But since, during a disaster event it is assumed that the information generated from this is relevant to the emergency situation.

When it comes to the technological help which can aid in minimizing the impact of a Disaster, there are various researches done in the domain of Geographical Information System[8]. Several applications proposed by the researchers have helped recent disaster mitigation process to a greater extent[1]. One such application is Ushandi crisis map. Ushahidi organizers developed a

R E S E A R C H F RO N T



Crisis Map of Haiti earthquake struck in 2010.

It was one of the first crowdsource map developed to provide aid during crisis. This was utilized by U.S Coast guards and Marines for their operations thus affirming the importance of crowdsourcing during emergency. This system was later utilized for other disaster events after Haiti earthquake in countries such as Chile, New Zealand, and Japan. Mapbox created crisis map for Chennai floods that was used by the public to mark all the flooded streets. This map provided crowdsourced information regarding the inundated areas[3]. Although these areas were not verified individually but they provided useful information, considering the seriousness of the situation. Various other researches were carried out such as development of landslide detection application LITMUS which was multi-service system combining information from direct social media[4].

One the similar grounds, this article proposes an application that integrates relevant information from all the social sources to develop an integrated software solution to help the process of disaster mitigation and

recovery.Prototype System

Based on the research study conducted on extraction of this relevant information from microblogs such as Twitter and integration of GIS data from NRSC (National Remote Sensing Centre) and UNOSAT (UNITAR’s Operational Satellite Applications Programme), we developed a prototype application that could be used by to create awareness among them during the disaster and provide useful information to speed up the process of recovery.

Fig. 1 depicts the architecture of this system. The application used twitter data and extracted situation awareness information from it using the technique of semi supervised machine learning.

This was because the amount of data collected was too large (2 lakh approx.) and manual labelling of this data to class situation awareness and non-situation awareness was a tedious task for the process of supervised learning using SVM (Support Vector machine)[5]. Hence, using semi-supervised machine learning approach which used svm as the base for initial classification and using this result to iteratively self-train the classifier was

used [2]. This information classified relevant information from non-relevant information. To provide information regarding vulnerable areas and relief location during and post a disaster, interactive map was generated as shown in Fig 3, which could record the user input to the map and store it in google sheet shown in Fig 4, for the purpose of crowdsourcing. Interactive map was created using OSM (Open Street Map).Semi-supervised Algorithm:

Input: Tweet dataset with few labelled dataOutput: All the data labelled in the dataset.Initialize train_size

while (all rows in the dataset are not labelled)

test_size<- (1/4)*train_size

create a document matrix

container->container(document_martrix, label_column, train_size, test_size)

classifier->model (container,”SVM”)

result->classify(container, model)

append the result labels to dataset rows

train_size<-train_size+test_size

end while

By crowdsourcing this information, internet users could use this valuable information for the purpose of rescue, relief and volunteering operations.

The interactive maps were also integrated with the map data recorded by the satellite pre, during and post the disaster so that the users of the application could view the impact of disaster and areas that required more importance. For this the raster data using the WMS (Web Map Service) provided by bhuvan team, NRSC ISRO and vector data provided by UNOSAT was used. Fig 5 and Fig 6 shows these data on the map. For the purpose of users contributing towards disaster struck people a module that could


Crowd sourcing data from maps in Google

sheets

Inserting rows to google sheet

Using Web Map Service

StoreTwitter.com

Servers

Extraction of tweets

Twitter User

Post tweets

Interactive map for Relief location

Geoname of places in affected city

File System

Interactive map for threat location

Situation Awareness Classification

Pre-processing of tweets

Geoname of places in affected city & shape file of flood

regions

Fig. 1 : Architecture of System



extract URLs related to relief operation such as donation, volunteering, support was created. Fig 7 and Fig 8 depicts this module. Here urls specifying websites where several NGOs collecting the fund for disaster victims could be viewed by the extracted hashtag and urls for each tweet.Discussion

Disasters are unanticipated, unavoidable events. One way to handle this situation is to create awareness among people about the disaster incidents.

Disaster preparedness, mitigation and response mechanism helps to speed up the process of stabilization of the affected area and population. Thus, a system that can help create such awareness can aid in the task of decision making during disaster. This

application was designed to provide a solution to reduce the impact of a disaster. The results obtained from this prototype application provided a base to develop a real-time application that could provide support at the time of disaster. The application successfully classified tweets as situation awareness and non-situation awareness ones with scope of further tuning the parameters used for classification.

Extracting urls was a way to simplify the search of users for providing help via donation, support and volunteering to the victims of disaster.

The development of this application was done to create situation awareness among the public regarding the activities occurring in the disaster struck areas. The application was user oriented. Along with this, it provided a way to handle the large amount of information that is generated from social media and how it can be channelized to help the victims of the disaster.

References

[1] Anirban Sen, Koustav Rudrat and Saptarshi Ghosh, Extracting Situational Awareness from Microblogs during Disaster Events, Social Networking Workshop, COMSNETS 2015

[2] Isaac Triguero, Salvador Garcia and Francisco Herrera, Self-labeled techniques for semi-supervised learning: taxonomy, software and empirical study, Springer-Verlag London, 2013

[3] J. Rogstadius, M. Vukovic ,C. A. Teixeira ,V. Kostakos ,E. Karapanos and J. A. Laredo, CrisisTracker: Crowdsourced social media curation for disaster awareness, IBM J. Res. & Dev. Vol. 57 No. 5 Paper 4 September/October 2013

[4] Aibek Musaev, De Wang and Calton Pu, LITMUS: a Multi-Service Composition System for Landslide Detection, IEEE Transactions on Services Computing 2013

[5] Thorsten Joachims, Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning with Many Relevant Features, University at Dortmund Informatik LS-8, Baroper Str. 30144221Dortmund, Germany, April 1998

[6] Ken Moule, Situation Awareness for Disaster Management in the Information Age, Global GBM, 2012

[7] Starbird, Digital Volunteerism During Disaster: Crowdsourcing Information Processing, May 7-12, 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada, ACM 978-1-4503-0268-5/11/05, CHI 2011

[8] Jie Yin, Andrew Lampert, Mark Cameron, Bella Robinson, and Robert Power, Using Social Media to Enhance Emergency Situation Awareness, 1541-1672/12,IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2012

Fig. 5: Bhuvan NRSC data on Map Fig. 6: Inundated UNOSAT data on Map

Fig. 7: Extracted URLs from tweets

Fig. 8: Selected URL displayed on Web

Fig. 5: Bhuvan NRSC data on Map



References












Fig. 6: Inundated UNOSAT data on Map

The map data provided a way to visualize the GIS data captured by the satellite to observe the extent of damage the disaster caused and the intensity of the disaster. The OSM used to locate treat and relief location provided a useful method of aiding the people during and post the disaster by crowdsourcing this data and making it accessible in the internet.


The interactive maps were also integrated with the map data recorded by the satellite pre, during and post the disaster so that the users of the application could view the impact of disaster and areas that required more importance. For this the raster data using the WMS (Web Map Service) provided by bhuvan team, NRSC ISRO and vector data provided by UNOSAT was used. Fig 5 and Fig 6 shows these data on the map. For the purpose of users contributing towards disaster struck people a module that could extract URLs related to relief operation such as donation, volunteering, support was created. Fig 7 and Fig 8 depicts this module. Here urls specifying websites where several NGOs collecting the fund for disaster victims could be viewed by the extracted hashtag and urls for each tweet.

Discussion


Disaster

Disaster preparedness, mitigation and response mechanism helps to speed up the process of stabilization of the affected area and population. Thus, a system that can help create such awareness can aid in the task of decision making during disaster. This application was designed to provide a solution to reduce the impact of a disaster. The results obtained from this prototype application provided a base to develop a real-time application that could provide support at the time of disaster. The application successfully classified tweets as situation awareness and non-situation awareness ones with scope of further tuning the parameters used for classification.


Fig. 2: Sample of Situation Awareness Tweets

Fig. 3: Threat Location on Map Fig. 4: Crowdsourced Information

The interactive maps were also integrated with the map data recorded by the satellite pre, during and post the disaster so that the users of the application could view the impact of disaster and areas that required more importance. For this the raster data using the WMS (Web Map Service) provided by bhuvan team, NRSC ISRO and vector data provided by UNOSAT was used. Fig 5 and Fig 6 shows these data on the map. For the purpose of users contributing towards disaster struck people a module that could extract URLs related to relief operation such as donation, volunteering, support was created. Fig 7 and Fig 8 depicts this module. Here urls specifying websites where several NGOs collecting the fund for disaster victims could be viewed by the extracted hashtag and urls for each tweet.

Discussion


Disaster

Disaster preparedness, mitigation and response mechanism helps to speed up the process of stabilization of the affected area and population. Thus, a system that can help create such awareness can aid in the task of decision making during disaster. This application was designed to provide a solution to reduce the impact of a disaster. The results obtained from this prototype application provided a base to develop a real-time application that could provide support at the time of disaster. The application successfully classified tweets as situation awareness and non-situation awareness ones with scope of further tuning the parameters used for classification.


Fig. 2: Sample of Situation Awareness Tweets


Fig. 2 : Sample of Situation Awareness Tweets


Contd. on page 28





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The development of this application was done to create situation awareness among the public regarding the activities occurring in the disaster struck areas. The application was user oriented. Along with this, it provided a way to handle the large amount of information that is generated from social media and how it can be channelized to help the victims of the disaster.References[1] Anirban Sen, Koustav Rudrat and

Saptarshi Ghosh, Extracting Situational Awareness from Microblogs during Disaster Events, Social Networking Workshop, COMSNETS 2015

[2] Isaac Triguero, Salvador Garcia and Francisco Herrera, Self-labeled techniques for semi-supervised learning: taxonomy, software and empirical study, Springer-Verlag

London, 2013

[3] J. Rogstadius, M. Vukovic ,C. A. Teixeira ,V. Kostakos, E. Karapanos and J. A. Laredo, CrisisTracker: Crowdsourced social media curation for disaster awareness, IBM J. Res. & Dev. Vol. 57 No. 5 Paper 4 September/October 2013


[5] Thorsten Joachims, Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning with Many Relevant Features, University at Dortmund Informatik LS-8, Baroper Str. 30144221 Dortmund, Germany, April 1998


[7] [Starbird, Digital Volunteerism During Disaster: Crowdsourcing Information Processing, May 7-12, 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada, ACM 978-1-4503-0268-5/11/05, CHI 2011




References















References











Fig. 8: Selected URL displayed on Web Fig. 8: Selected URL displayed on Web


About the Authors:

Ms. Neha Pandey is currently working in Microsoft as Associate Consultant.

Dr. S. Natarajan is a Professor and Key Resource Person at PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore where is he is working for the past 10 years. Prior to this , he has 33 years of experience in Research and Development having worked in DRDL, Hyderabad and NRSC, Hyderabad. He has more than 80 peer reviewed publications. He has travelled to Germany and USA for training as well attending conferences. Before his retirement in ISRO, he was the Deputy Project Director for Large Scale Mapping (LSM) Project. He can be reached at [email protected].

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Contd. from page 25



Man is a social animal. Communication and information sharing has always been the inborn virtue of man-kind. Just like sharing of information, withholding of the same or concealment of the same has also been part of man-kind ever. When concealment is a trait, deliberate revealing too lies on the other side. Spying or infringement of information or just plain data leakage too is as old as civilization. Not surprising, even in the centuries old epics and works of literature, we read about spying and what we call these days ‘information espionage’. Kautilya in his much acclaimed administrative treatise “Arthashastra” speaks about spying, treason, effective usage of spying of enemies, guarding against leakage of top administrative information etc. Hence it is but natural that the governments of today evince more and more interest and spend lots of their time, talent and treasure to guard against data leakage finding out innovative means to ensure data security.

Information Espionage: A study of remote sensors becomes an integral part in any discussion on data protection, data leakage and cyber espionage. The more we deploy remote sensors, the more will be the cause for concern for those who are responsible for data and information stored in the system. In the early days of computerization, data theft or unauthorised copying of information was done through a physical access to the hardware equipment (like a computer system, a hard-disk or other storage device). Later thanks to technology penetration in all spheres of life, data communication getting widely prevalent and information always on the move from one device to another, across national frontiers too, information theft too was done through a network.

SCADA Systems : With rapid advancement in network technology and bandwidth becoming cheaper day by day and just for asking, and with the use of terrestrial and non-terrestrial means of

communication cutting across national borders, remote access became the order of the day. Now there are remote sensors everywhere, right from small toys and such minor, trivial applications upto the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems deployed in the telecom sector, Metro Rail, power supply and such mission critical applications. Hence remote sensors have a very crucial role to play dealing with the physical and logical access controls.

Remote access paved the way for the need for newer forms of access control. Much of the access control initiatives and security monitoring including intrusion prevention and detection are enabled through software controls only. However, irrespective of the software deployed, some hardware devices are meant to be automatic, destined to be remote controlled and naturally the access control for such devices too has to be software driven. In some cases, security and deployment of access control becomes a little tricky.

Drones and Data Privacy: Now, imagine you are sitting in the top floor open terrace of a huge multi storey apartment or in the projected sit-out of your flat on 5th or 6th floor, enjoying an evening with your contacts, and a small object of around 3 or 4 cubic feet weighing less than 5 kg comes flying to a stone-throwing distance from you. Any uninitiated layman with some curiosity will take it as experimental object being flown, maybe from a research university nearby and tend to ignore it. Days are not far off, when such small bird-looking objects called Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, commonly abbreviated as UAVs and more popularly known as drones are used to ‘spy’ the area and collect data or pictures from places that are not easily physically accessible for humans.

Of late, usage of drones has rapidly increased. Before bothering about the security concerns and the intrusion issues on the deployment of a drone, let us admit the positive side of its usage.

UAVs – effective usage: Already many states are deploying such drones for use by the police departments in monitoring crowd behavior in congregations of thousands, to detect suspicious movement of individuals and such situations where the police force cannot penetrate deep inside a huge crowd like Kumbh Mela. These drones send data (like photos or videos) streaming and online constantly to the base stations enabling the officials there to monitor the crowd and be alert to any untoward incident happening. In situations like the Chennai floods last December, where vast areas were inundated and the rescue team could not ascertain if anyone is trapped in any flat or any roof-top for hours, these drones were of immense assistance. They were deployed, to fly in small streets and by-lanes, engage in surveillance of all roof-tops and balconies, sit-outs and windows of multi-storey complexes and constantly send the camera images and video images to the base station system. A very effective, purposeful and positive usage of drones on such occasions is profusely praised.

Drones ready-made, are normally imported. However, quite often, the basic chips in drones are imported and then customized or programmed at educational institutions (like Anna University in Chennai) to conform to the specifications of the user who want to deploy them, depending on the capacity, technological capability etc. Hence the remote sensors are fitted and deployed

S E C U R I T Y C O R N E R


Remote Sensors and Information Security V. Rajendran

Advocate and Cyber Law Consultant


S E C U R I T Y C O R N E R

according to the specifications of the particular drone, its capabilities and the purpose of deployment.

An event organizer deploying a drone in an expansive conference hall, would like to have a smaller version costing just a few lakhs with a capacity to fly a maximum of about 100 feet high at a very low speed and constantly record or send the video footages, whereas the Border Security Force or the Coast Guards would like to go in for a drone which can fly a greater height and farther too, at a very good speed and fitted with a powerful camera. Interestingly, some e-commerce firms are planning to get online orders and engage drones for delivery of the goods in time, in small lanes and by-lanes of metro centres with an effective ground base-station control and monitoring. Remote sensors fitted in such drones often substitute the human couriers or delivery boys who may take longer time to reach the place.

Security concerns in Drones: And now the flip side on the use of drones, i.e. the serious security concerns like the spying capabilities, usage in critical areas, sensitive locations, deployment for corporate espionages and other criminal activities. Imagine the situation, as narrated earlier, when a drone comes near you in an open space and you do not know how to react and how to ‘protect’ your data or prevent a picture being taken in case you suspect spying. Already, we hear stories of such usage debated upon in the context of personal security, data privacy and invasion to individual’s movement. There are instances of drones flying in open spaces in the sea-shores, vast areas of beaches, when police have ‘captured’ them and taken into custody and the owners get them released after satisfying to the police the genuineness of their usage, ownership and deployment in that area.

Supervision and Control of UAVs: The Director General Civil Aviation (DGCA), Govt of India vide public notice dated 7 Oct 2014 stated that “Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) has potential for civil applications. Its use besides being a safety issue also poses security threat. Due to lack of regulation, operating procedures…UAS poses threat for air collisions and accidents…The civil

operation of UAS will require approval from the Air Navigation Service provider, defence, Ministry of Home Affairs, and other security agencies, besides the DGCA.”

The circular further adds that DGCA is in the process of formulating the regulations and till they are issued, no non-government agency, organisation or individual will launch a UAS in Indian Civil airspace. On a careful reading of this public notice we infer that the DGCA is more focused on the civil air-space, air traffic and physical security aspects of UAS, rather than on the civilian use of UAVs per se and their spying capabilities. Detailed guidelines from the DGCA are expected soon on the use of UAS.

We hope the department focuses on UAVs (drones) also in addition to UAS and such guidelines cover the technological capabilities, nature of use etc. since the issue has far more technological implications and legal ramifications, than the air-space or the international treaties governing the airports and the air traffic. The technology part of the guidelines should necessarily include the level of customization like the distance and camera capabilities, speed, payload and the height upto which the drone is capable of flying and based on all these factors only, the permission or clearance has to be given by the government departments concerned.

In the absence of proper and unambiguous definition of what constitutes a UAV and an UAS, it would be best open to the public and users (or rather the mis-users) to interpret the words in their own convenient manner and deploy them for their individual purposes which of course would include criminal activities like spying too.

Recently the Government of India introduced a system in Delhi International airport customs that drones brought with the passenger have to be declared, reportedly from the airport security perspective. Earlier the Delhi Police too are reported to have issued instructions to their force to shoot down any drone flying above sensitive or critical locations around the airport, of course after consulting the NSG. In fact, there are cases in the US, though just a few, wherein it has been decided that flying a drone itself was not

considered a serious offence to justify the shooting of the drone on grounds of invasion into privacy.

The issue regulating drones has very wide techno-legal ramifications and it is better the government passed appropriate legislations or empowered the DGCA or such other monitoring body to come out with clear, unambiguous and elaborate guidelines.

Information Technology Act: From a legislative efforts perspective, cyber security in India is mainly governed by the Information Technology Act 2000 and its Amendment Act 2008 (unlike in other nations which have exclusive legislations on Data Privacy, Data Communication etc like the HIPAA and SOX in the US). In India, however, the IT Act does speak about ‘reasonable security practices’, ‘body corporate’ and ‘sensitive and personal information’ and hence if any spying is indulged with the help of remote sensors is an offence under the civil offences described in Sec 43-A of the Act, with the phrases described above. In the absence of a detailed legislation on Data Privacy which is still on the cards, as of now in India, what is enshrined in the Rules published by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology on 11 April 2011 apply with regard to description and definition on ‘sensitive personal data’. Hence if a remote sensor captures data as detailed herein, it then becomes a civil offence as per the Act in India, for the purpose of ‘reasonable security practices’.

However, the criminality of the data theft is dealt with separately as offences in the other Sections like Sec 66 and its sub sections, with clear punishments for each of such criminal activity and Sec 65 separately dealing with tampering of computer source documents.

Cyber Crime Investigation and co-ordination: From an investigation point of view, there is much scope in India for a reliable information sharing in the cyber crimes area, among all the stake holders including the investigators, (like the various state police departments, the CB-CID, CBI, RAW, IB, NTRO, ED etc) coming under the various Ministries and different states. A most awaited and welcome step in the right direction of an oversight body to ensure proper information sharing and co-ordination

Contd. on page 39www.csi-india.org



A R T I C L E

Brain Tumor SegmentationTowards a better life

Rupal R. Agravat Mehul S. Raval Asst. Professor, Institute of Technology, Associate Professor, School of Engg. and Applied Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad

1. Introduction Brain Tumor is developed due to

accumulation of abnormal tissues in the brain. Generally normal tissues generate, grow and die, but abnormal tissues alter this cycle and grows uncontrollably. Primary brain tumor may be formed in the brain, whereas secondary brain tumor is the result of spread of tumor in the brain from other part of the body. Depending on appearance of brain tumor tissues, it can be categorized in four different ways, which are ranging from Grade I to Grade IV. � Grade I: brain tumor is considered

to be benign and its tissues look like normal brain tissues and grow slowly.

� Grade II: brain tumor tissues look less likely to normal tissues and can be converted from benign to malignant.

� Grade III: brain tumor is considered to be malignant (cancerous) and its tissues look different from normal brain tissues and grows faster.

� Grade IV are considered to be malignant and such brain tumor tissues are most abnormal tissues and grows very quickly, and it spreads to various parts of brain and central nervous system.Basically, normal brain tissues

can be divided in two classes: Gray Matter (GM) and White Matter (WM). GM is mostly made up of unmyelinated neurons and includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control and sensory perception like seeing, hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making and self-control. While WM is made up of myelinate neurons that connect the regions of GM to each other and to the rest of the body. WM can play the part of information highway of the brain to speed the connection between distant parts of the brain and body.

Remaining part of the brain is filled with Cyrebrospinal Fluid(CSF). CSF is a clear fluid which surrounds brain, so rather than sticking to their surrounding bones, the brain float within the CSF. CSF works as a stabilizer and shock absorber for the brain as they float within the hollow spaces of the skull. Inside the brain, small CSF-filled cavities called ventricles expand under the pressure of CSF to lift and inflate the brain tissue[1,2].

Skull, which encloses brain tissues, is a very rigid structure and any abnormal growth inside such a restricted space is a problem. Therefore, if brain tumors are not diagnosed and treated immediately, they could seriously damage brain or cause death. For any brain tumor treatment, information about position and size of the tumor is a key to patient survival. Awareness of the tumor position and especially changes about tumor size can provide very important information to decide treatment regime including surgery, radiotherapy and or chemotherapy[7].

So, such type of brain tumors can be pictured using various kind of Medical Imaging (MR) techniques, out of these, Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are generally used techniques for diagnostic imaging of brain. Brain MRI/CT images are 3D images, which are analysed by experts such as doctors or radiologist for diagnosis of brain tumor. Such analysis by human experts is very time consuming, non-reproducible, and highly depends on the expert. If such analysis can be done by computer, then it identifies features of brain tumor and delineates it in entire 3D image. Such automated/semi automated tumor segmentation supports human expert, which may help them in treatment planning and follow-up of patients.

Moreover this, such segmentation results are reproducible and consumes less time. This article mainly focuses on various types imaging modalities, issues to be considered in automated/semi-automated tumor segmentation and various techniques developed by researchers using MRI as the imaging modality.2. Medical Imaging Techniquesa. Computed Tomography (CT): CT

is painless, non-invasive and fast medical imaging technique which uses X-rays and generates axial slices of body. Multiple X-rays produce volumetric image using cross-sectional layers to show images inside the body for bones, organs, tissues, and tumours. Because of limitation of X-rays, it cannot capture objects which are highly attenuated like objects hidden by bones. But each picture created during a CT procedure shows the organs, bones, and other tissues in a thin “slice” of the body. As CT uses ionising radiation through X-rays, it may increase risk of cancer in future.

b. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI is a non-invasive medical imaging technique which uses magnetic field and radio frequency pulses to produce detailed picture of organs, soft tissues, bone, ligaments, etc. Depending on the strength of magnetic field and radio waves, various types of MRI images can be created which are called weighted images, like T1-weighted, T2-weighted, Proton-Density Weighted, Fluid-attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) etc. Weighted MRI focuses on specific kind of tissues prominently. As MRI does not use ionising radiation and soft-tissues projection is much better than other imaging




techniques, it is more preferable imaging technique for brain scans.

3. Difficulty in MRI image segmentationAll the MRI images are not ready

for processing directly, as it may contain noise, non-brain tissues, bias field etc. Various pre-processing techniques required to deal with these issues. Moreover this, MRI images provides various modalities like T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI etc. which focuses on different tissues of brain, in this case image registration also becomes very crucial and important task if processing requires different MRIs of same subject or may be different subjects for some specific task. MRI pre-processing does:

Noise-Removal : Removes noise from image.

Skull-Stripping : Removes non-brain tissues of the image.

Bias Field Correction : Removes bias field created because of MR machines.

Image registration : aligns or co-aligns MRI images.

Along with pre-processing, Partial Volume Effect (PVE) also plays an important and crucial role in segmenting MRI images. PVE is considered to be the contribution of more than one type of tissues in a single voxel. Any voxel which incorporates PVE cannot be delineated or segmented properly. So PVE should also be taken care of properly. 4. MRI Brain Tumor Segmentation

(BTS) TechniquesMRI BTS techniques developed

by various researchers may be either fully automated or may require human interaction to provide some seeds to start. Such researches are done basically on MRI images only and images are provided by various hospitals, from open databases available for common challenges or may be synthetically generated by computers. MRI BTS techniques are summarized as follows:a. Basic BTS Techniques

Basic BTS techniques are considered to be thresholding, region growing and watershed methods as shown in table 1.b. Atlas and probabilistic based

Methods Different anatomical structures

may share the same tissue contrast. To help segmentation task, a prior anatomical information is provided either by a rule based tissue properties or by manual tissue annotation. Atlas gives predefined structure or distribution (probability priors) of brain tissues. Basically there are two type of atlases: Topological (deterministic) and probabilistic. When the atlas construction depends on a single subject then it is called topological atlas. These type of atlases are often a volume image which is a representative (average size, shape or intensity) among the other objects to be segmented. Figure 1 shows such atlas. But anatomical atlases are not representing diversity of human

anatomy. Atlases are constructed on the basis of populations to better understand variability of anatomical structures. Such atlases are often known as probabilistic (population-based or statistical) atlases. Figure 2 shows probabilistic atlas. Disease-base atlas can also be generated. Table 2 provides various probabilistic atlas based BTS techniques.

Such methods requires mapping of MR image with the atlas for segmentation of tumor, so selection of atlas plays the major role. Moreover this, some kind of spatial information related to the location of tumor is also needed as one of the input for segmentation.c. Deformable methods

Table 1 : Basic Brain Tumor segmentation techniquesTechnique Key PointsRegion Growing � It is a semi-automated technique, where seed point is

provided for finding the interested region of tumor. Thresholding � Here contribution of partial volume is calculated based on

the intensity distribution of normal brain tissues. Using this fact brain tumor is segmented.

Watershed � Multi-scale watershed segmentation is used which works on linear Gaussian scale-space which simplifies the image.

� This linear scale-space is described by PDE based on heat diffusion equation.

� Localization watershed at low scale is combined with detection watersheds at high scale to detect tumor area.

Fig. 1 : The anatomical phantom derived from average of T1, T2, PD-weighted images of various scans of same subject. These volumes are defined at a 0.5mm isotropic voxel grid in Talairach space, with dimensions 362*434*362 (XxYxZ) and start coordinates −90,−126,−72 (x,y,z). A discrete phantom was created by storing the label of the most important fraction class at each voxel location [5].

A R T I C L E


Deformable models are basically curves which moves under the influence of internal force which are curves and surfaces in the image itself and external force which are calculated using image data. Geometry, physics and approximation based features can easily be found using deformable methods. Deformable features helps in tracking anatomical structures appropriately which are very different according to biological structures of different individual. There are basically two type of deformable models: parametric and Geometric. Table 3 shows some of those for brain tumor segmentation.

In Deformable methods, if large amount of deformation has happened in the normal tissues then tumor detection becomes very difficult. Other than this, prior knowledge of shape of tumor is also required which is very difficult as the tumor shape, size and location changes in different patients.d. Machine Learning based methods

In machine learning based methods, clustering and classification methods are studied for BTS. Clustering methods learns relationship of image intensities for segmentation without domain knowledge. Such methods takes image specific features which are relevant to tumor. Large volume of training data is required for robust segmentation against imaging artefacts, intensity and shape variations. Whereas classification methods learns from the training data given. Table 4 summarizes these methods.

Table 2 : Atlas and Probability based BTS techniquesTechnique Key PointsProbabilistic Atlas for OPG

Uses disease specific atlas. Here the task is divided in four parts:1. co-registration and normalization of MR images with help of

rigid registration method and dynamic histogram matching.2. registration of MR images with Optic Pathway Gliomas

(OPG) atlas is done based on affine transformation atlas voxel weights.

3. From FLAIR images, sharp boundary of OPG is detected by simply applying fixed-value thresholding.

4. Sharp OPG boundary is completed using Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test.

Probabilistic Atlas from multiple channels

1. Channel specific tumor segmentation is done based on multi-dimensional sequences.

2. For healthy tissue, atlas based multinomial distribution finds probabilities of GM, WM and CSF.

3. Probabilistic atlas for tumor state is constructed for multiple channels using estimation maximization. Once tumor specific parameters are estimated for all the channels, presence of tumor at each voxel is labelled.

Probabilistic Atlas with tumor as new class

1. Probabilistic atlas is generated which has tumor prior information.

2. To form an unbiased atlas which can tolerate tumor and traumatic brain injury lesions, low-rank-plus sparse image decomposition technique is used which is iterative, diffeomorphic, and uses group-wise image registration method.

3. Each iteration of image registration identifies healthy and pathological components in the image and uses healthy component to create unbiased atlas. Such atlas is then used to identify pathology in the image.

Table 3. Deformable Methods based BTS TechniquesTechnique Key PointsDynamic Gradient Vector Flow (DGVF)

1. Internal forces uses adaptive balloon forces to increase capture range of tumor and to speed-up evolution.

2. Spatial diffusion gradient of an edge map is used in DGVF snake to track concave boundaries such that it becomes less sensitive to local minima.

Generalized Gradient Vector Flow (GGVF)

1. After pre-processing the image, initial tumor detection is done using fuzzy classification method which is applicable to hyper-intense tumors and symmetry analysis to any type of tumor.

2. Symmetry plan analysis is performed to determine the region that deviate from the symmetry assumption to get rough location of tumor.

3. Accurate estimation of its boundaries is done using parametric deformable model GGVF which constrained by spatial relations based on topological and distance relation

Geometric Properties

1. Abnormal brain tissues are found using registered normal brain atlas and tumor area is determined.

2. Spatial and geometric properties are applied to locate the tumor area.

A R T I C L E

Fig. 2 : ICBM452 population-based atlas: (a) T1-weighted mean, (b) white matter, (c) grey matter, and (d) cerebrospinal fluid [4].




Table 4 : Machine Learning Based BTS TechniquesTechnique Key PointsFuzzy C-means Method 1:

1. On the basics of fuzzy c-means clustering model, various models are defined based on the combination of Hard C-means/Fuzzy c-means and various partitioning criteria.

2. Neural Network is established putting assumptions on error functions and derivatives of error functions.

3. Comparison of these two approaches is shown.Method 2: 1. Apply local filtering to each voxel to compute its intensity.2. Determine number of voxel in the MR slices having specific intensity level. 3. Optimize Fuzzy C-means clustering function.

Fuzzy knowledge and region growing

1. From multi-spectral MR images, fuzzy knowledge is acquired, which includes fuzzy edge, fuzzy similarity and fuzzy distance.

2. This fuzzy knowledge is applied to conventional seeded region growing method so that the method does not undersegment the image.

Support Vector Machine (SVM)

1. SVM is trained to classify tumor under the assumption of inter voxel independency.2. As voxels always depends on their neighbours, such spatial relationship is modelled using Conditional

Random Field (CRF) to regularize the results generated by SVM Classifier.Random Decision Forest (RDF)

Method 1: 1. RDF uses k-fold cross-validation approach for fully automatic segmentation. After image pre-

processing, intensity features, gradient based features and context features are extracted for each voxel.

2. These features are used in RDF for classification. Morphological filtering is applied as post processing step to deal with large tumor region.

Method 2: 1. Separately trained decision trees are used to create ensemble approach, where each tree differs due

to randomness of feature selection during training. 2. Highest information gain feature parameter is saved for each node.

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC)

1. ABC algorithm is applied on the MRI image using fitness function to provide global thresholding. 2. This thresholded image is further given for tumor classification to Fuzzy C-Means algorithm.

Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm

1. Hybrid intelligent algorithm does image fusion for T1 and T2 weighted MRI. 2. This image is tested against symmetry of brain for tumorous slice classification. 3. Such tumorous slices are then provided to fuzzy Hopfield Neural Network for tumor segmentation.

Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT)

1. Apply SWT to pre-processed MR image for decomposition of wavelet coefficients.2. Generate Self Organizing Maps (SOM) with SWT coefficients using unsupervised learning algorithm. 3. Label such SOM using manually segmented regions.4. Fine tune the weighted vectors of SOM using Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ).

K – Nearest Neighbour (KNN)

1. Semi-automatic supervised learning method uses within brain generalization, where user roughly selects voxels associated to each class of tumor.

2. This input is provided to KNN method, which generalizes this labelling to other unlabelled data.K-Singular Value Decomposition (K-SVD)

1. K-SVD uses topological and texture features and iterates between sparse coding and input data based on the current dictionary to modify the atoms in the dictionary to better fit the data.

2. This sparse coding is then used to classify between normal and abnormal brain tissues.Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and SVM

1. By taking the advantage of brain hemisphere symmetry, brain lateral ventricular models is created dynamically for extracting deformation features.

2. Such features are then fed into ANN and SVM for Brain Tumor Segmentation.KNN and SVM 1. Intra-tumor segmentation is done by Otsu’s method to segment the image in high and low signal

groups followed by spatial mapping scheme from a multi-modality MRI imaging dataset to consider correlation between them.

2. Survival time prediction is done by classifying data in two categories (<400days and ≥400days) using KNN and SVM.

Above mentioned Machine Learning methods requires number of classes into which the input tissues are to be divided (normal/abnormal, GM/

WM/CSF/Tumor etc). Large amount of training data to be provided for better results, which may not be possible if the data set is too small. These methods

uses very specific data which gives good accuracy on that data only.

A R T I C L E


A R T I C L E

ConclusionThis article provides basic

knowledge of brain tumor and its types. It describes various medical image modalities for brain images and shortlist MR images are preferred for automated image analysis. It covers various basic segmentation techniques followed by atlas and probabilistic methods, deformable methods and Machine Learning methods. All the methods described works on specific type of datasets and tumor. In future techniques can be developed which can work on all the type of tumors irrespective of its structure, location and size. References[1] “Inner Body – Brain”, http://www.

innerbody.com/image/nerv02.html[2] “Gray Matter”, http://www.inner-light-

in.com/2015/01/how-to-increase-gray-matters-in-the-brain/

[3] H. Menze, et. al. “The Multimodal Brain Tumor Image Segmentation Benchmark (BRATS),” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 1993–2024, Oct. 2015.

[4] M. Cabezas, A. Oliver, X. Llado, J. Freixenet, and ´ M. Bach Cuadra, A review of atlas-based segmentation for magnetic resonance brain images, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. e158-e177, 2011.

[5] “The McConnell Brain Imaging Centre” http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/ServicesAtlases/Colin27Highres, Last Accessed on 8th March, 2016.

[6] S. Cha, “Update on brain tumor

imaging: From anatomy to physiology”, American Journal of Neuroradiology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 475-487, 2006.

[7] N. Gordillo, E. Montseny, P. Sobrevilla, “State of the art survey on MRI brain tumor segmentation”, journal of magnetic resonance imaging, Elsevier, 2013.

[8] Despotović, Ivana, Bart Goossens, and Wilfried Philips. “MRI segmentation of the human brain: challenges, methods, and applications.” Computational and mathematical methods in medicine 2015 (2015).

[9] “Brain Tumor”, http://www.healthline.com/health/brain-tumor#Overview1 Last Accessed on 8th March, 2016

[10] Toennies, Klaus D., “Guide to medical image analysis: methods and algorithms,” Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.

About the Authors:Ms. Rupal R. Agravat is an Assistant Professor at Institute of Technology, Nirma University and Ph.D. Scholar at School of Engineering and Applied Science, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad. Her areas of research interest includes Digital Image Processing, Medical Imaging, Machine Learning. She can be reached at [email protected]

Dr. Mehul S. Raval [CSI–00091380] is currently working as Associate Professor with School of Engineering and Applied Science, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad. He is an alumnus of College of Engineering (COEP), Pune. His research interests are in the areas of computer vision, digital watermarking, digital image forensics, soft biometrics. He is a CSI distinguished speaker for Region 3. He can be reached at [email protected].

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A R T I C L E

A Study on Open Source Software in Health Care System

Shikha Agrawal and Jitendra Agrawal Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya Bhopal (MP)

The Open Source Software is the computer program that is freely available and can be used by anybody as per his/her requirement. One of the biggest advantages of this is that it is easily available. It can be downloaded from a number of websites and user has to pay nothing for software licensing fees.

The Open Source Software in health care has proven its success. Many software companies like Red Hat, MY SQL & JBOSS etc. have demonstrated their potential as an open source enterprises.”IBM”, “SUN Microsystems”, “Hewlett Packard” and many more is now actively taking part in the development of open source software. Both government and federal agencies are paying attention to bring revolution in the health care industry through open source software. The result is many well established health care based open source projects; few of them are described here in this article.A. Open Source Software for Medical

Image Processing:Medical image processing is

the method of generating optical illustration of the inner part of a

body for medical investigation [1]. It consists of different functions such as generic, registration, segmentation, visualization, reconstruction, simulation and diffusion. Many open source software have been created to carry out these different functions are as shown in figure below.

To inspire the reader to explore and use these freely accessible open source software for medical image processing, this section surveys several open source libraries.1. Generic:1.1 Visualization Toolkit (VTK):

The Visualization Toolkit (VTK)[2] is most popular and widely used open-source, cross platform, implemented in C++ for 3D computer graphics, image processing, rendering and visualization. This tool was initially developed by three researchers, “Will Schroeder, Ken Martin and Bill Lorensen” (with the permission of GE), as companion software for the book, ‘The Visualization Toolkit: An Object-Oriented Approach to 3D Graphics’ published by Prentice-Hall. Later on VTK is taken by Kitware, whose team is still performing enhancement

to the VTK toolkit. Now VTK has become a permanent feature in academic, commercial and R&D sectors. Its framework is the backbone of several other visualization applications like Para View, MayaVi and OsiriX. Since it is possible to wrap other language’s interpreters to VTK, it can be enlarge on other languages like Python and Java and can also be integrated with many GUI toolkit based database such as QT and Tk. Besides that, it contains a suite of 3D interaction widgets and sustains parallel processing.1.2 Insight Toolkit (ITK):

Developed in 1999 by the National Library of Medicine (USA), Insight Toolkit (ITK)[3] is an open-source, cross-platform system for registration and segmentation of medical data of CT and MRI scans. Cross-Compilation is done with the help of CMake software.ITK is written in C++ but also supports other languages such as Python and Java. Concept of generic programming and smart pointers enhances the memory management efficiency of ITK. It not only supports multi-dimensional views but also allows different file formats “DICOM, PNG, VTK, BMP, JPEG,

Generic Registration Simulation Visualization Diffusion Reconstruction Segmentation

VTKITKFSLGIMIASPM

NiftyRegElastixANTS

NiftySim MITK CaminoDTI-TK

NiftyRec NifySegITK-Snap

Medical Image Processing

Fig. 1 : Open Source Software for Medical Image Processing


A R T I C L E

Siemens, Tiff, RAW, GE4x”, etc.1.3 FMRIB Software Library (FSL):

As the name indicates FMRIB Software Library (FSL)[4] is a library of software for statistical analysis of FMRI, MRI and DTI brain image data. It was created by Analysis Group, FMRIB (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain), and OXFORD, UK in 2000. This tool is easy to install and runs on Apple and PCs.1.4 Graphical Interface for Medical

Image Analysis and Simulation (GIMIAS):GIMIAS[5] is a extensible open

source progress oriented cross platform system used for biomedical image computing and simulation of cardiac images, angiography images and neurology images. GIMIAS get funded by many projects such as cvREMOD, euHeart and VPH NoE.1.5 Statistical Parametric Mapping

(SPM):SPM refers to a open source software

created by Karl Friston of “Welcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience” (part of University College London) for the statistical analysis of brain imaging data sequences. In this software the Statistical Parametric Mapping [6] is used. In order to validate the hypotheses about functional imaging data, SPM assess spatially extended statistical processes created from brain imaging data sequences, such as fMRI, PET, SPECT, EEG and MEG.2. Registration:2.1 NiftyReg:

This project was written by members of the “Translational Imaging Group” with the “Centre for Medical Image Computing” at “University College London”[7]. This software performs definite, fine and non-linear registration of medical images. Two types of the algorithms are incorporated, one is a CPU based and another one is GPU- ( CUDA) based implementation.2.2 Elastix:

An ITK based open source software, contains bunch of programs that are often used for medical image registration. The modularity of Elastix[8] permits user to rapidly construct, examine, and contras

distinct registration methods for a particular application. A command-line interface automated the processing of large numbers of data sets through scripting. Since Elastix is now partnered with “SimpleElastix”, supports C++, R, Python,Ruby, Java, C#, Octave and Lua.2.3 Advances Normalization Tools

(ANTS):ANTS or Advances Normalization

Tools [9] is a medical image registration and segmentation toolkit developed by Brian B. Avants and currently maintained by Hands J. Johnson. ANTs is not only capable for handling, understanding and conceptulizing multidimensional data but also able to extract information from complex dataset and also supports analysis of standardized multimodality image. 3. Segmentation:3.1 NiftySeg:

University College London developed this open source toolkit that performs segmentation of images in nifti or analyse format on the basis of EM. It also has a bundle of label fusion programs like MV, STAPLE and SBA with diverse types of ranking approaches.[7]3.2 ITK-Snap:

Paul Yushkevich, “Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory (PICSL)” at the University of Pennsylvania, and Guido Gerig, “Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute (SCI)” at the University of Utah, create an open-source and multi-platform program for segmentation of 3D medical images[10]. It is easy to use and learn. Along with semi-automatic segmentation ITK-SNAP also provides physical depiction and image exploration. Apart from these , it also provides supports for many diverse 3D image formats, which includes NIfTI and DICOM also , assist for concurrent, linked scanning, and segmentation of multiple images and sustain time-variant, multi-channel, and color images.4. Visualisation:4.1 The Medical Imaging Interaction

Toolkit (MITK):The Medical Imaging Interaction

Toolkit or MITK[11] is a C++ library for consolidated medical image

processing and analyzing written by Dr. Tian and his group of the “ Intelligent Medical Research Center”, “Institute of Automation”, “Chinese Academy of Science”. It combines the Insight Toolkit (ITK) and the Visualization Toolkit (VTK) with application framework so as to give medical image community a uniform framework that combines the image registration, segmentation and visualization together. Its syntax and interface is simple and intuitive.5. Reconstruction:5.1 NiftyRec:

This open source software for tomography reconstruction was initially created at the “Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC)”, University College London (UCL) over the period 2009-2012 and is presently being expanded at the “Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)” of Harvard University. It is the fastest GPU-accelerated reconstruction tools for emission and transmission computed tomography. NiftyRec [12] supports a wide range of modalities such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT),X-Ray Computed Tomography and Tomosynthesis, Synchrotron X-Ray Tomography, Neutron Tomography and Optical Projection Tomography. This is easy to use. Code is developed in C and comes with Python and Matlab interfaces.6. Simulation:6.1 NiftySim:

NiftySim,[13] an open-source highly efficient nonlinear limited element toolkit, evolved at “University College London”. This was designed to incorporate high-performance soft tissue simulation potentialities into biomedical applications. The main attributes of this software are the choice of execution on graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware, many constitutive models and solid-element alternatives, membrane and shell elements, and contact modeling facilities in a simple to use library.7. Diffusion:7.1 Camino:

Camino [14] is a freely available




object-oriented software toolkit for analysis and reconstruction for Diffusion MRI data processing, tractography and connectivity mapping. It is able to do construction of processing pipelines that include modules from other software. At present, the microstructure imaging group at UCL lead development is doing the maintenance of the toolkit. 7.2 DTI-TK:

This is open source software present under the General Public License, developed by Gary Zhang, University of Pennsylvania. DTI-TK [15] is a spatial normalization and atlas construction toolkit reformed for inspecting white matter morphometry using DTI data. In the year of 2011, DTI-TK is ranked as the highest-performing tool in its class by NeuroImage.B. Open Source Software for

Electronic Health or Medical Record:Cottage Med [16] is a freely

available FileMaker based software for electronic medical record (EMR) developed by “Caring in Community”. It is the first publicly distributed EMR that provides cross-stage for PC, Mac, Linux, and now also includes basic web programs fitting in with open models which includes Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari and Opera. Since 2003 the program has had more than 10,000 download and keeps running on a few hundred installations including projects by USAID and the UN.

FreeMED[17] is a LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP ) based open-source electronic therapeutic record framework . The project was formally begun in 1999 by Jeffrey Buchbinder of Willimantic, Connecticut, United States. Since then, it has turned into an international effort, with a large number of downloads and a few interpretations. FreeMED is an immediate descendent of Pascal/DBase program AMOS, made in 1983, preceding the far reaching utilization of relational databases and object oriented programming. FreeMED is at present facilitated by the “ FreeMED Software Foundation” , with downloads facilitated by Sourceforge. It utilizes Subversion as a Concurrent forming framework, which it has utilized since it was relocated from CVS in 2005.

THIRRA [18] is an online Electronic Health Records (EHR) System, developed by “Portable System for

TeleHealth” and “Health Informatics for Rural and Remote Areas”. Other than the EHR, it additionally has the Biosurveillance mode, which empowers Public Health Departments to observe and examine the infectious disease outbreaks. THIRRA can be utilized as a part of a disconnected versatile mode, where no dependence on the Internet is required. Information is kept on mobile devices, for example, laptops and notebooks. The clients can synchronize the information with the fundamental server when they come back to the clinic/doctor’s facility. THIRRA was composed in the PHP language and utilizes the CodeIgniter system.

OpenEMR [19] is an Electronic Medical Records (EMR) framework that is used as therapeutic practice management software. Its features include ONC Complete Ambulatory EHR certification [20], complete incorporation of electronic medical records, planning and electronic billing. OpenEMR is an open-source program subject to the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). The server side is composed in PHP and can be utilized in conjunction with a LAMP “stack”, however any operating system with PHP backing is supported.C. Open Source Software for Public

health and Biosurveillance:Open Dental, already termed as

Free Dental, is a Practice Management program authorized under the GNU General Public License was initially released in 2003. [21] It is composed in the C# language and compatible with Microsoft .NET Framework. A current version of the program needs Microsoft Windows. Prior adaptations of the product had supported other operating systems except Linux. [22] Open Dental is owned and supported by Open Dental Software, Inc., which is consolidated in the State of Oregon in the United States of America. The characteristics and availability of Open Dental make it an impressive alternative for use in the dental business.

The Spatiotemporal Epidemio-logical Modeler (STEM)[23] is an open source software , developed by IBM Research and accessible by the Eclipse Foundation. It is a tool intended to provide researchers facility to produce and utilize spatial and temporal models of infectious disease. This

project utilizes a component software architecture that uses OSGi standard. STEM is intended to make it simple for designers and analysts to plug in their choice of models. It accompanies countless compartment models and other model building framework that permits clients to quickly extend existing models or to make altogether new models. The model building framework gives a basic graphical user interface and automatically creates all of the model code and hot infuses the code into STEM at run time. In many cases, no knowledge of Eclipse or Java is required. Its code generator permits client users to build models influenced by changes in climate data.

Epi Info [24] is open space factual software for the study of disease transmission created at the “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia (USA). Epi Info has been in existence for more than 20 years and is as of now accessible for Microsoft Windows. The system takes into account electronic overview creation, information passage, and investigation. Conclusion:

Most of the large organizations of medical domain discover open source program attractive for following reasons: � Procurement of these software is

easy and cheap. � Vendor Independent: There are

larger numbers of software available so they are free to choose anyone without bothering about the supplier.

� Easy to switch from one open source software to another.

� Flexibility: ability to view and modify the source code.Also for small medical

organizations the advantages of open source software such as the low acquisition cost, flexibility, reduced risk of getting locked into proprietary software thus opens the door of more options for the future.

Unfolding of these software for medical applications is not an indication of end of commercial vendors nor does it indicates that they are free for everyone, but they can be taken as a powerful tool for cutting price and enhancing quality of services. Open source software can be a role model depending upon

A R T I C L E

among all these agencies and bodies, is the constitution of Indian Cyber Crimes Coordination Centre popularly known as ICCCC or IC4. It would be relevant to note here that in the USA, Cyber Security Information Sharing Act (CISA) was passed in the Senate in October 2015, to ensure proper information sharing among the stake holders.

Information Security – the road

ahead: Besides the IC4 initiatives that is almost established and is about to start functioning soon, the long term steps in India involves many techno-legal issues. Though India prides itself as a an IT superpower, it has no popular operating system of its own (our own C-DAC developed BOSS operating system is yet gain popularity), no indigenous search engine and most

of the firewall, IDS and IPS are from abroad and almost the entire hardware are imported from across the globe, like the routers, switches, hard-disks, cables etc. It is time that India as a long term initiative moves in the right direction to combat data theft by putting in place, our own network gadgets, network operating systems, cables and all hard-disks.

Contd. from page 30


how IT industry captures the patient information, manages and share this information firmly and utilize it to keep up high quality patient care.References:[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_

imaging.[2] Pettit, C., et al. Developing a multi-

scale visualization toolkit for use in climate change response. Landscape Ecol (2012).

[3] Johnson, et al. The ITK Software Guide Book 1: Introduction and Development Guidelines Fourth Edition Updated for ITK version 4.6. (2014)

[4] Jenkinson, M., et al. FSLl Neuroimage 2012; 62(2): 782-790.

[5] Larrabide, P. et al. GIMIAS: an open source framework for effcient development of research tools and clinical prototypes. Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart 2009; 417-426.

[6] Friston, et al. Statistical parametric

mapping: the analysis of functional brain images. London: Academic 2007; vii, 647.

[7] TIG. (2014). TIG wiki page. In Meida Wiki. Retrieved on 23.nov.2014, from http://cmictig.cs.ucl.ac.uk/wiki/index.php/Main_Page.

[8] Mengler, L., et al. Brain maturation of the adolescent rat cortex and striatum: changes in volume and myelination. NeuroImage 2014; 84, pp. 35–44.

[9] Avants, Brian B., Nick Tustison, and Gang Song. Advanced normalization tools (ANTS) 2009. Insight J.

[10] Paul A. et al. User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: Significantly improved efficiency and reliability. Neuroimage 2006 Jul 1;31(3):1116-28.

[11] Nolden, Marco, et al. The medical imaging interaction toolkit: challenges and advances. International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery 8.4 (2013): 607-620.

[12] https://sourceforge.net/projects/

niftyrec/[13] Taylor, Z. A., S. Johnsen, and S. Ourselin.

“NiftySim.” (2010).[14] http://cmic.cs.ucl.ac.uk/camino[15] http://dti-tk.sourceforge.net/pmwiki/

pmwiki.php[16] h t t p s : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o rg / w i k i /

CottageMed[17] https://sourceforge.net/projects/

freemed[18] http://sourceforge.net/projects/thirra[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenEMR[20] Maduro, Roger (2011-08-22). “OpenEMR

4.1 Achieves Full ‘Meaningful Use’ Certification”. Retrieved 2011-10-01.

[21] “FLOSS Licence”. Open Dental Software Inc. Retrieved 2009-06-12.

[22] “Open Dental Software Manual - C#, Linux, and Macintosh”. Open Dental Software Inc. Retrieved 2009-06-12.

[23] h t t p s : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o rg / w i k i /Spatiotemporal_Epidemiological_Modeler

[24] https://www.cdc.gov/epiinfo/index.htmln

A R T I C L E

About the Authors:Dr. Jitendra Agrawal [CSI-01177532] is currently working with Department of CSE at the Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, MP, India. He has published two books named Data Structures and Advanced Database Management System. He is the recipient of the Best Professor in Information Technology award by the World Education Congress in 2013. His research interests include Data Structure, Data Mining, Soft Computing and Computational Intelligence. He can be reached at [email protected].

Dr. Shikha Agrawal [CSI–01186620] is an Assistant Professor in Department of Computer Science & Engineering at University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (MP) India. She has been awarded as “Young Sciencetist” by Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal in 2012. Her other extraordinary achievements include “ICT Rising Star of the Year Award 2015” and “Young ICON Award 2015”. Her area of interest is Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing and Particle Swarm Optimization and Database. She is a MP State Students’ Coordinator, Computer Society of India (CSI), 2016-2017. She can be reached at [email protected].

About the Author:Mr. V. Rajendran [CSI-I0175673] is currently practicing as an advocate mainly handling cyber crime cases, and as a trainer and consultant on banking law, information security, cyber law, ATMs, Internet Banking etc. He is a certified cyber forensic examiner from IDRBT and a CeISB from Indian Institute of Banking and Finance, CISP from STQC, Govt of India and a Diploma holder in IT Law. He is a guest Faculty in industry bodies like CII, FICCI Reserve Bank of India, Gujarat State Forensic University, IITs, and various Universities and academic institutions including the staff colleges of various banks, Police Training colleges in Tamil Nadu. He is past president of Cyber Society of India. He can be reached at [email protected] .




CLUES

CrossWord Durgesh Kumar Mishra Chairman, CSI Division IV Communications Professor (CSE) and Director Microsoft Innovation Center, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Technology,

Indore.

Test your knowledge on Big DataSolution to the crossword with name of first all correct solution provider(s) will appear in the next issue. Send your answer to CSI Communications at email address [email protected] and cc to [email protected] with subject: Crossword Solution – CSIC December 2016 Issue.

ACROSS5. A border6. A central point in the ground8. A 3D surface9. A focussed pulse of energy11. Shorter wavelength component of light12. A small graphic component

DOWN1. The smallest unit in an image2. Figure to show irregular shape of the earth3. A substance which absorbs whole energy4. A satellite path7. Combination of images10. Human ability to perceive scenes11. A RADAR

We are overwhelmed by the response and solutions received from our enthusiastic readers

Congratulations!All nearby Correct answers to November 2016 month’s crossword received from the following reader:• Dr. L. Jaba Sheela, Professor CSE Dept, Panimalar Engineering College,Chennai• Bira sudhakar, Ass. General Manager, Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, Visakhapatnam.• S .Kumari, Asst. Professor IT Department, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai• V. Uthra, Final year student, B.E CSE, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore• Bira Sudhakar, Assistant general manager, Vizag Steel Plant, Visakhapatnam• Dr. Sandhya Arora, Professor, Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Pune• Reshma Murdeshwar, Big Data Enthusiast, Pune – Maharashtra• Ms. Priyanshu Jadon, M.Tech., Sri Vishnav Vidhya Peeth, Indore

1

2 3

4 5

6

7

8

9 10

11

12

1 ZO

2 S OQ K

3 O O Z I EO EP P 4 N

E A 5 M6 R A M A

E 7 H D F S 8 F9 Y A R N O U

O U 10 C M11 D A T A N O D E

E MB

12 H I V E13 T N

14 M A 15 P R E D U C EI X RG T S

Solution for November 2016 Crossword

BRAIN TEASER

Bharat Maps - A Multi-layer GIS Platform [http://nicmaps.rsgis.nic.in/]:Digital India aims to establish end to end geo-spatial electronics delivery systems as part of Mission Mode Projects in e-Governance domain and envisages “National GIS Mission” as core foundation of location based Electronic Delivery of Services for Planning & Governance. NIC/DeitY has created Multi-Layer GIS Platform named “Bharat Maps” which depicts core foundation data as “NICMAPS”, an integrated base map service using 1:50,000 scale reference data from Survey of India, ISRO, FSI, RGI and so on. This encompass 23 layers containing administrative boundaries, transport layers such as roads & railways, forest layer, settlement locations etc., including terrain map services.Salient Features � Rich Internet Application (RIA), with cross platform and browser

support, has been developed visualized along with Mash-ups

with Global GIS Services. � NIC spatial data repository has been updated as per the

standards and around 1000 vector layers comprising of Administrative Boundaries, Transportation Network , Natural Features etc. has been used for this composition.

� NIC Base Map service consisting of pre-composed maps and served using tile cache from scales ranging from 1: 20 Million - 1:20000. High scale Maps has been incorporated for seven cities on the scale of 1:10000 to 1:4000.

� NIC Satellite Imagery service consists of satellite images of varying resolutions like AWiFS ( 56 m), LISS ( 23.5 m) and PAN ( 5.80 m).

� NIC Terrain Map service developed using contour data from Survey of India.


F R O M C H A P T E R S & D I V I S I O N S

AHMEDABAD CHAPTER

CSI Ahmedabad Chapter in association with Google Developer Group, Ahmedabad and School of Computer Studies, Ahmedabad University has organized hands on workshop on “Angular 2.0” on Saturday, October 22, 2016. Speaker of the session was Mr. Jinal Shah, Member, Google Developer Group, Ahmedabad. Angular 2 is an open source JavaScript framework to build web applications in HTML and JavaScript and has been conceived as a mobile first approach. He covered the topic such as Introduction to Angular 2.0, its demand and popularity, Type Script, Component and nesting components, Services, CRUD operations etc. More than 50+ Students and fresher’s from industry attended this event. Dr. Sandeep Vasant, Vice Chairman cum Chairman Elect has coordinated this session. The session ended with the interesting questions and answers.

AMRAVATI CHAPTER

Dr Gajendra R Bamnote, Chairman, Computer Society of India, Amravati Chapter was conferred with the prestigious Brigadier M L Anand National Award by the Institute of Electronics & Telecommunication (IETE) in its Annual Technical Convention at New Delhi on 24th September 2016 by the hands of Pradmashri A S Kiran Kumar, Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Pradmabhushan Kris Gopalkrishnan, cofounder of INFOSYS. The award is presented for his outstanding original contribution for the development of applications of networking and Internet with emphasis on usage in everyday life and commerce, during the last 5 (five) years. The award consists of a medal, a citation and a cash prize. He was invited to deliver a lecture on the work leading to the award at the IETE centre. He is Professor at Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology & Research Badnera and the Dean of the faculty of Engineering & Technology, Sant Gadge

Baba Amravati University, Amravati. He was also honoured with the Rajarambapu Patil National Award for Promising Engineering Teacher for Creative work done in Technical Education for Engineering College for the year 2014 by Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE).

COIMBATORE CHAPTER

Computer Society of India, Coimbatore Chapter organized a Guest Lecture on “Internet of Things” in Adithya Institute of Technology, Coimbatore on 23rd September 2016. Dr. E. Chandra Blessie, Associate Professor, Nehru College of Management and SBC of CSI Coimbatore Chapter delivered the talk.

The program started with the prayer song. It was followed by the welcome address and introduction of the Chief Guest by the Head of the Department Mrs. Chitra, Professor.

The chief guest Dr. E. Chandra Blessie explained about the benefits of student members for half an hour including the details about student portal, journal publications, CSI events, and CSI Annual Conventions. She delivered her talk on IoT and its components. She briefed about the techniques and technologies used. She pointed out some real time projects currently on IoT and finally concluded her talk by explaining the challenges and future of IoT.

Dr. Chitra Devi, CEO of Adithya Institute of Technology presided over the function and delivered the presidential address. The program ended with the vote of thanks by Mr. Sahayavivian, Assistant Professor.

School of IT and Science, Dr G R Damodaran College of Science jointly in association with Computer Society of India, Coimbatore Chapter organized a Guest Lecture by Dr. N. R. ALAMELU, Principal, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College,




Coimbatore. Dr. G. Radhamani Director, school of IT and science welcomed the gathering and introduced the chief guest.Dr. Geetha Padhmanaban, Secretary, Dr. G. R. Damodharan College of Science shared a few words of felicitation and honored the Chief Guest Dr. N. R. Alamelu with a memento.Vote of thanks was delivered by Dr. S. Umamaheshwari, Associate Professor, School of IT and Science.

Mr. S. Arumugam, Past Chairman of the chapter opened the meeting and welcomed all members for participation and then he handed the proceedings over to Mr. Venkat Kailasam, Chapter Treasurer for presenting the financial statements for the year 2015-16.Mr. Venkat Kailasam, Chapter Treasurer, updated the participants on Chapter’s income and expenditure details and explained the total assets and liabilities position. Members enquired details about establishment expenses and the process that is being followed with respect to service tax payments on hall rent receipts. He briefed the current process and explained the on account adjustment with HO. Members suggested that the same should be settled from now on a monthly basis and it has be uploaded in cloud accounting system promptly. Treasurer agreed to the suggestion.After detailed review and discussion, the financial statements as presented was proposed for adoption by Mr. P.R. Rangaswami and seconded by Dr. M. Sunderasan.Subsequent to financial statements review, Dr. G. Radhamani, Secretary of the Chapter thanked all the members present.With no other matters in the agenda, the meeting then concluded.

INDORE CHAPTER

CS/IT department of Chameli Devi Group of Institutions, Indore has organized a National Conference on 21-22

October 2016, in coordination with CSI Indore chapter on the theme Contemporary computing. NC32K16 has celebrated its inaugural function on 21st October at CDGI and Dr. Sanjiv Tokkekar Director IET DAVV, Indore, Dr. CNS Murthy Dean CDGI, Indore addressed the gathering and released the CD of conference proceedings. Around 60 authors has attended the workshop and presented the paper in the conference NC32k16. Valedictory of NC32K16 was headed by Mr. A. K Jain Chairman CSI Indore Chapters.

JABALPUR CHAPTERA two days workshop on Rapid Miner- A data mining tool organized by CSI Jabalpur Chapter in collaboration with Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology & Sciences, Jabalpur on 25-11- 2016 and 26-11- 2016. The resource person of the workshop were Dr. Santosh Vishwakarma, Secretary CSI Jabalpur Chapter. The workshop was attended by total 36 participants.In this occasion Management Members of Gyan Ganga Group of Institutions Dr. Rajneet Jain, Shri Pankaj Goyal, Shri Apoorva Singhai, CSI Jabalpur Chapter Chairman Dr. Maneesh Choubey, Dr. Vinod Kapse, Dr. RK Ranjan, Prof. Meghna Utmal and other CSI Members were also present.

NASHIK CHAPTER

CSI Nashik Chapter organized a program on Barcode-RFID Technology and Applications on 21st October, 2016 powered by Intercode Solutions at Express Inn, Nashik. Mr. Vaibhav Dabhade, Secretary, CSI Nashik welcomed guest and participants. Program started with presentation of Mr. Jay Kothari, Director, Intercode Solutions, on ‘Introduction of Barcode & RFID Technology-TTO Printer’. Next session conducted by Mr. Vinod Gaonkar, National Pre-Sales Head at Intercode Solutions, on ‘WMS Application with Barcode-RFID


Technology & with case study of TBEA energy’. Mr. Sachin Gala, Regional Manager (West) at Intercode Solutions, presented session on ‘Plant & Multiple Warehouse inventory tracking with case study of Syngenta India Ltd, Consumables’. In addition to this demo session was organized during program. Ms. Pramila Nair and Mr. Shridhar Shanbag from Zebra Technologies demonstrated New Products of Zebra Technologies. During Q & A session Intercode Solutions and Zebra Technologies team addressed participant’s questions. The program attended by CEO, Production head, warehouse head, Production manager from various organizations. This program was chaired by Mr. Kishor Vyas, Past Chairman, CSI Nashik and Co-ordinated by Prof. Bhakti Nandurdikar, Guru Gobind Singh Polytechnic College, Nashik.

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI CHAPTER

The international workshop, organized by the Department of Computer Science, in technical collaboration with CSI Tiruchirappalli Chapter, IEEE Podhigai Sub-section and IEEE Signal Processing / Computer Intelligence / Computer Joint Societies Chapter (SIPCICOM) of Madras Section on 2nd and 3rd September 2016 was inaugurated by Dr. A. K. Khaja Nazeemudeen, Secretary and Correspondent of the college. In his inaugural address he highlighted on the importance of such workshops and also the use of image processing in our daily life. Dr. S. Mohamed Salique, Principal, presided over the inaugural session. Janab M. J. Jamal Mohamed Sahib, Assistant Secretary of the college offered felicitations. Janab K.A. Khaleel Ahamed Sahib Treasurer of the college and Prof. K.N. Abdul Kader Nihal, Director (Self-Finance Programs) graced the occasion. Dr. G. Ravi, Convener and Head of the Department, welcomed the gathering and Dr. D. I. George Amalarethinam, Coordinator and Director MCA Programme proposed a vote of thanks.

VADODARA CHAPTER

CSI Vadodara Chapter conducted third Technical Lecture of the year 2016-2017 on the topic “Digital Demystified” by Ms. Rajal Chattopadhyay, Vice President and Global Head for Global Portfolio Management in Atos on Saturday, 26th November 2016 at Dept. of CS and Engg., The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.The topic was discussed at length by Ms. Rajal Chattopadhyay beginning with very interesting discussion on strategic importance of ‘Going Digital – beyond IoT’. She elaborated on concepts of Digital - beyond Technology, and emphasized on why it was essential to win in the Digital economy. Her discussion primarily was focussed on 5 topics (1) What is Digital? (2) Why Now? (3) IT Analysts view for Digital & Best Practices (4) Digital Transformation Building Blocks (5) Digitally Empowered Business & Society. She also highlighted on Identification of the Opportunities for Digital Career & Digital Business for small IT firms & Entrepreneurs

VELLORE CHAPTER

CSI Vellore Chapter organized a one day Seminar on “Industrial Internet of Things” on 12/11/2016 at VIT University. Mr. B. Venkateswar, AGM, R&D Center, BHEL, Ranipet explained introduction to internet of things, application areas in industry, discussed the protocol stack for IOT and shared the research areas of IOT in different verticals of industry, around 40 industry members and 20 life members participated in the seminar.

CSI Vellore Chapter organized a one day Seminar on “Industrial Internet of Things” on 12-11-2016 at VIT University. Mr. B. Venkateswar, AGM, R&D Center, BHEL, Ranipet explained introduction to internet of things, application areas in industry, discussed the protocol stack for IOT and shared the research areas of IOT in different verticals of industry, around 40 industry members and 20 life members participated in the seminar.



CSI IT-2020 Conference and IT Innovation and Excellence Award 2016 14-15 Oct. 2016

This year the CSI – IT 2020 Annual Technology Conference alongwith IT Innovation & Excellence Awards 2016 ceremony was held at Green Technology Auditorium, University of Mumbai, Kalina Campus, Santacruz East, Mumbai on 14-15 October 2016, with much pomp and fanfare. This event attracted large number of delegates from all over India. The Theme of the conference was “Big Data Analytics & Cyber Security”. The conference was organized by CSI Mumbai chapter jointly with Department of IT, University of Mumbai. Conference was sponsored by corporates like Accenture, NxtGen Datacenter, Contact Singapore, Vista InfoSec, Zensar Technologies and supported by IEEE Bombay Section, PMI Mumbai Chapter, TAIT, InfoComm International, Merce Broadside and others.

The conference could materialize with the active efforts by Dr. Sureshchandra J. Gupta, Hon. Head of CSI Mumbai, Mr. Uttam Mane, Present Chairman, Mr. Abraham Koshy, Vice Chairman, Mr. Ajit Joshi, Hon. Secretary, Ms. Shilpa Wagh , Hon. Treasurer and other committee members.

The conference was inaugurated on 14th October with Tribute to the Armed Forces and lighting of the ceremonial lamp by dignitaries followed by opening remark by Dr. Sureshchandra. J. Gupta, welcome address by the Chairman Mr. Uttam Mane. Dr. Sanjay V. Deshmukh, Vice Chancellor of Mumbai University

was the chief guest and delivered the inaugural address. Ms. Ranjana Narawane, Managing Director, and Mr. Nitin Sawant Managing Director both from Accenture delivered keynote address on Big data Analytics. This was followed by Panel Discussion on Machine Learning & Analytics which included eminent panel members Mr. Sundar Krishnan, CRO Reliance Nippon Life Insurance who discussed the Case Study on use of Analytics.

Other speakers included Mr. Rohit Chatter from InMobi (Big Data Analytics), Mr. Shiju Rawther from CIBIL (Cyber Security and challenges), Mr. Joel Divekar, Creative Antenna (Secured Public Ledger), Ms. Ujjyaini Mitra, Flipkart (Searching Deep sea whales in Telecomm), Mr. Gabriel Lim, Contact Singapore (Working and Living in Singapore) There was a parallel tutorial session on “Bit Coin Block Chain Technology” by Mr. Joel Divekar, Creative Antenna.

The second day started with welcome note by Mr. Sandip Chintawar, past chairman of CSI Mumbai, keynote address on Cyber Security by Shri. Brijesh Singh, IPS IG, DGIPR, Maharashtra Police. Shri Birjesh Singh announced 100 Internship to talented students in Big Data Analytics / Cyber Security. Talk on Cyber Security was delivered by Mr. Bharat Panchal, NPCI (ancient age to digital age). This was followed by panel discussion on the Rise and rise of Ransomware headed

by Mr. Shanker Jadhav Strategic Head BSE and other eminent panel members, talks on data analytics by Mr. Narendra Sahoo, VISTA InfoSec, Mr S Anand, Gramener, talks by Debdoot Mukherjee, Hike Messenger, Advocate Prashant Mali, Advocate High Court and Cyber Security Expert, Mr. Henry P, Ms. Gandhali Samant, Microsoft, Mr Sivakumar Sriraman, VISA etc. Parallel tutorial session on Big Data Analytics by Mr Amit Agarwal, Senior Consultant was also conducted. Mr Diniyar Modi of Contact Singapore spoke on working and living in Singapore.

An award function was held and awards were distributed to CXO’s , CISO’s in various verticals, sectors, sub sectors etc. As well as to Companies following best practices in Implementation of Big Data Analytics, Cyber Security etc. For the first time in the history of CSI Mumbai Chapter four senior IPS officers were honored and welcomed to the Hall of Fame wiz., Shri. Brijesh Singh, IPS – Hall of Fame, Shri. KMM Prasanna, IPS – Commendable ICT Implementation at the Public Service Level, Shri. Madhukar Pande, IPS – Commendable ICT Implementation at the Public Service Level, Shri. Prabhat Kumar, IPS – Commendable ICT Implementation at the Public Service Level

All the award winners were applauded profusely by the 350 plus audience who were present. Late evening program included a CXO Meet in a City Hotel.

Dr. Sanjay Deshmukh Hon’ble VC of Mumbai University

Award presented to Shri Madhukar Pande, IPSJt. Commissioner of Police, Navi Mumbai by

Dr. Gupta Sureshchandra J. Hon. Head

Shri. Brijesh Singh, IPS IG, Head Cyber Security, Maharashtra Police

Award presented Shri. Brijesh Singh, IG, Head Cyber Security, Maharashtra Police, by

Chairman Mr. Uttam Mane www.csi-india.org



F R O M S T U D E N T B R A N C H E S

REGION-IAmity University, Noida Chitkara University, Barotiwala

6 & 7-10-2016 - International Conference on InCITe 2016 9 to 11-11-2016 – Hands on Workshop on PHP and JQuery

The NorthCap University, Gurgaon

3-11-2016 - Quiz competition 3-11-2016 - Event on Watch and Respond

REGION-IIIVikrant Group of Institutions, Vikrant College, Gwalior Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore

22-10-2016 - Guest Lecture on Research Methodology & Application uses SPSS

5-10-2016 to 7-10-2016 - Hands on workshop on Internet of Things using Raspberry Pi

Modi Institute of Management & Technology, Kota The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur

8-10-2016 - CSI Rajasthan State Student Convention 25-10-2016 - Event on CSI Plenum



REGION-IIIJaypee University of Engineering & Technology, Guna

19-11-2016 Event on Windows Application Development 4-10-2016 - Event on TYPOLYMPICS

REGION-IV REGION-VNational Institute Science & Tech. (NIST), Berhampur Vasavi college of Engineering, Hyderabad

22-10-2016 – CSI Odisha State Student Convention on Cloud and IOT

19-10-2016 – Event on MOCK GRE

REGION-VNBKR Institute of Science and Technology, Nellore Anurag Group of Institutions, Hyderabad

4-11-2016 - Event on Mock the Press 5-11-2016 - One day workshop on Internet of ThingsGSSS Institute of Engineering and Technology for Women, Mysuru

22-10-2016 – Technical Talk on 2G/3G Communication 21 to 26-10-2016 - Five Day Workshop on Web Development using Ruby on Rails



REGION-VJSS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore

19 & 20-9-2016 - Technical talk on OS Security, Protection and RAID levels Applicable to SAN

19-9-2016 & 4-10-2016 – Dr Ashoka, Prof Padma Reddy & Mrs Chayadevi during Series of Technical talks

KKR & KSR Institute of Technology & Sciences , Guntur MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad

28-9-2016 – Prof Thrimurthy, Past President, Mr. Raju Kanchibhotla, RVP-V & Mr Krishna Prasad, SSC, AP during

Student Branch Inauguration

21-10-2016 – Motivational talk on latest trends and technologies

K S Institute of Technology, Bangalore K L E College of Engineering & Technology, Chikodi

10 to 12-11-2016 - CSI Karnataka State Student Convention 2-11-2016 - Technical Talk

K L E College of Engineering & Technology, Chikodi Late G N Sapkal College of Engineering, Nasik

23-9-2016 - Technical Quiz 27-9-2016 - Webinar on Inverted Index




REGION-VILate G N Sapkal College of Engineering, Nasik MKSSS’s Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Pune

20-9-2016 - Seminar on Internet of Things 22-8-2016 - Panel discussion on How to build a strong foundation for a successful career

Prof Ram Meghe Inst. of Technology & Research, Amravati Sharad Inst. of Tech. College of Engg., Yadrav (Ichalkaranji)

17 & 18-9-2016 - Two days workshop on C & C++ 1 & 2-8-2016 - Two days hands-on workshop on Android Development

REGION-VI REGION-VIIPune Institute of Computer Technology, Pune Seshasayee Institute of Technology, Trichy

19-9-2016 – Event on Building command line tool with PYTHON

24-10-2016 – Shri H R Mohan, Past President, CSI during Student Branch Inauguration

REGION-VIIJaya Engineering College, Chennai Amrita Schools of Arts & Sciences, Kochi

24-9-2016 – Mr Sivaji & Prof Kumaran during workshop on Drupal

18-11-2016 – CSI Kerala State Student Convention



REGION-VIINational Engineering College, Kovilpatti Einstein College of Engineering, Tirunelveli

25-8-2016 to 29-8-2016 - Hands on Training on Embedded System Design Using Arduino Processors

18-11-2016 - Dr Velayutham, Prof Amudhavanan, Dr Ramar & Mr Sundarrajan during Technical Quiz

Jeppiaar Engineering College, Chennai Report Submission

25 & 26-10-2016 – CSI Tamil Nadu State Student Convention


Student branches are requested to send their report to [email protected] with a copy to [email protected].

Chapters are requested to send their activity report to [email protected].

Kindly send high resolution photograph with the report.Contact Prof. Vipin Tyagi, Editor – CSI Communications at [email protected] for any query.

1st International Conference on Smart Systems, Innovation & Computing SSIC-2017

www.ssic2017.com

About SSIC –2017 SSIC will focuses on two main areas i.e. Smart Systems Innovations which includes applications for smart cities, smart grid, socia l computing and privacy challenges with their theory, specification, design, performance, and system building, Secondly with Computing of complex solu-tions includes algorithms, security solutions, communication and networking approaches. SSIC will further expand its coverage to include the overlap between theoretical solutions and practical implementations, as well as experimentation and quantitative assessments. This aims to promote translation of basic research into applied investigation and convert applied investigation into practice.

Track 1: Smart Systems and Innovations

Smart Grid and Micro Grid

Mobility, security, access and control in smart learning environments

Internet-of-Things (IoT) in smart learning environments

Intelligent Systems and Services Computing

Social Implications for Smart Systems

Smart Grid

Technological focus for Smart Environments

Energy Efficient Infrastructure

Smart City Examples and Case Studies

Architecture for secure and interactive

Intelligent Infrastructure and Guidance Systems

Smart Traffic Theories for Transportation Management

Analytics, Intelligence and Knowledge Engineering

Data Centre Enabled Technologies

Smart Education and E-Learning

Business, Finance and Management

Social Networks Analysis, Media and e-Government

Healthcare applications of Smart Systems

Energy-saving and Green IoT applications

e-Government, e-Commerce, e-Science and Creative Technologies

Smart Electronic Systems for Solar photovoltaic and other renewable energy sources Electric Vehicles

Home Automation/Industry Automation

Track 2: Computing High Performance Computing

Power Management in Embedded Systems

Real-Time Computing

Multi/Many-Core Embedded Systems

Emerging trends in embedded multimedia systems (gaming, streaming)

Data Analysis

Fault-tolerance, reliability, availability

Social networks: modelling, analysis, and synthesis

Wireless and mobile computing

Malware Analysis and Intrusion Detection

Network Security Management

Applied Cryptography

Biometrics Security and Privacy

Security and Privacy for Big Data

Security and privacy in Complex Systems

Security and Privacy in Smart Grids

Security in Distributed Systems

Security Information Systems Architecture

Communication and synchronization protocols and security

Signal processing in communications

Multimedia and multicast communications

Wireless communications (satellite, WLL, 4G, Ad Hoc, sensor networks)

Network, control and service architectures

On-demand networks, utility computing architectures

Game-theoretic approaches to distributed computing

All the Accepted paper will be submitted in Book Series

“ Smart Innovation, Systems and Tech-nologies” published by Springer

(SCOPUS, EI-Compendex and Spring-erlink)

Important Dates

Submission Starts 1st September, 2016

Last Date for Submission 15th December, 2016

Notification of Acceptance 15th February, 2017

Camera Ready Submission 15th March, 2017

Other Highlight Industry Academia Talks

Tutorials Student Poster Exhibition

Paper Submission (https://easychair.org/conferences/?

conf=ssic2017)

Contact Info.: [email protected], [email protected] OR Call us: +91-9667604115, +91-9829258559 Venue: Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, , Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007

Indian Space Research Organization

(ISRO):

PSLV-C36 / RESOURCESAT-2A

is scheduled to be launched on

December 07, 2016 at 10:24 hrs

from SDSC SHARSriharikota.





Rules / Procedure for Approval of Technical Collaborations, for Technical Events Organized by the Non-CSI Entities like Organizations / Institutions / Universities, etc., by CSI Chapters / Regions / Divisions, without any Financial liability to CSITechnical sponsorship / collaborations to good quality technical events, without any financial liability, subject to the following conditions, can be approved, on case to case basis:-

1. The concerned Organization / Institution must be a valid Institutional member of Computer Society of India (CSI). If they are obtaining fresh membership, they should be encouraged to take membership for longer duration like 10 / 20 years.

2. As part of this Technical Sponsorship, at-least one Life Member or 05 individual annual professional members must be generated, out of this event. For this, a copy of CSI Life Membership Form should be distributed, in the registration kit, to all the non-CSI Member delegates and arrangements should be made to collect the filled in membership form, payment details (Bank counter folio after depositing the payment in the bank or cheque, payable at par, in favour of Computer Society of India) of the interested delegates, on the spot. This can be done though keeping a counter of CSI having copies of CSI forms and other related information through a person deputed there by the organizers, on the venue of the event.

3. In order to justify the CSI Technical Sponsorship and also to motivate the delegates / participants to obtain the CSI Membership, delegates / participants must be given at-least 20% discount in registration fee, to existing CSI Members or would be CSI members (if they deposit the fee and CSI membership form on the spot).

4. If the Institution does not have the CSI Students’ Branch, at-least after the event is over, they should work hard to establish the Students’ Branch. This will be a compulsory condition for their 2nd event to be approved for technical sponsorship.

5. Quality of papers, technical materials and publications should be of high standard and be checked thoroughly by Turnitin or any other licensed antiplagiarism / cross check / similarity index softwares to avoid embarrassment to the society, at later stage. Open source softwares, for antiplagiarism checking, are not recommended, as their database is very limited and the reports are not authentic.

6. OBs and few related ExecCom members, with the consent of the sponsoring heads, be involved in the Advisory Committee or Steering Committee of the event.

7. Two delegates, based on the recommendation of the sponsoring / collaborating head, be given complimentary registration. They will be monitoring the execution / conduct of the event and submit a brief report, after the event, to the respective sponsoring / collaborating head.

8. After the event is over, a DVD having copies of the related presentations / papers / other technical materials be submitted to CSI for uploading them on CSI Digital Library (DL).

9. After the event is over, a post event report with few good quality photographs having CSI logo be submitted to the CSI HQ for its record and publication in CSI Communications.

10. The event must be planned in advance and be included, through the sponsoring / collaborating head, in the event calendar published in the CSI Communications.

11. The CSI logo, as available at CSI website www.csi-india.org and also available on the header line of this document be included at prominent places of all the flyers, backdrops, banners, publications, and other printed materials, under the head; Technical Sponsor, if there is only one sponsor, otherwise, as Technical Co-Sponsor.

A proposal giving details of the programme may be submitted to Prof. M. N. Hoda through corresponding chapter/ region/division, at-least 06 months in advance.


Sanjay Mohapatra, Vice President, CSI & Chairman, Conf. Committee, Email: [email protected]

Date Event Details & Contact Information

DECEMBER07-09, 2016

National Symposium on “Recent Advances in Remote Sensing and GIS with Special Emphasis on Mountain Ecosystems” and their Annual Conventions at Dehradun. www.isrs2016.iirs.gov.inContact: Dr. S. K. Srivastav, Organising Secretary & Group Head, RSGG, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organisation, Department of Space, Government of India, Dehradun, India - 248 001. email : [email protected]

08-10, 2016 CSI Annual Convention (CSI-2016): Theme: Digital Connectivity - Social Impact; Organized by CSI Coimbatore Chapter; Pre-Conference Tutorial on 7th Dec. 2016 Venue: Hotel Le Meridien, CoimbatoreContact : Dr. Ranga Rajagopal, Convener, 9442631004 [email protected]

CeBIT INDIA 2016 – Global Event for Digital Business in association with CSI Venue: BIEC, Bengaluru www.cebit-india.com Contact : Mohammed Farooq, [email protected], +91 9004691833

12-13, 2016 ICICT 2016 - Second International Congress on Information and Communication Technology in concurrent with APETA 2016 - Asia Pacific Education & Technology Summit and Awards. Supported by : CSI Division IV, VAt Bangkok, Thailand http://www.icict2016.org/

16-17, 2016 National Conference on Innovative Technologies in Big Data, Cloud, Mobile and Security (ITBCMS-2016) at Bharat Institute of Engineering and Technology (BIET), Hyderabad http://biet.ac.in/2016-08-19-03-54-51 Contact : [email protected] Cell Numbers: 9440793154, 9866628493

17-18, 2016 National Conference on Computer Security, Image Processing, Graphics, Mobility and Analytics, Organized by Department of CSE at CMR Technical Campus, Hyderabad in association with DIV – 5 Education & Research, CSI India, http://www.cmrtc.ac.in/nccsigma Contact : N. Bhaskar, 8464925680

18, 2016 8th International Conference on Innovative Research in Engineering Science and Management (ICIRESM-16), Venue: The Institutions of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE), Delhi, India, http://www.conferenceinfo.org Contact: Conference info and Academic [email protected], Whats App: 09873309345, Mob: 09873275385

FEBRUARY11-12, 2017

Kovai Techathon 2017 by CSI Coimbatore Chapter along with TiE Coimbatore, GRDCS & KovaiTechstart,http://www.kovaitechstart.com/techathon/ Email : [email protected] • Phone : +91 96292-00022

15-16, 2017 WS4 - 2017 - World Conference on Smart Trends in Systems Security and Sustainability Supported by: CSI Division IV, V at London, United Kingdom http://www.worlds4.org/Contact : Amit Joshi, [email protected]

17-18, 2017 National Conference on Challenges and Opportunities in Computer Engineering, NCCOCE’17, Christ University, Bengaluru. Supported by: CSI Division IV & CSI Bangalore, Chapter, Contact: Dr Samiksha Shukla, 9880462311, Mr. Naveen J, 9994289908, [email protected], https://christuniversity.in/news/national-conference-on-challenges-and-opportunities-in-computer-engineering-2017.

MARCH01-03, 2017

INDIACOM 2017, Organized by Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM), New Delhi http://bvicam.ac.in/indiacom/Contact : Prof. M. N. Hoda, [email protected], [email protected], Tel.: 011-25275055

0 3-04, 2017 I International Conference on Smart Computing and Informatics (SCI -2017), venue : Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences Sangivalasa, Bheemunipatnam (Mandal), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, http://anits.edu.in/sci2017/, Contact: Prof. Suresh Chandra Satapathy. Mob.: 9000249712

24-25, 2017 First International Conference on “Computational Intelligence, Communications, and Business Analytics (CICBA - 2017)” at Calcutta Business School, Kolkata, India. Contact: [email protected]; (M) 94754 13463 / (O) 033 24205209

APRIL15-16, 2017

1st International Conference on Smart Systems, Innovations & Computing (SSIC-2017) at Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan. http://www.ssic2017.comContact : Mr. Ankit Mundra, Mob.: 9667604115, [email protected]

MAY08-10, 2017

ICSE 2017 - International Conference on Soft Computing in Engineering, Organized by : JECRC, Jaipur, www.icsc2017.com Contact : Prof. K. S. Raghuwanshi, [email protected], Mobile : 9166016670

JUNE05-30, 2017

Workshop on LAMP (Linux, Apache, My SQL, Perl/Python) , Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Raghogarh, Guna - MP, www.juet.ac.in Dr. Shishir Kumar ([email protected]) 9479772915

OCTOBER28-29, 2017

International conference on Data Engineering and Applications-2017 (IDEA-17) at Bhopal (M.P.),http://www.ideaconference.in Contact : [email protected]

DECEMBER21-23, 2017

Fourth International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP-2017), at Jaypee University of Information Technology (JUIT), Solan, India, (http://www.juit.ac.in/iciip_2017/) Contact : Dr. P.K. Gupta ([email protected]) (Off) +91-1792-239341 Prof. Vipin Tyagi ([email protected])

C S I C A L E N D A R 2 0 1 6 - 1 7

Registered with Registrar of News Papers for India - RNI 31668/1978 If undelivered return to : Regd. No. MCN/222/20l5-2017 Samruddhi Venture Park, Unit No.3, Posting Date: 10 & 11 every month. Posted at Patrika Channel Mumbai-I 4th floor, MIDC, Andheri (E). Mumbai-400 093 Date of Publication: 10th of every month

GENERAL SPONSORSEXHIBITORS

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ACADEMIC SPONSORS

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Thank You Sponsors

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