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Advances in Nutrition & Food ScienceA Survey on the Ethnobotanical uses of Plants in Mersin and Adana Provinces (Turkey)Research Article
*Corresponding authorElif Ayse Erdogan Eliuz, Department of Food technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey, E-Mail: [email protected]
Submitted: 30 Oct 2017; Accepted: 08 Nov 2017; Published: 15 Nov 2017
Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017
1Mersin University, Science &Art Faculty, Biology Department, Ciftlikkoy-Mersin, Turkey
2Department of Food technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
AbstractBackground: This study presents the result of a second research on the popular medicinal plant species in the traditional markets in Mersin and Adana. This work done for the first time in 2005 was carried out again in 2012-2013. Here we conducted on the pharmacological properties of medicinal plants and this survey could be a base for future studies on the herbs that are interesting on the potential use of their metabolites. The purpose of our study is to underlines the ethnobotanical richness of the region and compare with other cities of Turkey and abroad ethnobotany published literature.
Methods: The informants about herbal drugs were collected between 2012-2013 by interview with herbalists and customers.
Results: A total of 175 species belonging to 57 families were reported and the plants were listed with their local and latin names. As a result, local people have used various plant species to treat many ailments and tha data indicated that these herbs have used especially for disorders of immune system (18.96 %), gastrointestinal-digestive (18.10 %), analgesic-anodyne-emollient-sedative (15.05 %), urinary system (10.04 %), heart-blood (9.06 %), disorders of arthritis (6.62 %), respiratory system (5.19 %), skin disorders (4.25 %), cancer (4.05 %), gynecological (3.59 %), mental and neurological disorders (1.76 %).
Conclusion: We documented the traditional ethnobotanical data herited by local people living in Adana-Mersin region. These plants were widely preferred by local people to use treatment of many ailments. The results of this study provided preliminary knowledge about local use and aimed at a more detailed researches on the usage of herbs.
Ayse Everest1 and Elif Ayse Erdogan Eliuz2*
Keywords: Mersin-Adana (Mediterranean region), Turkey, Ethnobotany, Herbal markets
BackgroundEthnobotanical researches started with the studies of Ibn-i Sina in the thousands of years ago and spreaded to the whole world.It knows that, Ibn-i Sina, from Buhara (Uzbekistan, 980-1037), is one of the oldest Turkish scientists in botany and medicine and well known in Europe by the latinized name Avicenna. Ibn-i Sina, is also mathematician and philosopher, had studied the works of all the Greek philosophers and naturalists in Anatolia. He is the first philosopher that talked about the benefits and harms of plants by starting radish and lavender. Thousands of years ago, he had advised brisk walking that today all orthopedic and psychiatrists advice to people [1,2]. In Europe, such studies gained momentum in the early 1800s when John W. Harsberger, a famous botanist [3].
The herbs, the oldest friend of mankind, have been used to food, shelter and cure different ailments since ancient times The use of plants in traditional medicine of many culture have continued to play an important role in health care and pharmaceutical study [4-7]. Natural drugs and their derivates were originally discovered through
the research of folk medicine of indigenous people. By the late of the nineteenth century and development of the pharmaceutical industry, synthetic medicines dominated, though herbal drugs have never been out of scene [8,9]. However,over the past 15 years, the increases in the populated and agricultural areas, and the decrease in medicinal herbs have triggered the interest in ethno-botanical studies throughout the world [10]. The studies about ethnobotanical database, ethnographic knowledge and etymology of traditional herbs in a spesific area also have had a critical important for researchers. Therefore, many paper conserning the traditional uses of plants present local knowledge such as mountainous Wakhan and Pamir, Paphos and Larnaca countryside, Bologna, Albanian Alps as well as broad region such as Mediterranean [11-15].
Turkey has progressed parallel to this increased interest in other developed countries. Turkish people have been had a rich healing system and used them for the treatment of some daily diseases. The Taurus Mountains, the south of Turkey (Adana and Mersin provinces), are one of the centers of the Mediterranean Region with a rich plant and have diverse healing cultures and no doubt be an unique source of future herbal rediversity [16-18]. The aim of our study, research is to focus on the kinds of medical diversity found
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Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017
in the herbal markets, on the frequency of usage of the plants, and thus, to report the different treatment types that are applied in the south of Turkey (Adana and Mersin provinces).
MethodsOur chosen study area, Mersin and Adana, The Taurus Mountains’ hills are located in the south of Turkey with C4-5-6 grid squares (Mediterranean region). The plants drugs in the herbal markets are collected from the villages in the Taurus Mountains (Figure 1).
Figure 1: The Research AreaIn the villages, dominant forest species are as follows: Pinus brutia, P. nigra, Quercus coccifera, Q. cerris, Q. ithaburensis, Q. infectoria, Juniperus oxycedrus, J. excelsa, J. drupacea and Abies cilicica also Cedrus libani [19,20]. The medical plants are harvested from places
such as open areas, steppes, scrubs and roadsides and sold as dried bunches in open or pre-packed mixtures or as fresh preparations. The plants of foreign origin have also reached the herbal market by increasing numbers in these years. These dried samples in the herbal markets in Mersin and Adana have been determinated by using reference and key books [19,21]. The data were collected through direct interviews with herbalists and customers. The popular medicinal herbs used for treatments are shown to be monthly by low: *, normal: **, medium: *** , high: **** and over: ***** . The samples were listed by their local and latin names by the treatment rates and by the medical health data given by WHO [22]. Voucher specimens, in duplicates, are saved both in the Research of Biology Department in Mersin (MERA).
ResultsIn this study we reported that medical plants are used especially for disorders of immune system (18.96 %), intestinal-digestive disorders (18.10 %), analgesic, anodyne, emollient, sedative (15.05 %), urinary system (10.04 %), heart-blood (9.06 %), disorders of arthritis (6.62 %), respiratory system disorders (5.19 %), skin disorders (4.25 %), cancer (4.05 %), gynecological (3.59 %), mental and neurological disorders (1.76 %) and the others; smoking addiction, mother’s milk supply, sexual stimulant, expand their consciousness eg. (3.33 %) (Table 2).
Table 1: The comparison with the other studies in TurkeyPathologies In Mersin, Adana (%) (our study) In Mersin, Adana(%) [6] In Sakarya (%) [40]
Immune system 18.96 - 18
Gastrointestinal-digestive disorders 18.10 21.68 8.6
Analgesic,anodyne, emollient, sedative
15.05 4.32 -
Urinary system disorders 10.04 7.70 2.2
Heart-blood disorders 9.06 8.48 -
Arthritis 6.62 3.16 13.0
Respiratory system disorders 5.19 10.43 1.4
Skin disorders 4.25 6.48 10.1
Cancer 4.05 - -
Gynecological disorders 3.59 4.42 4.42
Mental and neurological disordersOthers (smoking addiction, sexual stimulant eg. )
1.76
3.33
- 2.9
Table 2: The comparison of the incidence of remedies between the region in the other countries Pathologies In Turkey (%) (our study) In Naran Walley, Pakistan (%)
[42]In North East Bosnia and
Herzegovina (%) [43]Immune system 18.96 - 3.8Gastrointestinal-digestive disorders 18.10 32.76 17.3Analgesic,anodyne, emollient, sedative 15.05 - 0.4
Urinary system disorders 10.04 9.13 12.7Heart-blood disorders 9.06 7.37 7.2
Arthritis 6.62 - 7.5Respiratory system disorders 5.19 13.72 15.2Skin disorders 4.25 7.03 10.4Cancer 4.05 ≤5 -Gynecological disorders 3.59 - -Mental and neurological disordersOthers (smoking addiction, sexual stimulant eg.)
1.76
3.33
≤5 6.7
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Table 1: List of the Medicinal Plants Recorded in the Research AreaFamily Turkish name Latin name Usage Benefits
Most treated pathologies
Origin of plant Herbal Market
Lauraceae Avakado/fruit
Persea gratissima*
Paste Leaves and fruits are used as antihypertensive agents. Leaves are also
used for constipation.
Gastrointestinal America Amz Mezitli
Brassicaceae Hardal/fruit Brassica juncea**
Paste, tablet
Regulation of the blood flow. cardiovascular
India Amz Mezitli
Simmondsiaceae Jojoba/leaveseed Simmondsia chinensis
**
Tea Anti-allergennervous
America and Mexican
Amz Mezitli
Hypericaceae Kantoron/Leave, stem
Hypericum perforatum
***
Oil As antidepressant and to inhibition microbial
growth on the wound with antiseptic
properties.
Immune system Denizli, İzmir, Kütahya
Amz Mezitli
Lamiaceae Karabaş/Leave, flower
Lavandula stoechas
****
Cosmetic product
Treatment of asthma, bronchitis, shortness
of breath, expectorant. Immune system
Mersin and Antalya Amz Mezitli
Myrtaceae Okaliptus/leave
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
**
Tea, paste Respiratory disorders. Respiratory system
Mersin, Adana and Hatay
Amz Mezitli
Oleaceae Yasemin/flower
Jasminum officinalis
*****
Tea Rheumatic pain Skeleton system Mersin and Antalya Amz Mezitli
Asteraceae Civanperçemi/leave, flower
Achillea millefolium
***
Spice, Cosmetic
Hemorrhoids and rheumatic pain
Gastrointestinal Turkey Amz Mezitli
Zingiberaceae Havlıcan/rhizome
Alpinia officinarum
***
Infusion Headaches and dizziness
Nervous system Malaysia and Indonesia
Amz Mezitli
Apiaceae Kişniş/nut Coriandrum satıvum*
Spice Stabilize the blood pressure
cardiovascular Antalya Amz Mezitli
Lauraceae Tarçın/bark Cinnamum zeylanicum
****
Spice, paste
Vomiting, balance blood sugar.
Gastrointestinal India Amz Mezitli
Zingiberaceae Zencefil/rhizome
Zingiber officinale****
Tea, spice
Nausea, bloating Gastrointestinal India and China Amz Mezitli
Urticaceae Isırgan/leave, stem
Urtica membranacea****
Paste, tea Blood purifier, urine enhancer, appetizing
Gastrointestinal Turkey Amz Mezitli
Zingiberaceae Zerdeçal/ rhizome Curcuma longa****
Tea As antioxidantImmune system
Pakistan, India and China
Pap Mezitli
Lamiaceae Melisa/ stem, flower Melissa officinalis****
Paste, tea As antidepressant,and to provent
stomach cramps
Immune system Mersin Pap Mezitli
Tiliaceae Ihlamur/ flower Tilia rubra**** Powder,Paste, Tea
Diuretic, for anemia Gastrointestinalsystem
Aegean and Black Sea
Pap Mezitli
Lamiaceae Adaçayı/flower, stem
Salvia pinnata** Times New
Roman
Appetizing, digestiand, blood
purifier
Gastrointestinal system
Mersin and Hatay Pap Mezitli
Asteraceae Papatya/flower, leave
Matricaria chamomilla*
Capsule Sedative and agent Immune system Antalya and Aydın Pap Mezitli
Lamiaceae Kekik/ flower, leave Thymus syriacus*****
Oil It strengthens the body and facilitates
digestion.
nervous Taurus and Hatay Pap Mezitli
Ranunculaceae Çörek otu/ flower, nut Nigella sativa*****
Cosmetic, Tea
Immun system disorders Immune system
Mersin Pap Mezitli
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Ericaceae Argan/leave Argania spinosa* Paste, oil
Skin disorders Skin Morocco Pap Mezitli
Lamiaceae Peryavşan/leave
Teucrium polium Tea,mush
Gastric pain for baby and adults
gastrointestinal Mersin Pap Mezitli
Lamiaceae Lavanta, karabaş/leave,
Lavandula angustifolia***
Spice Sedative ands and stimulants agent
Nervous system Turkey, Mediterenan
Pap Mezitli
Santalaceae Ökse otu/ leave Viscum album ** Tea immune immune system
Turkey Pap Mezitli
Lauraceae Defne/ leave Laurus nobilis* Tea Antimicrobial, antipyretic Immune system
Mersin Pap Mezitli
Piperaceae Karabiber/nut
Piper nigrum***** Spice Appetizer and helps digestion
Gastrointestinal Brazil Pap Mezitli
Apiaceae Kimyon/ nut Carum carvi***** Spice Gastric distention Gastrointestinal Niğde, Mersin Pap Mezitli
Solanaceae Kırmızı Biber/ nut Capsicum annuum*****
Drugs Rheumatism and teeth pain
skeleton Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa,
Kahramanmaraş
Nmal Mezitli
Lamiaceae Nane/ leave Mentha arandnsis****
Cosmetic Nausea Gastrointestinal Gaziantep Nmal Mezitli
Moraceae Karadut/ fruit Morus nigra*** Cosmetic Anemia, stress, fatigue, insomnia
nervous Konya and Antalya Nmal Mezitli
Apiaceae Kereviz/ leave, fruit Apium graveolens***
Spice, tea
For Rheumatic pain skeleton Mediterranean Nmal Mezitli
Apiaceae Çakşır/ rhizome, fruit Ferula lycia** Drugs, tea
It increases sexual stamina
urinerysystem
Mersin, Antalya and Konya
Nmal Mezitli
Ericaceae Funda/ leave, flower Erica sicula**** Cosmetic, tea
It helps reduce kidney stones and sand.
Urinary system Antalya Nmal Mezitli
Rosaceae Alıç/ leave, fruit Crataegus monogyna*
Oil It strengthens the heart and protects against
hardening of the arteries.
Cardiovascularsystem
Mersin and Karaman
Nmal Mezitli
Zingiberaceae Kakule/ fruit Elettaria cardamomum***
Tea Appetising and digestiand disorders
Gastrointestinal Srilanka, Borneo Nmal Mezitli
Cannabaceae Şerbetçiotu/ leave, fruit
Humulus lupulus**
Tablet Appetising agent Gastrointestinal Rize and Samsun Nmal Mezitli
Brassicaceae Tere/leave Lepidium sativum****
Tea, paste It calms the nerves and relaxes the body.
nervous Hatay and Adana Nmal Mezitli
Myrtaceae Mersin, murt/ leave,fruit
Myrtus communis*****
Cosmetic For tension and insomnia
cardiovascular Mersin Nmal Mezitli
Equisetaceae Kırkkilit/ leave Equisetum arandnse***
Paste, oil For Bladder and kidney disorders
Urinary system Ankara and Aksaray
Nmal Mezitli
Linaceae Keten/ flower, nut Linum usitatissimum**
Tea, infusion
Menopause, stomach pain and constipation
Gastrointestinal Mersin and Adana Nmal Mezitli
Poaceae Ayrıkotu/ leave Elymus repens* Paste As laxative Urinary system Turkey, North Africa
Bahd Pozcu
Asteraceae Acıyavşan/Fruit, leave
Artemisia absinthum*
Paste, tablet
For stomach and diabetes
Immune system Mersin, Karaman Bahd Pozcu
Boraginaceae Hodan/ leave, flower Borago officinalis****
tea Immun system disorders Immune system
Çanakkale, Samsun Bahd
Pozcu
Piperaceae Darıl fülfül/ fruit Piper longum**** Oil Hemorrhoids Gastrointestinal AdanaBahd
Pozcu
Asteraceae Aspir otu/leave, nut Carthamus tinctorius****
Cosmetic Rheumatism - urinary system disorders
Urinary system Amasya and Kayseri Bahd
Pozcu
Caprifoliaceae Gilaburu otu/ fruit Viburnum opulus****
Tea, paste For Kidney - gallstones
Urinary system Kayseri and Kahramanmaraş Bahd
Pozcu
Rosaceae Kuşburnu/fruit Rosa canina**** Tea Immun system disorders Immune system
MediterraneanBahd
Pozcu
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Aquifoliaceae Isırgan/stem, leave Ilex colchica* Spice, cosmetic
Circulation system disorders
Cardiovascularsystem
Blacksea, AntakyaBahd
Pozcu
Lamiaceae Melisa/stem, leave Melissa officinalis****
Infusion As antidepressant and to prevent immun system disorders
Immune system MediterraneanBahd
Pozcu
Asteraceae Mayıs Papatyası/ flower
Matrcaria chamomilla*
Paste Gynecological diseases
Gynecological (urinery system)
TurkeyBahd
Pozcu
Myrtaceae Okaliptus/ leave, flower
Eucalyptus camaldulensis****
Spice Respiratory system disorders
Respiratory system
Mersin, Adana and Hatay Bahd
Pozcu
Iridaceae Safran/ Flower, root Crocus sativus* Spice, paste
Vitamin- endorfinVitamin-
endorphins
Immune system Iran, Mediterranean
Bahd Pozcu
Ginkgoaceae Gingko/ leave Gingko biloba**** Tea, spice antidepressant and memory enhancement
Nervous system China Bur Pozcu
Asteraceae Hindiba/ flower Cichorium inthybus****
Paste, tea antiallergen Nervous system Mersin Bur Pozcu
Asteraceae Aspir/ nut, leave Carthamus tinctorius*
Drugs Menstruation, laxative effect
Gynecological Amasya and Kayseri
Hek Pozcu
Elaeagnaceae İğde/ fruit Elaeagnus angustifolia*
Tea ProstateUrinary system
Interior and eastern Anatolia
Hek Pozcu
Rhamnaceae Hünnap/fruit Zizyphus jujuba* Spice Cardiovascular diseases
cardiovascular Tekirdağ Hek Pozcu
Zygophyllaceae Üzerlik/ fruit Peganum harmala*
Oil Diuretic effect Gastrointestinal Konya and Aksaray Hek Pozcu
Zingiberaceae Havlıcan/rhizome
Alpinia afficinarum*
Paste, infusion
Stomach diseasesImmune system
India, Malezya and Endonezya
Hek Pozcu
Tiliaceae Ihlamur/ flower Tilia rubra***** Paste, Tea Immun system disorders Immune system
Aegean and Black Sea
Hek Pozcu
Zingiberaceae Kakule/ fruit, nut Elettaria cardamomum*
Spice Memory Enhancement nervous India, Syria Hek Pozcu
Lamiaceae Lavanta, Karabas otu/flower, leave
Lavandula stoechas****
Cosmetic Infarction Cardiovascularsystem
Mersin and Antalya Hek Pozcu
Equisetaceae Kırkkilit otu/ leave Equisetum arandnse*
Cosmetic, infusion
Rheumatism sceleton Ankara and Aksaray
Hek Pozcu
Lamiaceae Kekik/ flower, leave Thymus serpyllum***
Drugs Long diseasesImmune system
Mediterranean Hek Pozcu
Malvaceae Hatmi/ flower Alcea striata****
Tea For coldImmune system
Adana and Antalya Bahd Pozcu
Boraginaceae Hodan, ıspıt, kaldırık otu
Borago officinalis* Cosmetic Skin spots,Respiretory,
nervous
Nervous, Skinsystem
Istanbul and Canakkale
Koy Pozcu
Asteraceae Ekinezya/ flower, nut Echinacea purpurea****
Paste, tea Immun system disorders Immune system
America Koy Pozcu
Araliaceae Ginseng/ rhizome Panax quinquefolius*
Powder, paste
antioxidantImmune system
Korea Koy Pozcu
Ericaceae Funda/ flower, leave Erica arborea* Drugs Skin spots and hair care
Skin İzmir and Muğla Koy Pozcu
Asteraceae Papatya/ stem, flower, leave
Matricaria chamomilla****
Capsule Hair care Skin Antalya and Aydın Koy Pozcu
Ranunculaceae Mavi anemon/ flower Anemone coronaria*
Oil Skin care, aging, Hair reduction
Skin Mersin and Hatay Koy Pozcu
Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo/ bark, leave Gingko biloba**** Cosmetic, Tea
antidepressantand to prevent forgetfulness
Nervous(physical and
mental)
China Koy Pozcu
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Aspleniaceae Altın otu/leave, flower
Ceterach officinarum*
Paste Urinary tract infections
Urinary system Turkey Koy Pozcu
Asteraceae Civanperçemi/flower, leave
Achillea millefolium****
Spice Gynecological diseases
Gynecological disorders
Turkey Koy Pozcu
Rhamnaceae Hünnap/fruit Zizyphus jujuba* Spice Heart-rhythm disorder cardiovascular Tekirdağ Koy Pozcu
Asteraceae Hindiba/ fruit Cichorium inthybus*
Tea Liver disordersGastrointestinal
Mersin Koy Pozcu
Apiaceae Çakşır otu/rhizome, fruit
Ferula Lycia* Drugs Aphrodisiac effect Urinary system Antalya and Konya Koy Pozcu
Rosaceae Alıç/leave, fruit Crataegus monogyra*
Oil Infarction cardiovascular Mersin and Karaman
Koy Pozcu
Rhamnaceae Barut ağacı/ bark Frangula alnus****
Cosmetic For Bowel disorders Urinary/ intestinal system
disorders
Ankara and Konya Koy Pozcu
Lamiaceae Karabaş otu/fruit, leave
Lavandula stoechas****
Paste, tea Infarction cardiovascular Mersin and Antalya Koy Pozcu
Irıdaceae Safran/ flower,bulb Crocus sativus* Powder, paste
Vitamin-endorphins Immune system Iran Koy Pozcu
Zingiberaceae Kakule/rhizome Elettaria cardamomum*
Drugs Memory exhancement Nervous (Mental and neurological)
Syria Koy Pozcu
Lauraceae Avakado, fruit, leave Persea gratissima* Capsule Antioxidant agent sceleton America Koy Pozcu
Cucurbitaceae Kudret narı/fruit Momordica charantia*
Oil Stomach disordersImmune system
India Koy Pozcu
Solanaceae Altın çilek/fruit Physalis alkekengi*
Cosmetic, tea
Bowel ailments urinery/ intestinal system
Antalya and Karaman
Koy Pozcu
Oleaceae Zeytin ağacı/ fruit, leave
Olea europaea* Paste, yağ tension cardiovascular system
Mersin, Aegean Koy Pozcu
Lamiaceae Adaçayı/flower, leave
Salvia pinnata**** Tea Liver disorders Gastrointestinal Mersin and Hatay Koy Pozcu
Apiaceae Anason/ nut Pimpinella anisum****
oil Stomach disordersImmune system
Denizli and Kocaeli
Koy Pozcu
Lamiaceae Biberiye/ leave Rosmarium officinalis*****
Tea Circulation system ailments
cardiovascular Mediterranean Koy Pozcu
Zingiberaceae Zerdeçal/ rhizome Curcuma longa****
Tea Cancer Immune (cancer) Pakistan, India, China
Koy Pozcu
Poaceae Ayrık otu/ leave Elytrigia repens* oil Bowel disorders Immune system North Africa Yon Pozcu
Caryophyllaceae Karamuk’ nut Agrostema githago*
Cosmetic Liver disorders Gastrointestinal Kütahya and Muğla
Yon Pozcu
Asphodelaceae Sarısabır/ leave Aloe aristata* Cosmetic Liver, skin disorders Gastrointestinal Africa, America Yon Pozcu
Arecaceae Besbase/ fruit Cocus nucifera* Oil, tea Cardiovascular cardiovascular Tropical countries Yon Pozcu
Rhamnaceae Barut ağacı/ bark Frangula alnus****
Oil Bowel disorders Urinary system disorders
Ankara and Konya Yon Pozcu
Asteraceae Civanperçemi/ flower, leave
Achillea millefolium****
Tea Gynecological diseases
Gynecological disorders
Turkey Yon Pozcu
Zygophyllaceae Çoban çökerten/ stem, fruit
Tribulus terrestris* Drugs Circulation Heart-blood disorders
Ankara and Aksaray
Yon Pozcu
Ranunculaceae Çörek otu/ nut Nigella sativa**** Tea, paste Cancer Immune (Cancer) Mersin Yon Pozcu
Ericaceae Funda/ leave, flower Erica sicula* Cosmetic Urinary system Urinary system disorders
Mediterranean Yon Pozcu
Araliaceae Gingseng/ rhizome Panax quinquefolius*
Paste, aromatic
As antidepressant and antioxidant Nervous/Immune
system
South Korea, America
Yon Pozcu
Arecaceae Hazanbel/ root Acorus calamus* Tea, infusion
Pains of pregnancy Gynecological IndiaHek
Pozcu
Verbenaceae Hayıt/fruit, leave, flower
Vitex agnus castus*
Tea Heart diseases cardiovascular Mersin and HatayHek
Pozcu
Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 6 of 13
Malvaceae Tıbbi hatmi/ flower Althaea officinalis****
Cosmetic Treatment of Cough and as expectorant respiratory
system
Erzincan and Diyarbakır
Bur Pozcu
Boraginaceae Sığır dili/ flower, leave
Anchusa italica* Paste, tea Treatment of allergen immunesystem
Mersin and Niğde Bur Pozcu
Asteraceae Solucan otu/ flower Tanacetum vulgare*
Powder , paste
Menstruration regulator and appetizing
Gynecological disorders
Middle Anatolia Bur Pozcu
Polyporaceae Reishi mantarı/ stem Ganoderma lucidum*
Drugs For immune system disorders and
treatment of cancerImmune system
Cancer)
Africa Bur Pozcu
Cyperaceae Topalak otu/ root Cyperus rotundus* Capsule Menstruration pain Gynecological Antalya and Mersin
Bur Pozcu
Hypericaceae Sarı kantaron/ stem, leavei flower
Hypericum perforatum*
Oil As antidepressantand To prevent Gynecological
diseases
nervous European Bur Pozcu
Fabaceae Harnup, keçiboynuzu/ fruit,
leave
Ceratonia siliqua*****
Cosmetic, tea
Urinary system disorders
Urinary system Mersin Bur Pozcu
Plantaginaceae Sinirli ot/ leave Plantago lanceolata*
Paste Respiratory system disorders
Respiratory system disorders
Adana and Hatay Bur Pozcu
Lauraceae Tarçın/ bark Cinnamum zeylanicum*****
Spice Respiratory system disorders
Respiratory system disorders
India Bur Pozcu
Apiaceae Rezene/ fruit, nut Foeniculum vulgare****
Spice Digestive disorders Gastrointestinal Mediterranean Bur Pozcu
Theaceae Yeşilçay/ leave Camellia sinensi****
Tea Circulation system disorders
cardiovascular Artvin and Rize Bur Pozcu
Piperaceae Karabiber/ nut Piper nigrum***** Spice Appetizing, it facilitates digestion
Gastrointestinal Brazil Koy Metropol
Apiaceae Kimyon/ stem, nut Cuminum cyminum*****
Spice Stomach swellingImmune system
Turkey Hekm Metropol
Solanaceae Kırmızıbiber, nut Capsicum annum*****
Spice It is used for Rheumatism and it reduces toothache
sceleton Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa
Koy Metropol
Lamiaceae Nane/ leave Mentha arandnsis****
Spice It reduces nausea Gastrointestinal Gaziantep Lok Metropol
Lamiaceae Kekik/ flower, leave Thymus syriacus*****
Spice It strengthens the body and facilitates
digestion.
nervous Mersin, Hatay, Mediterranean
Koy Metropol
Tiliaceae Ihlamur/ flower Tilia rubra* Tea As sedatiand nervous Aegean and Black Sea
Koy Metropol
Lauraceae Tarçın/ bark Cinnamum zeylanicum****
Spice, cosmetic
It preandnts vomiting , balance blood sugar.
Gastrointestinal India Oz Metropol
Zingiberaceae Zerdeçal/ rhizome Curcuma longa****
Tea, spice As antioxidantImmune system
Pakistan, India and China
Yus Metropol
Urticaceae Isırgan/ leave, stem Urtica membranacea****
Spice, Paste
Increasing urine, blood purifier and
appetizing.
Gastrointestinal Turkey Hekm Metropol
Zingiberaceae Zencefil/ rhizome Zingiber officinalis****
Spice For Nausea, bloating Gastrointestinal India and China Yes Metropol
Lauraceae Avakado/ fruit, leave Persea gratissima* Drugs Leaves and fruits are used as antihypertensiv-e
agents. Leaves are also used for constipation.
Gastrointestinal America Koy Metropol
Lamiaceae Karabaş otu/ leave, flower
Lavandula stoechas****
Cosmetic For treatment of asthma, bronchitis, shortness of breath,
expectorant.Immune system
Mersin, Antalya, Mediterranean
Hekm Metropol
Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 7 of 13
Rubiaceae Kınakına/ bark Cinchona pubescens***
Paste It protect people against Malaria and influenza infection.
Immune systemTurkey Koy Metropol
Apiaceae Çakşır/ root, fruit Ferula Lycia*** Paste, tablet
For sexual failure Urinery system Antalya and Konya Yes Metropol
Brassicaceae Hardal/ leave, nut Brassica juncea*** Tea To regulate blow flow cardiovascular India Koy Metropol
Hypericaceae Kantoron/ stem, leave
Hypericum perforatum***
Oil As antidepressant and antiseptic nervous
Mersin, İzmir, Mediterranean
Koy Metropol
Ranunculaceae Çörek otu/ fruit Nigella sativa*****
Cosmetic It strengthens the immun system. Immune system
Mersin Koy Metropol
Rosaceae Alıç/ flower, leave Crataegus monogyna*
Tea, paste It strengthens the cardiovascular system.
cardiovascular Mersin and Karaman
Koy Metropol
Onagraceae Yakıotu/ leave, flower
Epilobium parviflorum***
Tea For Diuretic and cantipation
Gastrointestinal Konya, Hatay and Mersin
Koy Metropol
Ericaceae funda/leave Erica arborea* Spice, cosmetic
It reduces irritation and inflammation in
the skin.
Skin İzmir, Muğla, Mediterranean
Koy Metropol
Fabaceae Sinameki, çin tarçını/bark
Cassia angustifolia*
Infusion It regulates stomach and bowels. Immune system
North Africa Koy Metropol
Linaceae Keten/flower, nut Linum usitatissimum***
Paste For Menstration, stomach pain and
cantipation
Gynecological Mersin and Adana Oz Metropol
Asclepiadaceae Bodur otu/flower Cyprinia gracilis* Spice Stomach and intestinal gas Immune system
Turkey Oz Metropol
Brassicaceae Çobançantası/leave, fruit
Capsella bursa- pastoris***
Spice, paste
It regulates blood circulation.
cardiovascular Turkey, Greece Yus Metropol
Aspleniaceae Altın otu/leaves Ceterach officinasum***
Tea, spice Eczema Skin Turkey Hekm Metropol
Simmondsiaceae Jojoba/nut,,leave Simmondsia chinensis***
Tea, paste Anti-allergennervous
America and Mexica
Koy Metropol
Apiaceae Kereviz/stem, nut, leave
Apium graaveolens***
Spice For rheumatic pain sceleton Mediterranean Koy Metropol
Cannabaceae Şerbetçiotu/ leave,fruit
Humulus lupulus***
Paste, tea As appetizing nervous Rize and Samsun Lok Metropol
Lamiaceae Fesleğen/leave, flower
Ocimum basilicum*****
Powder , paste
As Sedation agent nervous Mersin and Antalya Koy Metropol
Fabaceae Keçiboynuzu/fruit Ceratonia siliqua*****
Drugs For shortness of breath İmmune/nervous Manavgat, Anamur and Silifke
Lok Metropol
Lauraceae Metropol Laurus nobilis* Tea Antimicrobial and antipyretic Immune system
Mersin, Mediterranean
Koy Metropol
Myrtaceae Okaliptus/leave Eucalyptus camaldulensis***
Oil Respiratory disorders Respiratory system
Mediterranean Oz Metropol
Moraceae Karadut/fruit Morus nigra*** Cosmetic, tea
Anemia, stress, fatigue, sleep
disordersİmmune/nervous
Konya and Antalya Yus Metropol
Apiaceae Rezene/fruit Foeniculum vulgare***
Paste Increasing the mother’s milk
Secretory system Mediterranean Hekm
Hekm Metropol
Caryophyllaceae Karanfil/flower Syszygium aromaticum***
Spice Antimicrobial and sedative Immune/nervous
system
Indonesia, Malaysia and
Brazil
Koy Metropol
Aspleniaceae Altın otu/leaves Ceterach officinarum***
Tea, spice Eczema Skin Turkey Hekm Metropol
Asteraceae Ekinezya/flower Echinacea purpurea***
Tea Immune systemImmune system
America Lok Metropol
Lamiaceae Lavanta/flower, leave Lavandula angustifolia***
Cosmetic Sedative and stimulate nervous France, Spain Koy Metropol
Zygophyllaceae Üzerlik/fruit Peganum harmala***
oil Diuretic and urinary system disorders
Gastrointestinal Konya and Aksaray Oz Metropol
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Loranthaceae Çekem/ leave Viscum album* Cosmetic Sedative nervous Egypt and Turkey Yus Metropol
Viscaceae Ökse otu/leave Viscum album *** Tea For treatment of disturbances of
hormone balance.
nervous Turkey Koy Metropol
Malvaceae Amber çiçeği/flower Alcea rematiflora***
Tea, cosmetic
Constipation Gastrointestinal Mersin and Hatay Yus Metropol
Cornaceae Kızılcık/fruit Cornus mas*** Tea Anti-diarrhea Gastrointestinal Mersin and Antalya Hekm Metropol
Oleaceae Yasemin/flower Jasminum fruticans*****
Tea It reduces the pain of rheumatism
skeleton Mersin and Antalya Koy Metropol
Zingiberaceae Kakule/fruit,nuts Elettaria cardamomum***
Spice Appetizing, digestiand disorders
nervous Syria Yes Metropol
Asteraceae Civanperçemi/ flower,leave
Achillea millefolium***
Cosmetic Hemorrhoids and rheumatism
Gastrointestinal Turkey Hekm Metropol
Zygophyllaceae Üzerlik/nut Peganum harmala*
Spice It stimulates the nervous system
nervous Konya and Aksaray Acey Adana
Lobeliaceae Lobelya/ stem,leave Lobelia inflata*** Paste, tea It helps to quit smoking and used for
ulcers
nervous Tropic countries Cer Adana
Rosaceae Üvez/fruit Sorbus torminalis* Powder, paste
For constipation and tension
Gastrointestinal Adana and Hatay Acey Adana
Combretaceae Sarıhalile/fruitTerminalia
chebula****
Drugs It strengthens the nerands and
propagating semen
Urinary system NortheastAsia Sas Adana
Verbenaceae Hayıt/flower, leave Vitex agnus- castus***
Tea Regulate menstruation, indigestion
Gynecological disorders
Mersin and Hatay Acey Adana
Lamiaceae Zulfa otu/flower, leave
Hyssopus officinalis****
Oil Diuretic, It is useful in child deandlopment
Gastrointestinal Karaman and Mersin
Acey Adana
Polygonaceae Kuzukulağı/leaves Rumex acetosella* Cosmetic, tea
For Itching and it strengthens the body İmmune/nervous
Mersin, Bolu and İstanbul
Bitc Adana
Fabaceae Ratanya/rhizom Tkrameria triandra*
Paste Diarrhea Gastrointestinal Black Sea region Bitc Adana
Solanaceae Tatula/nut Datura stramonium***
Spice For spasms and period nervous Mediterranean Acey Adana
Loganiaceae Yohimbe/leave, bark Pausinystalia yohimbe***
Spice Reducing stress, anxiety and feandr nervous
West Africa Sas Adana
Pinaceae Mürsafi, acı reçine/ bark
Pinus brutia Gummi, Tea
Stimulating, cough Immune system Turkey Cer Adana
Lythraceae Hevhulma/ flower Lythrum salicaria****
Cosmetic Stop the bleeding and relieand hemorrhoids
Gastrointestinal Turkey Sas Adana
Rosaceae Abdest bozan otu/ flower
Sarcopoterium spinosum***
oil Tonsils and phlegm Immune system Mersin, İzmir and Mediterranean
Acey Adana
Asteraceae Andız otu/ flower Inula helenium****
Cosmetic Asthma, cholesterol, aphrodisiac effect Immune system
Mediterranean Cer Adana
Polypodiaceae Baldırı kara/ leave Asplenium adiantum-nigrum*
Paste, tea Urine enhancer and colds urinery system
Turkey Sas Adana
Piperaceae Kebabiye/fruit Piper cubebae*** Spice Appetizing and colds Immune system India, China Acey Adana
The popular medicinal herbs used for treatments are shown to be monthly by low: *, normal: **, medium: *** , high: **** and over: ***** . Kör Yusuf: Koy; Amazon: Amz: Papatya: Pap; Naturel Malatya: Nmal; Baharat dünyası: Bahd; Burcu: Bur; Hekimoğlu:Hek; Yonca:Yon; Yusuf Aysu; Yus; Özderman:Oz; Lokman Hekim:Lok; Hekimhan:Hekm; Yesilay:Yes; Adana çerçi Yusuf: Acey; Bitki cenneti:Bitc; Çerkez İbo:Cer; Saimbeyli Sürmeneli Ayşe:Sas
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According to the information obtained from some of the herbalists; the most common complaints have been reported as asthma, allergic, rhinitis (immune system); gastric, reflux, gastritis, hemorrhoid (intestinal-digestive disorders); low back pain, migraine, acute, aphrodisiac (analgesic, anodyne, emollient); muscle force, rheumatism (disorders of arthritis); cholesterol (heart-blood, vascular disorders); pharyngitis, laryngitis, tricheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, cough, sputum, sinusitis,
tonsilitis (respiratory system disordes); dermatitis (skin disorders); depression, sleep disturbances (mental and neurological disorders). In addition, many people have looked for herbs to quit smoking, increase mother’s milk supply and expand their consciousness.
We found that the most commonly usage of plants are spice, tea, paste, cosmetic products, vegetable oil, tablet or capsule, powder,
vegetable oils (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Percentile distribution of herbal preparations
The most common usage is spice with the rate of 47,8 %. Tea, paste, cosmetic products, vegetable oil, tablet or capsule, powder, vegetable oils are 19,2 %, 12,7 %, 9,7 %, 4,7 %, 3,24 %, 1,8 % and 0,9 respectively.
While, Crataegus monogyna, Gingko biloba, Lavandula stoechas, Salvia pinnata, Achillea millefolium, Nigella sativa, Borago officinalis, Artemisia absinthium, Viburnum opulus, Rosa canina, Melissa officinalis, Cichorium inthybus, Zingiber officinale, Urtica membranacea, Tilia rubra, Erica sicula, Viscum album, Lepidium sativum are used for making tea in the villages of the research area, nowadays usage of tea plants such as Jasminum fruticans, Rosmarinus officinalis, Curcuma longa, Ceratonia siliqua, Camellia sinensis, Tilia rubra, Alcea striata, Jasminum fruticans, Nigella sativa are rather popular. They are mostly used for immune system disorders, colds, stomach disorders, blood clots, circulation, heart, liver, nervous, gynecological diseases, diseases, allergy, kidney-gall stones, prostate, memory enhancement, cancer, constipation, eczema, hormonal problems, appetite angle urine diuretic, swelling, pain.
The local people of Mersin and Adana mostly use spices, oil or paste form of plants; Lavandula stoechas for asthma, bronchitis, expectorant up; Cinnamum zeylanicum for vomiting to prevent, regulate blood sugar; Zingiber officinale for nausea, bloating; Urtica membranacea for cleanse the blood, urine to dismantle; Curcuma longa for antioxidant; Melissa officinalis and Mentha arvensis for stomach cramps; Tilia rubra for anemia; Thymus syriacus for fatigue, indigestion; Nigella sativa and Echinacea purpurea for fatigue, weak immune system; Piper nigrum for appetite and digestion problems; Carum carvi and Cuminum cyminum for stomach swelling; Capsicum annuum for rheumatism, toothache; Mentha arvensis for pain, Lepidium sativum for muscular, nervous disorders; Myrtus communis for nervous disorders and insomnia; Ceterach officinasum for eczama; Cornus mas for diarrhea; Lobelia inflata for ulcer and addiction to smoking; Terminalia chebula for nerve disease and semen problems; Hyssopus officinalis for physical development in children; Lythrum salicaria and Piper longum for hemorrhoids; Inula helenium for cholesterol and asthma; Althaea officinalis for cough, sputum; Thymus serpyllum for lung diseases; Carthamus tinctorius for rheumatism, urinary system diseases; Borago officinalis for skin spots; Ocimum basilicum for sedative effect; Ceratonia siliqua for shortness of breath; Peganum harmala for kidney and bladder pain.
According to our results in Table 1 (see additional file), the families that have maximum number of species are Lamiaceae (9.71 %); Zingiberaceae and Apiaceae (6.29 %); Lauraceae (4.57 %); Rosaceae
(3.43 %); Ericaceae and Fabaceae (2.86 %); Brassicaceae, Myrtaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceaea and Zygophyllaceae (2.29%); Boraginaceae, Hypericaceae, Malvaceae, Oleaceae and Tiliaceae (1.71%); Araliaceae, Arecaceae, Aspleniaceae, Cannabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ginkgoceae, Iridaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Polyporaceae, Santalaceae, Simmondsiaceae, Urticaceae and Verbenaceae (1.14 %). Other families (0.57 % each) are Aquifoliaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asphodelaceae, Burseraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Combretaceae, Cornaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Lobeliaceae, Loganiaceae, Loranthaceae, Lythraceae, Onagraceae, Plantaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Polypodiaceae, Rubiaceae, Soanaceae and Theaceae.
DiscussionTable 2 shows clearly that in Mersin and Adana, the plants were used mainly for pathologies of the digestive, immune system, respiratory, heart-blood-liver, arthritis, urinary, skin system disorders, inflammatory and related ailments, cancer, gynecological disorders, nerve and related ailments.
The uses of some plants found commonly in the herbal market in Cyprus are the same as ours such as; Cuminum cyminum for intestinal pains; Achillea millefolium for haemorrhoids, Matricaria chamomilla for anti-inflammatory Lavandula angustifolia for calmative, depression, Ocimum basilicum for headache, insomnia, memory stimulant Laurus nobilis for igmoritis, throat ache rheumatisms; Vitex agnus-castus for menstruation disorders [23]. Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), marketed commonly for Alzheimers disease, hypertension, Coronery artery disorders in the World, is used mainly for memory loss and memory expanding in our region [24]. We reported that Ganoderma lucidum, Nigella sativa and Curcuma longa were used to treat cancer while reported that in Madagascar, Catharanthus lanceus, C. roseus, Aloe macroclada were being used for cancer [25].
According to the study of Pirbalouti et al., it is worth noting the use of the species Myrtus communis for air freshener in Mersin-Adana and Ilam(Iran) [27]. Myrtus communis was mostly collected for treating women diseases, wound (antimicrobial) in Ilam. In addition, We were compared similiar species with different uses. For example, Crocus sativus is used as a tonic for heart and culinary use; Elaeagnus angustifolia is used as anti-diarrheal, treatment of gastric pain and hepatoprotective; Peganum harmala is used as anti-septic for air, treatment of scorpion bite, snake bite, toothache and soporific; Pimpinella anisum is used as carminative and culinary use; Rosa canina is used for Indigestion; Viscum album is used as treatment of body pain, knew joint pain, and abscess in Ilam, while Crocus sativus is used as vitamin- endorphins; Elaeagnus angustifolia is used as threatment of prostate, Peganum harmala is used as diuretic, relieve of kidney and bladder pain, Pimpinella anisum is used as treatment of stomach discomfort; Rosa canina is used as treatment of immunity diseases for finally, Viscum album is used as sedative effect and treatment of hormonal related diseases in Mersin-Adana [26].
Most of the plants indicated by the interviewees are reported in Salt Range (Pakistan) literature. There were reported in the official Salt Range-specific phytotherapy of the use of Foeniculum vulgare as treatment of gastric flatulence and cramp like pains in gastrointestinal tract; Linum usitatissimum as treatment of boils, burns, eczema, pneumonia and bronchitis; Tribulus terrestris as treatment of painful urination and spermatorrhoea [28]. While Foeniculum vulgare is
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used as treatment of digestive system diseases, Linum usitatissimum menopause, stomach pain and constipation, Tribulus terrestris is used as treatment of circulatory system diseases in Mersin-Adana region.
Also, similar 5 species in our list were reported by Italian researchers in Mundimitar-Montemitro (Southern Italy); Foeniculum vulgare (diuretic or for treating gastric reflux), Humulus lupulus (spice), Matricaria chamomilla (tranquillizer), Rosa canina (for treating sore throat) [29]. Similarly, Thymus serpyllum, Lavandula angustifolia, Hypericum perforatum, Achillea millefolium used mostly as antiseptic in Iberian Peninsula, were common to Mersin-Adana [5,6].
The uses of some plants that are presented in our list could be different in the other regions of Turkey. For example, Althaea officinalis mostly used as reducing cough and expectorant in Mersin-Adana, as treatment of insect and fly bites in Bozüyük-Bilecik, Rumex patienta mostly used for immun system and skin disorders in Mersin-Adana, as anti-furuncular, diuretic in Bozüyük-Bilecik; The leaves of Cichorium intybus is mostly used for kidney stones and abdominal ache in Edremit Gulf- Balıkesir, for allergy in Mersin-Adana; aerial parts of Ceterach officinarum is mostly used for stomachache, gallbladder disease, urinary diseases in Marmaris, for eczema in Mersin-Adana; The flower, leaf, root of Tribulus terrestris is used for kidney sand and hemorrhoids in Afyonkarahisar, for cardiac disorder, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, vasodilators in Malatya, mostly used for circulatory system diseases in Mersin-Adana; The leaves of Ocimum basilicum is used as treatment of diabetes, scorpion stings in Manisa, mostly used as sedative in Mersin-Adana; The aerial part of Hypericum perforatum is commonly used for diarrhea, colic and hemorrhoids in Aladağlar-Niğde, as antiseptic and treatment of gynecological diseases in Mersin-Adana. In addition, the fruit of Rosa canina, mostly used as treatment of immun system in our region, is commonly used for slimming in Andırın-Kahramanmaras [3, 30-36].
The most representative families in our study were Lamiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Apiaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Ericaceae and Fabaceae. In an ethnobotanical survey of plants used in Mediterranean countries, the most common represented families according to the number of species were Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae [30, 37-39]. There seems to be similarly to ours because of the similiar geographical regions and vegetation types.
Table 1 presents the three pathologies of the immune system most frequently mentioned in each of the cities (Mersin-Adana and Sakarya). The largest number of taxa from Mersin-Adana is used to treat immune system (18.96 %), gastrointestinal-digestive (18.10 %) and analgesic, anodyne, emollient (15.05 %) disorders while Uzun et al. reported that the most common use of medicinal plants in Sakarya was in the treatment of immune system (18%), and mental and neurological disorders (13.7 %) [40]. According to the previous study in Mersin-Adana region in 2005, immune system, analgesic, anodyne, emollient and psychological disorders have rather increased while gastrointestinal-digestive, respiratory system, gynecological disorders have decreased in 2012-2013 [6].
In addition, Polat et al. reported that in Balıkesir (Edremit Gulf) the majority of herbs is being used for treatment of illnesses of gastrointestinal (25 %), respiratory system (23.22 %), urinary system disorders (11.6 %) [31]. Kultur et al. showed the largest number of herbs from Kırklareli is used for the treatment of immune system (24.6 %), gastrointestinal-digestive (20.0 %), respiratory system (19.0 %) and urinary system (18.2 %) disorders [41].
As reflected in Table 2, the pathologies of the gastrointestinal-digestive were the most frequently mentioned and showed rather high diversity of uses in all countries. The usage of medicinal plants in Naran Walley, Pakistan was 32.76 % for treatment of gastrointestinal-digestive disorders [42]. This is a high percentage when compared with the our region (18.10 %) and North east Bosnia-Herzegovina (17.3 %) [43]. The largest common number of herbs from Mersin-Adana, Naran Walley and North east Bosnia-Herzegovina is used for the treatment of respiratory system (5.19, 13.72, 15.2 %), urinary system (10.04, 9.13, 12.7 %), heart-blood (9.06, 7.37, 7.2 %) and skin (4.25, 7.03, 10.4 %) disorders, repectively. In literature, the usage of medicinal plants for treatment of gastrointestinal-digestive disorders were rather common in Montenegro 57.4 %, Central Serbia (50 %) and Liguira-İtaly (21.5 %) [44-46].
ConclusionIn Mersin-Adana, medicinal herbs are widely used in both rural and urban areas. Some of them are used in formulation of home remedies, such as tea, spice, paste, cosmetic products, oil, powder, infusion or as a consequence of the current development of the pharmaceutical products, less often in tablet and capsules (Figure 2). The practioners used the plants when fresh or dry, essentialy in the form of a maceration as an infusion, a decoction, as a paste or powder prepared with a handful. Mostly, there was not a standardized method in the use of traditional medicine in Mersin-Adana.
Contrary to the previous study, there is an increase incidence of immun system ailments in this survey studied [6]. This increase may be related to the environmental pollution, climatic conditions or migration that increased rapidly in recent years. Human activity in migration conditions is likely to lead to change in the distribution of the infections with microorganisms [47].
Our study shows clearly that in the South of Turkey (Mersin-Adana), the herbs used mainly for pathologies of the intestinal-digestive disorders, respiratory, urinary system, heart-blood, vascular, skin and other related ailments which are related to the malnutrition, unconscious nutrition, the use of unnecessary antibiotics and undeveloped hygiene habits. In addition, these years were the times that the sales of slimming and soothing teas has increased. During the later five years, the sales of plants used for antidepressant (camomile) and obesity exploded.
It is important to highlight that this work constitutes the second survey performed with ethnobotanical data gathered in Mersin-Adana. We reported that the herbal markets of Mersin-Adana have always played a vital role in the lives of people. Furthermore, this survey underlines the ethnobotanical richness of the region and need further researches which could lead to new therapeutic drugs [48].
Additional File 1An additional “Table 1. The list of Medicinal plants of research area” file shows this in more detail [see Additional file 1].
AcknowledgementsI would like to thank to and herbal markets of Kor Yusuf, Amazon, Papatya, Naturel Malatya, Baharat Dunyasi, Burcu, Hekimoglu, Yonca, Yusuf Aysu, Ozderman, Lokman Hekim, Hekimhan, Yesilay, Adana Cerci Yusuf, Bitki Cenneti, Cerkez Ibo, Saimbeyli Surmeneli Ayse and license students of Biology (Mevlut Guven, Emine
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Adıyaman, Kubra Karacelik, Burcu Keme, Kaan Karaca, Cihat Karaagac) to made surveying with some herbalists and others who have provided me with the various herbal samples and information.
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Copyright: ©2017 Elif Ayse Erdogan Eliuz and Ayse Everest. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.