ISSN 0036-8075

30 January 1981Volume 21 1, No. 4481

LETTERS Mouse Pox Threat: G. D. Wallace; Radioactive Biomedical Waste:R. E. Cunningham; Scientific Spoofs: P. Woolf

EDITORIAL It Is People Who Use Energy: K. Davis

ARTICLES The Great Tumaco, Colombia Earthquake of 12 December 1979:D. G. Herd et al.

Acid Lakes from Natural and Anthropogenic Causes: R. Patrick, V. P. Binetti,S. G. Halterman .................................

Transport of Energy in Muscle: The Phosphorylcreatine Shuttle:S. P. Bessman and P. J. Geiger.

The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice: A. Tversky andD. Kahneman ...................................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Carter Transmits an Interim Budget .... . . . . . . . . . ............

Biomedical Budget: A Slight Boost .........................

Utilities Lose Power on Wall Street .........................

Briefing: Carter Team Departs with Words of Warning;By Flood, if Not by Fire, Says CEQ; EPA to Investigate Tree Smog .

Priority War: Discord in Pursuit of Glory ......................

Sickle Cell (II): Many Agents Near Trials .

Massive Neutrinos: Masters ofthe Universe?.

459

459

461

462

- 465

468

470

Seeds of Famine, reviewed by J. Swift; Cardiovascular Risk Factors inChildren, D. R. Labarthe; Aspects of Vertebrate History, K. Padian;Ninth Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics, G. Lake;Books Received .. . .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 473

438

439

441

446

448

453

REPORTS Early Proterozoic Microfossils and Penecontemporaneous Quartz Cementationin the Sokoman Iron Formation, Canada: A. H. Knoll andB. Simonson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Effects ofTrace Gases and Water Vapor on the Diffusion Coefficient ofPolonium-218: G. Frey, P. K. Hopke, J. J. Stukel ..... . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Arsenic Accumulation in Great Barrier Reef Invertebrates: A. A. Benson andR. E. Summons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Phenytoin-Induced Teratogenesis: A Mouse Model: R. H. Finnell . . . . . . . . . . 483

Potassium Chloride versus Voltage Clamp Contractures in Ventricular Muscle:M. Morad, S. Reeck, M. Rao .......................... . 485

Therapy of Mouse Lymphoma with Monoclonal Antibodies to Glycolipid: SelectionofLow Antigenic Variants in vivo: W. W. Young, Jr., and S. Hakomori. 487

Water Intake in Hypovolemic Sheep: Effects of Crushing the Left AtrialAppendage: M. B. Zimmerman, E. H. Blaine, E. M. Stricker . . . . . . . . . . 489

Nonenzymatic Browning in vivo: Possible Process for Aging of Long-LivedProteins: V. M. Monnier and A. Cerami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Opiate Antagonist Improves Neurologic Recovery After Spinal Injury:A. I. Faden, T. P. Jacobs, J. W. Holaday . . .... . . ..... .... . . 493

Myosin Phosphorylation and the Cross-Bridge Cycle in Arterial Smooth Muscle:P. F. Dillon et al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Chemical Defense Mechanisms on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia:G. J. Bakus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

Extinctions and Introductions in the New Zealand Avifauna: Cause and Effect?:J. M. Diamond and C. R. Veitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

Associative Learning in Aplysia: Cellular Correlates Supporting a ConditionedFear Hypothesis: T. J. Carew, E. T. Walters, E. R. Kandel . . . . . . . . . . . 501

Associative Learning in Aplysia: Evidence for Conditioned Fear in an Invertebrate:E. T. Walters, T. J. Carew, E. R. Kandel ...... . ... . . ......... 504

Suckling Infant Rats Learn a Preference for a Novel Olfactory Stimulus Paired withMilk Delivery: S. C. Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

Difference in Brain Densities Between Chronic Alcoholic and Normal ControlPatients: C. J. Golden et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

Competition in Desert Rodents: An Experiment with Semipermeable Exclosures:J. C. Munger andJ. H. Brown . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

COVER

San Juan, Colombia, a small PacificCoast village about 100 kilometersnorth of the Ecuadorian border, wasnearly destroyed by a magnitude 8earthquake that struck- southwest Co-lombia on 12 December 1979. Thecoastline tectonically subsided nearly1.6 meters during the earthquake, only15 minutes before a 2.2-meter high tsu-nami swept inland. The tsunami over-topped the barrier island on which thevillage stood. Now inundated at hightide, the village has been abandoned.See page 441. [Darrell G. Herd, U.S.Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Cali-fornia]

30 January 1981, Volume 21 1, Number 4481

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SCIENCE

People Who Use Energyom are public policies constrained only by scientific and engineeringions; they are also limited, consciously and unconsciously, by social.Solutions to the energy problem, for example, usually take one ofrms: to conserve energy, or to increase or at least maintain the total. Both approaches fit prevalent, if confficting, moral attitudes, and soady justification. Finding and harnessing more energy fits the modemIf "development," and conserving energy fits the asceticism of majorns. A third approach-stopping or reversing population growth-istreated as a part of energy policy, mainly because the effective

required would offend deep sentiments.cost of neglecting the third approach is illustrated by the UnitedBetween 1955, the last time we produced as much energy as we

ned, and 1978, our energy consumption rose 99 percent. More than a38.3 percent) of that increase was due to population growth-52.6tin the 23-year period-the rest being due to rising per capita con-ion. Since very little manpower is required to produce energy (lessalf of I percent of the labor force), the growth of population contrib-othing to the production of energy but did contribute greatly to itsnption. According to the Census Bureau's medium projection, ourtion in 2000 will be 38 million greater than it is now. In that case, oursupply will have to rise by 17 percent in two decades just to maintainpita consumption, or per capita use will have to be cut by one-sixth to)tal consumption to the present amount.entire world's population is growing more rapidly than ours-cur-about 75 million annually. By the year 2000, the projected humanLtion will be 2.3 billion greater than it is today. This relentless expan-the main cause of the rising worldwide consumption of energy-

ly 3.5 percent per year.lows that stopping or reversing population growth could play a majorsolving the energy problem. When we take into account the environ-Iproblems that heroic efforts to increase the total energy supply willor the human problems that reducing average per capita consumption,iout the world will bring, we conclude that population control is notdesirable but also a necessary part of any effective energy policy. To"the energy problem otherwise is like fixing a leaky roof by putting:ontainers on the floor.U.S. government is inconsistent when it gives priority to energy inde-ice, and at the same time admits each year hundreds of thousands ofrants. With 232,000 refugees being admitted by special dispensation innd 217,000 in 1981, in addition to regular entrants and illegal immi-,approximately one-third of our population growth-probably some0-is now due directly to immigration.Lrly, our attitude toward population is still normative rather than in-bntal. We confuse favoring fewer people with being inhumane, where-greatest inhumanity is to bring into the world children whose prob-te is extreme deprivation. Historically, and for good reason, socialfavored having many children. These norms are now inappropriate,still construe energy policy as producing or saving energy for how-iany people there are, not as producing fewer people so as to giveone as much energy as he or she needs.it is people who use energy. With fewer people, less energy is needed.kay seem obvious, but so far we have tragically postponed acting on it.vhen things have reached an extreme impasse, as in contemporary,does population control become part of the solution to the energym.- KINGSLEY DAVIS, Fellow, Centerfor Advanced Study in the Be-al Sciences, Stanford, California 94305