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Transmission Characteristics and Performance Analysis

of Silica doped and Plastic Optical Fibers

in Optical Communication systems

Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed

Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering Department,

Faculty of Electronic Engineering,

Menouf 32951, Egypt

ahmed_733@yahoo.com

Abstract

This paper has proposed the development of transmission

capacity and characteristics of the bit rates of local area

advanced optical communication networks over wide

range of the affecting parameters. Dispersion

characteristics in high-speed optical transmission systems

is deeply analyzed over a span of optical wavelengths from

1.3 m up to 1.65 m. Two different fiber structures for

dispersion management are investigated, where two types

of fabrication material link of single mode fiber made of

Germania doped Silica and plastic fibers are suggested. As

well as we have analyzed the soliton transmission

technique to be processed to handle both bit rate and

product either per link or per channel for cables of multi-

links. Two multiplexing techniques are applied, dense

wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) and space

division multiplexing (SDM), where maximum number of

transmitted channels of 960 channels are processed to

handle the product of bit rate either per channel or per link

for cables of multi-links over wide range of the affecting

parameters. As well as dispersion characteristics and

dispersion management are deeply studied where two types

of optical fiber cable core materials are used. a new novel

technique of chromatic dispersion management in optical

single-mode fiber is introduced to facilitate the design of

DWDM performance in advanced optical communication

networks. The design parameters are: the relative

refractive index difference of the core and clad, ambient

temperature, and the percentage of germania doped in

silica fibers. The three design parameters are kept within

their technological limits of interest. The thermal effects of

the refractive-index of the fabrication core materials are

taken into account to present the effects on the

performance of optical fiber cable links.

Keywords: Plastic fibers, Short transmission distance, Silica

fibers, Optical communication systems, and Transmission bit

rates.

I. INTRODUCTION

Fiber optic transmission and communication are

technologies that are constantly growing and becoming

more modernized and increasingly being used in the

modern day industries [1]. However, dispersion,

absorption, and scattering are the three properties of

optical fibers that cause attenuation, or a marked decrease

in transmitted power, and therefore, have limited progress

in areas of high-speed transmission and signal efficiency

over long distances. Dispersion occurs when the light

traveling down a fiber optic cable “spreads out,” becomes

longer in wavelength and eventually dissipates. Two other

major mechanisms of attenuation in optical fibers are

absorption and scattering. However, new advances are

continually being made to combat these losses and

improve the reliability of fibers [2]. Attenuation, a

reduction in the transmitted power, has long been a

problem for the fiber optics community. However,

researchers have established three main sources of this

loss: absorption, scattering, and, though it is not commonly

studied in this category, dispersion [3]. High speed long

haul optical communication systems and networks undergo

two limitations namely spectral losses and dispersion. The

problem of dispersion has attracted attentions since two

decades. Since 1980, several techniques have been

proposed and applied to reduce such phenomenon which

severely reduces the transmitted bit-rate. The rapid

increase of transmission capacity need is requiring higher

speed optical communication system. However, the

upgrade of most installed system at third window to multi-

giga-bit rate is limited by the high linear chromatic

dispersion of the optical standard fiber deployed world

wide [4, 5]. In a 1310 nm wavelength window, standard

single mode fibers have minimum chromatic dispersion but

higher loss. Unfortunately, in this wavelength region the

standard single-mode fibers have a typical chromatic

dispersion of 15-20 ps/nm.km. The combined effects of

this dispersion and the laser chirp result in an intersymbol

interference that can cause a significant performance

degradation. One of the solutions is the use of dispersion-

shifted fiber (DSF) with zero-dispersion wavelength

around 1550 nm. However, this is not effective for

conventional fiber networks that are already installed with

the standard fibers. To upgrade existing networks based on

standard single mode 1310 nm optimized optical fibers,

several all optical dispersion compensation techniques

have been proposed [6]. Recent progress in optical fiber

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amplifier technology makes fiber dispersion the ultimate

limiting factor for high-speed long-distance optical fiber

transmission. Low chirp, high speed optical sources are

indispensable for long haul multigigabit per second optical

communication systems.

Traffic demand has been increasing steadily in the

last few years [7]. In order to support this increasing traffic

demand the optical links between the main cities, which

are typically terrestrial links with hundreds of kilometers

operating at 10 Gbit/sec per channel, have to be upgraded.

A solution for the upgrading of these links is to increase

the bit rate per channel to 40, 80 or even to 160 Gbit/s.

The major operators intend to use the already installed

cables to support these high speed systems, which is not

surprising, as the most cost effective solution usually

resides in upgrading the terminal equipment keeping the

link unchanged. Dense wavelength division multiplexing

(DWDM) is widely becoming accepted as a technology for

meeting growing bandwidth, and WDM systems beginning

to be deployed in both terrestrial and undersea

telecommunications links [8, 9]. As complexity of optical

dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)

networks increases due to the large number of channels

involved, managing the large spectral variations in the

dispersion and gain becomes more difficult as the desired

spectral bandwidth increases. One approach is to

compensate the dispersion and power variations for each

channel periodically in the system. This necessarily

requires individual components for every channel in the

system, and becomes complex for large channel counts and

wide bandwidth [10, 11]. Dispersion managed soliton, now

being developed by a number of different groups, can

resolve the technical problems that in the past have

prevented the use of the soliton transmission format in

optical fiber communication systems. Given the rapid

progress being made by researchers, within two years an

internet backbone powered by these inherently stable and

robust nonlinear optical pulses will be a reality [12].

Optical solitons are stable nonlinear pulses formed in

optical fibers when the nonlinearity induced by the optical

intensity is sufficient to balance the dispersion of the fiber.

In an ideal lossless fiber, solitons would not distort in

either the time or frequency domains, regardless of the

distance over which they propagated. It is now widely

accepted that dispersion management (also known as

periodic dispersion compensation) is the key to realizing

the potential of optical solitons. A dispersion managed

fiber is made by alternating sections of positive and

negative dispersion fiber to create a transmission line with

high local dispersion and low total dispersion [13].

II. MODELING DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

II. 1. Simplified attenuation model

II. 1.1. Silica-doped fibers attenuation model

Based on the models of [14], the spectral losses of

silica-doped fibers are cast as:

,IRUVSI dB/km (1)

Where ,003.0int lossrinsictheI dB/km, and (2)

,6675.0

04

T

TnscatteringRayleighS

dB/km (3)

Where we have assumed that the scattering loss is linearity

is related to the ambient temperature Τ and T0 is a

reference temperature (27 C), Δ and λ are the relative

refractive index difference and optical signal wavelength

respectively. The absorption losses α UV and α IR are [14]:

,101.1 9.40

04 egeUV dB/km (4)

,107

224

5

eIR dB/km (5)

Where ωge % is the weight percentage of germania, GeO2

added to optical silica fibers to improve its optical

transmission characteristics.

II.1.2. Plastic fibers attenuation model

Plastics, as all any organic materials, absorb light in

the ultraviolet spectrum region. The mechanism for the

absorption depends on the electronic transitions between

energy levels in molecular bonds of the material. Generally

the electronic transition absorption peaks appear at

wavelengths in the ultraviolet region, and their absorption

tails have an influence on the plastic optical fiber (POF)

transmission loss [15]. According to urbach’s rule, the

attenuation coefficient αe due to electronic transitions in

POF is given by [15]:

,8

exp1010.1 5

PMMAe dB/km (6)

Where λ is the optical signal wavelength of light in μm

and . In addition, there is another type of intrinsic loss,

caused by fluctuations in the density, and composition of

the material, which is known as Rayleigh scattering.. This

phenomenon gives the rise to scattering coefficient R that

is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the

wavelength, i.e., the shorter is λ the higher the losses are.

For POF, it is shown that R is given by [16].

,633.0

13

4

PMMAR dB/km (7)

Then the total losses of plastic optical fibers is given by:

4

5 633.013

8exp1010.1

PMMAtotal dB/km (8)

II. 2. Simplified dispersion model analysis

II. 2. 1. Silica-doped fiber dispersion model

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We can assume that the standard single mode optical

fiber cable is made of the silica-doped material which the

investigation of the spectral variations of the waveguide

refractive-index (n) require Sellemeier equation under the

form [19]:

26

2

25

24

2

23

22

2

212

1 1A

A

A

A

A

An

(9)

The Sellmeier equation coefficients for silica-doped cable

core material, as a function of temperature as [19]: A1=

10.6684293, A2= 0.03015165 x (T/T0)2, A3= 3.04344218

x 10-3

, A4= 1.1347511235 x (T/T0)2, A5= 1.54133408, A6=

1.104 x 103. Where T is the ambient temperature of the

material, °C, and T0 is the reference temperature and is

considered as 27 °C. The first differentiation of Eq. (9) w.

r. t yields:

,1

226

2

2265

224

2

2243

222

2

221

1

1

A

AA

A

AA

A

AA

nd

dn

(10)

Then the second differentiation of Eq. (9) w. r. t yields:

,3331

21

326

2

26

2265

324

2

24

2243

322

2

22

2221

121

2

d

dn

A

AAA

A

AAA

A

AAA

nd

nd

(11)

Also in the same way, the third differentiation of Eq. (9) w.

r. t yields:

,31212121

21

21

426

2

26

3265

424

2

24

3243

422

2

22

3221

131

3

d

nd

d

dn

A

AAA

A

AAA

A

AAA

nd

nd

(12)

Therefore, the total chromatic dispersion in standard single

mode fiber (SSMF) that limits the transmission bit rates in

system based DWDM communication can be calculated as

follows [20]:

kmnmnMML

D wdmdt .sec/,.

(13)

Where Mmd is the material dispersion coefficient in

nsec/nm.km, Mwd is the waveguide dispersion coefficient

in nsec/nm.km, Δτ is the total pulse broadening due to the

effect of total chromatic dispersion, Δ is the spectral

linewidth of the used optical source in nm, and L is the

fiber cable length in km. The material dispersion

coefficient is given as the following:

,2 2

12

31

3

21

2

d

nd

d

nd

cd

nd

cM s

md (14)

The waveguide dispersion coefficient is given by the

following expression:

,VFc

nnM

scladdingwd

(15)

The relative refractive-index difference Δn is given by the

following expression:

,1

1

n

nnn

cladding (16)

Where ncladding is the refractive-index of the cladding

material, n1 is the refractive-index of the silica-doped fiber

core material, s is the optical signal wavelength, F (V) is a

function of V number or normalized frequency. Based on

the work [21], they designed the function F (V) is a

function of V as follows:

,65.18.55.139.63.1 5432 VVVVVVF (17)

When they are employing V-number in the range of (0 V

1.15) yields the above expression. Moreover, we are

taking into account V-number as unity to emphasis single

mode fiber type. Equation (13) can be written in another

expression as:

sec,.. nLDt (18)

II. 2. 2. Plastic fiber dispersion model

The plastic cable core material which the

investigation of the spectral variations of the waveguide

refractive-index (n) require Sellemeier equation under the

form [22]:

26

2

25

24

2

23

22

2

212

2 1B

B

B

B

B

Bn

(19)

For the plastic fiber material, the coefficients of the

Sellmeier equation and refractive-index variation with

ambient temperature are given as follows [22]:

B1= 0.4963, B2= 0.6965 (T/T0), B3= 0.3223, B4= 0.718

(T/T0), B5= 0.1174, and B6= 9.237.

Then the first differentiation of Eq. (19) w. r. t yields:

,1

226

2

2265

224

2

2243

222

2

2221

2

2

B

BB

B

BB

B

BB

nd

dn

(20)

Then the second differentiation of Eq. (19) w. r. t yields:

,3331

21

326

2

26

2265

324

2

24

2243

322

2

22

2221

222

2

d

dn

B

BBB

B

BBB

B

BBB

nd

nd

(21)

The output pulse width from single mode plastic optical

fiber (POF) were taken into account both material and

profile dispersions, and thus modal dispersion is equal to

zero for single mode fibers [23].

2

1

1122

22

3

2

22

CnN

d

nd

cd

dn

cWmd (22)

21

221

23

2

2

2

c

nNP (23)

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Where the group index for the mode is given by:

d

dnnN 2

21 (24)

Then the total chromatic dispersion in single mode fibers

of POF is [23]:

,PWL

D mdt

nsec/nm.km (25)

Where Dt is the total chromatic dispersion coefficient in

nsec/nm.km, Δτ is the total pulse spreading due to

chromatic dispersion in nsec, Wmd is the material

dispersion coefficient in nsec/nm.km, P is the profile

dispersion coefficient in nsec/nm.km, and Δn is the relative

refractive index difference defined as follows:

,2 2

2

222

n

nnn

cladding

(26)

Where n2 is the cable core refractive index, and ncladding is

the core cladding refractive index. Where C1 is a constant

and is given by the following expression:

,2

21

C (27)

Where α is the index exponent, and ε is the profile

dispersion parameter, and is given by the following:

,2

1

2

d

nd

nN

n

(28)

II. 3. Soliton transmission technique

In an ideal lossless medium, the soliton would have also

the same amplitude during propagation. The balance

between the non-linearity effects from one side and the

dispersion effects from the other side creates a solitary

wave [24]. The dispersion of a medium (in the absence of

non-linearity) makes the various frequency components

propagate at different velocities; while the non-linearity (in

the absence of dispersion) causes the pulse energy to be

continually injected, via harmonic generation, into higher

frequency modes. That is to say, the dispersion effect

results in broadening the pulse while the non-linearity

tends to sharpen it. Based on the analysis of [25], the peak

power is given by:

,4

1

2

3

2

nl

efftpeak

n

AD

cP (29)

Where nnl is the nonlinear Kerr coefficient in m2/watt, Aeff

is the effective area in µm2, c is the speed of light in m/sec,

is the optical signal wavelength in µm and Dt is the total

chromatic dispersion coefficient in nsec/nm.km. Then the

pulse intensity width in nsec is given by:

cnP

AD

nlpeak

efft

2

3

4

(30)

Based on the analysis of [26-27], the minimum separation

for a stream of soliton pulses to carry useful data is

Tmin=10 Δτ, this is due to the pulse broadening. Therefore,

the transmission bit rate per channel will be:

,1.01

min

TBrsc Gbit/sec/channel (31)

III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND PERFORMANCE

ANALYSIS

We have investigated the basic Soliton transmission

technique to transmit 960 channels based on dense

wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), in the interval

of 1.3 up to 1.65 μm wavelengths. For the reality from the

points of view of the spectral dependences of the different

fiber characteristics [26], we have employed also the space

division multiplexing (SDM) with total number of links,

NL= {4, 5, 6,………………….12} Links. With order of

the link, JS={1, 2, 3, 4,

5,…...........…………………….….NL}.

The initial optical signal wavelength is given by the

following relation:

ss JSlinkinitial 13.1/ (32)

Also, the optical signal wavelength span 1.3 ≤ λ, μm ≤

1.65 is divided into intervals equal to:

,/35.00 LL

if

L

NNN

μm/Link. (33)

Where Δλ = λf – λi = 1.65 – 1.3 = 0.35 μm, the suffix “f”

denotes the final value and “i” denotes the initial value,

λave is the average wavelength over the link of order JS, JS

is the order of the link where 1 ≤ JS ≤ NL, NL is the total

number of links, λsi is the initial wavelength at the link JS,

and λsf is the final wavelength at the link JS. Where the

link spacing is given by the following expression:

,L

LN

(34)

Therefore, the channel spacing s is given by:

,Lch

sNN

(35)

Where Nch is the number of transmitted channels per link,

and NL is the number of links in the fiber cable core. The

average optical signal wavelength λave over a link of order

JS can be:

,15.0 0 JSave (36)

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The temperature range varies from 25 °C to 45 °C. The

following set of the numerical data of system model design

are employed to obtain transmission bit rate and product

per channel as follows: 1.3 ≤ λsi, optical signal wavelength,

μm ≤ 1.65, NL: total number of links up to 12 links,

spectral linewidth of the optical source, Δs =0.1 nm,

Effective area, Aefff= 85 µm2, 2 ≤ Fiber cable length, L,

Km ≤ 10, 0.0 ≤ percentage of germania doped in silica

fibers, x ≤ 0.2, 0.05 ≤ ΔnPMMA, relative refractive-index

difference ≤ 0.07, 0.006 ≤ Δnsilica-doped, relative refractive-

index difference for silica-doped ≤ 0.008, 4 ≤ Ps, optical

signal power, mwatt ≤ 30, NT: total number of transmitted

channels up to 960 channels. At the set of controlling

parameters {optical signal wavelength λs, ambient

temperature and number of links in the fiber cable core

NL}, both the effective performance of plastic, and

germania-doped silica fibers are processed based on the

transmission bit rate-distance product as follows:

LBP rsrs , Gbit.km/sec (37)

The transmitted bit-rate and product per channel is also a

special criterion for comparison for different fiber cable

materials of plastic and silica-doped fibers. Based on

equations analysis and the assumed set of the affecting and

operating parameters. Also, based on the clarified

variations in Figs. (1-23), the following facts are assured:

i) In the series of Figs. (1, 2) has demonstrated that the

ambient temperature increases, the transmission bit

rate per channel decreases for both silica-doped and

plastic fibers at the constant number of links. As well

as number of links increases, the transmission bit rate

per channel also increases at the constant ambient

temperature.

ii) Figs. (3, 4) have demonstrated that relative

refractive-index difference decreases, the

transmission bit rate per channel increases for both

silica-doped and plastic fibers at the constant

number of links. As well as number of links

increases, the transmission bit rate per channel also

increases at the constant relative refractive-index

difference.

iii) Figs. (5, 6) have demonstrated that as the

number of links increases, the total spectral loss

decreases for both silica-doped and plastic fibers at

the constant relative refractive-index difference.

Moreover as the relative refractive-index difference

decreases, the total spectral loss also decreases at

the constant number of links in the fiber cable core.

iv) Fig. 7 has assured that as ambient

temperature increases, this leads to decrease in

transmission bit rates per channel. As well as

germanium dopant increases, this results in

increasing of transmission bit rates per channel for

silica-doped fibers.

v) In the series of Figs. (8, 9) has assured that

the number of links increases; the transmission bit

rate per channel also increases for both silica-doped

and plastic fibers at the constant relative refractive-

index difference. As well as relative refractive-

index difference decreases, the transmission bit rate

per channel increases at the constant number of

links in the fiber cable core.

vi) Figs. (10, 11) have proved that the number

of links increases, the bit rate-distance product per

channel also increases for both silica-doped and

plastic fibers at the constant relative refractive-

index difference. Moreover as the relative

refractive-index difference decreases, the bit rate-

distance product per channel increases at the

constant number of links in the fiber cable core.

vii) In the series of Figs. (12, 13) has assured

that the number of links increases, the transmission

bit rate per channel also increases for both silica-

doped and plastic fibers at the constant ambient

temperature. But as the ambient temperature

increases, the transmission bit rate per channel

decreases at the constant number of links in the

fiber cable core.

viii) Figs. (14, 15) have demonstrated that the

number of links increases, the bit rate-distance

product per channel also increases for both silica-

doped and plastic fibers at the constant ambient

temperature. As well as the ambient temperature

increases, the bit rate-distance product per channel

decreases at the constant number of links in the

fiber cable core.

ix) In the series of Figs. (16, 17) has

demonstrated that the transmission distance

increases, the transmission bit rate per channel

decreases for both silica-doped and plastic fibers at

the constant relative refractive-index difference. But

as the relative refractive-index difference increases,

the transmission bit rate per channel decreases at the

constant transmission distance.

x) Figs. (18, 19) have assured that the number

of links increases, the bit rate-distance product per

channel also increases for both silica-doped and

plastic fibers at the constant transmission distance.

As well as the transmission distance increases, the

bit rate-distance product per channel also increases

at the constant number of links in the fiber cable

core.

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IV. CONCLUSIONS

In a summary, we have presented a new novel

transmission characteristics of silica and plastic optical

fibers within soliton transmission for reducing

propagation problems in local area optical

communication networks. It is evident that the decreased

of both ambient temperature and relative refractive-index

difference, and then the higher transmission bit rate and

bit rate-distance product per transmitted channel across

silica-doped and plastic fibers. We have observed that

the higher performance for bit rates transmission per

transmitted channel of silica-doped fiber than plastic

fiber. As well as we have presented the higher total

dispersion and total spectral losses of plastic fibers than

silica-doped fibers. The constant of both relative

refractive-index difference, ambient temperature, and the

increased the transmission distance and then the

increased bit rate-distance product per transmitted

channel of silica-doped fibers than plastic fibers. As well

as the increased percentage of germanium doped in silica

fibers, the decreased total dispersion and total spectral

losses, and then the increased transmission bit rates per

channel in silica-doped fibers. Therefore we can say that

the lowest total dispersion and total losses of silica-

doped fibers, make these fibers as the best candidate

media for long haul optical transmission in local area

optical communication networks.

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AUTHOR’s PROFILE

Dr. Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed was born

in Menouf city, Menoufia State, Egypt

country in 23 July, 1976. Received the

B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. scientific degrees

in the Electronics and Electrical

Communications Engineering Department

from Faculty of Electronic Engineering,

Menoufia University in 1999, 2005, and

2010 respectively. Currently, his job

carrier is a scientific lecturer in Electronics

and Electrical Communications

Engineering Department, Faculty of

Electronic Engineering, Menoufia

university, Menouf. Postal Menouf city

code: 32951, EGYPT.

His scientific master science thesis has focused on polymer

fibers in optical access communication systems. Moreover his

scientific Ph. D. thesis has focused on recent applications in

linear or nonlinear passive or active in optical networks. His

interesting research mainly focuses on transmission capacity, a

data rate product and long transmission distances of passive

and active optical communication networks, wireless

communication, radio over fiber communication systems, and

optical network security and management. He has published

many high scientific research papers in high quality and

technical international journals in the field of advanced

communication systems, optoelectronic devices, and passive

optical access communication networks. His areas of interest

and experience in optical communication systems, advanced

optical communication networks, wireless optical access

networks, analog communication systems, optical filters and

Sensors, digital communication systems, optoelectronics

devices, and advanced material science, network management

systems, multimedia data base, network security, encryption

and optical access computing systems. As well as he is

editorial board member in high academic scientific

International research Journals. Moreover he is a reviewer

member in high impact scientific research international

journals in the field of electronics, electrical communication

systems, optoelectronics, information technology and advanced

optical communication systems and networks. His personal

electronic mail ID (E-mail:ahmed_733@yahoo.com).