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of Longmont, COIssue 25

TIDBITS® SEES THATTHE EYES HAVE IT!by Patricia L. Cook

If you see things 20/20, you have good eyes to observe our world and be amazed! Let’s see what we can learn about our amazing human eyes and some other eyes as well.

• Seeing things with 20/20 vision iscommonly considered good vision in the United States. In Canada and the rest of the world that uses the metric system, normal vision is 6/6 (6 meters as opposed to 20 feet.) This term basically means that you have “good visual acuity at 20 feet” (6

m), which is normal distance vision. • The Snellen chart was developed

by Dr. Hermann Snellen, a Dutch ophthalmologist, in 1862. This “eye” chart has 11 lines of block letters, beginning with a single letter at the top, usually E. The size of the letters gets smaller from the top of the chart to the bottom, so there are more letters on the bottom row than on the top. The eighth row of letters is usually the line for 20/20 (6/6) vision. Sixty-one percent of Americans wear corrective

lenses to get to “normal” vision.•So,arealllettersofthealphabetonthe

chart? No. The letters used are only C, D, H, K, N, O, R, S, V and Z. These are the Sloan letters, which were designed by Louise Sloan in 1959. These letters are called

“optotypes.” turn the page for more!

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EYES (continued):

• Babies’eyesareabout75percentof thesize of adult eyes at birth. The optic nerve, internal eye structures and visual function continue to develop in the first two years of life.

•Eachcomponentoftheeyehasaspecialfunction, and together the components are necessary for good vision. Eye professionals have to spend a lot of time figuring out all of the ways to “fix” vision problems. Imagine the days before eyeglasses, contacts and surgeries were available! Today, we are able to see well into old age.

•TheChineseclaimtobethe inventorsofeyeglasses but apparently used them initially only to ward off evil spirits. These eyeglasses were for protection and probably lacked the ability to improve vision. Historians are unsure who invented the first eyeglasses used to improve vision.

•The first knownartistic representationofeyeglasses was a painting by Tommaso da Modena in 1352. The glasses in his painting were perched on the nose of his subject even though most known early glasses for improving sight were not. Monocles, scissors-glasses and lorgnettes used for improving vision were either worn around the neck on ribbons or chains, clipped to clothing or just hand-held.

• Monocles were framed lenses attachedto a chain or ribbon and used for one eye when needed. Lorgnettes were two lenses in a frame that the user would hold up to the eyes. They were somewhat of a fashion statement, especially for ladies. They were popular at the opera and masquerade parties. Scissors-glasses were two lenses on a Y-shaped frame that, like a monocle, were hung on a ribbon or chain.

ARIES (March 21 to April 19) You might feel more encouraged about changes in your personal and/or professional life. However, it might be best not to rush things but rather work with them as they evolve.TAURUS (April 20 to May 20) The Bovine’s business sense is especially keen this week. But remember that it’s always best to investi-gate before investing. Make sure there are no hidden factors that can rise up later on.GEMINI (May 21 to June 20) Working on a family project could create tension between and among those concerned. Your good sense and your patience can help reduce bad at-titudes and raise positive feelings.CANCER (June 21 to July 22) You should be seeing more progress in the development of your plans and more supporters joining in. News from the past could help change some-one’s long-held position.LEO (July 23 to August 22) With personal aspects strong this week, Leos and Leonas might want to spend more time with family and others who are especially close to them. Also expect news of a possible career change.VIRGO (August 23 to September 22) Taking a strong stand can be helpful this week. But be careful you don’t cross the line into obstinacy. Best to take a position on facts as they are, not as you want them to be.LIBRA (September 23 to October 22) You have a strong sense of the needs of others. This week, turn some of that sensitivity into an honest self-appraisal, and let it find places where you can help yourself.SCORPIO (October 23 to November 21) Cre-ating an emotional comfort zone to handle a personal problem helps at first. But by mid-week, you’ll realize you need to deal with it directly or it could linger for too long.SAGITTARIUS (November 22 to December 21) Turning the page on a mistake to start fresh might not be the thing to do. Better to go over each step that led up to the decision you made and see which one misled you.CAPRICORN (December 22 to January 19) Goats enjoy a varied diet, but eating crow isn’t on the menu -- at least not this week. An em-barrassing situation might have gone wrong before you got into it. Check it out.AQUARIUS (January 20 to February 18) Your sense of honesty might impel you to speak up about a situation you disapprove of. That’s fine. But do so without sounding accusatory. You might not know all the facts behind it.PISCES (February 19 to March 20) Being asked to create a reassuring attitude in the middle of chaos isn’t easy, but you can do it. Support for your efforts comes slowly, but it does come. Enjoy an arts-filled weekend.BORN THIS WEEK: Your honesty about people and issues is expressed in a positive, not painful, way.

1. MOVIES: Who played the role of “Pardner” in the Western musical “Paint Your Wagon”?2. GEOGRAPHY: Minsk is the capital of what former Soviet republic?3. LITERATURE: In “Gone With the Wind,” what were the first names of the Tarleton twins?4. HISTORY: When did the Suez Canal open?5. MYTHOLOGY: Who was the Norse trickster god?6. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE: What sport did Scotland ban in 1457 for fear that it was interfer-ing with the practice of archery, a vital part of the national defense?7. MUSIC: Frank Sinatra first gained major fame by singing for which Big Band leader?8. U.S. PRESIDENTS: Who served as FDR’s secre-tary of war 1940-1945?9. U.S. STATES: Which state’s nickname is the Pine Tree State?10. FOOD & DRINK: What type of fruit is known as a honeydew?

Tidbits® of Longmont, CO

Q: I have a large collection of Avon bottles. Even though I don’t have the Internet, I hope you can help me find out current values. -- Pau-line, Manchester, N.H.A: Since so many readers have written me recently about Avon collectibles, a brief history lesson might be in order.The California Perfume Company was founded in 1886. Even though the “Avon” line was introduced by the company during the 1920s, it was not marketed as such until 1939. Collect-ing, especially the earlier items, is still brisk, but prices appear to have softened in recent years. For example, a 1960s globe bank that contained bubble-bath crystals was valued in a 1975 price guide for $35, and currently retails for about $15.There are several fairly good price guides avail-able that you can find online at www.amazon.com.***Q: I have an issue of Good Housekeeping, the Christmas edition, from December 1928. What

is it worth? -- Linda, Cuba City, Wisc.A: As with most collectibles, condition is para-mount. Does your magazine have its original cover. Has anything been clipped from it, and does it show signs of obvious wear. Who de-signed the cover, and is there anything excep-tional about the magazine’s content? Good Housekeeping was first published in 1885 and was acquired by Hearst in 1911. It was without a doubt one of America’s most success-ful magazines. Highlights include covers and illustrations by such artists as Jessie Willcox Smith and Coles Phillips. Look, too, for stories by Kathleen Norris, Pear S. Buck, Sinclair Lewis, Agatha Christie and Stephen Vincent Benet. The Rose O’Neill kewpies also are collectible.If your magazine is fairly standard, it is probably worth about $20. If it has an exceptional cover or features any of the above mentioned talents, it is worth more.***Q: I have a mint copy of “The Fires Burn No More,” as recorded by Little Anthony and the Imperials on Apollo during the 1950s. What can I get for it? -- Thom, Canton, OhioA: Your record is worth in the $15 to $60 range, depending on condition.

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EYES (continued):•Haveyoueverheard the term“pince-nez?”

These were two-lens glasses that “pinched” the nose in order to stay on. The name comes from French: pincer, to pinch, and nez, which means nose. They too were in frames and attached to a cord, ribbon or chain.

• LondonopticianEdwardScarlettperfectedthe use of sidepieces or arms that attached to lensesin1730.Hisnewstyleeyeglassesthatslipped over a person’s ears, eliminating the need for chains, also freed the hands. They were popular and rapidly spread worldwide.

•Contactlensesarenotas“new”asyoumaythink. The idea goes back to the late 1800s when glassblower F.E. Muller, a German known for making glass eyes, blew a protective lens for a man who had cancer. The patient wore the lens for 20 years until his death, without losing his vision. The term “contact lens” actually is attributed to a Swiss physician, Dr. A. Eugen Fick, who published the results of experiments with the lenses in 1887.

• Sometimes there is confusion overwhicheye professional to see for eye problems. Opticians manufacture and dispense glasses and contacts. They often deal with patients after they have seen an optometrist or ophthalmologist. An optometrist is a vision professional who can diagnose vision problems, prescribe contacts and eyeglasses, provide treatment before and after eye surgery and prescribe drugs for various eye problems. Ophthalmologists are licensed medical doctors and can do everything performed by optometrists plus they can perform eye surgery. An ophthalmologist must complete four years of medical school following a college degree and an internship that focuses on their desired specialty. problems. Ophthalmologists are licensed medical doctors and can do everything performed by optometrists plus they can perform eye surgery. An ophthalmologist must complete four years of medical school following a college degree and an internship that focuses on their desired specialty.

The sun on the back of the neck, the feel of the earth in your hands, seeing the first green shoots growing out of the ground ... all of this can be quite healing for a veteran who suffers from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or a brain or physical injury.All across the country, large and small farms have opened their doors to veterans who want (or need) to get back to the land. Veterans who have gone into farming enjoy a sense of purpose in the physical work, while taking the time to heal.While thousands of veterans are signing up for education benefits or funds to start a new busi-ness, other veterans are digging in the soil. The opportunities are varied: weeks-long training classes, farms where veterans are working, tran-sition camps for those who want to try it out. Some farms are wheelchair accessible, with elevated beds that are easy to reach.Some are CSA farms, with crops grown for a specific market, with the customers paying in

advance.If becoming a farmer sounds like something you’d like to explore, here are some ideas:¥ The Farmer-Veteran Coalition [www.farm-vetco.org] matches returning veterans with farmers and funding, and also hosts two-day farm retreats.¥ The Veterans Farm [www.veteransfarm.giving.officelive.com] is an accessible farm for disabled veterans. It hosts 14-week horticul-tural therapy programs to learn how to grow organic fruits and vegetables.¥ Vet Farms [315-863-5143] in upstate New York offers instruction in planting, tractor operation, marketing and more. ¥ Combat Boots to Cowboy Boots at the University of Nebraska’s Nebraska College of Technical Agriculture [ncta.unl.edu], in coordination with the Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Agriculture, offers training and career placement for veterans wishing to become farmers or ranchers.The typical American farmer is nearly 60 years old. Where will the next generation of farmers come from? It could be you.

Down on the FarmBy Samantha Mazzotta

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(c) 2009 King Features Synd., Inc.

¥ To keep sugar from lumping, keep a few crackers in the sugar canister. They ward off moisture, and they don’t affect the taste of the sugar.

¥ “Whenever my child has a scrape, cut or even a bruise, she likes to have an adhesive bandage put on it. But when it’s time for the bandage to come off, she’s shy about it. I use a cotton ball to apply baby oil to the ban-dage, and it slips right off. This works for the waterproof kind, too.” -- L.K. in Missouri

¥ “When polishing my wing-tips, I realized that I had run out of shoe polish. My wife suggested furniture polish, and it worked very well. I just might use it from now on.” -- T.Y. in Delaware

¥ Got wrinkled ribbon? Use a curling iron to straighten it out. Slip it over the ribbon and pull through slowly.

“Old sheets can be recycled into pillowcases. I change my pillowcase more often than my sheets in order to keep my face clean, and I have a steady supply of cases because I made some when my last sheet set wore out.” -- N.L. in California

¥ Make your own furniture polish. This mix is ecological and thrifty, smells wonderful and is a cinch to mix. Add 1/3 cup lemon juice to 1 cup vegetable oil. Shake well and use in a spray bottle.

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Tidbits® of Longmont, CO EYES (continued):

•Animaleyesarevariedintheirplacement,size and acuity. Many animals have vision that is far superior to humans. Maybe that is why we never see animals with eyeglasses! Do you know which animal has the largest eyeballs on earth? That would be the giant squid, whose eyes are about the sizeofbeachballs(about18inches,45.7cm). Imagine meeting those underwater! Ostriches have the largest eyes of any land animal, measuring about two inches (5 cm) across. Ostrich eyes are bigger than their brains, which are about the size of a walnut.

• If someone says you are“blind as abat,”consider this: Bats are not blind, but they don’t use their eyes to see. They use sound waves instead. They make high-pitched sounds and listen for the echoes when the sounds bounce off objects. This is called echolocation. Whales, dolphins, some shrews and a few species of birds also use echolocation.

• Horned toads (short-horned lizards) areinteresting little reptiles that have a couple of very odd talents to help them ward off predators. They can inflate their bodies up to twice their size, looking like little spiny balloons, and some of the species have the most bizarre ability to shoot blood from their eyes. The blood comes from ducts in the corners of their eyes and can travel up to three feet (one meter). This “talent” is used to confuse predators and contains a chemical that is noxious to coyotes, wolves and dogs.

•Haveyoueverbeentoldyouhave“eagleeyes?” If so, you must have great vision. An average person can see a rabbit at about 550 yards (503 m), while an eagle can see itataboutamile(1,760yardsor1,609m).So, protect your vision and enjoy what you see!

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AGAINST ALL ODDS:CAPTAIN SCOTTY SMILEY

Scott Smiley graduated from The United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 2003. He took the motto of “Duty, Honor, Country” very seriously — and still does. His life changed drastically on April 6, 2005.

• SmileyhadbeenthroughArmyRangertraining and was a combat-diver qualified infantryman with plans to serve in special operations. He was a lieutenant in charge of a Stryker Brigade Combat Team platoon in Iraq when his future plans were altered.

•OnthatAprildaywhenSmiley’splatooncame upon a nervous-looking man in a suspicious car, he ordered the man to get out of the car. The man hesitated but got out with his hands up and then set off a massive bomb. The last thing Smiley remembers seeing was, “that man’s face, and his hands in the air.” The bomb sent shards of metal through his left eye into his brain, also damaging his right eye socket. Smiley was the only soldier hurt of the eight in the armored vehicle.

• The story of Scotty Smiley is notreally about the accident but about his dramatic perseverance and determination. He could have taken disability retirement from the Army and sat around feeling sorry for himself.

•Instead,CaptainScottySmileyhassetafine example, showing his abilities and not bemoaning his disability. Since his injury he has climbed Mount Rainier, surfed in Hawaii, skied in Vail, Colorado, gone sky-diving, completed a triathlon, and graduated from Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business with his MBA (Masters of Business Administration).

Page 5For Distribution or Advertising Call (303) 219-3409

Knowing this special breakfast treat is waiting makes it worth crawling out of a warm bed on a cold winter morn. Prepare it the night before and warm it up in the microwave, and it will be ready before your eyes are wide open!

1 1/2 cups reduced-fat baking mixSugar substitute to equal 1/4 cup, suitable for bak-ing2/3 cup fat-free milk2 tablespoons fat-free sour cream1 egg or equivalent in egg substitute1 teaspoon almond extract1/4 cup chopped almonds

1. Preheat oven to 375 F. Spray a 9-inch round cake pan with butter-flavored cooking spray.2. In a large bowl, combine baking mix and sugar substitute. Add milk, sour cream, egg and almond extract. Mix gently just to combine. Spread batter in prepared cake pan. Evenly sprinkle almonds over top. Lightly spray top with butter-flavored cooking spray.3. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Place cake pan on a wire rack and let set for at least 15 minutes. Cut into 8 wedges.

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1. Who is the only player in major-league history to have at least 500 doubles, 100 triples, 600 home runs and 300 stolen bases?2. How many consecutive seasons did Joe Torre man-age a team to the major-league playoffs?3. Which NFL team has

appeared in the most conference championship games?4. In 2010, Eric Bledsoe hit eight 3-pointers in an NCAA Tournament game to set a University of Kentucky record. Who had held the mark?5. Jarome Iginla entered the 2010-11 NHL cam-paign with the longest current streak of at least 20 goals in consecutive seasons, with 11. Name three of the five players tied for second with 10 seasons?6. In 2010, Sebastian Vettel became the youngest driver (23 years, 133 days) in Formula One his-tory to win the season championship. Who had been the youngest?7. Name the last left-handed men’s tennis player before Rafael Nadal in 2010 to win the U.S. Open.

CAPTAIN SCOTTY SMILEY (continued):•CaptainSmileyhaswonmanyawardsand

honors, both civilian and military, in the five years since he was wounded. He was namedSoldieroftheYearin2007byTheArmy Times. He was awarded the Bronze Star and Purple Heart for service to our country through the U.S. Army.

• HewonanESPYawardforBestOutdoorAthlete for mountain climbing in 2008. (ESPY awards are presented by ESPN television network. ESPY stands for: Excellence in Sports Performance Yearly Awards.)

• He also was awarded the MacArthurLeadership Award in 2009. This award honors officers who demonstrate the ideals for which General Douglas MacArthur stood. Recently Captain Smiley taught the core course in leadership at West Point, and on February 1, 2010, he accepted command of the Warrior Transition Unit at West Point’s Keller Army Medical Center. He is only the second wounded warrior to hold a command position and the U.S. Army’s first blind active-duty officer.

• Smiley is married to Tiffany, his highschool sweetheart, and they now have two sons. He attributes his recovery and determination to his family, faith and friends. “It was my wife, my family and friends who were in my hospital room singing songs and reading the Bible that gave me the strength during my recovery,” he says.

•September14,2010,wasthereleasedatefor “Hope Unseen,” written by Captain Scotty Smiley with Doug Crandell. The book chronicles his struggles and triumphs. His inspirational story helps us see that we can make the best of any situation that comes our way. Grab a copy at a bookstore or library near you.

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¥ On March 13, 1781, the German-born English astronomer William Hershel dis-covers Uranus, the seventh planet from the sun. Herschel’s discovery of a new planet was the first to be made in modern times, and the first to be made by use of a telescope.

¥ On March 11, 1918, a historic influenza epidemic breaks out at the U.S. Army hospital at Fort Riley, Kan. The disease soon traveled to Europe with the Ameri-can soldiers heading to the battlefields of France. The flu would eventually kill 675,000 Americans and more than 20 million people around the world.

¥ On March 12, 1922, author Jack Ker-ouac is born in Lowell, Mass. In World War II, he served in the Navy but was expelled for severe personality problems that may have been symptoms of mental illness. It was not until 1957 when he published “On the Road” that he became famous as a seminal figure of the Beat Generation.

¥ On March 7, 1938, Janet Guthrie, the first woman to compete in the Indianapo-lis 500 and Daytona 500 races, is born in Iowa City, Iowa. Guthrie drove in her final Indy 500 in 1979 and her last Day-tona 500 in 1980. Her helmet and driver’s suit are in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.

¥ On March 10, 1945, 300 American bombers drop almost 2,000 tons of incen-diaries on Tokyo. The attack destroyed large portions of the Japanese capital and killed 100,000 civilians. Ten square miles of eastern Tokyo were entirely obliterated, and an estimated 250,000 buildings were destroyed.

¥ On March 8, 1951, the Lonely Hearts Killers -- Martha Beck and Raymond Martinez Fernandez -- are executed in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison in New York. The odd couple had schemed to seduce, rob and murder women who placed personal ads in newspapers. Their story has been the subject of several mov-ies, most recently “Lonely Hearts” (2006).

¥ On March 9, 1985, the first-ever Adopt-a-Highway sign is erected on Highway 69 in Texas. The highway was adopted by the Tyler Civitan Club, which committed to picking up trash along a designated 2-mile stretch of the road.

SNOWFLAKESNature provides us with a plethora of

beautiful things to observe. Snowflakes falling from the sky on a cold winter’s day are an amazing sight.

• Is it really truethat itcanbetoocoldtosnow? According to “Farmers’ Almanac,” that is false. The better statement is: “It can be too cold to snow heavily.” As long as there is a source of moisture and some way to cool the air, it can snow. Most heavy snow events happen when air temperature near the ground is at or above 15º F (-9.4ºC).

• Wilson A. Bentley of Jericho, Vermont,was an early pioneer in the study and photography of snowflakes. An exhibit of the “Bentley Snow Crystal Collection” at the Buffalo Museum of Science at the University of Buffalo in Buffalo, New York, shows the deep interest in snow of the man known as “Snowflake” Bentley. A farm boy who was mostly home-schooled, Bentley had a great interest in nature, and being in one of the snowiest areas of the country, he spent a lot of time studying snow. He photographed snowflakes using photomicrography, which is photography through a microscope.

•TheJerichoHistoricalSocietyhasmementosof “Snowflake” Bentley in its Museum opened in the lower level of the Old Red MillinJericho.Bentleycaptured5,000-plussnow crystal photomicrographic images during his lifetime. More than 2,000 of his images are in his book, “Snow Crystals,” published in 1931.

• The first researchgrant ever awardedbythe American Meteorological Society was given to “Snowflake” Bentley in 1924 for his 40 years of “extremely patient work.” He had articles published in National Geographic, Country Life, Popular Mechanics, Monthly Weather Review and The New York Times.

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The Tidbits® Paper is a Division of Tidbits Media, Inc. • Montgomery, AL 36106(800) 523-3096 • E-mail: [email protected] • All Rights Reserved ©2008

Information in the Tidbits® Paper is gathered from sources considered to bereliable but the ac cu ra cy of all information cannot be guaranteed.

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Ordinary People Change the World

I don’t know about the rest of you, but it always strikes me as strange, that almost every new big fad, idea or marketing idea comes from a small business, which is the brainchild of one person.

The biggest coffee shop chain in America today wasn’t brought to us by one of the big coffee companies or food companies, it was founded by someone who figured out how to market single cups of coffee to the popula-tion. The latest, hottest brand of shoes hardly ever comes from an existing shoe company but rather from, once again, someone who has developed a new way to market an old product with minor design changes.

It’s also amazing to me that almost every “once upon a time” corporate giant, eventually collapses to nothing. The list is lengthy but I’m sure you all remember such names as TWA, Montgomery Wards, Lehman Brothers, Washington Mutual, Kmart and many others that totally went out of existence. Also there is a much larger list of companies that were once “king of the hill” and now barely a shadow of their former selves.

It’s been a well known fact in business that if you give the people what they want they will beat a path to your door. I believe that the cause of most of the downfalls is that the companies get to where they believe that the people will come to them just because of who they are. They quit listening to the market and to the people. Then someone else comes along who gives the people what they want and David once again slays Goliath.

This is why I believe there will be a resurgence of small specialty businesses. They give us what we want. When we call a local business we don’t have to push a series of 8 different numbers, (including 1 for English) before we get to talk with a live person who can help us. They have to listen to us just to survive many times. That is one of the many reasons we hear a Tidbits support the local merchants as much as possible and we hope you will all join us in supporting those who give us what we want.The Longmont Tidbits Staff

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¥ It was English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley who made the following sage observation: “There is no greater mistake than the hasty conclusion that opinions are worthless because they are badly argued.”

¥ In 1955, a woman in Italy gave birth to a baby who weighed 22 pounds, 8 ounces. ¥ Two United State first ladies ran away to get married: Florence Harding, future wife of Presi-dent Warren G. Harding, eloped with her first husband when she was 19, and Anna Harrison eloped with the future ninth U.S. President Wil-liam Henry Harrison (also known as “Old Tippe-canoe”) when she was 20 and he was 22. ¥ The substance now known as cat litter was originally designed to be used as nesting material for chickens.

¥ Early in the history of the Christian church, tea was considered to be a dangerous intoxicant. ¥ Louis Diat, chef at the New York City Ritz-Carlton in the early 20th century, is usually credited with first creating the soup known as vichyssoise. He based the recipe on one his mother and grandmother used to make, but he had to change the name to something a bit more fancy; it seems that “Mama’s Potato-Leek Puree” didn’t fit in with the other menu items. ¥ The blood of the icefish has no color. ¥ Have you ever noticed that there’s a pale crescent of flesh at the base of each of your fingernails? If you want to be technical, the word to describe it is “lunula.”***Thought for the Day: “Animals have these advantages over man: They never hear the clock strike, they die without any idea of death, they have no theologians to instruct them, their last moments are not disturbed by unwelcome and unpleasant ceremonies, their funerals cost them nothing, and no one starts lawsuits over their wills.” -- Voltaire

Answers1. Willie Mays.2. Fourteen seasons with the New York Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers (1996-2009).3. Pittsburgh has appeared in 15, beginning in the 1972 season.4. Tony Delk hit seven in the championship game in 1996.5. Daniel Alfredsson, Milan Hejduk, Marian Hossa, Vincent Lecavalier and Joe Thornton.6. Lewis Hamilton was 23 years, 301 days old when he won the world title in 2008.7. John McEnroe, in 1984.

Answers1. Clint Eastwood2. Belarus3. Brent and Stuart4. 18695. Loki6. Golf7. Tommy Dorsey 8. Henry Stimson 9. Maine10. Melon

SNOWFLAKES (continued):• Kenneth Libbrecht, professor of physics

at Caltech in Pasadena, California, has a website that shows diagrams of the 35 most common types of snowflakes. The website, snowcrystals.com, has some interesting facts and figures and even information on some great places for snowflake touring.

•Youmayrecallasetoffourcommemorativesnowflake stamps in 2006. The four stamps issued by the U.S. Postal Service used four original photographs taken by Dr. Libbrecht. The photos were taken in Fairbanks, Alaska, Houghton, Michigan, and two in Northern Ontario. Dr. Libbrecht also has published a number of books about snowflakes. Look for them at a bookstore or your local library for much more fascinating snowflake information.

• Another physicist, Ukichiro Nakaya, whois actually a nuclear physicist, has studied snow crystals (or snowflakes) for many years and was the first person to make artificial snow in 1936. His development made it possible to extend ski seasons all over the world. The Ukichiro Nakaya Museum of Snow and Ice in Katayamazu in Kaga City, Japan,isabout311miles(500km)westofTokyo. Another snow museum in Japanis located at Hokkaido, the northernmost islandofJapan.TheSnowCrystalsMuseumof Asahikawa looks like an Austrian castle.

• Snowflake, Arizona, is a place youmightexpect to be covered with a large amount of snow in the winter. The town, the northernmost community in Arizona’s White Mountains, actually receives less than a foot (30.5 c) of precipitation per year. Snowflake was not named for the winter flakes that fall but after two Mormon settlers, Erastus Snow and William Flake, whostartedthecommunityin1878.

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February 25 John McKay Finger-style acoustic folk/rock

issue #25

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