issue 3–volume 53 - astronautical.org · patricia 25th space flight mechanics meetinggrace smith,...

1SPACE TIMES•November/December2013

THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICANASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETYISSUE 3–VOLUME 53

MAY / JUNE 2014

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2 SPACE TIMES•May/June2014

AAS OFFICERSPRESIDENT LynD.Wigbels,RWI International Consulting ServicesEXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT J.WalterFaulconer,Strategic Space Solutions, LLCVICE PRESIDENT–TECHNICAL DavidB.Spencer,The Pennsylvania State UniversityVICE PRESIDENT–PROGRAMS HarleyA.ThronsonVICE PRESIDENT–PUBLICATIONS RichardD.BurnsVICE PRESIDENT–STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH MaryLynneDittmar,Dittmar Associates, Inc.VICE PRESIDENT–MEMBERSHIP LarryRichardson,United Launch AllianceVICE PRESIDENT–EDUCATION LanceBush,Challenger Center for Space Science EducationVICE PRESIDENT–FINANCE PaulEckert,Federal Aviation AdministrationVICE PRESIDENT–INTERNATIONAL SusanJ.Irwin,Irwin Communications, Inc.VICE PRESIDENT–PUBLIC POLICY EdwardGoldstein,Aerospace Industries AssociationLEGAL COUNSEL FranceskaO.Schroeder,Fish & Richardson P.C.EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR JamesR.Kirkpatrick,American Astronautical Society

AAS BOARD OF DIRECTORSTERM EXPIRES 2014PeterM.Bainum,Howard UniversityRobertH.Bishop,Marquette UniversityMarkK.Craig,SAICLauraDelgadoLópez,Secure World FoundationJ.R.Edwards,Lockheed MartinZigmondV.Leszczynski,VCSFA/MARSPatrickMcKenzie,RUAG Aerospace USA Inc.SuneelSheikh,ASTER Labs, Inc.PatriciaGraceSmith,Patti Grace Smith ConsultingGreggVane,Jet Propulsion Laboratory

TERM EXPIRES 2015A.WilliamBeckman,The Boeing CompanyVincentC.Boles,The Aerospace CorporationSandyColeman,ATKDavidA.King,Dynetics, Inc.CarolS.Lane,Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp.KimLuu,Air Force Research LaboratoryIanW.PrykeFrankA.Slazer,Aerospace Industries AssociationMarciaS.Smith,Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC

TERM EXPIRES 2016StephanieBednarekOrton,SpaceXRonaldJ.Birk,Northrop GrummanThomasF.Burns,National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPeggyFinarelli,George Mason University/CAPRRobFulton,Orbital Sciences CorporationRebeccaL.Griffin,Rebecca Griffin SpaceHalE.Hagemeier,Eagle Ray Inc.MollyKennaMacauley,Resources for the FutureKathyJ.NadoJohnOlson,Sierra Nevada Corporation

SPACE TIMES EDITORIAL STAFFEDITOR,DianeL.Thompson

PHOTOANDGRAPHICSEDITOR,DianeL.ThompsonPRODUCTIONMANAGER,DianeL.Thompson

SPACE TIMESispublishedbimonthlybytheAmericanAstronauticalSociety,aprofessionalnon-profitsociety.SPACE TIMES isfreetomembers of theAAS. Individual subscriptionsmaybe orderedfromtheAASBusinessOffice.©Copyright2014bytheAmericanAstronauticalSociety,Inc.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ISSN1933-2793.

PERIODICALSSPACE TIMES,magazineoftheAmericanAstronauticalSociety,bimonthly,Volume53,2014—$80domestic,$95foreign(Toorder,contacttheAASat703-866-0020.)The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences,quarterly,printandonline(Toorder,contactSpringerat1-800-777-4643.)

REPRINTSReprintsareavailableforallarticlesinSPACE TIMESandallpaperspublishedinThe Journal of the Astronautical Sciences.

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE A Busy 60th Year! 3

FEATURE High School Students United with NASA to Create Hardware (HUNCH) 4 HUNCH is an innovative school-based program that partners NASA at Johnson Space Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Langley Research Center, Goddard Space Flight Center, and Glenn Research Center with high schools and middle schools in states across the nation. byFlorenceGoldandAllisonWestover AMBIEnT – More than Internet access for the Brazilian Amazon 7 In 2013, a team of 33 participants from 18 countries applied their knowledge and concepts of space exploration to find a space-based solution to help close the digital divide in the Amazon region of Brazil. byDarioSchor

ASTRONAUTICS PUBLICATIONS 2013 12AAS CORPORATE MEMBERS 16ANNUAL WERNHER VON BRAUN MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM 18

TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 25th Space Flight Mechanics Meeting 20

BOOK REVIEWS Adapting to Flexible Response, 1960–1968 22 ReviewedbyRickW.Sturdevant Earthrise: My Adventures as an Apollo 14 Astronaut 23 ReviewedbyDonaldC.ElderIII

UPCOMING EVENTS 24

MAY / JUNE 2014

ISSUE 3–VOLUME 53

T H E M A G A Z I N E O F T H E A M E R I C A N A S T R O N A U T I C A L S O C I E T Y

FRONT:Curiosity Self-Portrait at ‘Windjana’ Drilling Site.NASA’sCuriosityMarsroverusedthecameraattheendofitsarminAprilandMay2014totakedozensofcomponentimagescombinedintothisself-portraitwheretheroverdrilledintoasandstonetargetcalled“Windjana.”Theviewdoesnotincludetherover’sarmbutdoesincludetheholeinWindjanaproducedbythehammeringdrillonCuriosity’sarmcollectingasampleofrockpowderfromtheinterioroftherock.NASA’sJetPropulsionLaboratory(JPL),adivisionoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena,managestheMarsScienceLaboratoryProjectfortheNASAScienceMissionDirectorate,Washington,D.C.JPLdesignedandbuilttheproject’sCuriosityrover.(Source: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)

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3

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

SPACE TIMES•May/June2014

AAS–AdvancingAllSpace

LynD.Wigbels [email protected]

A Busy 60th Year!OnMay1AASheldanInternationalSpaceStationUtilizationEventonCapitolHillto

sharesomeexcitingresultsgainedfromusingtheSpaceStationwiththeWashingtonspacecommunity.Weweredelightedtohavethreekeyspeakersfromlastyear’sAASISSResearchandDevelopmentConference,allofwhomreceivedawardsfromAASontheirresearchresults.Dr.GarnettSutherland,ProfessorofNeurosurgeryattheUniversityofCalgary,discussedhowhehasintegratedISSrobotictechnologiesintobrainsurgerieswithverypositiveresultsandhowthistechniqueisbeingincreasinglyemployedbyothersurgeons.Dr.LouisS.Stodieck,ResearchProfessorinAerospaceEngineeringSciencesandDirectoroftheBioServeSpaceTechnologyCenterattheUniversityofColorado,spokeaboutexperimentsconductedonISSassemblyflightsthatcontributedtoresearchoncountermeasuresforboneandmusclelossandhighlightedupcomingfollow-onlong-durationresearchontheISSthatwillenablestudiesofextremedisusethatmimicdisorderssuchasspinalinjury,ALS,andneuropathies.AndDr.DarrylKeith,aResearchOceanographerattheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),describedhowaninstrumentonboardtheISSdemonstratedthataHyperspectralspace-basedsensorcouldproduceproductsthathelpEPAandtheenvironmentalmonitoringcommunitytoobservechangesinthenation’scoastalwaters.BillGerstenmaier,AssociateAdministratorforHumanExplora-tionandOperations,gavesomespecialremarkstoopenourevent,NASAChiefScientistEllenStofanspokeonhowISSisadvancingscience,andapanelofspeakersfromNASAandCASIShighlightedutilizationplansandopportunitiesforthenextdecadeofISSoperations.TheSenateCommerceCommitteehostedusintheircommitteeroom,andwewereverypleasedthatAnnZulkosky,amemberofthecommittee’sprofessionalstaff,gaveusanupdateonupcomingauthorizationlegislationandbudgetarydeliberations.WewillbepresentingawardsforISSresearchresultsagainthisyearattheISSResearchandDevelopmentConferenceon

June17-19inChicagoandplantofeaturesomeofthekeyspeakersatasimilarISSutilizationeventinWashingtonnextspring.TheAASEducationCommitteehasbeenactiveinanumberofareasthisspring.UnderouragreementwiththeFutureSpace

LeaderFoundation(FSLF),committeemembersreviewedandrankedapplicationsforFSLFgrantstoattendtheInternationalAstronauticalCongress(IAC)inTorontonextfall.Basedontheserankings,FSLFselectedfive2014FutureSpaceLeaders.AASsendsitscongratulationstoGeorgeWashingtonUniversitystudentsAlexanderBurg,KatrinaLaygo,andSamanthaMarguart;AnneCaracciofromtheKennedySpaceCenter;andAmandaSweeneyfromTheTauriGroup!WelookforwardtorecognizingthemattheGoddardMemorialSymposiumnextMarch.MembersofthecommitteealsoreviewedapplicationsforagranttoattendtheInternationalSpaceUniversity(ISU)SpaceStudiesPrograminMontrealthissummer,courtesyofalong-standingdonationtoAASfromDr.HoraceNgan,andsendscongratulationstoBrianRamos!AndEducationCommitteemembershavebeensup-portingAASpreparationsforthe10thAnnualStudentCanSatCompetitionbeingheldinBurkettandAbilene,Texas,June13-15.

WearedelightedthatTheJournaloftheAstronauticalSciencesisnowaccessibleonlinetoAASmembers.Ifyouhavenotreceivedlog-ininstructions,pleasecontacttheAASofficeataas@astronautical.orgor703-866-0020.Inclosing,weareplanningaspecialeventtocelebratetheSociety’sdiamondanniversaryattheNationalAcademyofSci-

encesinWashington,D.C.onJuly16th.WealsowillbehonoringDr.EdwardStone,formerJetPropulsionLaboratoryDirec-torandVoyagerPrincipalInvestigator,withourSociety’sLifetimeAchievementAward–anawardthatwepresentonlyonceeverydecade.NASAAdministratorCharlieBolden,AssociateAdministratorforScienceJohnGrunsfeld,andotherswillbeourguestsatthiseventwherewewillbothreflectonthepastand,moreimportantly,celebratespaceanditsroleinthefuture.Wewillbeshowingashortindependentfilm–“IWanttobeanAstronaut”–whichtracesthepathofahighschoolstudentwhohasbeeninspiredbyspacefromanearlyageandisnowamidshipmanattheU.S.NavalAcademy.ThefilmwillbefollowedbyadiscussionontheimportanceofspaceprogramswithAdministratorBoldenandinspiringyoungprofessionalsmoderatedbyDr.Grunsfeld.WeanticipatethesediscussionswillcontinueduringanetworkingreceptionintheGreatHall.Ihopeyou’lljoinour60thanniversarycelebration!


DidyoueverhaveaHUNCHaboutsomethingandhadtoworkhardtohaveittested?In2003,NASAengineerStacyHaleatJohnsonSpaceCenterwastaskedwithfabricatingcost-effectivehardwarefortrainingastronauts.Aftervisitinghisson’svocationalagriculturalclassandseeingtheexceptionalworkthatthehighschoolstudentsdid,HalehadtheideathatmaybehighschoolstudentscouldcreatetraininghardwareforNASA.Presentlyinits11thyear,HighSchoolStudentsUnitedwithNASAtoCreateHardware(HUNCH)studentsnotonlybuildtraininghardwareforNASAbutalsofabricatebothtrainingandflightcertifiedhardwareandsoftgoods,aswellasExtremeScienceexperimentsthataretestedontheZeroGravityplane.HUNCHisaninnovativeschool-basedprogramthatpartnersNASAatJohnsonSpaceCenter,MarshallSpaceFlightCenter,

LangleyResearchCenter,GoddardSpaceFlightCenter,andGlennResearchCenterwithhighschoolsandmiddleschoolsinstatesacrossthenation.Thepartnershipinvolvesstudentsfabricatingreal-worldproductsforNASAastheyapplytheirscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics(STEM)skillsaswellaslearningtoworkinteamsandthinkcreatively.TheprogramalsoinspiresstudentstopursueSTEMcareersbymakingthemrelevantandmeaningfulthroughproject-basedlearning.

High School Students United with NASAto Create Hardware (HUNCH)byFlorenceGoldandAllisonWestover

LakewoodHighSchoolinLakewood,Colorado,HUNCHExtremeScienceteam(Source: Florence Gold/Elliot Rand)

5SPACE TIMES•May/June2014

SPIDERexperimentwithdimensionsof10x10x15cm(Source: Florence Gold/Elliot Rand)

TheNASAHUNCHExtremeScienceprogram’spurposeistoprovideopportunitiesforstudentstodesign,document,andfabricateexperimentstobetestedontheZero-GplaneandthenhavetheirexperimentsultimatelyflytotheInternationalSpaceStation,ifselectedbytheCenterfortheAdvancementofScienceinSpace(CASIS).Theseexperimentshavescientificap-plicationstobothspaceandearthandmeetNASA’sflightstandards.TheHUNCHExtremeScienceprogramwasauthorizedandfoundedinSeptember2009.CASISandHUNCHExtremeScienceprogramstartedpartneringinearnestin2013whenCASISfundedaHUNCHexperi-

menttobesenttotheInternationalSpaceStationNationalLab(ISSNL).ThemostpromisingHUNCHteamsareselectedyearlyattheHUNCHExtremeScienceSymposiumascandidatestosendtheirexperimentstotheISSNL.ThefirstCASISfundedHUNCHexperimentwasAGAR-Algal Growth and RemediationexperimentfromBillingsCentralHighSchoolofBill-


Dr. Florence Gold is currently the HUNCH Extreme Science Project Manager. In 2011, Gold completed a doctoral disser-tation on the influence of the HUNCH program to motivate students to study and pursue careers in STEM areas. Email: [email protected] Westover joined the HUNCH program in 2009 as the engineering teacher for Project Lead the Way at Clear Springs High School in League City, Texas. Westover is currently working part time for HUNCH as a project manager and as a consultant for CASIS as the project manager for the National Design Challenge. Email: [email protected]

ings,Montana.TheirexperimentistestingtheoptimizationofgrowthconditionsinmicrogravityforChlorella pyrenoidosa, inanagarsolution.Chlorellaisanalgawiththepotentialtobeafastgrowing,nutritiousfoodsource.Additional,Chlorellaphotosynthesizesveryefficiently,makingitusefulinconvertingcarbondioxideintooxygen.ThepotentialbenefitstousingChlorellainspaceandonEarthjustifiedselectingthisexperimenttobesenttotheISSNL.CASISandHUNCHhavecontinuedthissynergyinto2014.CASIShasselectedLakewoodHighSchoolfromLakewood,ColoradotoflytheirexperimentOmega Hydrofuge Plant Growth ChambertotheISSNL.Theplantgrowthchamberintegratesacentrifugetospintheexcessmoistureofftheplantroots,whichisessentialforpreventingrootrotwhengrowingplantsinspace.StudentsfromLakewoodHighSchoolattendedboththe1stand2ndISSResearchandDevelopmentConferencetolearnmoreabouttheplantgrowthchambersalreadyontheISSandtomeettheplantresearchers.AttheISSResearchandDevelopmentconferences,studentsfromLakewoodHighSchoolalongwithstudentsfromthree

otherDenverareaHUNCHExtremeScienceschoolsmetwithastronautsandscientistsworkinginthesameareasastheirHUNCHExtremeScienceexperiments.ThestudentswereabletoaskquestionsthatallowedthemtobetterunderstandtheresearchpresentlyontheISS,theneedforfurtherresearch,andtheconstraintsofsendingexperimentstotheISS.AttheISSResearchandDevelopmentconferencelastyear,Dr.JosephMorganaprofessoratTexasA&Mpresentedabout

thepartnershipbetweenTexasA&MandtheHUNCHExtremeScienceProgram.Dr.Morgan’sstudentsdevelopedamicrocon-trollercalledNESI(NanoRacksEmbeddedSystemIntegration)tospecificallyfitintotheendcapofaNanoLabthatHUNCHExtremeSciencestudentsutilizetosendtheirexperimentsuptotheISS.TheNESIboardallowsthestudents’experimentstooperateautonomouslyanddownloadlivedatatoearth,onceonboardtheISS.Atthe3rdAnnualISSResearchandDevelopmentconference,studentsandtheirteacherfromEastTroyhighschoolinEast

Troy,WisconsinwillbepresentingabouttheirHUNCHexperience.TheirexperimentcalledSpatial Proximity Identification Device for Environmental Reading (SPIDER)allowsastronautsworkingonboardtheISStoreceiveasignalwhenanitemisfloatingoutoftheirreach.TheexperimentusesRadioFrequencyIDentification(RFID)tagsattachedtoitemsthattheastro-nautsareworkingwith,whichcommunicateswithamicrocontrollerthatalertstheastronautofitslocation.ThisexperimentsuccessfullyflewontheZeroGplaneatEllingtonFieldinApril,2014.TheHUNCHprogramisnotonlyapartnershipbetweenNASAandschools,butovertheyearsmanylocalandnational

organizations,universitiesandbusinesseshavesupportedtheworkoftheHUNCHExtremeSciencestudents.AlltheHUNCHparticipantswouldliketothankNASAandeveryorganizationandpersonwhohassupportedtheirwork.

The Journal of the Astronautical Sciencesis now accessible online to AAS members.If you have not received logon instructions,

please contact the AAS office [email protected] or 703-866-0020.

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AMBIEnT – More than Internet access for the Brazilian Amazon

The internet is a widely used tool that has changed society in many ways. Many activities, such as checking emails, reading the news, or keeping in touch with friends through social media have become part of the daily routine for people. Furthermore, the internet has profound effects in socio-economic benefits that affect education, healthcare, and businesses in many parts of the developed world. At the same time, many regions lack the infrastructure to provide their citizens with the added benefits offered through internet access. The disparity in internet usage is very large ranging from more than 80% in North America to just under 50% in some regions of South America. The chal-

byD.Schor

lenge is to close the gap, known as the digital divide, using a sustainable solution.

INTRODUCTIONDuring the International Space University’s (ISU) gradu-

ate-level, nine-week Space Studies Program (SSP) hosted inStrasbourgin2013,ateamof33participantsfrom18countriesworkedonateamprojectAMBIEnT – Affordable Microsatel-lite-Based Internet access and Environmental monitoring.Theobjectivewastoapplytheirknowledgeandconceptsofspaceexplorationlearnedthoroughtheuniqueinternational,intercul-tural,andinterdisciplinarycoursetofindaspace-basedsolutiontohelpclosethedigitaldivideintheAmazonregionofBrazil.Thedecisions thatdrove theproject focusedon the end-userandwhatwouldbenefitthem.Thisarticledescribestherecom-mendationforaconstellationofmicrosatelliteswithacustom-ized infrastructure aimed at providing some features of tele-education,telemedicine,andbasiccommunications.

INTERNET IN BRAZILTheWorldBank reports that only 49.8%of theBrazilian

populationusesinternetresources,whilemostofthepopulationlacksinfrastructureorfinancialmeans,leadingtoadiscrepancyknownasthedigitaldivide.Thepopulationusingtheinternetfor communication is located primarily in the SouthEasternportionofBrazilnexttolargecities,whilemanysmallercom-munitiesintheAmazonRainforesttowardstheNorthWesternportion of the country lack the infrastructure to connect thecommunitiesinwaysthatcouldbenefiteducation,healthcare,andbusinesses.Inaddition,thisregionsuffersfromillegalde-forestation affectingoneof the largest oxygen resources andbio-diverseregionsintheworld.

ProjectAMBIEnTpromotesaspace-basedsolutionthatpro-videsinternetconnectivitytomorethan200communitiestotal-ing26millionpeopleintheAmazonregion,usingaconstella-tionofmicrosatellitesandnetworkofgroundstationsdesignedtoproducesocioeconomicbenefits.

Brazil is thefifth largest country in theworld.Nineof itsstatesaredivided intomanysmallmunicipalities to formtheAmazon region that spreads across the widest region of theSouthAmericanContinent.Withinthisregion,therearemorethan700municipalitieswith2,500toover500,000people.Theproposed project focuses on those municipalities with morethan50,000people.AMBIEnTaddresses (i)human, (ii)eco-

Figure 1.AMBIEnTexecutivesummarycover(Source: Team Project AMBIEnT, ISU SSP 2013)


Figure 2.InternetavailabilityinBrazilandproposedlocationforAMBIEnTgroundstationstocoverlargepopulatedareasinkeycommunities(Source: Team Project AMBIEnT Executive Summary, ISU SSP 2013)


nomic,and(iii)environmentalneedsforhabitats.Thehumanbenefitsgiveavoicetothepeopleoftheregionbyprovidinginternetaccesstoshareideas,values,andopinions.Economi-cally,thepopulationbenefitsfromarenewedsenseofentrepre-neurialspiritasresourcescanbesold,exported,andexchangedwithgreaterease.Combined,theopportunitytoshareinforma-tion from the region and the ability to empower populationswithworkopportunities allows theAmazonianpopulation toplayamoreactiveroleinprotectingitshome,whilecollaborat-ingwiththerestoftheworldinprotectingtheenvironment.

SOLUTION ARCHITECTUREThefocusonthehumanbenefitsincludestelemedicine,tele-

education,andintroductionofpubliccomputerrooms.Inthiscase,telemedicinereferstolinkinglocalhealthcareproviderswithreferencecentersinlargercities.Theselinksenablelocalhospitals,pharmacies,andotherfacilitiestoconferwithotherprofessionalsoncriticalcases.Thetele-educationcenterscanbelocatedinschoolsandlibrariesthatcanbenefitfromaccess-ingonlineeducationalresourcesandserveaseducationalhubsfortheircommunities.Finally,thepubliccomputerroomscansupportthehighpriorityserviceslikeeducation,medicine,andenvironmentalmonitoring, while also providing access to e-mail,websitebrowsing,andonlinecommerce.

Furthermore,protectionofnaturalresourcesisahighprior-ityforAMBIEnT.Althoughothersatellites(i.e.,fromtheNa-

tionalOrganizationofEnvironmentalData)haveattemptedtoprovidea space-based solution fordeforestation,overcomingthecloudcoverageintherainforesthasproventobeadifficultchallenge,evenwhenusingdifferentimagingwavelengths.Tosolvethisproblemandassistintheeffortstoprotectourplanet,AMBIEnTworksonthedeploymentofground-basedsensorsin the remotemunicipalities -bothas static sensors andmo-bile sensors - to harvest information through crowdsourcing.Thisgivesmorecontroltolocalcommunitiesoverlanduseandprotection..Thedatafromthesensorsiscombinedwithfreelyavailablesatelliteimagerytocombatillegaldeforestationandassistwithdisastermanagementmeasuresintheregion.

SYSTEM DESIGNBasedontheseambitiousobjectives,AMBIEnTestablished

theoperationalrequirementsofprovidinga2Mbpsdownlinkdataratetoaregionof110,000end-usersusing1,161lowcostgroundterminalsspread throughout129municipalities in theBrazilAmazonregion.Thisisaccomplishedusingaconstella-tionof12satellites(plustwospares)equallydistributedaroundtheequatorata600kmorbitwithzeroinclination.Anetworkofgroundstationsisusedtocommunicatewiththespacecraftandoffertheservices.TheorbitwasselectedtocovertheAma-zonwhilealsoprovidingpossibilities for futureexpansion tootherEquatorialregionsinNorthernAfrica.Analyzingtheor-bitusingAnalyticalGraphicsInc.SystemsToolKitconfirmed

Figure 3.SystemToolkit’sModeloftheAMBIEnTconstellationshowingcoveragearea(Source: Team Project AMBIEnT’s Presentation, ISU SSP 2013)


Figure 4.Simplifiedmodelofthespace-basedapplicationsprovidedbyAMBIEnT.ThegroundsegmentintheAmazonregion(shownontheleft)highlightsthekeytelemedicine,tele-education,andaccessfeaturesthatconnectthepopulationtothelargercities(shownontheright)(Source Team Project AMBIEnT Executive Summary, ISU SSP 2013)


TEAM PROjECT AUTHORSThomas Berlinger, Noemie Bernede, Kirils Bistrovs, Em-manuelle David, Michael Deiml, Ryuichi Dunphy, Dawoon Jung, Finitha Kallely Chacko, Martin Kawalski, Ryan Laird, Pei Li, Hongjun Liu, Yong Liu, Nuno Louro, Tyler Maddox, Tiago Marques, Terje Sund Mjaaland, Nikolay Nikolov, Oge-chukwu Nnadih, Sinead O’Sullivan, Odunola Orifowomo, Subramanyam Oruganti, Renjun Peng, Denis Remon, Anita Rinner, Kristina Roche, Kristyn Rodzinyak, Dario Schor, Yo-natan Shapira, Yehonatan Verker, Min Wang, Xuhui Zhang, Yayun Zhang

ACkNOWLEDGEMENTSProject co-chairs Marco Chamon and Walter Abrahão from the Insituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacais (INPE), teach-ing associate Raycho Raychev, emerging chair Dag Evensber-get, and ISU faculty Jim Burke, Carol Carnett, Gary Martin, Ruth McAvina, and Christopher Johnson.

theminimumoverlapregionthatwouldprovidethecontinu-ouscoveragerequiredtoestablishcommunications.

Theinfrastructureisdividedintotwoparts:end-usersandgateways.TwogatewaysarelocatedontheEastern(stateofMacapa)andWestern(stateofTabatinga)portionsoftheAma-zontoprovideinternetaccessathighbandwidthsthatcanberelayed to the satellites. These gateways are also commandcenters for day-to-day spacecraft operations.The spacecraftusesX-bandtransceiverstoachievetheminimumlinkmarginsthat compensate for losses caused by rainfall.The proposalutilizestheSurreySatellite’sSSTL-100bus,whichispricedatUSD$10millionperunitandmeetsthenecessaryrequire-mentsforthemission.

As an example, consider a scenario inwhichMateus, anend-userinTabatingaissendinganemailfromapubliccom-puterlabtorestocksomemedicalsuppliesfromBrasilia,capi-talofBrazil.Mateuswriteshisemailandpressessend.Themessagegoesfromhiscomputertothegroundstationthroughadirectwiredconnection.Themessageistransmittedtooneofthemicrosatellitesintheconstellationandfromthereitisforwardedtothegatewayconnectedtotheinternet.Themes-sagewould travel theworldwidewebreaching thesupplierwithinseconds.

FINANCIAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONSThetotalcostfortheAMBIEnTsystemfrom2014to2024

isestimatedatjustunderUS$260million.Theinitialcapitalinvestment is themajor cost associatedwithAMBIEnTandcovers both the satellites (US$12million per unit includingpayloads)andlaunches.Thiscostrequiresaninitialgovern-mentorphilanthropicinvestment.Thegroundinfrastructure,deploymentofterminalstoend-users,andmaintenancecostsformthesecondarycoststhatcanbecoveredthroughexchang-ingcarbonoffsetfundswithlargecorporations.Themainin-novativedesignisinthelow-costusersegmentsthatareesti-matedatUS$2,600perunitineachofthe129municipalitiesselected. The estimates assume a 20% replacement rate forgroundterminalsovertheinitialsevenyearsaftertheconstel-lationdeployment.

In 2011, Brazil introduced new space policies from theMinistry of Science, Technology, and Innovation and theAgênciaEspacialBrasiliathatemphasizesdomesticinitiativesforeconomicgrowth focusingon theAmazon region.Thus,even though the capital investment is large, it iswithin theprioritiesforthegovernmentandthusworthyofconsideration.FurthergovernmentinvolvementisrequiredbetweentheBra-zilianNationalTelecommunicationsAgency (ANATEL)andthe InternationalTelecommunicationsUnion (ITU) toestab-lishX-bandfrequenciesfortheproject.

CONCLUDING REMARkSTheinternetisanessentialresourceintoday’ssociety.AM-

BIEnToffersaspacebasedsolutiontoreducethedigitaldivideintheBrazilAmazonregionthatfocusesonthebasicnecessitiesforsocio-economicgrowth.Althoughalargecapitalinvestmentisneeded,thebenefitsandself-sustainingcoststhroughcarbonoffsettingcanserveasamodelforotherregionsoftheworld.

The complete ISUProjectReport andExecutiveSummarycanbefoundintheISUwebsitelibraryathttp://isulibrary.isu-net.edu

ThisyeartheSocietymustelect,orre-elect,aslateofelevenofficersandonethirdoftheBoardofDirectors.ANominationsCommitteewillselectqualifiedcandidateswhowillthenbeplacedontheballotandvotedonbythemembershipinthefall.What can you do?ConsiderbeingacandidatefortheBoardofDirectorsoranofficer.PerhapsyouhaveacolleagueorfriendwhowouldbeinterestedinaleadershiproleintheAASaswemovetoward our sixty-first year.A current list of officersandthecompositionoftheBoardislistedontheinsidecoverofSpace Times.IfyouhaveasubmissionfortheNominationsCommitteetoconsider,[email protected].

Call for AAS Officer andDirector Nominations

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12 SPACE TIMES•May/June2014SPACE TIMES•May/June2014

ASTRONAUTICS PUBLICATIONS 2013

A–B

Aguilar,David,Space Encyclopedia: A Tour of Our Solar System and Beyond (National Geographic Kids).NationalGeographic[for young readers]

Aldrin,BuzzandLeonardDavid,Mission to Mars: My Vi-sion for Space Exploration.NationalGeographic

Allahdadi,Firooz,IsabelleRongier,PaulWilde,andTom-masoSgobba(Eds.),Safety Design for Space Operations.Butterworth-Heinemann

Arthus-Bertrand,Yann,Earth from Space.Abrams

Baker,David,Apollo 13 Owners’ Workshop Manual.ZenithPress

Baker,David,NASA Mars Rovers 1997–2013: Owners’ Workshop Manual.HaynesPublishing

Basher, Simon andDanGreen,Space Exploration: It Is Rocket Science!Kingfisher[for young readers]

Bell,Jim,The Space Book: From the Beginning to the End of Time, 250 Milestones in the History of Space & Astronomy.SterlingMilestones

Bennett,Jeffrey,Max Goes to the Space Station: A Science Adventure with Max the Dog.BigKidScience[although this is a work of fiction, it offers an account of ISS for young readers]

Bignami,GiovanniandAndreaSommariva,A Scenario for Interstellar Exploration and Its Financing.Springer

Billings,Lee,Five Billion Years of Solitude: The Search for Life among the Stars.PenguinGroup

Boozer,R.D.,The Plundering of NASA: An Exposé.Lulu.com

Bruns,Laura andMikeLitchfield (Eds.),Johnson Space Center (Images of Aviation).ArcadiaPublishing

Burgess,Colin,Moon Bound: Choosing and Preparing NASA’s Lunar Astronauts.SpringerPraxis

Astronautics Publications 2013This list comprises English-language books published (original appearance or new edition) on various aspects of spaceflight in a variety of disciplines and ranging from juvenile and pop literature to texts intended for academia or practicing scientists and engi-neers. This list was prepared in cooperation with Chris Gamble. In addition to obvious topics of human spaceflight and unmanned interplanetary explorations, this list also includes the occasional non-astronautics title that has a space “flavor.”—Michael L. Ciancone

C–D–E

Carroll,Michael andRosalyLopes (Eds.),Alien Seas: Oceans in Space.Springer

Clarke,Fred,Arthur C. Clarke: A Life Remembered.ApogeePrime

Comer,DouglasandMichaelHarrower,Mapping Archeo-logical Landscapes from Space.Springer

Coustenis,Athena, andThérèse Encrenaz,Life beyond Earth: The Search for Habitable Worlds in the Universe.CambridgeUniversityPress

D’Angelo,Marcello,Space.WhiteStarPublishers

D’Aramitz,Eloy(Ed.),Major Projects at NASA: Select As-sessments.NovaSciencePublishers

Davy,Owen,Laika: Astronaut Dog.Templar [children’s book]

Down,Heather,Postcards from Space: The Chris Hadfield Story.WinterticklePress[for young readers]

Easton,RichardandEricFrazier,GPS Declassified: From Smart Bombs to Smartphones.PotomacBooks

Eckles,Jim,Pocketful of Rockets: History and Stories be-hind White Sands Missile Range.CreateSpaceIndependentPublishingPlatform

Evans,Ben,Partnership in Space: The Mid to Late Nineties.SpringerPraxis

Evans,Michelle,The X-15 Rocket Plane: Flying the First Wings into Space.UniversityofNebraskaPress

F–G–H–I–j

Fairén,Alberto(Ed.),Mars: Evolution, Geology and Explo-ration.NovaSciencePublishers

Gavaghan,Helen,Something New under the Sun: Satel-lites and the Beginning of the Space Age.Springer [first published in 1997]

13SPACE TIMES•May/June2014SPACE TIMES•May/June2014

Godwin,Robert,H.G. Wells TheFirstMenintheMoon: The Story of the 1919 Film.ApogeePrime

Gooden,Brett,Spacesuit: A History through Fact and Fic-tion.CasematePublishers[first published in 2012]

Hadfield,Chris,An Astronaut’s Guide to Life on Earth: What Going to Space Taught Me about Ingenuity, Deter-mination, and Being Prepared for Anything.Little,BrownandCompany

Harlow,John(Ed.),History of Rocketry and Astronautics: Proceedings of the Forty-Second History Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2008.Univelt

Harvey,Brian,China in Space: The Great Leap Forward.SpringerPraxis

Houchin,Roy,US Hypersonic Research and Development: The Rise and Fall of Dyna-Soar, 1944–1963.Routledge[softcover edition of a title first published in 2006]

Houston,Rick,Wheels Stop: The Tragedies and Triumphs of the Space Shuttle Program, 1986–2011.University ofNebraskaPress

Hulsroj, Peter, Spyros Pagkratis, andBlandinaBaranes(Eds.),Yearbook on Space Policy 2010/2011: The Forward Look.Springer

Impey,ChrisandHollyHenry,Dreams of Other Worlds: The Amazing Story of Unmanned Space Exploration.PrincetonUniversityPress

Impey,Chris,AnnaSpitz,andWilliamStoeger(Eds.),En-countering Life in the Universe: Ethical Foundations and Social Implications of Astrobiology.UniversityofArizonaPress

k–L–M

Kay,Luciano,Technological Innovation and Prize Incen-tives: The Google Lunar X Prize and Other Aerospace Competitions.EdwardElgarPublishing

Koppel,Lily,The Astronaut Wives Club: A True Story.GrandCentralPublishing

Krige,John,AngelinaLongCallahan,andAshokMaharaj,NASA in the World: Fifty Years of International Collabora-tion in Space.PalgraveMacmillan

Lardier,ChristianandStefanBarensky,The Soyuz Launch Vehicle: The Two Lives of an Engineering Triumph.SpringerPraxis

Launius,Roger (Ed.),Exploring the Solar System: The History and Science of Planetary Exploration. PalgraveMacmillan

Launius,Roger,JohnKrige,andJamesCraig,Space Shuttle Legacy: How We Did It and What We Learned.AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics

Lee,Pascal,Mission: Mars.Scholastic[for young readers]

Lele,Ajey,Mission Mars: India’s Quest for the Red Planet.Springer

Lunan,Duncan, Incoming Asteroid: What Could We Do about It?Springer

Marck,Bernard,Women Aviators: From Amelia Earhart to Sally Ride, Making History in Air and Space.Flammarion

Maxwell, Scott andCatherineChambers,Mars Rover Driver: The Coolest Jobs on the Planet.Raintree[for young readers]

McEwen,Alfred,FrancisRocard,andNicolasMangold,andXavierBarral(Eds.),This Is Mars.Aperture

McQuarrie, John (Ed.),Earth, Spirit of Place: Featuring the Photographs of Chris Hadfield.MagicLightPublishing

Mieczkowski,Yanek,Eisenhower’s Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige.CornellUniversityPress

Mobberly,Martin, It Came from Outer Space Wearing an RAF Blazer: A Fan’s Biography of Sir Patrick Moore.Springer

Morgan,George,Rocket Girl: The Story of Mary Sherman Morgan, America’s First Female Rocket Scientist. Pro-metheusBooks.

N–O–P–Q

NASA,Skylab Saturn IB Flight Manual, PeriscopeFilmLLC.[commercial reprint of a NASA report]

Neufeld,Michael,Spacefarers: Images of Astronauts and Cosmonauts in the Heroic Era of Spaceflight.SmithsonianInstitutionScholarlyPress

Niccoli,Riccardo,History of Flight: From Leonardo’s Fly-ing Machine to the Conquest of Space.WhiteStarPublishers

Norberg,Carol(Ed.),Human Spaceflight and Exploration.SpringerPraxis

Page,Joseph,New Mexico Space Trail.ArcadiaPublishing


Pelton,Joseph,Space Debris and Other Threats from Outer Space.Springer

Piantadosi,Claude,Mankind beyond Earth: The History, Science, and Future of Human Space Exploration.ColumbiaUniversityPress

Pressel,Philip,Meeting the Challenge: The Hexagon KH-9 Reconnaissance Satellite.AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics

R–S–T

Ransted,Chris,Disarming Hitler’s V Weapons: Bomb Dis-posal—The V1 and V2 Rockets.PenandSword

Remak, Jeannette,To Slip the Surly Bonds: NASA, the Shuttle Disasters, and the Demise of the U.S. Manned Space Program.CreateSpaceIndependentPublishingPlatform

Reynolds,DavidWest,Apollo: The Epic Journey to the Moon, 1963–1972.ZenithPress[first published in 2002]

Ross,JerryandJohnNorberg,Spacewalker: My Journey in Space and Faith as NASA’s Record-Setting Frequent Flyer.PurdueUniversityPress

Rothmund,Christophe(Ed.),History of Rocketry and As-tronautics: Proceedings of the Forty-Third History Sympo-sium of the International Academy of Astronautics, Daejon, Republic of Korea, 2009. Univelt

Russell,Lamar,The Silence and the Salvage: Losing the Space Shuttle Columbia and Recovering Its Pieces.TatePublishing

Seedhouse,Erik,SpaceX: Making Commercial Spaceflight a Reality.SpringerPraxis

Shaughnessy,Mara,LEGO Man in Space: A True Story.SkyPonyPress[for young readers]

Shayler,David,andMichaelShayler,Manned Spaceflight Log II—2006–2012.SpringerPraxis

Simberg,Rand,Safe is Not an Option: Overcoming the Futile Obsession with Getting Everyone Back Alive That is Killing Our Expansion into Space.InterglobalMediaLLC

Sivolella,Davide,To Orbit and Back Again: How the Space Shuttle Flew in Space.SpringerPraxis

Smith,AnnieLaura,Neil Armstrong: The First Man on the Moon.TheArdentWriterPress[for young readers]

Solomone,Stacey,China’s Strategy in Space.Springer

Stine,Megan,Who Was Sally Ride?Grosset&Dunlap[for young readers]

Thomas,Don,withMikeBartell,Orbit of Discovery: The All-Ohio Space Shuttle Mission.UniversityofAkronPress

Tyson, Neil deGrasse, withAvis Lang (Ed.), Space Chronicles.W.W.Norton[softcover edition of a title first published in 2012]

U–V–W–X–Y–Z

Wiens,Roger,Red Rover: Inside the Story of Robotic Space Exploration, From Genesis to the Mars Rover Curiosity.BasicBooks

Wietman,Steven(Ed.),Iran’s Ballistic Missile and Space Launch Programs: Elements and Considerations.NovaSciencePublishers

Williams,Tom,Surrounded by Thunder: The Story of Dar-rell Loan and the Rocketmen.InspireonPurposePublishing[this appears to be an historical “narrative” based on true events]

Winter,Frank,Superior—Land, Sea, Air, and Space: The Superior Tube Company, Inc.Konecky&Konecky,LLC

Woodward, James,Making Starships and Stargates: The Science of Interstellar Transport and Absurdly Benign Wormholes.Springer

Zak,Anatoly,Russia in Space: The Past Explained, The Future Explored.ApogeePrime

Zereik,Enrica(Ed.),Space Robotics Supporting Exploration Missions: Vision, Force Control and Coordination Strate-gies.NovaSciencePublishers

TheAASusesemailasaneffectiveandefficientwaytocommunicatewithitsmembers.Toensurewehaveyourcurrentemailaddress,pleaseup-dateyourmembershipcontactinformationonlineatwww.astronautical.org.Youmayalsoemailamessage [email protected],orphone,fax,orsendawrittennotetotheAASoffice.

AAS needS your emAil AddreSS

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ThereadershipofSpaceTimesmagazinearespaceprofessionals,spaceenthusiasts,educators,students,andthoseinterestedinthespaceprogram,spaceexploration,science,andpolicy.Thetoneofthemagazineleansmoretowardconversationalratherthanformal.Articlesarewrittenforawell-educatedaudiencethathasagreatinterestinspacetopicsbutmaynotnecessarilybefamiliarwithanauthor’sspecifictopic.Virtuallyanytopicinvolvingspacescience,technology,exploration,law,orpolicymaybecovered.Issuesrelevanttothecivil,commercial,andmilitaryandintelligencespacesectorsarealsowelcome.

ArticlespublishedinSpaceTimesmagazinearewrittenwithaclearexplanationoftechnicalconceptswithoutinclusionoffootnotes,endnotes,orbibliographies.

Articlesrangefrom600to3,500words,andanyexceptionsarehandledonacase-by-casebasis.

ArticlesmustbesubmittedinMicrosoftWordformat,TimesNewRomanfont,10.5pt.Additionalformattingwillbehandledduringtheeditingprocess.

Twocopiesofthefinalarticlemustbesubmitted–oneversionwithoutanyimagesembeddedandonewithimagesembedded.

Submissionofphotos,images,tables,charts,orothervisualsupportisstronglyencouragedbutnotrequired.AllimagesmustbeprovidedinhighresolutionJPGformat(minimum300dpi),bothincolor(CMYK)andblackandwhite(grayscale).Imagesmustbeprovidedasseparatefiles.

Captionsandsourcesforallimagesarerequired.Obtainingpermissionfromtheownerofanyphotosorothervisualsistheresponsibilityofthearticle’sauthor.

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Fivecomplimentarycopiesoftheissueinwhichthearticleappearswillbemailedtoeachauthor.APDFofthefinalmagazinewillbeavailableatwww.astronautical.org,thewebsiteoftheAmericanAstronauticalSociety.

Thestandardsubmissiondeadlineisthe15thofthemonthpriortotheissuedate(i.e.,August15fortheSep/Octissue;October15fortheNov/Decissue;etc.);however,ifpossible,extensionswillbegrantedonacase-by-casebasis.

SubmitallarticlesandgraphicsdirectlytoDianeThompson,Editor,[email protected],pleasecall703-866-0020,Monday-Friday,9am-5pmUSET.

Criteria for submission of an article forpublication in Space Times


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armative action institution.


WERNHER VON BRAUN MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM

Monday, October 276:00pm Welcome Reception UniversityCenter,ExhibitHall- sponsored by The University of Alabama in Huntsville

Tuesday, October 287:00am AASCorporateMembersBreakfast(Invitation Only)7:00am Registration Opens / Networking / Continental Breakfast BusinessAdministrationBuilding,Lobby8:00am Welcome to Campus-ChanAuditorium Dr.RobertAltenkirch,President,TheUniversityofAlabamainHuntsville Remarks by AAS President LynWigbels,President,RWIInternationalConsultingServices8:15am Marshall Space Flight Center Update PatrickScheuermann,Director,NASAMarshallSpaceFlightCenter8:25am Introduction by Presenting Sponsor CharliePrecourt,VicePresidentandGeneralManager,SpaceLaunchDivision,AerospaceGroup,ATK8:30am Space Exploration - Perspectives with the Millennial Generation Moderator:CharlesF.Bolden,Jr.,NASAAdministrator

Panelists: -DariusYaghoubi,AerospaceEngineer,NASAMSFC -StephanieBednarekOrton,GovernmentAffairsManager,SpaceX -GabeXu,AssistantProfessor,MechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,UAH -MyronFletcher,RocketPropulsionEngineer,Boeing -ShannonCoggin,ProductionIntegrationSpecialist,AtlasandDeltaProgram,ULA -MarkBecnel,President,RadioBroCorporation

10:15am Break10:30am ISS Utilization and Exploration Moderator:RodJones,Manager,ISSResearchIntegrationOffice,NASAJSC

Panelists: -MikeRead,Manager,ISSNationalLabOffice,NASAJSC -GregJohnson,PresidentandExecutiveDirector,CenterfortheAdvancementofScienceinSpace (CASIS) -JohnShannon,ProgramManager,ISS,Boeing -LybreaseWoodard,AssociateDirector,MissionOperationsLaboratory,NASAMSFC -JohnHorack,VicePresident,SpaceSystemsGroup,TeledyneBrownEngineering

12:15pm Luncheon - UniversityCenter,ExhibitHall- sponsored by Boeing GuestSpeaker:CharlesF.Bolden,Jr.,NASAAdministratorinvited1:45pm SLS and Orion Capability Progress Report Moderator:DanDumbacher,ProfessorofEngineeringPractice,SchoolofAeronauticsandAerospace Engineering,PurdueUniversity

Panelists: -BillHill,AssistantDeputyAssociateAdministrator,ExplorationSystemsDevelopment,NASAHQ -ToddMay,SLSProgramManager,NASAMSFC -MikeBolger,GSDOProgramManager,NASAKSC -MarkGeyer,OrionProgramManager,NASAJSC

3:15pm Break3:30pm Washington D.C. Perspectives on Exploration CristinaChaplain,Director,U.S.GovernmentAccountabilityOffice(GAO)


4:00pm Space Exploration: Perspectives from Senior Industry Leaders Moderator:TeresaVanhooser,DeputyDirector,NASAMSFC

Panelists: -CharliePrecourt,VicePresidentandGeneralManager,SpaceLaunchDivision,AerospaceGroup,ATK -JulieVanKleeck,VicePresident,SpaceAdvancedPrograms,AerojetRocketdyne -JohnElbon,VicePresident&GeneralManager,SpaceExploration,BoeingDefense,SpaceandSecurity -JimCrocker,VicePresidentandGeneralManagerofCivilSpace,LockhhedMartinSpaceSystems Company

6:00pm Reception & Student Poster DisplaysBurrittontheMountain-BaronBluffBuilding- sponsored by United Launch AllianceSpecialGuest:TBD

Wednesday, October 297:00am Registration Opens / Networking / Continental Breakfast

BusinessAdministrationBuilding,Lobby8:00pm Washington D.C. Perspectives on Exploration DickObermann,HouseCommitteeonScience,Space,andTechnology8:30am Future Exploration Mission Planning

Moderator:ChrisCrumbly,Manager,Spacecraft/PayloadIntegrationandEvolutionOffice,SLSProgram, NASAMSFCPanelists: -EM1/EM2:MarshallSmith,DeputyDirector,Cross-ProgramSystemsIntegration,ExplorationSystems Development,NASAHQ -MikeHawes,VicePresidentandOrionProgramManager,LockheedMartinSpaceSystemsCompany -VirginiaBarnes,VicePresidentandProgramManager,SpaceLaunchSystem,ExplorationLaunch Systems,Boeing -ARM:SteveStich,DeputyDirector,Engineering,NASAJSC -Mars:BretDrake,Lead,MissionPlanningandAnalysis,ExplorationMissions&SystemsOffice, NASAJSC

10:00am Break10:15am Advanced Propulsion Technologies

Moderator:MikeGriffin,ChairmanandCEO,SchaferCorporationPanelists: -DaleThomas,AssociateDirector,Technical,NASAMSFC -StanBorowski,NuclearThermalPropulsion,NASAGRC -DaveManzella,SolarElectricalPropulsion,NASAGRC -FranklinChang-Diaz,ChairmanandCEO,AdAstraRocketCompany -MarkLewis,ScramJetHypersonicPropulsion,InstituteforDefenseAnalysis

12:00pm Washington D.C. Perspectives on Exploration KateKronmiller,OrbitalSciencesCorporation12:30am Luncheon - UniversityCenter,ExhibitHall- sponsored by Lockheed Martin GuestSpeaker:WilliamGerstenmaier,AssociateAdministrator,HumanExplorationandOperationsMission Directorate,NASAHeadquartersinvited Announcement of Student Poster Awards2:30pm Adjourn

WERNHER VON BRAUN MEMORIAL DINNER-NewDavidsonCenterattheU.S.Space&RocketCenter

5:00pm Reception7:00pm Dinner - SpecialGuestSpeaker:Jean-JacquesDordain,DirectorGeneral,EuropeanSpaceAgencyNote: The Von Braun dinner is a separate event and is not included as part of the symposium registration. For information about thedinner, visit www.spaceclub-hsv.org

Thursday, October 308:30-12:00 Tour of United Launch Alliance Atlas and Delta Rocket Production Facility(optional)For additional information about the tour, please contact Larry Richardson at ULA at [email protected] or 303-269-5505.


The25thSpaceFlightMechanicsMeetingwillbeheldSunday,January11throughThursday,January15,2015,attheWilliamsburgLodge inWilliamsburg,Virginia.The conference is organized by theAmericanAstronautical Society (AAS)SpaceFlightMechanicsCommittee and co-sponsoredby theAmerican Institute ofAeronautics andAstronautics (AIAA)AstrodynamicsTechnicalCommittee.Manuscriptsaresolicitedontopicsrelatedtospaceflightmechanicsandastrodynamics,includingbutnotnecessarilylimitedto:

•Asteroidandnon-Earthorbitingmissions•Atmosphericre-entryguidanceandcontrol•Attitudedynamics,determination,andcontrol•Attitude-sensorandpayload-sensorcalibration•Dynamicalsystemstheoryappliedtospaceflight•Dynamicsandcontroloflargespacestructuresandtethers•Earthorbitalandplanetarymissionstudies•Flightdynamicsoperationsandspacecraftautonomy•Orbitdeterminationandspace-surveillancetracking•CubeSatandNanoSatellitemissiondesignandoperations•Orbitaldebrisandspaceenvironment•Orbitaldynamics,perturbations,andstability•Rendezvous,relativemotion,proximitymissions,andformationflying•Reusablelaunchvehicledesign,dynamics,guidance,andcontrol•Satelliteconstellations•Spacecraftguidance,navigation,andcontrol(GNC)•SpaceSituationalAwareness(SSA),ConjunctionAnalysis(CA),andcollisionavoidance•Trajectory/Mission/Maneuverdesignandoptimization

Manuscriptswillbeacceptedbasedon thequalityof theextendedabstract, theoriginalityof theworkand/or ideas,and theanticipatedinterestintheproposedsubject.Submissionsthatarebasedonexperimentalresultsorcurrentdata,orreportonongoingmissions,areespeciallyencouraged.CompletemanuscriptsarerequirednolaterthanJanuary6,2015.Englishistheworkinglanguagefortheconference.

Additionalandup-to-dateinformationcanbefoundattheconferencewebsite:http://www.space-flight.org/docs/2015_winter/2015_winter.html

SPECIAL SESSIONInadditiontotheabovegeneraltopics,papersarealsosolicitedfortwospecialsessions.ThefirstisonAstrodynamics Innovation and Data Sharing.ThissessionfocusesonresearchresultingfromtheAirForceefforttomakespacesurveillancedatamorewidelyavailabletoresearchers.Thesecondspecialsessionisontheflight dynamics aspects of the LADEE mission.Authorsareaskedtoindicateontheabstractsubmissioniftheywouldliketobeconsideredforinclusioninaspecialsession.Manuscriptsnotselectedforaspecialsessionwillbeallocatedtootherrelevantsessions.

TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ABSTRACT DEADLINE: September 15, 2014

CALL FOR PAPERS

25th Space Flight Mechanics MeetingWilliamsburg Lodge ♦ Williamsburg, VirginiaJanuary 11-15, 2015

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BREAkWELL STUDENT TRAVEL AWARDTheAASSpaceFlightMechanicsCommitteeannouncestheJohnV.BreakwellStudentTravelAward.Thisawardprovidestravelexpensesforuptotwo(2)U.S.andCanadianstudentspresentingpapersatthisconference.Studentswishingtoapplyforthisawardarestronglyadvisedtosubmittheircompletedmanuscriptbytheabstractsubmittaldeadline.Themaximumcoverageperstudentislimitedto$1,000.Detailsandapplicationsmaybeobtainedathttp://www.space-flight.org

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORSBecausethesubmissiondeadlineofSeptember15,2014,hasbeenfullyextendedfortheconvenienceofcontributors,therearenoplanstodeferthisdeadlineduetotheconstraintsoftheconferenceplanningschedule.NotificationofacceptancewillbesentbyemailbyOctober15,2014.Detailedauthorinstructionswillbesentbyemailfollowingacceptance.Bysubmittinganabstract,theauthoraffirmsthatthemanuscript’smajoritycontenthasnotbeenpreviouslypresentedorpublishedelsewhere.Authorsmayaccesstheweb-basedabstractsubmittalsystemusingthelinkavailableviatheofficialwebsitehttp://www.space-flight.org.Duringtheonlinesubmissionprocess,authorsareexpectedtoprovide:1.apapertitle,aswellasthename,affiliation,postaladdress,telephonenumber,andemailaddressofthecorrespondingauthorandeachco-author;2.anextendedabstractinthePortableDocumentFile(PDF)formatofatleast500wordsthatincludesthetitleandauthors,andprovidesaclearandconcisestatementoftheproblemtobeaddressed,theproposedmethodofsolution,theresultsexpectedorobtained,andanexplanationofitssignificancetoastrodynamicsand/orspaceflightmechanics,withpertinentreferencesandsupportingtablesandfiguresasnecessary;and3.acondensedabstract(100words)tobeincludedintheconferenceprogram,whichisdirectlytypedintothetextboxprovidedonthewebpageandavoidstheuseofspecialsymbolsorcharacters,suchasGreekletters.

ForeigncontributorsrequiringanofficialletterofacceptanceforavisaapplicationshouldcontacttheTechnicalChairmenbyemailattheirearliestopportunity.

Technology Transfer Notice – Technology transferguidelinessubstantiallyextend the timerequired to reviewabstractsandmanuscriptsbyprivateenterprisesandgovernmentagencies.Toprecludelatesubmissionsandwithdrawals,itistheresponsibilityoftheauthor(s)todeterminetheextentofnecessaryapprovalspriortosubmittinganabstract.

No-Paper/No-Podium Policy – AcompletemanuscriptmustbeelectronicallyuploadedtothewebsitepriortoJanuary6,2015,inPDFformat,benomorethantwenty(20)pagesinlength,andconformtotheAASmanuscriptformat.Ifacompletemanuscriptisnotreceivedontime,thenitspresentationattheconferenceshallbeforfeited;andifapresentationisnotmadebyanauthorattheconference,thenthemanuscriptshallbeomittedfrompublishedproceedings.

Questions concerning the submission of manuscripts should be addressed to the Technical Chairs.AASTechnicalChair AIAATechnicalChairDr.RobertFurfaro Dr.StefanoCasottoUniversityofArizona UniversityofPadua1127EJamesERogersWay VicoloOsservatorio,3Tucson,AZ85721 35121Padova,Italy520-312-7440 [email protected] [email protected] other questions should be directed to the General Chairs.AASGeneralChair AIAAGeneralChairDr.AaronTrask Dr.ScottZimmer13215JasperRoad Optensity,Inc.Fairfax,VA22033 1592CarlinLane703-298-4131 McLean,[email protected] 512-299-7218 [email protected]

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BOOK REVIEWS

SPACE TIMES•May/June2014

Adapting to Flexible Response, 1960–1968

Adapting to Flexible Response, 1960–1968 by Walter S. Poole. Washington,D.C.: Historical Office, Office of theSecretary ofDefense, 2013. 484 pages.ISBN 9780160921834. US $82.00(hardback, illustrations, tables, figures,notes, appendix, glossary, bibliography,index).

For both the National Aeronauticsand SpaceAdministration (NASA) andtheU.S.DepartmentofDefense(DoD),the1960sweremarkedbyacquisitionofnew, increasingly complex technologyforachievinggrander,morecomplicatedgoals. When it came to spaceflight,the acquisition of long-range rocketsinterested both organizations. Anintermediate-range or intercontinentalballistic missile for delivering nuclearwarheads through outer space couldserveequallywelltolaunchaspacecraft,robotic or manned, into Earth orbit orbeyond. That is why Walter Poole’sAdapting to Flexible Response, a bookintended primarily for acquisitionprofessionalsinthedefensearena,mightinformabroaderaudience.

This second of a projected fivevolumes in the DoD History ofAcquisition series complements ElliottConverse’sRearming for the Cold War,a detailed history of acquisition amongthe military departments during 1945–1960 (reviewed in the May/June 2013issue of Space Times). Like Converse,Poole places the separate acquisitionprograms of the Army, Navy, and AirForcewithin the larger context ofDoDpolicy and procedures. For the 1960s,of course, Secretary of Defense RobertMcNamara shaped that larger context,even as the uniformed leaders of thedifferentservicesresistedchange.Poole,amilitary historianwith thirty years ofexperience in the Historical Division

ReviewedbyRickW.Sturdevant

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, delivers amasterful description of McNamara’scampaigntoscrutinizeweaponprogramswith rigorouslyquantitativecost-benefitanalyses.

Space professionals, especially thosewith acquisition expertise, might findseveralchapters inAdapting to Flexible Response particularly interesting. Thethird chapter, for example, explainshow McNamara’s emphasis on fixed-price incentive contracts, includingan Air Force variant dubbed “totalpackage procurement,” spawned a lessthan complete revolution in acquisitionprocesses. The fourth chapter describeshow a period of rapid innovation, suchas the 1960s, involved what NorthAmerican Rockwell’s Hudson Drakecalled “unanticipated unknowns” thatcould increase program costs andsignificantly lengthen schedules. Theunpredictable nature of acquiring new,complex weapon systems affectedhow government and industry copedwith unanticipated unknowns in high-

Dr. Rick W. Sturdevant is an AAS Fellow and deputy director of history for Air Force Space Command at Peterson AFB in Colorado Springs, CO.

risk projects; sometimes the resultwas “technological overreach that noacquisition reforms could remedy” (p.107).Poole’sselectionofcasestudiestoexemplifytheexperiencesofthedifferentservices in confronting acquisitionhurdles adds richness to his historicalanalysis.

The tenth chapter, titled “SpaceVentures: A Mixed Record,” focuseson NASA-DoD rivalry and the AirForce’s disappointing quest formilitarymanned spaceflight. In too few pages,PoolesummarizescancellationofDyna-Soar and the aborted Manned OrbitingLaboratory program. Development oftheAgenaD upper stage and theTitanIII launch vehicle receive adequatetreatment, but Air Force success inlaunching robotic prototypes for space-based early warning, communications,and other missions receive scantattention. Completely neglected is theAir Force role in acquiring the Coronareconnaissance satellite or the Velanuclear-detonation detection satellite,thelatterbeingperhapstheonlymilitarysatellite system ever procured withinbudgetandonschedule.

Nonetheless, Adapting to Flexible ResponseexhibitsPoole’sfamiliaritywiththerichvarietyofprimaryandsecondarysource materials required to supporthisanalyticalnarrative.The result isanofficial history worthy of careful studyandaprominentplaceon thebookshelfofanyacquisitionprofessional,militaryhistorian,orinterdisciplinaryscholar.


Earthrise: My Adventures as an Apollo 14 AstronautbyEdgarMitchell.Chicago:ChicagoReviewPress.2014.

As EdgarMitchell hurtled throughspace on theApollo 14mission, theastronauthadamomentwhenhefeltthathehadsuddenlybecome“atonewiththeuniverse.”Heturned to lookatMissionCommanderAlanShepard to see if hiscrewmategaveanyindicationthathetoohadexperiencedatransformativemoment,butMitchellsawinsteadthatShepardwassimplyhavingaroutineconversationwithMissionControl.

This story illustrates a significantdifference that divides the Apolloastronauts into two separate categories.Some, likeShepard, tookgreatpride intheir participation in our nation’s lunarmissions,butregardedtheprocessasonedrivenbystate-of-the-arttechnologyandsuperb training.Others, however, camebacktoEarthwithasensethattheyhadbecomeapart of something larger thanthemselves.Mitchell clearly falls intothelattercamp,andhehasdescribedhisjourney (both in a literal andfigurativesense) to self-awareness in his bookEarthrise: My Adventures As an Apollo 14 Astronaut.Aquickread,thisbookwillprovideanswerstomanyquestionsaboutthesixthmantowalkonthesurfaceoftheMoon,andwillraiseothers.

Mitchell starts his book with adescription of his formative years, andthereaderwillbestruckbythefactthathecouldnothavestartedlifemuchfurtherremoved from the technologicalmilieuthathewouldbecomeimmersedinlaterinhis life. Indeed,hewasborn in1930inanareaknownastheLlanoEstacado,asemi-aridregioncomprisedofranchesandfarmsthatencompassesawideswath

Earthrise: My Adventures asan Apollo 14 AstronautReviewedbyDonaldElder

Donald C. Elder III is a professor of his-tory at Eastern New Mexico University.

ofterritoryinwesternTexasandeasternNewMexico.AftergraduatingfromhighschoolinArtesia,NewMexico,Mitchellchose to attend Carnegie Institute ofTechnology in Pennsylvania.There hislifetookaturnwhenhereceivedhisdraftnoticeduringtheKoreanconflict.RatherthanwaitfortheSelectiveServiceprocesstorunitscourse,MitchellchosetoenlistintheUSNavyin1952.Mitchellhadtakenflyinglessonsduringhishighschoolyears,and hoped to join theNavy’s aviationbranch.Hesucceeded,earninghiswingsin 1954.Heflewpatrolmissions fromabaseonOkinawaforsixmonthsuntilrecalledstateside.

Threeyearslater,Mitchell’slifewouldchangeagain.InspiredbythefirstgroupofAmericanastronauts,Mitchelldecidedtochartacourseofactionthatwouldhelphim enterNASA’smanned spaceflightprogram.Hesucceededinthatendeavorin1966,whenDekeSlaytonaskedhimtojointhecorpsofastronauts.TheGeminiProgramwas just ending, soMitchellwasassignedtothenewApolloProgram.Mitchellbecameapartof the teamthatwouldflytheApollo14mission,whichflewin1971.

InEarthrise,Mitchell describes howhecamebackfromhismissionachangedperson.Hediscusseshowhehadalreadybeguntothinkaboutlifeindifferentterms,especially in regard to extra-sensoryperception.ButthesensationoflookingatEarthfromagreatdistanceconvincedhimthattherewereforcesatworkintheuniverse that he nowwanted to knowmore about.Accordingly,Mitchell leftNASAshortlyafterhisreturntoEarth.HefoundedtheInstituteofNoeticSciencesin1973,andhasspenttheensuingyearsstudyingaconceptofpersonalchangethathereferstoasmetanoia.

Earthrise is in many respects apraiseworthy contribution to the fieldof Space History.Mitchell, aided byJournalisminstructorEllenMahoney,hasproducedawork thatwillbeaccessibleto awide readingaudience. Indeed, thepublisher of the book describes it assuitable reading for seventh and eighthgrade.Whilemuch of his book coverssubjects that have been dealt with inprevious astronaut biographies andautobiographies, he does provide somenew insights (i.e.hisdiscussionofhowtelling he feels it is that eleven of thetwelvemenwhowalked on theMoonhadbeenBoyScouts).Clearly,however,there are aspects ofMitchell’s life thatsomereaderswouldlikesomediscussionof.Earthrise contains no discussion ofMitchell’s disputewithNASAover hispossessionofacamerathathehadusedon theApollo 14mission, for example,andMitchellalsoavoidsthecontroversythathassurroundedhiscommentsthatthegovernment iswithholding informationaboutUnidentified FlyingObjects andextraterrestrial beings.But if someoneseeksonlytolearnthebasicsofthelifeof one of the twelvemen to have everwalked on theMoon,Earthrisewill fitthebillnicely.

24 SPACE TIMES•July/August2013

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2014-2015 Schedule of EventsSeptember9-12,2014AMOS - Advanced Maui Optical & Space SurveillanceTechnologies ConferenceMaui,Hawaiiwww.amostech.comSeptember18,2014Google Hangout, WorldwideOvercomingExtremeWeather-InformingaWeather-ReadyNationwww.astronautical.orgSeptember29-October3,2014International Astronautical CongressMetroTorontoConventionCentreToronto,Canadawww.iac2014.orgOctober27-29,2014Wernher von Braun Memorial SymposiumTheUniversityofAlabamainHuntsvilleChanAuditorium,BusinessAdministrationBuildingHuntsville,Alabamawww.astronautical.org

January11-15,2015Space Flight Mechanics MeetingWilliamsburgLodgeWilliamsburg,Virginiawww.space-flight.orgJanuary30-February4,2015Guidance and Control ConferenceBeaverRunResortandConferenceCenterBreckenridge,COwww.aas-rocky-mountain-section.orgMarch10-12,2015Robert H. Goddard Memorial SymposiumGreenbeltMarriottGreenbelt,Marylandwww.astronautical.orgJune8-10,2015Workshop on Satellite Constellations andFormation FlyingDelft,TheNetherlandswww.iwscff2015.com

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