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TRANSCRIPT
Issues in Ganga Basin
By
N.N.RaiDirector, Hydrology
Central Water Commission
Issues in Ganga basin Health of river in certain reaches
Flood problems in Eastern states
More consumptive water demand due to high population pressure
Huge variability in non-monsoon and monsoon water availability
Huge rainfall variability in southern and northern part of basin
Cloud burst in Himalayas
Drainage area map of Ganga
Important facts Drainage area of Ganga basin in India 861452 sq.km
Mean annual runoff (MAF) 525.02 BCM
Glacier runoff 3% of MAF
(Source: IWMI RR 150)
Seasonal snow melt 1% of MAF
(Source: IWMI RR 150)
Utilizable surface water resources in India 690 BCM
Utilizable GW resources in India 431 BCM
Utilizable surface water resources in Ganga basin 250 BCM
Replenishable GW resource in Ganga basin 170.99 BCM
Population in Ganga basin (yr 2010) 505.54 million
Per capita water availability in Ganga basin (yr 2010) 1039 cubic meter<1700
Live storage created so far in Ganga basin 48.748 BCM
Live storage in projects under construction 7.703 BCM
Health of river in certain reaches
1.3 million ha, 85% div Non Monsoon, 8.4 BCM-Annual, 2.4 BCM-NM, 40-65% spill monsoon
800 km, Ganga Canal System – 0.7 million ha Command, 51 million population, 21 districts
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How the food and water security can be achieved with water availability in India skewed in time and space, and still lower per capita storage?
Per capita Live Storage (m3)
More consumptive water demand due to high population pressure
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Water Availability
Live Storage
BC
MBasin wise water availability and live storage
Basin wise Population in Millions (estimated for year 2010) and per capita water availability m3/person/yr
+4
+34
-46
5
1
13
9 22
9
4
10
2
-90
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150
North Westand
Central
South East
Liv
e S
tora
ge
(BC
M)
Virtual Water Flows (India)
Source: Inter-regional virtual water flows Kampman (2007)
State Per capita Water Availability (SW+GW)m3/capita/yr
Net Virtual Water Import BCM/yr
Haryana 1055 -14.1
UP 2059 -20.8
Punjab 2452 -20.9
Jharkhand 2498 + 9.3
Bihar 6898 +15.3
Odisha 8710 +4.8
Source : Inter-regional virtual water flows - Kampman (2007)
•Water-rich Eastern and North-eastern regions of India (in terms of per capita water availability) are ironically the virtual water importing regions.•Northern region, having much less per capita water availability as compared to Eastern region, is exporting huge quantity in terms of virtual water to Eastern region.•Northern region is not so good in terms of storage reservoirs either as compared to Western or Southern regions.•Ironically, the Northern region is exporting virtual water by mining groundwater from very deep aquifers. This is absolutely unsustainable.
Huge variability in non-monsoon and monsoon water availability
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Win
ter
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soon
(Jan
-Feb
)
Pre
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soon
(Mar-
May
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soon
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n-S
ep)
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soon
(Oct
-Dec
)
Rain
fall in
mm
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-I
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-III
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g-I
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g-I
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p-I
I
Oct
-I
Oct
-III
No
v-I
I
De
c-I
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c-II
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Jan
-II
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b-I
Fe
b-I
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Ma
r-II
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r-I
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r-II
I
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y-I
I
75% dependable inflows and demands (Typical)
75% dependable inflows DMI demands Irrigation Demands
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c)
Ganga Rishikesh
Huge rainfall variability in southern and northern part of basin
Cloud burst in Himalayas
Thank You
Historical List of Famines in India (1765-1947)
Year Famine Name(if any)
Mortality
1769-70 Great Bengal Famine
10 Million
1782-83 Madras Famine11 Million
1783-84 Chalisa Famine
1791-92 Doji Bara / Skull Famine
11 Million
1837-38 Agra Famine 800,000
1860-61 Upper DoabFamine
2 Million
1865-67 Orissa Famine 1 Million
Source: Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume III
Year Famine Name(if any)
Mortality
1868-70 RajputanaFamine
1.5 Million
1876-78 Great Famine Madras / Bombay
5.5 Million
1888-89 Ganjam, Orissa, Bihar
1896-97 Indian Famine 5 Million
1899-1900
Indian Famine 1 Million
1905-06 Bombay 235,062
1943-44 Bengal Famine 1.5 Million
Needless to emphasize that no famine like situation occurred after India started making dams.