issues of scale both time & space – time: waves, tides, day, year, enso – space: local,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Issues of Scale
• Both time & space
– Time: waves, tides, day, year,
ENSO
– Space: local, regional, global
• Set how processes interact
• Scale invariance
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Pacific Coastlin
e
1o latitude =111 km
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The Southern California Bight
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The Santa Barbara Channel
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Scale Invariance
• “Details” appear the same at all scales
• Makes understanding of marine
processes difficult
– always somewhere else to look
• Idea of “fractal” geometry
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Time Scales
• Time scales of variability runs from
minutes to decades
• Processes occur on particular scales
Surface waves = minutes
Wind forcing = days
Climate = decadal
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Time & Space Scales
• Time & space scales are linked
by the processes driving them
• Large events correspond to long
time scales – T = f(X) (& vice
versa)
– Mass analogy
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Time & Space Scales
• Time & space scales are linked
by the processes driving them
• Large events correspond to long
time scales – T = f(X) (& vice
versa)
– Mass analogy
![Page 10: Issues of Scale Both time & space – Time: waves, tides, day, year, ENSO – Space: local, regional, global Set how processes interact Scale invariance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070418/5697bf881a28abf838c89a22/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Detail & Time Scale
• The time scale over which
processes are viewed influences
the details observed
• Example – SST in CA Current
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A Snapshot of CA Current
• April 1978
• AVHRR - SST
• CZCS Chlorophyll
• Spatial variations on
scales of 5-10 km
SSTChl
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Annual Mean SST
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Spatial Detail & Time Scale
• The time scale of assessment
influences the “details” observed
Long time averages – large scales only
Instantaneous – both small & large scales
• Time averaging removes small scale
variations – “the moving hand analogy”
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Scales for Marine Organisms
• Marine organisms have inherent time &
space scales
– Time: life duration, life cycle, etc.
– Space: foraging, larval dispersion
• Different processes will interact with
marine organisms based upon their
scales
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Life Cycles
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Life Cycles
Larger is longer…
Larger have more (known) life stages
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Larval Dispersion
From Kinlan & Gaines [2003]
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Dispersion & Time in Plankton
From Siegel, Kinlan, Gaylord & Gaines [2003]
Plankton Larval Duration (days)
Gen
eti
c D
isp
ers
al Sca
le
(km
)
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Scales for Marine Organisms
• The larger the organism the …
longer its life span
more life stages it has
but no real effects on dispersal distance
• Larval dispersal is function of time “in plankton”
• Larger organisms forage & migrate under their own
power & cover larger space scales
• These time scales will interact with physical &
biological time scales of the system
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So… can we use this???
•Extended Kelp-Urchin-Otter Food Web
– Add other factors
• Human harvest & regulation, climate, etc.
– Assess time & space scales
– Address management strategies
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Otter-Kelp-
Urchin Food Web
Otters are the keystone predator of this food web
Orcas
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Otter-Kelp-
Urchin Food Web
Removing otters affects food web structure
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OrcasHUMANSAdd Human Harvest
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OrcasHUMANS
Other Marine
Mammals
Add Other Mammals
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OrcasHUMANS
Other Marine
Mammals
Add Climate Change
Nutrient ’sdue to climate
Substrate ’sdue to climate
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OrcasHUMANS
Other Marine
Mammals
Add Oil Spill
Nutrient ’sdue to climate
Substrate ’sdue to climate
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What are the time & space scales for this
system?• Forcing of the base of food web is annual &
over large space scales
• Many organisms are long-lived – but may be nearly fixed in space (otters, kelp forests, etc.)
• Climate is ENSO to PDO scales again over large spatial scales
• Oil spills will happen suddenly over variety of space and time scales
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OrcasHUMANS
Other Marine
Mammals
Nutrient ’sdue to climate
Substrate ’sdue to climate
BIO
LOG
ICA
L TIM
E
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What are the time & space scales for this
system?• Anthropogenic factors follow “legislative time”
– Both harvest policies & marine mammal protection
– Transparency slows management policy changes
• How do fisheries adapt to changing scenarios?
– How do fishermen learn?
– Change in spatial & species targeting
– Build up new markets…
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How would you manage this system?
• What do you value?
Fishery income vs. charismatic megafauna vs.
recreational use vs. habitat biodiveristy vs. ???
• Know the interrelationship among causal
factors
• Follow the paths of food energy &
information
– Both are important
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Flow
Fish
Settlement
HabitatRecruitment
Harvest
RegulationFisherm
en
Market INFO
Climate
Flow, Fish & Fishing
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How would you manage this system?
• Where are the critical juncture points?
– Life history stage vs. keystone species vs. ???
• Play out coupled scenarios
– Most management today is single species
– Not ready for quantitative multi-species
management
– Need assessment of the couplings (even loosely)
• Adapt to change – but anticipate its arrival!!
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General Approach
• Focus on connections among
components
– Both food & information
• Know when & over which scale
connections are robust
• Monitor the important causal links
• Adapt to a changing world
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General Approach
• Focus on connections among
components
– Both food & information
• Know when & over which scale
connections are robust
• Monitor the important causal links
• Adapt to a changing world