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PhilippinesFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumpto:navigation,search"Philippine"redirectshere.ForatownintheNetherlands,seePhilippine,Netherlands.Pagesemi-protectedRepublicofthePhilippinesRepblikangPilipins

Flag CoatofarmsMotto:"Maka-Diyos,Maka-Tao,MakakalikasanatMakabansa"[1]"ForGod,People,Nature,andCountry"Anthem:LupangHinirangChosenLandMenu0:00Capital Manila[2]1435'N1210'ELargestcity QuezonCityOfficiallanguages

FilipinoEnglish

Recognisedregionallanguages8languages[3][show]Optionallanguagesa

SpanishArabic

Demonym FilipinoGovernment Unitarypresidentialconstitutionalrepublic- President BenignoAquinoIII- VicePresident JejomarBinay- SenatePresident JuanPonceEnrile

- HouseSpeaker FelicianoBelmonte,Jr.- ChiefJustice MariaLourdesSerenoLegislature Congress- Upperhouse Senate- Lowerhouse HouseofRepresentativesIndependencefromSpainbandtheUnitedStates- Established April27,1565- Declared June12,1898- Self-government March24,1934- Recognized July4,1946- Currentconstitution February2,1987Area- Land 300,000km2[4](73rd)

115,831sqmi- Water(%) 0.61[5](inlandwaters)Population- 2010census 92,337,852[6]- Density 308.0/km2(43rd)797.2/sqmiGDP(PPP) 2012estimate- Total $416.721billion[7]- Percapita $4,263[7]GDP(nominal) 2012estimate

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- Total $240.664billion[7]- Percapita $2,462[7]Gini(2006) 45.8[5]medium44thHDI(2011) Increase0.644[8]medium112thCurrency Peso(Filipino:piso)(?)(PHP)Timezone PST(UTC+8)- Summer(DST) notobserved(UTC+8)Drivesonthe right[9]Callingcode +63ISO3166code PHInternetTLD .pha. ^aThe1987Philippineconstitutionspecifies,"SpanishandArabicshallbepromotedonavoluntaryandoptionalbasis."[10]b. ^bPhilippinerevolutionariesdeclaredindependencefromSpainonJune12,1898,buttheSpanishclaimofsovereigntywaspassedfromSpaintotheUnitedStatesintheTreatyofParis.ThisledtothePhilippineAmericanWar.

ThePhilippines(Listeni/'f?l?pi?nz/;FI-l?-peenz;Filipino:Pilipins[?p?l?'pin?s]),officiallyknownastheRepublicofthePhilippines(Filipino:RepblikangPilipins),isasovereignstateinSoutheastAsiainthewesternPacificOcean.ToitsnorthacrosstheLuzonStraitliesTaiwan.WestacrosstheSouthChinaSeasitsVietnam.TheSuluSeatothesouthwestliesbetweenthecountryandtheisl

andofBorneo,andtothesouththeCelebesSeaseparatesitfromotherislandsofIndonesia.ItisboundedontheeastbythePhilippineSea.ItslocationonthePacificRingofFireanditstropicalclimatemakethePhilippinespronetoearthquakesandtyphoonsbuthavealsoendowedthecountrywithnaturalresourcesandmadeitoneoftheworld'smegadiversecountries.Coveringalmostthreehundredthousandsquarekilometres(over115,000sqmi)makesitthe73rdlargestindependentnation[11]andanarchipelagocomprising7,107islands,thePhilippinesiscategorizedbroadlyintothreemaingeographicaldivisions:Luzon,Visayas,andMindanao.ItscapitalcityisManila.

Withapopulationofmorethan92million[6]people,thePhilippinesistheseventhmostpopulatedAsiancountryandthe12thmostpopulatedcountryintheworld.Anadditional12millionFilipinosliveoverseas.[12]Multipleethnicitiesan

dculturesarefoundthroughouttheislands.Inprehistorictimes,Negritosweresomeofthearchipelago'searliestinhabitants.TheywerefollowedbysuccessivewavesofAustronesianpeopleswhobroughtwiththeminfluencesfromMalay,Hindu,andIslamicsocieties.Thus,establishingvariouspolitieseitherruledbyDatus,Rajahs,SultansorLakans.TradeandsubsequentChinesesettlementalsointroducedChineseculturalelementswhichremaintothisday.

ThearrivalofFerdinandMagellanin1521markedthebeginningofaneraofSpanishinterestandeventualcolonization.In1543,SpanishexplorerRuyLpezdeVillalobosnamedthearchipelagoLasIslasFilipinasinhonorofPhilipIIofSpain.TheSpanishEmpirebegantosettlewiththearrivalofMiguelLpezdeLegazpifromNewSpain(presentday-Mexico)in1565whoestablishedthefirstSpanishsettlementinthearchipelago,whichremainedaSpanishcolonyformorethan300ye

ars.Duringthistime,ManilabecametheAsianhuboftheManilaAcapulcogalleonfleet.

Asthe19thcenturygavewaytothe20th,therefollowedinquicksuccessionthePhilippineRevolution,whichspawnedtheshort-livedFirstPhilippineRepublic;theSpanish-AmericanWar;andthePhilippineAmericanWar.Intheaftermath,theUnitedStatesemergedasthedominantpower;asidefromtheperiodofJapaneseoccupation,theUnitedStatesretainedsovereigntyovertheislands.AfterWorldWarII,[13]theTreatyofManilaestablishedthePhilippineRepublicasanindependentnation.[14]Sincethen,thePhilippineshashadanoftentumultuousexper

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iencewithdemocracy,withpopular"peoplepower"movementsoverthrowingadictatorshipinoneinstancebutalsounderliningtheinstitutionalweaknessesofitsconstitutionalrepublicinothers.Contents

1Etymology2History3Politicsandgovernment3.1Securityanddefense3.2Internationalrelations3.3Administrativedivisions4Geography4.1Floraandfauna4.2Climate5Economy6Demographics6.1Ethnicity6.2Cities6.3Language6.4Religion7Education8Health9Infrastructure9.1Transportation

9.2Communications10Cultureandsociety10.1Cuisine10.2Mythologyandliterature10.3Media10.4Sports11Seealso12References13Externallinks

EtymologyMainarticle:NameofthePhilippines

ThenamePhilippinesisderivedfromthatofKingPhilipIIofSpain.SpanishexplorerRuyLpezdeVillalobosduringhisexpeditionin1542namedtheislandsofLeyteandSamarFelipinasafterthethenPrinceofAsturias.EventuallythenameLasIslasFilipinaswouldbeusedtocoveralltheislandsofthearchipelago.Beforethatbecamecommonplace,othernamessuchasIslasdelPoniente(IslandsoftheWest)andMagellan'snamefortheislandsSanLzarowerealsousedbytheSpanishtorefertotheislands.[15][16][17][18][19]

TheofficialnameofthePhilippineshaschangedseveraltimesinthecourseofthecountry'shistory.DuringthePhilippineRevolution,theMalolosCongressproclaimedtheestablishmentoftheRepblicaFilipinaorthePhilippineRepublic.FromtheperiodoftheSpanish-AmericanWarandthePhilippineAmericanWaruntiltheCommonwealthperiod,Americancolonialauthoritiesreferredtothecountryas

thePhilippineIslands,atranslationoftheSpanishname.DuringtheAmericanperiod,thenamePhilippinesbegantoappearandithassincebecomethecountry'scommonname.[20]Sinceindependence,theofficialnameofthecountryhasbeentheRepublicofthePhilippines.HistoryMainarticle:HistoryofthePhilippinesAnelaborateborderframesafulllengthillustrationonewouldassociatewithamanuscriptofamanandwoman.Thedark-skinnedmandressedinredtunic,breeches,andbandannaandwearingagoldchainislookingpleasantlyoverhisshoulderinthedirectionofthefairwomanwho,garbedinadarkgold-fringeddresst

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hatcoversthelengthofherbodyexceptherbarefeet,hasthefaintesthintsofasmile.ApagefromtheBoxerCodex.ATagalogcoupleoftheMaginoocastedepictedinthe16thcenturyBoxerCodex.

ThemetatarsalofCallaoManisreportedtohavebeenreliablydatedbyuranium-seriesdatingto67,000yearsago[21]therebyreplacingtheTabonManofPalawan,carbon-datedtoaround24,000yearsago,[22][23]astheoldesthumanremainsfoundinthearchipelago.Negritoswereamongthearchipelago'searliestinhabitants,buttheirappearanceinthePhilippineshasnotbeenreliablydated.[24]ThereareseveralopposingtheoriesregardingtheoriginsofancientFilipinos.F.LandaJocanotheorizesthattheancestorsoftheFilipinosevolvedlocally.WilhelmSolheim'sIslandOriginTheory[25]postulatesthatthepeoplingofthearchipelagotranspiredviatradenetworksoriginatingintheantediluvianSundalandareaaround48000to5000BCEratherthanbywide-scalemigration.TheAustronesianExpansionTheorystatesthatMalayo-PolynesianscomingfromTaiwanbeganmigratingtothePhilippinesaround4000BCE,displacingearlierarrivals.[26][27]Whateverthecase,by1000BCEtheinhabitantsofthearchipelagohaddevelopedintofourkindsofsocialgroups:hunter-gatheringtribes,warriorsocieties,pettyplutocracies,andmaritime-centeredharborprincipalities.[28]

Tradebetweenthemaritime-orientedpeoplesandotherAsiancountriesduringthesubsequentperiodbroughtinfluencesfromHinduism,Buddhism,andIslam.DuringthistimetherewasnounifyingpoliticalstateencompassingtheentirePhilipp

ineArchipelago.Instead,theislandsweredividedamongcompetingthalassocraciesruledbyvariousdatus,rajahs,orsultans.Thesethalassocracieswerecomposedofautonomousbarangayswhichwereindependenttooralliedwithlargernations.AmongthemwerethekingdomsofMaynila,Namayan,andTondo,theconfederationofMadyaas,thestateofMa-i,therajahnatesofButuanandCebu,andthesultanatesofMaguindanaoandSulu.[29][30][31][32]SomeofthesesocietieswerepartoftheMalayanempiresofSrivijaya,Majapahit,andBrunei.[33][34]IslamwasbroughttothePhilippinesbytradersandproselytizersfromMalaysiaandIndonesia.[35]Bythe15thcentury,IslamwasestablishedintheSuluArchipelagoandby1565hadreachedMindanao,theVisayas,andLuzon.[36]

In1521,PortugueseexplorerFerdinandMagellanarrivedinthePhilippinesandclaimedtheislandsforSpain.[37]ColonizationbeganwhenSpanishexplorerMigue

lLpezdeLegazpiarrivedfromMexicoin1565andformedthefirstEuropeansettlementsinCebu.In1571,afterdealingwiththelocalroyalfamiliesinthewakeoftheTondoConspiracyanddefeatingtheChinesepiratewarlordLimahong,theSpanishestablishedManilaasthecapitaloftheSpanishEastIndies.[38][39]

Spanishrulecontributedsignificantlytobringingpoliticalunitytothearchipelago.From1565to1821,thePhilippineswasgovernedasaterritoryoftheViceroyaltyofNewSpainandthenwasadministereddirectlyfromMadridaftertheMexicanWarofIndependence.TheManilagalleonslinkingManilatoAcapulcotraveledonceortwiceayearbetweenthe16thand19thcenturies.Tradeintroducedfoodssuchascorn,tomatoes,potatoes,chilipeppers,andpineapplesfromtheAmericas.[39]RomanCatholicmissionariesconvertedmostofthelowlandinhabitantstoChristianityandfoundedschools,auniversity,andhospitals.WhileaSpan

ishdecreeintroducedfreepublicschoolingin1863,effortsinmasspubliceducationmainlycametofruitionduringtheAmericanperiod.[40]

Duringitsrule,theSpanishfoughtoffvariousindigenousrevoltsandseveralexternalcolonialchallengesfromChinesepirates,theDutch,andthePortuguese.InanextensionofthefightingoftheSevenYears'War,BritishforcesoccupiedManilafrom1762to1764.TheyfoundlocalallieslikeDiegoandGabrielaSilangwhotooktheopportunitytoleadarevolt,butSpanishrulewaseventuallyrestoredfollowingthe1763TreatyofParis.[35][41][42]

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Inthe19thcentury,PhilippineportswereopenedtoworldtradeandshiftswereoccurringwithinPhilippinesociety.ManySpaniardsborninthePhilippines(criollos)andthoseofmixedancestry(mestizos)becamewealthy.TheinfluxofSpanishandLatinosettlerssecularizedchurchesandopenedupgovernmentpositionstraditionallyheldbySpaniardsbornintheIberianPeninsula(peninsulares).Theidealsofrevolutionalsobegantospreadthroughtheislands.CriollodissatisfactionresultedintherevoltinCaviteElViejoin1872thatwasaprecursortothePhilippineRevolution.[35][43][44][45][46]JosRizal,MarcelodelPilar,andMarianoPonce:leadersofthePropagandaMovementManilainruinsin1945

Revolutionarysentimentswerestokedin1872afterthreepriestsMarianoGmez,JosBurgos,andJacintoZamora(collectivelyknownasGomburza)wereaccusedofseditionbycolonialauthoritiesandexecuted.[43][44]ThiswouldinspireapropagandamovementinSpain,organizedbyMarceloH.delPilar,JosRizal,andMarianoPonce,lobbyingforpoliticalreformsinthePhilippines.RizalwaseventuallyexecutedonDecember30,1896,onchargesofrebellion.[47]Asattemptsatreformweremeetingwithresistance,AndrsBonifacioin1892establishedthesecretsocietycalledtheKatipunan,asocietyalongthelinesofthefreemasons,whichsoughtindependencefromSpainthrougharmedrevolt.[45]BonifacioandtheKatipunanstartedthePhilippineRevolutionin1896.AfactionoftheKatipunan,theMagdaloofCaviteprovince,eventuallycametochallengeBonifacio'spositionastheleaderoftherevolutionandEmilioAguinaldotookover.In1898,theSpanish

-AmericanWarbeganinCubaandreachedthePhilippines.AguinaldodeclaredPhilippineindependencefromSpaininKawit,CaviteonJune12,1898andtheFirstPhilippineRepublicwasestablishedthefollowingyear.Meanwhile,theislandswerecededbySpaintotheUnitedStatesforUS$20millioninthe1898TreatyofParis.[48]AsitbecameincreasinglycleartheUnitedStateswouldnotrecognizetheFirstPhilippineRepublic,thePhilippineAmericanWarbrokeout.ItendedwithAmericancontrolovertheislandswhichwerethenadministeredasaninsulararea.[49]

In1935,thePhilippineswasgrantedCommonwealthstatus.PlansforindependenceoverthenextdecadewereinterruptedbyWorldWarIIwhentheJapaneseEmpireinvadedandestablishedapuppetgovernment.ManyatrocitiesandwarcrimeswerecommittedduringthewarsuchastheBataanDeathMarchandtheManilamassacre

thatculminatedduringtheBattleofManila.[50]AlliedtroopsdefeatedtheJapanesein1945.BytheendofthewaritisestimatedoveramillionFilipinoshaddied.[51]

OnJuly4,1946,thePhilippinesattaineditsindependence.[5]ImmediatelyafterWorldWarII,thePhilippinesfacedanumberofchallenges.Thecountryhadtoberebuiltfromtheravagesofwar.ItalsohadtocometotermswithJapanesecollaborators.Meanwhile,disgruntledremnantsoftheHukbalahapcommunistrebelarmythathadpreviouslyfoughtagainstandresistedtheJapanesecontinuedtoroamtheruralregions.ThisthreattothegovernmentwasdealtwithbySecretaryofNationalDefenseandlaterPresidentRamonMagsaysay,butsporadiccasesofcommunistinsurgencycontinuedtoflareuplongafterward.[52][53]In1965,FerdinandMarcoswaselectedpresident.Nearingtheendofhissecondtermandconst

itutionallybarredfromseekingathird,hedeclaredmartiallawonSeptember21,1972.Byusingpoliticaldivisions,thetensionoftheColdWar,andthespecterofcommunistrebellionandIslamicinsurgencyasjustifications,hegovernedbydecree.[54]EmilioAguinaldo,thefirstpresidentofthePhilippines(left)withManuelL.Quezn,thefirstpresidentofthecommonwealthofthePhilippines

OnAugust21,1983,Marcos'chiefrivaloppositionleaderBenigno"Ninoy"Aquino,Jr.ignoredwarningsandreturnedfromexileintheUnitedStates.HewasassassinatedashewastakenofftheplaneattheManilaInternationalAirport(now

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calledtheNinoyAquinoInternationalAirportinhismemory).Withpoliticalpressurebuilding,Marcoseventuallycalledforsnappresidentialelectionsin1986.[52]CorazonAquino,Benigno'swidow,waspersuadedtobecomethepresidentialcandidateandstandardbeareroftheopposition.TheelectionswerewidelyconsideredriggedwhenMarcoswasproclaimedthewinner.ThisledtothePeoplePowerRevolution,instigatedwhentwolong-timeMarcosalliesArmedForcesofthePhilippinesViceChief-of-StaffFidelV.RamosandSecretaryofNationalDefenseJuanPonceEnrileresignedandbarricadedthemselvesinCampAguinaldoandCampCrame.ExhortedbytheCardinalArchbishopofManilaJaimeSin,peoplegatheredinsupportoftherebelleadersandprotestedonEpifaniodelosSantosAvenue(EDSA).Inthefaceofmassprotestsandmilitarydefections,MarcosandhisalliesfledtoHawaiiandintoexile.CorazonAquinowasrecognizedaspresident.[53][55]

Thereturnofdemocracyandgovernmentreformsaftertheeventsof1986werehamperedbynationaldebt,governmentcorruption,coupattempts,apersistentcommunistinsurgency,andIslamicseparatists.TheeconomyimprovedduringtheadministrationofFidelV.Ramos,whowaselectedpresidentin1992.[56]However,theeconomicimprovementswerenegatedwiththeonsetoftheEastAsianfinancialcrisisin1997.In2001,amidchargesofcorruptionandastalledimpeachmentprocess,Ramos'successorJosephEstradawasoustedfromthepresidencybythe2001EDSARevolutionandreplacedbyGloriaMacapagal-Arroyo.Heradministrationthatlasted9yearswastiedwithgraftandcorruptionandnumerouspoliticalscandals.[57][58][59]AsaresultoftheMay2010elections,Benigno"Noynoy"AquinoI

IIwaselectedpresident.