isur8 abstract book2.2
DESCRIPTION
Abstract Book of the VIII Symposium on Underwater Research.The University of Naples "L'Orientale", with GAMA - General Association on Mediterranean Archaeology and DAN - Divers Alert Network organizes and promotes the 8th International Symposium on Underwater Research.The Symposium is scheduled to be held on March 26-29, 2014 in the fascinating island of Procida (Gulf of Naples-Italy). It aims to foster interaction among all concerned academicians, practitioners and researchers from different disciplines working on underwater sciences and research. Furthermore, it is anticipated to provide a platform for exchange of scientific and technical information and experiences among participants.TRANSCRIPT
ISUR 8 VIII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
ON UNDERWATER RESEARCH
ABSTRACT BOOK
Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea: general session
Tyrrhenian Naval iconography during the First Iron Age:
origin and evolution of the Etruscan ships.
Francesco Tiboni1
Naval iconography of the Tyrrhenian First Iron Age represents the most important evidence
on which we can base a realistic idea of how and when Etruscan shipbuilding tradition was
born.
The almost absolute lack of direct evidences of wooden wrecks, in fact, only partially filled
by some wreck-sites of northern Tyrrhenian area, do not permit us to find precise
correspondence between ancient literary sources and technical Etruscan solution. Neither
the studies based on a transposition in the past of modern solutions, essentially based on
presumed ethnographic vicinities, give us enough elements to interpret original Etruscan
crafts.
After a short analysis of different approaches, in this paper, the author presents a general
revision of the first iconographic evidences of proto-Etruscan and Etruscan iconography,
trying to isolate original features and characters.
The study presents a possible evolutionary line based on formal and structural analysis of
clay models and painted vase. All these evidences are then examined in the light of cultural
and historical changes involving Tyrrhenian and Etruscan area during the First Iron Age.
The author presents then an analysis of technical and cultural elements based on the
information supplied by ancient authors as well as on technical data achieved through the
archaeological study of wreck-sites.
The cross study of the details obtained through the iconography, the sources and the
wrecks, allows to trace a general evolutionary line from the birth of local Etruscan
shipbuilding, to the entrance of Tyrrhenian area into Magno Greek cultural sphere of
influence.
1 CCJ, UMR7299, Université Aix- Marseille I
Lead ingots from the sea. New data on the exploitation of the Iberian mines
through an epigraphic approach
Michele Stefanile2
The analysis of the epigraphic records from the towns along the Eastern coast of the Iberian
Peninsula, in the Late Republican and Early Imperial Ages, allows to highlight an important
component from Campania within the well-known flow of people that spread into the new
provinces of Hispaniae after the Second Punic War to exploit the newly conquered
resources.
Inside this vast and complex phenomenon at the basis of the Romanization of the Iberian
Peninsula, new data come from the marked lead ingots moulded in the minerary district of
Carthago Nova and found in most cases in the cargoes of shipwrecks sunk in the Western
Mediterranean: the analysis of the gentilitia attested on the already known ingots, together
with the data from those of minor interest for the scholars or from those recently discovered,
thanks to the comparison with the epigraphic corpora of the towns of the Iberian and Italian
peninsulas, permits to reconsider the scale of the Campanian component in the context of
the Iberian mines exploitation, and to update our knowledge on the subject.
At the same time, all this shows clearly, in the scenery of the ancient Campania, the
importance of the Auruncan area of Teanum and Cales, in addition to the Gulf of Naples,
and to ask new questions about the role of ports such as those of Minturnae, Sinuessa and
Volturnum, besides that of Puteoli, in the new maritime routes established between the
Campanian area and the Iberian West.
2 Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, Dipartimento Asia Africa Mediterraneo
The circulation of the Amphoras Lamboglia 2 in the South Adriatic
An evolving synthesis from the underwater archaeological
researches in the Albanian coast
Adrian Anastasi3
Although theses for the production and circulation of Amphora Lamboglia 2 on both shores
of the Adriatic Sea that circulate in the academic world in the begining of ‘70s, they have
touched tangentially, the economic relations that the South coast of Illyria had the other
part of the Adriatic in this period. The finding of these amphoras in the Albanian coast during
underwater archaeological research, as the cases of wrecks "Dyrrachium I", "Dyrrachium II",
"Sazan I" etc., or as isolated material in protected areas of the shipping dock, shed light on
reports of this coast to that of Puglia. The dynamics of sinking of those wrecks goes in favor
of the thesis that the circulation of these amphoras in south-north direction of the eastern
coast of the southern Adriatic, also does not exclude the possibility of imitation of these
amphoras and the production in the ateliers of Dyrrachium and Lisus. . This synthesis of the
results and should be considered in evolution and preliminary, pending confirmed by
petrographic analysis of samples.
3 Institute of Archaeology. Department of Antiquity. Tirana, ALBANIA.
The building techinques in the medieval ports
Alessandro Luciano4
The spread of pozzolan (pulvis puteolanus) in the first century BC led to the birth of great
ports in the most important cities of the Mediterranean area. The piers and the pilae that
protected them were usually built in opus caementicium, by using the system of wooden
arcae described by Vitruvius. In Middle Ages, the abandonment of opus caementicium, the
lack of economic resources and the spread of northern-European building techniques led
to the construction of wooden ports, with docks resting on poles. Several examples can be
found at the northern-European rivers or lakes (Dorestad, London, Hedeby, Birka, Kaupang),
where Medieval trades developed, but more rarely, even in Italy. However, the Roman
techniques were not forgotten, but simplified by Medieval architects. The filling materials of
Vitruvian arcae, for example, became pseudo-cementitious. Consequently, the perpetual
hold of the wooden elements became necessary, while in Roman times the arcae were
removed when the mortar solidified.
Particularly widespread in Middle Ages were the waterfronts, wooden pilings less common
in Antiquity. The poles were hammered with the capra, a machine reminded by Medieval
sources but probably used for centuries. Elements of piers were usually tied by leather strips
or ropes made of a resin extracted from linden, vegetable fibers or flexible branches of
willow or oak. The ropes were tight by the knots usually used by sailors and strengthened
by wooden wedges, called warrokes in English historical sources.
4 Università degli Studi di Napoli “Suor Orsola Benincasa”
Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea: Northern Italy
The Stella River as a University laboratory for an “Archeologia delle acque”
Massimo Capulli5
In Northeastern Italy, there was a network of rivers, man-made canals, and lagoons that
connected the populations of the southern base of the Alps to the sea. The inland waterways
of this area played an important role in the development of the region by providing the
means for an efficient transportation system. The Stella River was the most important of
these waterways. It is a resurgence river that, emerging from its underground course not far
from the Alps, runs towards the Marano Lagoon, connecting a rich and long inhabited
landscape to the sea. It is also crossed by the Via Annia, a Roman road built in the II century
BC, and its economic importance is attested throughout its rich recorded history.
For these reasons, the Stella river has been chosen as a privileged place to create a project
of “archeologia delle acque”, called Anaxum as the roman name of the river. It is born
from the partnership between the Department of History and Preservation of Cultural
Heritage at the University of Udine and the Superintendence for the Archaeological
Heritage of Friuli Venezia-Giulia, to reconstruct the history of the area, focusing on the
relationship between man and landscape of the Stella River through the time. The research
is based on existing documentation, non-invasive methods and targeted excavations.
Important scientific institutions are involved in the project: Texas A&M University and INA,
for the nautical aspects; University of Trieste and Padua, for the geophysical and
geomorphological researches, Macquarie University of Sidney for the remote sensing.
The heart of the project is an interdisciplinary research team that uses the Stella River as a
university laboratory for the training of underwater, nautical and wetland archaeologists. At
the same time, the field of Riverine Archaeology benefits from the development of
innovative and integrated geophysical techniques, which will be applied in the future to the
study of other waterways.
5 Dipartimento di Storia e Tutela dei Beni Culturali - Università di Udine - Institute of Nautical
Archaeology
Underwater archaeology in the Venice Lagoon: new researches in San
Leonardo in Fossa Mala
Alessandro Asta6, Rossella Cester7
In 2010 Venice Authority Port approved the project of re-excavating a part of the
Malamocco-Marghera Canal, in the central Venice Lagoon, due to conditioning caused by
the recent increase of the size and tonnage of the merchant ships and oil tankers.
Along the Canal there are some archaeological sites, partially investigated in the last 40
years, so the Ministry for Culture – Veneto Archaeological Office imposed to realize new
underwater investigations, that permitted to gain some more information about these sites,
among which is the important remains of the San Leonardo in Fossa Mala monastery.
6 Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto
7 Studio Associato Bettinardi - Cester
Alpha Project: interdisciplinary research for an
Archaeological Map of Venice lagoon
Massimo Capulli8, Luigi Fozzati9, Alessandro Pellegrini10
Alpha project is a multi-disciplinary research oriented to study history and archaeology of
the Venice Lagoon in order to realize an archeological map that can be useful even as a
cultural resource and as a tool for territorial planning. This project has been realized by
Andreia Studio Associato between 2004 and 2007, in collaboration with Servizio Informativo
of Magistrato Alle Acque di Venezia and under scientific direction of NAUSICAA, that is the
Dump and Underwater Archaeology Section of Northern Adriatic Coast Italian Ministry of
Cultural Heritage and Environmental Conservation.
The research was conducted in the North of lagoon, between S. Erasmo Island and Santa
Caterina’s Swamp, where are the most ancient human settlements, the largest part of
which are submerged nowadays.
This work collected different kind of data: information produced by over twenty years of
archaeological research, contained in literature review or stored in Soprintendenza’s
archives, and new data obtained by underwater investigations realized with surveys and
excavation tests. All these data have been finally organized in a geodatabase for GIS
applications.
8 Dipartimento di Storia e Tutela dei Beni Culturali - Università di Udine - Institute of
Nautical Archaeology 9 Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto
Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea:
Central and Southern Italy
The Neronian harbour of Anzio (Roma): new archaeological research in 2013
Annalisa Zarattini11, Simon Luca Trigona
During the building of a new protection dock in spring 2013, the Soprintendenza per i Beni
Archeologici del Lazio carried out new survey activities on the structures of the roman
harbour of Anzio. The research consisted of underwater surveys along the two roman docks
and the creation of a new vector drawing of the first segment of the western dock, for 130
mt in length. The drawings have been realised with the combined use of aerial shots taken
from a radio-controlled quadcopter and instrumental metric surveys, the traditional
measurement approach used for graphical characterization of underwater elements. The
graphical data obtained, together with the aerial-satellite shots and the cartographies
available, have been inserted in the GIS environment.
The archaeological news which came to light, mainly concerned the planning prospective of
the harbour. In particular, the satellite shots highlighted the presence of an external 10 mt
wide defensive wall, running up to the headboard of the western dock. Another interesting
aspect involves the dock's building, based on concrete jetties in reinforced moulds,
following a square modulus of five cubiti each side. The planning model of the roman
engineers must have proceeded with juxtaposition of geometrical elements adapted to the
technical requirements emerged during the construction of the jetties.
Finally, the underwater survey along the entrance of the harbour has pointed out a wide
area clear of concrete structures and characterized by scattered tiles, potteries (essentially
amphoras) and metal elements.
10 Andreia-Studio associato per l’archeologia delle acque 11
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Lazio
Reversing the perspective: Roman maritime villas from the sea
Michele Stefanile12
The maritime villas, which were mainly built along the Thyrrenian coasts of Italy, starting
from the Late Republican Age, have often been the subject of scientific works of major
importance, mainly focused on their architectural features and on the historical events
related to their owners, mostly very eminent men of the Roman élite. Despite this
abundance of studies, recently converged in very remarkable works of synthesis, the history
of the relationship of these villas with the sea is still largely to be written, and an accurate
documentation of the structures originally built by the sea or directly in it -now totally or
partially submerged- is still missing. These archaeological remains, often exposed to the
erosion, and heavily damaged, are of considerable interest, and constitute in many cases the
results of an impressive architectural effort, with the aim of adapting the shape of the coasts
to the needs of the men, towards the “ultimate victory of the land on the sea” that the
Roman villa maritima itself simbolizes. It is therefore necessary to invert our traditional
perspective, studying the villas from the point of view of the sea, through the techniques of
modern maritime archaeology, and to proceed to an update of the literature on the subject,
focusing our efforts on a comprehensive approach that can overcome the limits imposed
by the current shoreline.
12
Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, Dipartimento Asia Africa Mediterraneo 13 Soprintendenza ai Beni Archeologici di Napoli
New underwater archaeological discoveries in Posillipo (NA ): for a review of
the archaeological map of Gunther
Paolo Caputo13, Filippo Avilia14, Rosario Santanastasio15
In January 2013, on the occasion of harbor works in the area of Riva Fiorita , cove /Villa
Volpicelli (Posillipo / NA) , were found submerged archaeological structures . These are likely
to be connected to structures of a coastal accommodation related to one of Roman villas ,
which are located along the coast of Pausilypon hill in Roman period . The structures, in all
probability, are to be identify with a rampart of defense against storm surges; other
quadrangular structures nearby are probably related to a fishpond.
No wonder the presence of this kind of structures on the site in question, as a preliminary
analysis of satellite photos has brought to light the ancient submerged structures , which
are also likely related to other maritime villas along the coastal line extended from Riva
Fiorita Cave to Palazzo Donna Anna. Under the geological point of view, in fact , the
phenomenon , already known for other parts of the Gulf of Naples, is attachable to
subsidence, which characterizes the area.
The discovery is a new element to the archaeological plan drawn up by Gunther in the early
'900 and at the same time contradicts the hypothesis of the hypothesed coastal path
assumed by the scholar (not identified either by direct observation or by the same satellite
images ) and instead confirms the theory of 'the existence in Posillipo of a road "running on
the top of the same hill, developed with diverticula transverse to the coast. These paths are
still to be identified in some of the "Cupe (dark streets”) of the same hill": it happens so in
the case of Riva Fiorita, where the roman submerged stuctures are located in a small bay at
the end of the street Ferdinando Russo, an ancient “Cupa” road certainly witnessed since
the Middle Ages, but plotted with each probability on a oldest path . The current research is
part of a larger work that the Soprintendenza will develope along the Phlegraean and the
Neapolitan coast, based both on historical data, historical and recent aerial photographs ,
and finally on direct analysis in the occasion of maritime private and public works.
14 O.T.S. – underwater and naval archaeologist
15 Marenostrum - Archeoclub d’Italia
Routes and landings on the coast of the Cilento: Licosa and surroundings from
mythical suggestions to archaeological data
Salvatore Agizza16, Angela De Filippis17
The stretch of Cilento coast between Agropoli and the Cape of Licosa is an area rich in
archaeological and mythical elements that offer many opportunities both to
considerations relating to the most ancient sea routes connected to mythographical
tradition of Sirens from Hellenistic period. Especially the research tries to reread the
oldest sources relating to this portion of territory, the area of Licosa, is Licofrone, to
Promontorium Enipeum.
Along the coast in the archaic period are attested numerous and widespread traces found
in different archaeological contexts in Agropoli, Tresino, Licosa some of which pose many
question marks related to the localization of sacred areas or of lighthouse-shrines.
From the Hellenistic age the framework offered by the archaeological data changes the
feature and the vocation of coastal settlements, affected by the changes of new models
proposed by the hinterland.
The Roman conquest and the rise of harbour infrastructures, manufacturing and the
increase residential characterize the coastal territory and the island itself in a much more
obvious and deep, placing them in a common template in the Roman Mediterranean
world, featured by the development of fish farming and infrastructure related to them .
The research aims, using data from archaeological and geomorphological literature, to
reconstruct the ancient landscape and the impact that human occupation had on it,
across the sea, up from very ancient times.
16 Independent Researcher 17
Independent Researcher 18 Centro Studi Interdisciplinari Gaiola onlus
MPA Gaiola Underwater Park (Naples, Italy): a study on sea level variation and
landscape modification through geo-archaeological analysis
Maurizio Simeone18, Caterina De Vivo19, Paola Masucci20
The Gaiola Underwater Park is a Marine Protected Area situated along the coastline of the
Posillipo Hill, in the Gulf of Naples. The site is located in the Phlegrean Fields that were
densely inhabited during Roman Age. This area is strongly affected by a tectonic-volcanic
phenomenon called bradyseism, which causes vertical crustal movements and relative sea
level variation. For this reason, on the seabed of the MPAs lie the remains of a I century B.C.
Roman villa (called Pausilypon), like fishponds, harbor and thermal area. At the beginning
of the XX Century R.T. Gunther carried out the first systematic research on this ancient ruins.
From 2005 the CSI Gaiola onlus in agreement with Management Authority of MPA
(Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli) is carrying out new studies in geo-
archaeological field, to improve the knowledge about this area. Firstly the roman
underwater structures have been mapped and the collected data have been processed with
ArcGis software. The archaeological and geomorphological analysis show how the present
landscape has been strongly modified during the centuries by human activities and volcanic
phenomena, so a project aimed to the reconstruction of the ancient landscape was carried
out. Specific underwater surveys were realized to estimate the relative sea level change since
Roman times using archaeological markers, and to reconstruct the coastline of the Gaiola
Underwater Park in pre-roman and roman period.
The aim of the presentation is to show the results of this work.
19 IMT Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca 20
Centro Studi Interdisciplinari Gaiola onlus
New survey of the Roman port of Punta Fuenti (Vietri sul Mare, SA, Italy):
an interpretative hypothesis
Paolo Pecci
This presentation is the result of the survey project that I carried out for my MA Dissertation
Thesys at the archaeological site of Punta Fuenti, on the Amalfi Coast in Italy. The focal point
of the site is a Roman port structure, a pila, placed in protection of a bay. The aim of the
thesis was to understand the function of the pila and of the entire site, expanding the
research previously carried out in the area.
This has been achieved with a strategy that consisted of two phases: the bibliographical and
archival research for historical, geographical and archaeological information on the site, and
the operational phase of fieldwork consisting in a new survey of the area.
The survey itself was divided into two phases, including both the geophysical prospecting
and the scuba diving research. The aim was to broaden the focus to the entire area, already
suspected of being a small Roman port. The use of this strategy has allowed to classify with
certainty and precision the site’s historical, geographical and archaeological
characteristics, and produce new elements to develop a new interpretative theory.
Furthermore, fieldwalking activity on the slope overlooking the site brought to light new
data, whose possible correlation with the underwater remains is the next step of
investigation and study. The research work carried out sets itself as a starting point for
further studies on the site and for its future restoration and valorisation, with an eye to the
legal controversy that is causing delays and carelessness to the area.
21
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli 22 Naumacos s.r.l.
Monitoring of geomorphological changes and adaptations in the anthropic
landscape of ancient and modern Phlegraean coast
Paolo Caputo21, Gabriele Gomez de Ayala22, Rosario Santanastasio23
The monitoring and reconstruction of places of the coastal area of Campi Flegrei is due
to an agreement between the Special Superintendence of Naples and Pompeii and the
Association of Marenostrum Archeoclub of Italy (2009).
Findings emerged from two aspects: by Torregaveta and in the Gulf of Pozzuoli, where
they are considered to be areas of Poggio Beach, Strum Island and Punta Epitaph, which,
over the past 2000 years, to human action, but also to phenomena the first, related to a
reconstruction of geo- archeology sites and monitoring, resulting in a study of the
evolution of the coastline considered in a morphodynamic way.
For this activity we made use of surveys carried out in 2010/2012/2013, from which they
emerged, among other things, extensive evidence of instability along coastal cliffs, the
second literature references, surface relief and differents as well as the use of a
monitoring system for a long time. In addition, you are done, recently, three-dimensional
sonar surveys of the seabed adjacent to Punta Pennata ( Naumacos ) aimed at takes into
account of naturalistic engineering and traditional, that ' involved .
The area is located along the coast of the province of Naples, in particular understanding
the morphology of the seabed ( bathymetry and density, texture and hardness of the
seabed ) and a volumetric estimate of the collapses that occurred over time.
It is then geo - archaeological rebuilt the coast, according to findings from articles of
likely anthropogenic placed in a morphologically subject to erosion and difficult to
interpret, however, also in relation to the context of belonging.
Finally, the interpretation of the dynamics events has permit us to identify and develop
an evolutionary reconstruction of places.
23 Marenostrum, Archeoclub d’Italia
The AMP of Baia - Underwater Archaeological Park, between restoration, new
monitoring technologies and interventions for the valorisation.
Paolo Caputo24, Filomena Lucci25, Gabriele Gomez de Ayala26
Many promotional activities are carried out with the aim of raising awareness of the value
of a marine protected area. Baia is characterized by several natural and archaeological
evidence, therefore projects are multidisciplinary.
Ciclayack project has allowed people to cross nature trails to admire archaeological remains,
then paddling on submerged archaeological park and understand the relationship with the
remains of land.
A regular meeting "Venerdì di Baia" takes place in the Castello di Baia, to share knowledge
and promote the cultural and scientific activities that take place in Baia.
The "Venerdì di Baia 2014" will have as its theme the landscape in all its forms of expression:
literature, architecture - urbanism and archeology, an invitation to reflect on the underwater
landscape.
One of the most important studies is the understanding of ancient architecture that has
found its most sophisticated expression in Baia, even new construction techniques have
been developing in Baia with the use of the pozzolana and lapillo.
A decades of study of urban development and a constant survey of submerged structures,
now make it possible to better understand the city of Baia, also, after years of study,
observation, and careful investigation, we are introducing the “Architecture of the Water”.
An interesting project of the Ministry of Environment, is building a networkof monitoring
instruments for marine protected areas, the project will allow 24H surveillance and the
identification of all the nautical activities that will be organized in protected areas.
24
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli 25 Architect, MA. Ancient Architecture, Restoration and Consolidation Designer
Underwater discoveries around Capri island
Vasco Fronzoni
Capri island has always attracted the attention of the classical world, equally divided
between Greek and Roman culture. History teaches us that for over three decades, Capri
was the center and the capital of the ancient world, becoming the residence of Augustus
and Tiberius. Positioned at the center of the Tyrrhenian Sea and located between the Gulf
of Naples and Salerno, the island has been constantly destination of maritime trades and
the subject of strategic interests.
The witness and the history of those navigators who have crossed thousands of years
around the island emerges from underwater findings made in the course of several years.
26 Naumacos s.r.l.
Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea: Sicily
Underwater researches in Filicudi 2007-2013
Philippe Tisseyre27
As a result of research carried out by M. Bound and U. Spigo in the Aeolian Islands , in
1993-95, no other research submarine was scheduled to Filicudi. The only, but not
completed, was the top search backdrop of the islands of Panarea and Salina, with
spectacular results, partially published in 2009-2010 by the American foundation Aurora
Trust, but the short passage to the research vessel at Filicudi was not published. The
research Filicudi was therefore virtually stop the work of U. Spigo , converged in the book
" 10 years of research at the Aeolian Museum ." It was a volume whose final part was
devoted entirely to a discussion on the research carried out by G.Kapitan , M. Cavalier , D.
Lopes , M. Bound , to verify the presence or absence of relics of the Secca of Capo
Graziano , keeping in mind the critical lesson conducted by M. Cavalier on some of them,
often cited but never officially found .
During the years 2007-2013, the Superintendent of the Sea has verified the reports and
findings made during the creation of the archaeological and natural path on the Secca of
Capo Grazian , while for three consecutive years were carried out reconnaissance around
the island : The work presented here brings together all of these data, merged into the
GIS of Superintendence of the Sea.
27
Soprintendenza del Mare 28 Giano SNC, Pisa
San Vito Lo Capo underwater project: campaign 2013
Francesco Marco Paolo Carrera28, Marco Bonaiuto29, Sebastiano Tusa30
The San Vito lo Capo Underwater Project started in 2013 and its aim is to survey the
seabed of the Gulf of San Vito lo Capo (Sicily Italy) in order to map his archaeological
evidence.
Since the early 80s the gulf area was investigated both surface and underwater. The IAS
(Institute of Underwater Activities of Palermo) has focused attention on the areas with
the highest concentration of artifacts. Investigations have brought to light the high
archaeological potential of the area and allowed the discovery of some wrecks and
materials dating from the fourth century BC and the sixteenth century AD.
Under the supervision of the Soprintendenza del Mare, in the 2013 companies Giano snc
and SeaDiver srl have undertaken a systematic surveys project in order to produce a map
of the archaeological potential of the gulf and to connect the data available to areas not
yet investigated. The project is divided into several annual campaigns.
During the first season, through the use of the underwater tracking system RuNa, we
documented 118 items belonging to a horizon of time from the seventh century BC to
thirteenth century AD.
In order to identify the nature of the contexts were performed statistical analysis of the
distribution by crossing the variables of type, cronology, position and fragmentation. It
was possible to identify some concentrations pertinent to an areas of harbor and other
to probable wrecks including one of the first century BC and one of the seventh century
AD.
29 Giano SNC, Pisa
30 Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana
“Accipe fastosum garum…”: the Porto Palo di Menfi (AG) shipwreck from
excavation to museum
Mauro Curti31, Francesca Oliveri32, Sebastiano Tusa33
Found at about 250 meters from the small harbor of the fishing village of Porto Palo, on the
coast of Agrigento, the Punic-Roman Porto Palo shipwreck has been the subject of several
campaigns of archaeological investigations from 1997 to 2007 by the Sicilian Cultural
Heritage Department for Underwater Archaeology.
Although the rocky bottom, together with the shallow depth and exposure to waves, has
not allowed the preservation of the wooden structures of the vessel, the cargo recovered
pottery types are mainly represented by numerous amphorae belonging to the types
Dressel, 1A and 1C, and the types Maña C2.During the washing and sieving operations , the
amphorae have returned as contents crushed murex shells and fish remains; vertebrae and
fish scales testify the trade of the allec , a cheap product derived from the filtering of garum,
the well-known and popular fish sauce, widespread in the ancient world.
The presence of waterproofing matter on the interior walls of the amphorae testifies to the
reuse of these transport containers: after a primary use for the wine trade the amphorae
were "recycled" for the transportation of other food products.
These data allow us to hypothesize that the ship sank in Porto Palo carried out coasting
trade between Sicily and North Africa in a chronological period between the end of the 2nd
century and the beginning of the 1st century. B.C.
31
Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana 32 Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana
The Roman conquest of Pantelleria island
Leonardo Abelli34
In 1997 the Università degli Studi di Bologna, with the assistance of the Soprintendenza per
i Beni Culturali ed Ambientali di Trapani, archaeologically surveyed the Island of Pantelleria
(Sicily), in order to understand Punic and Roman settlements distribution. Part of the island
was colonized only since the 3rd century BC, when Pantelleria became strategic for
controlling the Sicilian Channel. In 2011 and 2013, systematic surveys and excavations were
produced in Cala Tramontana and Cala Levante by Pantelleria Ricerche, in collaboration with
Soprintendenza del Mare – Regione Siciliana, allowing to identify a Punic anchorage located
between the 50 and 90 meters depth marks. Lead anchor’s stocks, Punic amphorae, lead
ingots and 3500 Punic bronze coins were among the artifacts recovered. Such evidences
support the hypothesis that the anchorage may be related with the first Roman conquest of
the island dated to the 255 BC. Also part of the project was the re-establishment of an
underwater archaeological trail located in Cala Tramontana.
33 Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana
34 ARES archeologia, Ravenna
A possible submerged pre-neolithic site in Pantelleria island
Maria Vittoria Agosto35
Although Pantelleria was known since the Neolithic as one of the source of obsidian across
the western Mediterranean, there are no significant archaeological clues for that period. The
first faint frequentations are dated to the Chalcolithic, whereas, the first settlement is dated
to the Bronze Age. Many obsidian artifacts were instead found in the northern terraces of
the island, sometimes together with imported flint artifacts.
The several underwater archaeological surveys, carried out in the last decade around the
island, offered the opportunity to study shipwrecks and submerged deposits. In particular,
the discovery of hundreds of red flint artifacts, recovered at a depth between 18 and 22 m
at Cala Tramontana, suggests that Pantelleria was reached by sea in a still more ancient time
period.
The preliminary study of the finds from Cala Tramontana reveals the presence of a debitage
characterized by cores and flakes without any specific morphology. This low degree of
standardization can be connected to the first effort of chipping and shaping out the flint, or
the attempt to adapt to a raw material unknown. The first underwater geological and
geophysical surveys, carried out in May 2013, have offered new perspective. The debitage
of Cala Tramontana may be connected to a former paleo-beach, existed approximately
between 7.7 and 10.4 ka, when the inner part of the bay was not yet submerged by the sea
and thus suitable for small boat landing and exploitable for human purposes.
35 ARES archeologia, Ravenna
Recent investigations along the coast between Marsala and Mazara (TP)
Francesca Oliveri36
The seabed of the coast between Mazara del Vallo and Marsala, the western part of Sicily
facing nearby Africa have yielded evidence of frequent shipwrecks, occurred at different
times, the most famous of which can be considered the Punic ship kept in the Baglio Anselmi
Museum or the equally famous "Sister Ship" .
The area is characterized by strong currents that cause considerable difficulties for
navigation, so the that it is full of testimonies that could offer excellent opportunity for
scientific research, as well as tourism development . In this perspective, the Soprintendenza
del Mare has been gathering for years all the scattered data into a single georeferenced
database, named SIT, which offers a constantly updated picture of the underwater cultural
heritage of Sicily. This paper wants to present some finds of the recent past in the two
contiguous areas of Capo Feto and Petrosino.
36 Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana
Marine Biology
One year monitoring of sandbar shark from a special
environmental protection area in Turkey
Hayat Filiz37, Anil Gülşahin38
Sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827), individuals in the Boncuk Bay shark
protection area were observed, counted and photographed via snorkelling using
underwater visual census method. The study period was between 01 March 2013 and 28
January 2014. A total of 24 field studies and 120 free diving observations (FDOs) were made.
FDOs have taken place 2 times per month between 0700 and 1200 hrs. The surface seawater
temperatures were measured on an average as 21.36 ± 4.63, with a minimum 15.61 ºC
(March 2013) and a maximum 27.90 ºC (August 2013). Sandbar sharks were observed at
temperatures over 20° C in the area with salinities 36.18 and 40.50 ppm. Most of the
observations occurred in K4 area (34.8%), followed by K3 (25.9%), K2 (20.7%), K1 (9.6%), and
K5 (8.9%). Sharks are active in the morning hours between 0700 and 0859 hrs (72.6%). We
encountered sandbar sharks 39 times in 120 FDOs, and totally 135 individuals were counted.
37
Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University (MSKU), Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla, Türkiye 38 Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University (MSKU), Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla, Türkiye
Monitoring of the coastal ecological system and GIS implementation
for an interdisciplinary approach to the preservation of the
MPA Gaiola underwater park
M. Simeone, P. Masucci, P. Barani, P. Psodomakis, C. De Vivo,
D. Giordano, M. Cannella, O. Saccone
From 2010, it has been implemented a plan for the biological and environmental monitoring
in MPA Gaiola Underwater Park, aimed at data acquisition on the evolution of the ecological
system conditions, in order to verify the efficacy of the preservation activities. The biological
relevance and the presence of underwater archaeological remains had been taken into
consideration. The study activity was finalized to obtain a complete description of the
valuable and the critical elements of the MPA; geo-morphological, biological and
archaeological data had been analyzed together with data related to the illicit actions
damaging the Park. Dive samplings have been realized through visual census, a low impact
method particularly appropriate for MPA surveys. Survey data had been analized using
ArcGIS software, a Geographic Information System useful to realize a Bionomic Map. This
approach had allowed to identify high biological interest sub-areas in the MPA: Gaiola and
Cavallara sub-areas. On both this sub-areas further analysis had permitted to acquire more
information about the facies distribution in the Coraligene biocenosis (to protect in
according to RAC/SPA of Tunisi), and the particular habitat characterized by the
archaeological underwater remains.
Special session: archaeological researches in Turkey
Antalya Underwater Archaeology research - 2013
Hakan Öniz39
“Archaeological Underwater Research on the Coast of Antalya” project that was launched
from 2009 until 2013 with the contributions of Turkish Underwater Archaeology Foundation
and several municipalities. During the research performed with the co-operation of Antalya,
Side and Alanya Museums, shipwrecks from different periods, harbours, anchorages,
mooring stones, lead stocks of wooden anchors, several kinds of iron anchors and stone
fishing sinkers have been found. These remains are usually indicate to Bronze Age,
Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantion Periods and may indicate wide maritime activity between
West and East Mediterranean coasts.
Alluvial filling in the harbour of Alanya
Özgun Başibüyük40
Alanya is a town on the South of Anatolia, which has a coast next to Mediterranean, which
is connected to Antalya. The history of the town dates back to ancient times. After a long
historical journey and load, Alanya has come to these days. It shares some of these traces of
the history with us and it keeps the others to itself. Works made has showed that bottom
structure on the wide perimeter of the Shipyard structure which is important for Alanya
today and which is still standing, has hid historical richness. On the Works, it has been
revealed that the sand covered the top of ceramic parts. Maybe, Alanya is already ready to
share his mystery with us.
39
Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey 40 Adnan Menderes University, Ayden, Turkey
Archaic shipwreck at Kekova Adasi
Cengiz Zor41, Umut Can Kazanlioglu
Running North-East to South-West, Kekova Adası (Kekova Island) is situated South of the
modern towns of Ucagiz (ancient Teimiussa) and Kaleköy (ancient Simena) in the area of
Lycia, which is today part of the Antalya region of southern Turkey. Ceramics from Archaic
periods were found in the Shipwreck. Just what agricultural product the jars carried is
unclear, but evidence from the early Archaic period raises the possibility of their role in the
transport of olive oil , fruit , vegitable , wine. The Shipwreck have not full body of ceramics.
Contextual finds and general morphology indicate a date for 7th- to early-6th-century BC.
41 Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
Archaeological researches out of Italy
The harbour of Carthago Nova. Harbour archaeology, urbanistic and
geoarchaeology. An approach from the maritime archaeology
Felipe Cerezo Andreo42
The ARQUETOPOS project of the University of Murcia, led by Professor Ramallo seeks to
study the paleo-topography of the Mediterranean city. This is a multidisciplinary project in
which are working geologists, geomorphologists, topographers, archaeologists and
palynologists in order to restore the landscape evolution during the Holocene. Within this
project we are conducting studies of maritime spatial analysis, harbour and underwater
archeology as part of my work as a PhD thesis. Through this paper we present the method
of work and the first results and hypothesis about the harbour of Carthago Nova.
42 Universidad de Murcia
Al-Gharb port of trade
Alessia Amato43
This study is aimed to define its own characteristics within the chronological sphere of the
Muslim occupation on the Iberian Peninsula and particularly on the development which
involves the Southern region of Portugal, bound between the low Tejo (Lisbon) and the
Algarve. The analysis of the relationship between this People and the sea with its
components precedes the period of the great conquest, which see the Christian Reign of
Portugal engaged in an area beyond the Ocean – from the end of XV Century onwards –
anyway engaged outside the Mediterranean basin and in the classical circuits that have had
their exclusive attention until that time. During the Islamic period, VIII-XIII, one sees the
vitality of the port cities, with the development of nautical activities, including naval
construction in shipyards mentioned by Arab authors, such as Al-Razi, Al-Bakri, Ibne
Mozaine and al-Idrisi. Various descriptions made by Arab historians and geographers with
a common vision of these territories considered as a prolongation of the eastern Arab world
reachable through North Africa and most likely via navigation along the coast. Besides
nautical artifacts such as lead anchor stocks, evidence from Portuguese waters included
Muslim imported and exported products also found in archaeological excavations on the
seaboards and on land. Some of the cities are Lisbon on the Tagus river, Alcácer do Sal on
the Sado river, Silves on the Arade river, Tavira on the Ria Formosa and Mértola, on the
Guadiana river. Those provide important information regarding the capacity of overseas
transport and regarding social, economic, and cultural factors relating to marine activity.
43 Universidade de Coimbra
Firearms, edged weapons and parts of uniforms on board HMS St. George
Georgios Karadimios44
This paper will present the firearms, edged weapons and parts of the uniforms belonging,
majorly, to the Royal Marines that were deployed on board HMS “St.George”. HMS
“St.George” (second rate-Duke class) was designed by John William and was initially
commissioned on the 8th of October of 1787. The vessel’s service record
since then includes various missions, like the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801
even though it didn’t participated in the actual sequence of the event. From 1807,
“St.George” was deployed with Admiral’s Saumarez Baltic fleet, protecting the British
convoys in the area. On the 24th of December 1811 the vessel was wrecked in the West
Coast of Jutland having lost its rudder and severely damaged during the sail.
“St.George” is located 2km south of Thorsminde and 1km from the coast. More
specifically, it lies on a bottom composed of a mix of mud, sand and stone less than 10 meter
of water. The first underwater investigations started at the end of the 19th century when
divers attempted to salvage 2 cannons together with two bells. During the decade of 1970
divers inspected the wreck which was covered by sand.
The next decade a survey was carried out by the Skibhistorisk Laboratorium in
cooperation with the Delfino diving club as to estimate the condition of the wreck. From
1983, when the first organized excavation was carried out, until 1997 many artifacts were
recovered from the wreck. Among them were those that will be presented in this paper.
Concerning the artifacts the first category included firearms. Two major types were studied
which are muskets and pistols. The majority of them were recovered in an excellent
condition of preservation. Moreover the interesting fact is that we have British, Prussian and
one Danish musket on the artifacts. Additionally spare fittings from the muskets and the
pistols were associated with the first category. Continuing with the second category in that
edged weapons were enlisted including cutlasses, scabbards and complete weapons of that
type. The third and last category complied with badges, leather belts, parts connected with
44 University of Southern Denmark, MA
them and lead shot cases. Most of those artifacts belonged to the Royal Marines that were
deployed on board.
To conclude the variety of all these categories of artifacts consists of a group that,
according to the Regulations of the British Admiralty, should not be expected on board.
Apart from that the wreck of “St.George” itself offers many opportunities for further
underwater research.
Forming and evolution of the Smerdyachee lake, Moscow region
S. Fazlullin45, A. Tarasov, P. Groznodumov
There is an unusual lake in Moscow region. It’s formation caused many disputes. The
meteoritic origin of this object, which occurred not earlier than 10000 years ago, is
considered the most probable. Lake is located in 10 km to the north of Roshal city in the
little-inhabited area of the Moscow region.Lake surrounded by the circle rim, which raised
above it to 4-5 meters. Diameter of depression of the rim - 340-380 meters. Diameter of the
lake - 250-280 meters. Depth of lake is approximately 30 meters. At the depths of 5-25 m
the bottom of lake has a form of funnel with the steep slopes. In 1985 scientists supposed,
that the lake had meteorite crater. Several scientific and amateurish expeditions
investigated this
In February 2014 Russian Geographical Society with the support of several scientific and
specialized organizations (Institute of oceanology Russian Academy of Science, Moscow
State University, Russian Underwater Activities Confederation) conducted research
expedition. The lake was covered with ice (40 cm thickness). Expedition conducted the
studies with diving method and collected several bottom mud samples, measured
temperature, electrical conductivity and oxygen in the lake. We collected water samples in
the deep part of the lake, from surface to bottom. Mini-rover was used for study the
45 P.P. Shirsho’v Institute of Oceanology, Russia
characteristics of the lake. The structure of surrounded circle rim studied by geo-radar.The
materials of expedition gave us possibility to do some assumptions on the evolution of the
lake. Because of the impact of meteorite, deep funnel had formed. The upper water-
confining stratum of the water-bearing horizon destroyed. As a result, of this impact water
containing hydrogen sulfide (hence and name, that it indicates bad smell) entered the lake.
In the 20's of the last century in Roshal city chemical industries started. It required a large
quantity of water from the water-bearing horizon. The level of the bedding of ground water
became deeply. As a result this the aqueous nourishment and regime of the lake changed.
Ecological studies of the 80th showed that there were many fish in the lake, and the visibility
of water was 6-8 meters. Because of bankruptcy of chemical factory at the end of the 90's,
the usage of underground water stopped. The level of the lake changed. The coastal forest
tract flooded. From time to time, especially in the period of autumnal and spring
reconstruction of hydrological structure, small animals and birds died because the hydrogen
sulfide, which was in the water. Report contains the materials, which illustrate our scientific
hypothesis.
Tourism and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
MPAs as cultural resources. The creation of local network for
the awareness of Baia and Gaiola underwater park
Paolo Caputo, Giovanna Ayr, M. Trimarco
Over more than ten years since creation of Underwater Parks of Baia and Gaiola – Marine
Protected Areas, the Superintendency for Archaelogical Resources of Naples, as Authority
Manager, has launched not only projects focused on its provisional functions of
conservation but also research and documentation programs concerning the archaelogical
and biological resources; educational programs aimed to awareness and knowledge in the
fields of ecology, biology and underwater archaelogy; projects for increasing and enhancing
the local economic activities, first of all the tourist activities (diving centres, restaurant …).
The aim has been to consider the two MPAs such a place where local institution and citizens
could have a lifelong learning approach and an exchange on the sustainable use of sea
resources and underwater heritage. All activities carried out by Superintendency of Naples
have involved different target of clusters and they aim to demonstrate that the human
presence in the areas isn’t forbidden but just regulated according to the different grade of
safeguarding.
Archaeological diving tourism: a development
opportunity in Campi Flegrei area
Cristina Canoro46, Francesco Izzo47, Kaireen Keller48
Archaeological tourism in Italy attracts many visitors each year, but archaeological diving
tourism (ADT) is still a niche market. In recent years, it has been growing and unique sites
like the Underwater Park of Baia (Davidde, 2002) are attracting even more people. A great
richness of underwater archaeological sites is situated in Southern Italy and, paradoxically,
it is here that there are greater political and economical limitations on sustainable tourism
development (Melotti, 2006). Diving tourism represents an extraordinary development
opportunity for the territory and, in particular, ADT could impact positively on the local
communities.
The aim of the paper is to investigate and evaluate the strategic positioning of the
Underwater Park of Baia within the wider frame of the Campi Flegrei, highlighting best
practices in promoting and valorising the site, as well as to profile visitors and understand
their behaviour.
For this purpose, we have used archival and web survey data as collected through structured
interviews which have allowed us to identify the drivers of experiential tourism development
and the strategic positioning of the Park within the archaeological area of Campi Flegrei.
This study provides insights into comprehensive ADT dynamics and suggests implications
for managers, entrepreneurs, policy makers and researchers to enhance the effectiveness of
the collaboration between academics, diving managers, non-profit organizations,
hospitality entities and cultural institutions; a cooperative network that enables an
integrated and sustainable development strategy for the area whilst increasing the
competitiveness of the Park as destination for the growing ADT.
46 Economy Department, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, Research Fellow in
Marketing Strategy 47 Economy Department, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, Professor in Strategic
Management of Innovation 48 Centro Sub Campi Flegrei, International Relations Manager
New technologies for Underwater Archaeology
Remote sensing as a research tool in underwater archaeology: its value and
likely applications in the Italian panorama
Massimiliano Secci49
The last five years, in Italy, have witnessed a growing flux of resources, both economic and
human, towards the research in and experimentation of what are often wrongly labeled
‘new technologies’. The potentialities of remote sensing, thanks to ever advanced
systems, place themselves within various aspects and sectors of underwater archaeology
research. Site identification functional to the creation of updated underwater archaeological
charts. The ability to monitor underwater cultural heritage preservation in a quick manner,
satisfactory time and resource consuming wise. The ability, with the latest generation
devices, to obtain individual underwater sites or resources mapping particularly accurate
and easily transposable in 3D reconstructions or visualizations useful in terms of underwater
cultural heritage enhancement and public access. The present paper aims to analyze the
value and wherewithal of remote sensing in underwater archaeology as produced within the
Italian research framework with a specific focus on the underwater cultural heritage
management aspects.
49 Research Fellow
Dipartimento di Storia, Scienze dell’Uomo e della Formazione
Università degli Studi di Sassari
Instrument and methodologies for underwater 3d surveys
L. Repola, R. Memmolo, D. Signoretti50
In the research started within the SINAPSIS project of the Università degli Studi Suor Orsola
Benincasa an underwater stereoscopic scanning aimed at surveying of submerged
archaeological sites, integrable to standard systems for geomorphological detection of the
coast, has been developed. The project involves the construction of hardware consisting of
an aluminum frame supporting a pair of GoPro Hero Black Edition cameras and software for
the production of point clouds and the initial processing of data.
The software has features for stereoscopic vision system calibration, reduction of noise and
the of distortion of underwater captured images, searching for corresponding points of
stereoscopic images using stereo-matching algorithms (dense and sparse), for points cloud
generating and filtering.
Only after various calibration and survey tests carried out during the excavations envisaged
in the project, the mastery of methods for an efficient acquisition of data has been achieved.
The current development of the system has allowed generation of portions of digital models
of real submerged scenes. A semi-automatic procedure for global registration of partial
models is under development as a useful aid for the study and musealization of sites.
50 Università degli Studi di Napoli “Suor Orsola Benincasa” 51
Università della Calabria 52 Former ISCR – Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro
New technologies and tools for the documentation and restoration of
submerged archaeological sites
Bruno F.51, Gallo A., Muzzupappa M., Barbieri L., De Filippo F., Angilica A., Petriaggi R.52,
Davidde B.53
, Ciabattoni M., Mancinelli R., Lucci F., Gomez de Ayala G.54
, Caputo P.55
In the context of the CoMAS project (www.comasproject.eu) a partnership of private
companies and public research centers is developing new materials and tools for the
documentation, restoration and conservation of submerged archaeological artefacts. This
paper describes some of the undergoing activities of the project related to the
documentation and restoration phases.
For the documentation step, an opto-acustical 3D reconstruction system is under
development. It will be used to monitor the conditions of architectonical structures and to
organize the subsequent operations of restoration and conservation. Some preliminary on-
site experimentations of 3D dense stereo reconstruction have been conducted in the
shallow archaeological site of Baia (Italy) focusing the attention on two portions of the so-
called “Villa con ingresso a Protiro” and “Villa dei Pisoni”. The obtained 3D
reconstruction has been used in a software application that allows for the visualization and
the exploration of the models in order to study and simulate the possibility to adopt a
Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for maintaining the submerged structures.
For the restoration phase we have designed and realized some electromechanical devices
that support the cleaning operations that are intended to remove the living organisms
(algae, sponges, molluscs, etc.). These organisms cause severe deteriorations of the artefacts
and their removal is crucial for the subsequent phases of consolidation and protection. The
experimentation of the new devices has been carefully documented by acquiring, through
3D reconstructions, some quantitative measurements of the effectiveness of the cleaning
procedures.
53 ISCR – Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro 54
Naumacos 55 Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli
Geophysical survey of the near-shore sea bed off Villa del Pezzolo Roman
ruins (Sorrento Peninsula, S. Italy). Preliminary results
Pietro Aucelli, Aldo Cinque, Francesco Giordano, Gaia Mattei
This paper describes the results of a geophysical survey of the underwater extension
(maritime annexes) of Villa del Pezzolo archaeological site (Marina di Equa, Sorrento
Peninsula). As the ruins on-land show, this Roman seaside villa was destroyed by Vesuvius
eruption in A.D. 79 and the following alluvial events adding meters of reworked pyroclastic
on the Rivo d’Arco coastal plain and pushing the shoreline ahead (Cinque et al. 1997,
Cinque e Robustelli 2009)). During the 2nd Century the villa was reconstructed on top of the
mentioned alluvial body (building phase 2). The latter was subject to frontal dismantling by
wave erosion and, by the 3rd Century, the resulting sea cliff reached very close to the villa,
imposing new re - adaptations and reinforcements (building phase 3).
In order to recover data about the possible underwater prosecution of Villa del Pezzolo
ruins, a detailed geophysical investigation was carried out in the immediate offshore of the
area (0.5 to 7 m water depth). It included the use of Side Scan Sonar (SSS), sub–bottom
Profiler (SBP) and Single Beam Echo Sounder (SEBES), plus diving inspection of some
selected targets (Giordano et al 1995, Gordano 2010). The use of such non-invasive
techniques provided substantial information on both the morpho-bathymetry and the
stratigraphy of the submerged area at issue, permitting to better reconstruct the coastal
change occurred here since the 1st century a. C.. Moreover, the obtained SSS mosaic and
SBP profiles allowed to identify – among others - some artificial elements to be interpreted
as ruins of the harbour that served the Villa during the first and third stages of its history.
56 Giano S.N.C. - Pisa
Integrated systems for positioning, communication and multimedia
underwater operations: from Ru.Na to Nautilus
Francesco Marco Paolo Carrera56
In the years between 1998 and 2005, during an underwater archeology thesis discussed at
the University of Pisa, was made the underwater Differential Positioning System device
called Ru.Na. It aimed at tracking underwater diving, at the positioning and the survey of
archaeological artifacts during systematic research of the seabed at low and medium depth
(tested from 0 to 40 meter). The first application took place in 2005 during the exploration
of the “Relitto dello Scialandro” and the measurements on the site of the “Relitto del
Faro” in San Vito lo Capo (Sicily Italy). In following years it has been used successfully to
map dispersions of archaeological materials during the survey of the seabed near the
eastern side of Cape San Vito (“Sito delle Macine” and “Sito Romano VII”). The system
up to the present remained at the prototype stage, it will see its implementation in a new
device, an underwater tablet called Nautilus, which allow to inspect the diver position on the
seabed, to communicate with the surface and to record data in form of photos and text
during the dive.
Teti: Integrated Technologies for the Sustainable Management of the
Underwater Cultural Heritage
Davide Agostoni, Cléry Bionaz, Roberta Finotti, Matteo Ravasi, Elena Redaelli,
Alessandro Sala, Mattia Speziali
Basing on the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage,
the project deals with the design of an integrated system of safety, security and
musealization considering two main fields of intervention: the fruition of the underwater
heritage and its conservation. The Underwater Archaeological Itinerary of Capo Graziano
(Filicudi, Sicily) was used as a case study and represents a model that can be easily applied
to any other site.
The first issue is the fruition of the site, aiming not only to foster direct visits but also to let
non-divers access to the area. In order to assure the safety of visitors, a system of
hydrophones tracks the position of any present diver and the installation of optical fibers
provides a visual indication of the path. Moreover, the indirect fruition is supported by an
existing museum on dry land.
The second theme is the conservation of the archaeological site and its findings, considering
also the marine protected area safeguard. Some of the most effective techniques have been
studied for the artifacts in situ conservation: cathodic protection for metal objects and
solutions for the prevention of biofouling on plastic materials were developed. Security is
addressed as well, thanks to the installation of an intrusion detection system based on the
recording of the bubble noise emitted by scuba divers.
The underwater museum is completely sustainable in terms of energy. It is equipped with a
floating system of photovoltaic panels and a device for the exploitation of wave energy.
57 Legni e Segni della Memoria spa, Salerno
Innovative experiences about the restoration under water archeological wood
Giovanni Gallo57
During the first phase, the rudder and the stern chock have been documented and
catalogued, through drawings to determine the arboreal species and the MCW. After this
phase, the samples have been washed, brushed and plunged in a tank for the preparation
to buffing . The concretions on the wood, of calcareous and siliceous nature, have been
removed to a great extent through packings. Afterwards, the archeological finds have been
submitted to a desalination treatment and, later, to a sterilization phase, accomplished in a
discontinuous vacuum cell, useful to assure the demolition of the charge of pyogens,
damaging to the wood, and to improve the impregnation phase.
Subsequently, the parts have been predried through a vacuum process, compling with
appropriate temperature, pressure and moisture parameters in vacuum cell. After this
operation, it has been accomplished the impregnation phase, through the plunge of the
finds in an aqueous solution of polysaccharides. In consequence of this treatment, the wood
has been submitted to a thermal treatment, in damped air atmosphere, to take it to the
drying process and dehydration for decompression. Completed the drying phase, the finds
have been conditioned in air- conditioned chambers.
Safety in Underwater Research
Safety rules for the development of a Cognitive Autonomous
Underwater Buddy (CADDY)
S Murat Egi58, Guy Thomas59, Massimo Pieri60, Danilo Cialoni61,
Costantino Balestra62, Alessandro Marroni63
The commercial divers are often monitored by Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) to
increase safety and operational efficiency. However, recreational and scientific divers may
also operate in harsh and weakly monitored environments in which the slightest unexpected
disturbances, technical malfunctions, or lack of attention of a diver can result in catastrophic
consequences. The ROV's cannot be used in these cases due to the increased mobility of
the SCUBA divers. The aim of the CADDY project is to develop a multi component, highly
cognitive underwater robotic system capable of learning, interpreting, and adapting to the
diver’s behaviour and physical state to increase the safety and the efficiency of SCUBA
diving.
One must also be careful about the use of robots in the vicinity of the divers since they may
impose additional safety measures. Such concerns are outlined for ROV's by safe code of
practices of IMCA and ADC but not for AUV's. So, the CADDY project must include the
development of safety rules to be used while diving with AUV's as well. This task will be
active during four periods of the CADDY project. During the first period, the existing vehicles
that will be adapted for the purposes of the CADDY project are evaluated regarding safety
issues. This will mainly focus on the vehicles’ maneuvering capabilities as an indicator of
whether the vehicles are safe to be used for interaction with divers. The hazards of ancillary
equipment such as scaling LASERs and acoustic modems or relocators are addressed as well.
58 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy; Galatasaray University, Istanbul
59 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy
60 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy
61 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy
62 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy; Haute Ecole Paul Henri-Spaak, Environmental,
Occupational& Ageing Physiology Laboratory
63 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy
Tentative modelling of the bubble filtration function of the
lungs during decompression
JP Imbert64, SM Egi65, T. Ozyigit66, P Letellier67
Decompression modelling involves different phases of inert gas exchange and bubble
growth. An attempt was made to identify underlying mechanisms to decompression
sickness (DCS) and in particular the specific role of the lung in bubbles filtration.
A database was built with 603 DCS reports recorded during commercial diving operations,
covering air and heliox, surface supplied and bell diving. The symptoms were grouped
according to the Comex 1974 Medical Book.
An analysis of the database using Two Step Cluster Analysis and Ward's Method yielded
three naturally grouping clusters of DCS; while our previous study with recreational diver
Decompression Illness (DCI) database resulted in four clusters. The difference in commercial
diver database and recreational database might be due to several facts such as:
1. Recreational database includes dysbaric illnesses related to gas expansion as well such as
arterial gas embolism, lung barotrauma, emphysema etc
2. Recreational diving database cases rarely had treatment facility on site; which delays the
treatment and onset additional symptoms.
3. Recreational cases are derived from multiple centers with different diagnosis practice.
The study of the symptom onset delays at surface suggested that these 3 clusters involved
two underlying mechanisms: one related to venous bubbles and another to arterial bubbles.
The two mechanisms can combine to each other. They are also inter-related. The database
permitted characterizing the transfer function of the lung that describes the way venous
bubbles can become arterial. This model brings a new understanding on DCS occurrence in
commercial diving.
64 Divetech, 1543 ch des vignasses, 06410 Biot, France 65 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy; Galatasaray University, Istanbul 66 Galatasaray University, Computer Eng Department, Beşiktaş, Istanbu 67 Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques (LISE, UPR15), Université Pierre et
Marie Curie, case 133, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 PARIS Cedex 05, France
Unusual Cnidaria Envenomations
Özgür Deniz Tezcan68
Cnidaria with more than 10,000 living species are the largest phylum of toxic animals.
Cnidocyst toxins can induce a wide variety of local and systemic reactions. All cnidaria
species are potential stingers for humans. Most of these cause local tissue reactions like
erythema, necrosis, piloerection and localized lymphadenopathy. Long-term reactions are
keloid, fat atrophy, hyperpigmentation, gangrene and vascular spasm. Rare types of
intoxication are paralytic ileus, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, renal failure, peripheral
vasospasm, parasympathetic dysautonomia, peripheral sensory neuropathies and localised
hyperhidrosis. While scyphozoa and cubozoa are well known marine stingers, the stinging
capacity of anthazoa and hydrozoa are less known.
Our experience (Ö.D. Tezcan, S. Sarp. 2013) is an example, showing that there are still marine
intoxications waiting to be explored even in the Mediterranean. People using the sea for
recreational or professional purposes should be alert about the diverse toxic effects of
cnidaria.
68 American Hospital, Istanbul
Poster Session
The underwater sites of Cala Tramontana and Cala Levante in the island of
Pantelleria: the amphorae and the pottery
Roberta Baldassari
The archaeological investigations carried out since 2008 in the seabeds of Cala Tramontana
and Cala Levante in Pantelleria, leaded to discovery the remains of underwater sites which
refer to the frequentation of the bay in the first half of the III century B.C., in the period of
the first Punic War.
The pottery assemblage is concerning two different chronological contexts. The first one
consists in the internal sites of the landing area of Cala Tramontana, dated to the first half of
III cent. B.C., with principally punic Carthaginian transport amphorae, a few italic amphorae
and pottery (blacktop red cooking ware, black glaze ware). The tunisian production of the
main amphorae type found have been confirmed with archaeometrical analysis. The same
amphorae association it is found in other shipwrecks of the west coast of the island: Cala
Gadir, Punta Pozzolana and Kattibuale.
The second context is in the deep water sites of Cala Tramontana dated to the first half of
the II century B.C., with punic amphorae and some italic amphorae. The same amphorae
associations are in the underwater sites of Cala Gadir and Porto of Pantelleria.
I propose a brief quantitative and chronological analysis of the pottery of the sites, in
relation to the archaeological context of the island and the routes of the Central
Mediterranean.
Abundance and Distribution of C. andromeda (Forsskål, 1775) [Scyphozoa,
Cnidaria] by Scuba Diving in Muğla, TURKEY
Nurçin GÜLŞAHİN, Ahmet Nuri TARKAN, Anıl GÜLŞAHİN, Halit FILIZ
Gökçen BİLGE
The study was performed monthly between September 2011 and October 2012 in Muğla
which is the province with the longest coastline of Turkey. Divings were carried out at 18
stations, in Gökova Bay (4), Güllük Bay (2), Marmaris Bay (5), Hisarönü Bay (2), Fethiye Bay
(3), Bodrum (1) and Datça (1). Cassiopea andromeda which is the first lessepsian scyphozoan
species reported from the Mediterranean, lives upside-down on the sandy and muddy
bottom of the sea floor. Therefore, abundance and distribution of this species were
determined by scuba divings. Quadrate method was used in divings. Individuals were
counted in quadrats of 10m2 (5m x 2m) and countings were averaged and calculated to
numbers of individuals per 100 m2. C. andromeda was observed between April and
November when the water temperature was high (18,08°C - 29,76°C) in the area. Also,
zooplankton abundance began to increase from May. Abundances of C. andromeda were
maximum from May to October when zooplankton peaked. Maximum abundance of C.
andromeda was 72 ind./100m2 in June at station Güllük 1. Mean abundances of the species
according to the stations changed between 0,86 ind./100m2 (Güllük 2) and 16,79 ind./100m2
(Marmaris 2). According to our observations, C. andromeda distributed seasonaly
depending on water temperature and well established in coasts of Muğla. The aim of the
study was to determine distribution of C. andromeda using the method of scuba diving in
Muğla. This study was supported by Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Scientific Research
Project Coordination Unit with 12/14 project number.
Diving Observations for Lost Fishing Gear in the Gökova Special
Environmental Protection Area (SEPA), (Muğla, Turkey)
Anıl GÜLŞAHİN, Gökçen BİLGE and Halit FİLİZ
Ghost fishing is deaths of aquatic organisms, caused from lost or derelict fishing gears that
maintaining the functions without human control. Lost fishing gear and gear parts are the
most hazardous types of marine debris pollution for marine life. The problem of lost fishing
gear is getting worse due to the increased scale of global fishing operations and the
introduction of highly durable fishing gear made of long-lasting synthetic materials.
In this study, we determined the location of lost fishing gears and which type bottom
structure cause the disappearance of the nets in Gökova SEPA. Diving surveys were
conducted at 10 locations to locate and identify lost fishing gear. As a result of observations,
we found lots of fishing gears which include gill nets, trammel nets, long lines and fish traps.
Diving observations in 10 stations showed that fishing gear lost was occurred intensively on
rocky areas. The amount of gear lost annually probably increases with increased fishing
effort.
Lost fishing gear and parts should be removed from the bottom of the sea. Retrieval projects
should be coordinate in Gökova SEPA.
International Fields School of Underwater Archaeology - San Vito lo Capo
Marco Bonaiuto, Francesco Marco Paolo Carrera
The underwater archaeology field school took place in San Vito lo Capo (Sicily Italy); it is
focused on mapping concentrations and distribution of archaeological material in a band
of the Gulf where in previous years many important sites ranging from roman to medieval
era were indentified.
The course is designed not only to students and professionals in the field of archeology, but
also to recreational divers .
The training course is within the standards established by the National Academy of Scuba
Educators (NASE Worldwide) for the achievement of specialty "Archaeology Diver" and is
divided into lectures, practical exercises in preparation for operations on archaeological
sites, training dives and working dives. During this course, participants have the opportunity
to collaborate actively in the San Vito lo Capo Underwater Project, a systematic survey of
seabed in the Gulf, and gain experience in experimental systems of investigation and
documentation: underwater positioning systems, three-dimensional scan through the use
of camera, geographical information systems, database, sidescan sonar. Are also carried out
exercises with traditional methods of surveying and documentation.
Antifouling methods for submerged Archaeological sites
Mauro F. La Russa, Silvestro A. Ruffolo, Andrea Macchia, Barbara Davidde, Sandra Ricci,
Paolo Caputo, Alessandra Bonazza, Gino M. Crisci
Marine fouling plays a fundamental role in the degradation of underwater archaeological
sites. Limitation of fouling activity and its damages are one of the most critical issues for
archaeologists and conservators. The common cleaning procedure, consisting in the
manual removal of fouling, requires a continuous maintenance, while a proper inhibition of
biological colonisation would provide a long-time protection against biofouling. On the
other hand, the most used antifouling paints, especially for ship hulls, show considerable
toxicity level. Since submerged archaeological sites are often included in environmental
protected areas, more eco-friendly products must be used. A preliminary study was focused
on the characterization of degraded archaeological materials, in order to deepen the
understanding of degradation mechanisms. After this activity we are paying our attention
on the protection issue.
Setting up antifouling methods for materials, that have to be conserved in underwater
environment, represents a scientific and technological challenge. We are exploring several
solutions to be applied on object collected from the water, conserved and then, exposed in
submerged archaeological sites. A more complex issue is represented by the elaboration of
antifouling treatment directly in underwater environment.
The Role of Lighthouses in Antiquity
Giacomo Pullano
This dissertation has the purpose of evaluating the role of ancient lighthouses during the
Roman period. The study had the goal of comprehending such structures in a
comprehensive way.
Firstly, practical aspects have been evaluated; ancient navigation has been described in
order to emphasize the importance of lighthouses for the orientation of ships. Furthermore,
according to their position, such structures could have different meanings. From a
technological standpoint, it has been noticed that these buildings were modelled on
different shapes and constructed with different materials. However, from an examination of
the representations of ancient lighthouses and of the archaeological remains, it emerged
that they had common features. Finally, ancient lighthouses have been assessed from a
symbolic perspective. They were connected to the political and religious worlds. During the
Roman period their depictions were used on the one hand by rulers to project messages of
propaganda; lighthouses were a symbol of safety/peace associated with the afterlife.
Thanks to archaeological, iconographical and textual sources this research has pointed out
that ancient lighthouses must be described from different standpoints in order to be totally
understood. To understand the role of these buildings is a complex task and must take in to
account the several meanings which they involve and convey. The study has underlined that
lighthouses during Roman times had not only one but a variety of roles, all characterized by
a strong communicative component. Thus, ancient lighthouses played a fundamental role
in communicating practical, political, religious and commercial messages.
Abstract Book of the VIII International Symposium on Underwater Research
Handling editors:
Archaeology [Italy and Western Mediterranean]: Michele Stefanile
Archaeology [Turkey]: Hakan Öniz
Marine Biology: Bulent Gozcelioglu
Safety in Underwater Research: S. Murat Egi
Version 2.3 - Last edited 24.3.2014