it 390 business database administration

© 2006 ITT Educational Services Inc. Course Name: Business Database Administration Unit 4 Slide 1

IT 390 Business Database Administration

Unit 4 :

Using MS SQL Server

2000 Key Features


Objectives

• Review installation options• Review how to create a database• Create and Manage logins with Transact SQL and Enterprise

Manager.• Explain how to create and manage logins.• Apply Key commands and features of Microsoft SQL Database

Server and Transact SQL• Create and manage tables, views, indexes, stored procedures

and triggers.• Describe basic concurrency control features and techniques.


A Quick Review of a couple of Key Concepts!!

• SQL Server 2000 can be installed on: Windows 2000 and Windows XP workstations Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003

• There are two ways to create database, to insert data, and to modify its structure: Use the GUI SQL Server Enterprise Manager Write SQL statements and submit them to SQL Server via

the SQL Query Analyzer utility

• Many SQL Server professionals choose to create structures via SQL then modify them with the graphical tools


View Ridge Gallery

• View Ridge Gallery is a small art gallery that has been in business for 30 years

• It sells contemporary European and North American fine art

• View Ridge has one owner, three salespeople, and two workers

• View Ridge owns all of the art that it sells; it holds no items on a consignment basis


Application Requirements

• View Ridge application requirements:

Track customers and their artist interests Record gallery's purchases Record customers' art purchases List the artists and works that have appeared in the

gallery Report how fast an artist's works have sold and at

what margin Show current inventory in a Web page


View Ridge Gallery Database Design


The IDENTITY Keyword

• SQL Server supports the SQL-92 standard• The IDENTITY keyword implements a new constraint for

surrogate keys: IDENTITY (m, n) creates a surrogate key with an

Identity Seed of m and an Identity Increment of n:CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER(

CustomerID int NOT NULL IDENTITY (1000,1),

Name char(25)NOT NULL,

CONSTRAINT CustomerPK RIMARY KEY (CustomerID),

CONSTRAINT CustomerAK1 UNIQUE (Name)

);


SQL Server Enterprise Manager

Right-Click Databases, then use New Database… to create a new database


Creating a Database

Type in the new database name, and

then click the OK button.


SQL Query Analyzer:Starting SQL Query Analyzer from Enterprise Manager

Use the menu command

Tools | SQL Query

Analyzer.


•You can use the CREATE TABLE command to do the following:

Create a new table. Create a new table with columns.

• You use the CREATE TABLE command to create a new table. The syntax for creating a new table is:

CREATE TABLE <table name>

DDL: Using the CREATE TABLE Command


Creating a Table Clearly

• The clear syntax to create a new table is:

CREATE TABLE <table name>( <column name1> <data type>, <column name2> <data type>)


Activity • Write the SQL statement to create a table named

BookIssue. The column descriptions of the table are:

Field name

Data type Description

iIssueID int Primary key

iBookID int Foreign key to iBookID column of the Books table

iMemberID

int Foreign key to iMemberID column of the Members table

dIssueDate

DateTime Not Null

dReturnDate

DateTime Null

mFine int Null


Solution

CREATE TABLE BookIssue (iIssueID int PRIMARY KEY,iBookID int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Books(iBookid),

iMemberID int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Members(iMemberID), dIssueDate DateTime NOT NULL, dReturnDate DateTime NULL, mFine int NULL)


SQL Query Analyzer:Creating the TRANS table in SQL Query Analyzer

Use the Execute Query button after the SQL command

is entered.

Enter the SQL command in this window.

Results appear in this

window.


SQL Server CREATE TABLE Statementsfor the View Ridge Schema


PQR is a software consultancy group involved in deploying projects that require back-end storage in a DBMS. The organization has recently bid on a project involving a large number of tables and records that requires multiple user access.

Pedro is responsible for choosing a database to deploy the project. Which back-end application can he use in this situation?

Class Activity


• A login in SQL Server 2000 is a user account with a predefined set of permissions and privileges on databases and database objects.

• For basic logins in SQL Server 2000 you can:

Add a login

Delete a login

Answer: Logins


• The syntax for adding a login is:

sp_addlogin [ @login_name = ] 'login_name' [ , [ @pass = ] 'pass' ] [ , [ @default_db = ] 'db_name' ] [ , [ @default_language = ] 'default_language' ] [ , [ @sid = ] sid ] [ , [ @encryptoption = ] 'encrypt_option' ]

-- Remember the ‘@’ symbol is just a placeholder.

Logins (cont.)


sp_addlogin example for Microsoft T-SQL

EXEC sp_addlogin ‘jonesa’, ‘ilikecocoa’, ‘northwind’, ‘us_english’


Logins with SQL Server Enterprise Manager


• What is the basic syntax (keywords) for dropping and granting logins using T-SQL?

Activity


• What is the basic syntax (keywords) for dropping and granting logins using T-SQL?

Answer

sp_droploginsp_grantdbaccess


XYZ Corp. needs to deploy a large project with a Visual Basic front end and SQL Server 2000 back end. Polly, the DBA, wants to grant different types of permissions to different sets of users. For example, for the group that needs student details, she wants to give access only to the student database and not any other database.

What should Polly do in this situation?

Class Activity


• Roles allow you to collect several users into a single unit for which you can apply similar permissions.

• You can assign a role to a login in a database using the following syntax:

sp_addrole [ @rolename = ] 'rolename'

[ , [ @ownername = ] 'ownername' ]

Roles (Polly should use a “role”)


• A database is a location in the memory where you can store your data.

• Objects of a database are: Tables

Views

Stored Procedures

Triggers

Databases


Views• Views are abstraction of a table, similar to a general view of

an object. In a view only select components need to be retrieved.


Facts about Views• Views are nothing but a query block.• Views get the data from underlying base tables.


Advantages of Views

• Views helps in applying security policy.• Views provide data independence to users.


More about Views• Views are used to implement column and row level

security.• Views can be encrypted to enable enhanced level security

to tables.


Activity

• The HR manager asks the DBA to alter the structure of the aggregates view to add department name. Write a query to alter the view.


Solution

ALTER VIEW aggregates (deptno, dep_name, average, maximum, minimum, sum, no_sals)

ASselect dep_name, dept_no, avg(sal),Max(sal), Min(sal), count(sal) FROM EMPLOYEE

group by dept_no;


Viewing Tablesin Enterprise Manager

Right-Click the table

name, then click

Design Table to

view table columns

and properties.


Viewing Table Columns and Properties in Enterprise Manager

Right-click the white

space and then click Properties

to see table constraints.


Viewing Table Constraints in Enterprise Manager


Creating a Relationship Diagram in Enterprise Manager

Right-click Diagrams, then click

New Database

Diagram to create a

relationshipsdiagram.


Table Relationship Diagram

Right-click a

relationship line, then

click Properties to see the properties.


WORK – TRANS Relationship Properties


Creating Views:By SQL in SQL Query Analyzer

Do NOT put a semi-

colon (;) at the end of a

CREATE VIEW

statement in SQL Query Analyzer!


Creating Views:By GUI in Enterprise Manager


Indexes

• Database Indexes are conceptually similar to indexes found in books.


More about Indexes (Why do we need them?)

• The need for indexes is: To enforce integrity constraints. For faster retrieval of data from tables.


Advantages of Indexes

• Index improves the performance of join queries.• Index increases the performance of query retrieval.


More about Indexes

• For optimizing a database, every table should have a clustered index.

• Only one clustered index can be created per table.


Think about it…

• Is the usage of Indexes appropriate keeping in mind the database optimization factor?


Clustered Index


NonClustered Index


CREATE [UNIQUE] [CLUSTERED | NONCLUSTERED]INDEX index_name ON table (column [,…n])[WITH[PAD_INDEX][[,] FILLFACTOR = fillfactor][[,] IGNORE_DUP_KEY][[,] DROP_EXISTING][[,] STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE]][ON file group]DROP INDEX USER_DB.STUDENT.DEMO_IDX, USER_DB.GRADE.DEMO_IDX


Activity

• The HR manager of Ethnic Blend Inc. asks the DBA to create index on the vEmployeeID column of Employee table. Write a query to create a clustered index on Employee table.


Solution

CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX emp_indxON Employee(vEmployeeID);


Activity

• The HR manager of Ethnic Blend Inc. asks the DBA to create a non-clustered index on Employee table because Employee table is very frequently updated. Write a query to create a non-clustered index based on vEmployeeID on Employee table.


Solution

CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX emp_indxon Employee(vEmployeeID);


Stored Procedure

• A stored procedure is a manageable group of SQL commands that is executed as a single block. You use the following syntax to create a stored procedure:

CREATE PROCEDURE <procedure name>

<parameter list>

WITH RECOMPILE or ENCRYPTION

AS <programming/SQL code>

GO


More about Stored Procedures• The advantages of stored procedures are:

Memory savings

Application integrity

Database

Stored Procedures


Stored Procedures (another advantage is reducing Network traffic)


Of Course, it IS always possible to get the same result without a Stored Procedure, but you will use a lot more Network Bandwidth and Network Resources!


In SQL, stored procedures are classified into three categories. They are:

• System-stored procedures

• Catalog-stored procedures

• Additional stored procedures


Some of the predefined system procedures:

System Procedure Used To:sp_addtype create user-defined data type.sp_foreignkeys view the foreign keysp_helpsql get the syntax help from sql server

onlinehelp.

sp_primarykeys return the primary key column of the table

specified.sp_rename rename the user created object.

sp_dropkey drop a key constraint of a table.

sp_droptype delete a user-defined data type.sp_bindrule bind a rule to a column or to a user-

defined data type.sp_unbindrule unbind a rule from a column

or a user- defined data type.sp_help view information about any

database objects.


sp_addtype Create user-defined data type.

EXEC sp_addtype SSN, 'VARCHAR(11)', 'NOT NULL'

GO

CREATE TABLE ShowSSNUsage (EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, EmployeeSSN SSN, CONSTRAINT CheckSSN CHECK ( EmployeeSSN LIKE '[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]' ) )

GO


More Predefined system procedures for system administration:

System Procedure Used To:

sp_addgroup create groups in the database.

sp_dropgroup drop groups from the database.

sp_addlogin create a login id to connect to the sql server.

sp_adduser create database user account.

sp_droplogin drop a login id from sql server.

sp_lock view details of the lock held on the database objects.

sp_dropuser drop a database user account.

sp_who view the details of the processes and users

running on sql server.

sp_configure view and modify the current settings of sql

server.

sp_defaultdb modify the settings for default database for a login id.


Some of the catalog procedures

Catalog Procedures Used to:sp_column_privileges view the column privilege information of a

particular table.

sp_fkeys view the foreign key information for the current database settings, which includes

foreign key references and disabled foreign keys.

sp_columns view the information of a particular column of

a table.

sp_pkeys view the primary key details of a particular table.

sp_statistics view all the indexes available for a particular

table.

sp_databases view all the databases accessible in the sql

server.

sp_tables view the tables that can be accessed in the

current database.

sp_stored_procedures view the stored procedures accessible in the

sql server.

sp_datatype_info view the details of data type available in the

current database.


EXEC sp_helpuser

What does this do?

Brief Example of a Catalog Procedure


Additional Stored Procedures

Local-stored procedures

Temporary-stored procedures

Extended-stored procedures

Remote-stored procedures

(The main use of remote stored procedures

is to provide backward compatibility)


State Whether each Assertion is True or False

Stored procedures are: a. Stored inside tables.

b. Return values.

c. Are Executed automatically during any database operation.

d. Loaded into memory when they are called last.


Solutions: True or False

a. TRUE

b. TRUE

c. FALSE

d. FALSE


Think about it…

• How are stored procedures processed by the SQL Server?


Solution (Think about it… )

• Stored procedures are created in the current database. They are compiled and if no errors are found then are successfully saved in the database server. When a stored procedure is executed, an application call is made to the database server and the stored procedure is loaded into the server memory. Next time when you again use the same stored procedure, instead of an application call, the stored procedure is accessed directly from the memory.


Class Activity 2

• Identify the system stored procedures from the following.

a. sp_addtype

b. sp_pkeys

c. sp_columns

d. sp_column_privileges

e. sp_foreignkeys


Solution 2

• The system stored procedures are:

sp_addtype

sp_foreignkeys


Can you recognize Stored Procedures from their name?… sp_*

• For Example, the functions of the following system stored procedures are:

sp_help: Enable you to view information about any database objects.

sp_defaultdb: Enable you to modify the settings for default database for a login ID.

sp_dropkey: Enable you to drop a key constraint of a table.

sp_helpsql : Enable you get the syntax help from SQL Server online help.

sp_rename: Enable you to rename the user created object.


Class Activity

• What is the function of the following command?

CREATE PROCEDURE sales_list_procedureWITH RECOMPILEAS

SELECT * FROM sales


Solution

• This procedure displays all the records from the sales table and gets recompiled every time it gets executed.


Class Activity • Create a stored procedure using parameters, which inserts

employee id, first name, last name, designation, and salary in the employee table.

EmpID Fname Lname Desg Salary Available Senior Dept_no

0120 Ron Shin Sales Manager

5000 Yes 40

0121 Nancy Jones Team Leader

3000 Yes 0120 30

0122 Don Alien Team Member

2500 No 0121 30

0123 Jane Wane Team Member

2500 Yes 0124 20

0124 Shelley Mathew Team Leader

3000 Yes 0120 20


Solution

CREATE PROCEDURE emp_insert @empid number(5), @fname varchar(20),@lname varchar(20), @desg varchar(20),@salary number(10)

ASINSERT employee VALUES

(@empid, @fname, @lname, @desg, @salary)


Class Activity • Create a stored procedure using parameters, which lists all

the employees from employee table where the designation is team leader.

EmpID Fname Lname Desg Salary Available

Senior Dept_no

0120 Ron Shin Sales Manager

5000 Yes 40

0121 Nancy Jones Team Leader

3000 Yes 0120 30

0122 Don Alien Team Member

2500 No 0121 30

0123 Jane Wane Team Member

2500 Yes 0124 20

0124 Shelley Mathew Team Leader

3000 Yes 0120 20


Solution

CREATE PROCEDURE emp_desg_query@desg char(10) = 'TEAM LEADER'

ASSELECT * FROM employee

WHERE desg = @desgORDER BY @desg


Triggers

•Triggers are activated automatically in response to certain actions, such as data manipulation. A trigger is executed whenever the table on which it is created is modified using an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE command. • The syntax for creating triggers is:

CREATE TRIGGER <trigger name>

ON <table name> <view name>

FOR <INSERT or UPDATE or DELETE>

AS

< BEGIN {SQL commands} END>


More about Triggers

• Some more uses of triggers are:

Trigger can enforce referential integrity.

Triggers can control updates to a table.

Use of trigger minimize the memory usage.

• Triggers can: Be implemented in business rules. Be associated with tables only.


Activity

• Create an INSERT trigger on employee table, which does not allow the insertion of a duplicate row in the table.


Solution

CREATE TRIGGER emp_insert_triggerON employeeFOR insertASif(select count(*) from employee e, insert I where e.empid=I.pub_id) = 1BEGIN rollback tran raiseerror ('Duplicate employee id',

12,6)END


MORE on Triggers

• An SQL Server trigger is a T/SQL procedure that is invoked when a specified database activity occurs

• Triggers can be used to: Enforce business rules Set complex default values Update views Implement referential integrity actions

• SQL Server only supports INSTEAD OF and AFTER triggers: A table may have one or more AFTER triggers AFTER triggers may not be assigned to views A view or table may have only one INSTEAD OF

trigger for each triggering action• Triggers can roll back the transactions that caused them

to be fired


This is an AFTER trigger on INSERT on the table TRANS.It is will set a default value on AskingPrice.


Triggers:Enforcing a Required Child Constraint

There is an M-M relationship between WORK and TRANSACTION:



• The hard way using two triggers – this one enforces the required child:



• The hard way using two triggers – this one deletes any duplicate transaction:



• A better way using one trigger – this one works with the Work_Trans view:


Concurrency Control

• Three factors determine the concurrency control behavior of SQL Server: Transaction isolation level Cursor concurrency setting Locking hints provided in the SELECT clause

• Locking behavior also changes, depending on whether actions occur in the context of transactions or cursors independently Therefore, SQL Server places locks on behalf of the

developer Locks may be placed at many levels of granularity and may

be promoted or demoted as work progresses


SQL Server Concurrency Options


Summary

• Creating and Managing logins with Transact SQL and Enterprise Manager is a key skill

• There are many key commands and features of Microsoft SQL Database Server and Transact SQL

• Some of these key commands are to create and manage tables, views, indexes, stored procedures and triggers

• Concurrency control ensures that only one user can change a data item at any one time in order to maintain data consistency


Did you understand the key points from the Lesson?

Do you have any questions?

Summary

it 390 business database administration

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new table

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ms sql server

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table commandcreating

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sql query analyzeruse