it and the smart grid, peter will,information sciences institute, usc
TRANSCRIPT
Peter Will USC/ISI 1
IT and the Smart Grid
Peter WillUSC Information Sciences Institute
[email protected]://www.isi.edu/will/
Sources: Wikipedia, US DoE, EPRI, SCE, PG&E etc
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The GridSwitchgear
TransformersPower lines
Command and Control
Electrical Energy
generators
consumers
Every country has one, Many countries are interconnectd
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The US Ideal Grid
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The Actual 3 US Grids plus Canada and Mexico connections
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Grid Statistics
There are more than 3,100 electric utilities: 213 stockholder-owned utilities provide power to about 73% of the
customers 2,000 public utilities run by state and local government agencies
provide power to about 15% of the customers 930 electric cooperatives provide power to about 12% of the
customersAmerica has about 10,000 power plants. The "handoff" from electric transmission to electric distribution usually
occurs at the substation. There are hundreds of thousands of substationsThe distribution system is generally considered to begin at the substation
and end at the customer's meter. Also, in 2,000 localities across the country, state and local government
agencies operate their own distribution utilities, as do over 900 rural electric cooperative utilities.
Virtually all of the distribution systems operate as franchise monopolies as established by state law.
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Power and Grid Control
Area Control OperatorsMajor power plants
“For an ac power grid to remain stable, the frequency and phase of all power generation units must remain synchronous within narrow limits. A generator that drops 2 Hz below 60 Hz will rapidly build up enough heat in its bearings to destroy itself. So circuit breakers trip a generator out of the system when the frequency varies too much. But much smaller frequency changes can indicate instability in the grid. In the Eastern Interconnect, a 30-milli-Hz drop in frequency reduces power delivered by 1 GW. If certain parts of the grid are carrying electricity at near capacity, a small shift of power flows can trip circuit breakers, which sends larger flows onto neighboring lines to start a chain-reaction failure.” from http://www.aip.org/tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-5/p8.html
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Historic Catastrophic Failures
1965 NE blackout2003 Ohio FailureInternational
failures
Typical causes Trees falling on wires Ice build up
– aerodynamic clashes– Short to ground– Increase in load
Operators had only telephone connection to other operators• no sensors, • no real time control• No modern IT So controllable local faults escalated to bring down half of the USA
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Grid Control
Today manualDispatching is human oriented in control rooms,
Phone connected, protection relays blow automatically. A few seconds can avoid a grid collapse
Tomorrow Lots of Architecture work still going on Network simulation, non-linear + narrow stability
regime Real time data, command and control
– SCADA– Use of Grid Computing in Electrical Grid Control
– Distributed Sensing --- Measure everything– Power flow– Multi-phase-angle measurement correlated with
GPS position– Line sag, temperature, moisture
– And AUTOMATE
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Grid Failure Mechanisms
• Power factor and compensation needed• Switchgear, protection relays fail• Transformers, lines overheat, get ice-coated• Problems: line capacity including thermal limits,
line sag, wind induced oscillations, flashover, corona, solar flares (~7% loss --- better cables? superconductor cable?) Up to now, it has been almost impossible to foresee the temperature
distribution along the cable route, so that the maximum applicable current load was usually set as a compromise between understanding of operation conditions and risk minimization. The availability of industrial Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) systems that measure in real time temperatures all along the cable is a first step in monitoring the transmission system capacity. This monitoring solution is based on using passive optical fibers as temperature sensors, either integrated directly inside a high voltage cable or mounted externally on the cable insulation. Source Wikipedia
• Harmonics and Phase unbalance• Command and Control; sense, reconnect, • Hackers and security
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Grid Stability
• All generators must be in synchronism• All generators must be in phase• All generators should supply the same voltage• In practice these conditions do not always apply
Synchronous motors operate at low phase shiftVoltage and power drawn are interrelated too much power drain can cause failure
Multi-phase lines may have differential unbalance due to phase angle loading
Apply capacitors to give a leading power angle
Requires high speed sensor acquisition and a high speed real-time system to close the loop esp. near instability: greater operating margin without hurting the safety factor.
Operating point
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Timing (from Amin)
1-hour-ahead Assure adequacy of resources Identify system bottlenecks
5-minute Assure reliability, efficiency Update control parameters and limits. Look-ahead (about 10 to 20 minutes) Alert system operator and/or hour-ahead cycle
1-minute Maintain efficiency and reliability, as per the 5-minute cycle. Adapt the more recent models
2-second Collect/validate data for use by control area or interconnection including data acquired in the 10-millisecond cycle (PMUs). Perform closed loop controls (Area Generation Control, etc.) Adapt control parameters and limits for faster cycles
1-second Control extended transients (secondary voltage control, etc.) Adapt control parameters and limits for faster cycles
100-millisecond Control imminent system instabilities including execution of intelligent Special Protection Schemes (iSPS) based on adaptive models or criteria identified by slower cycles.
10-millisecond Perform faster intelligent protection actions (load shedding, generation rejection, system separation)
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IT and the Smart Grid: two views
Smart Energy Delivery
Smart use of electricity
Few playersHuge capital investment
All “Silicon Valley” playing
Smart Grid = old grid + Internet
Smart Grid = AI embedded into the Grid
Supply Demand
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Principles of a New Electricity Constitution
• Require Fundamentally Higher Distribution Reliability Standards • Compensate Utilities Based on their Reliability, Efficiency and Customer Service Quality• Enable Municipalities to Control Their Electricity Distribution Infrastructure• Eliminate Restrictions on Smart Microgrids• Provide all Consumers with Time-of-Use Electricity Rates• Establish Truly Competitive Retail Electricity Service Markets
The Goal of the New Grid
Dept of Energy
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A high altitude view: The Open Smart Grid
• We are not designing a technical system, primarily• We are designing a new cyber-physical economy (or
“a new playing field”)• Multiple players• Competing interests• No central control• The problem with economies is they sometimes go
screwy• We do not understand systems of this complexity at
theoretical level• This one needs to work. (nice if the other ones did
too..)
• ( from J WroclawskI, ISI)
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The Target Smart Grid
Steve Pullins, Team Leader for the Modern Grid Initiative at NETL (National Energy Technology Laboratory) notes that there are seven characteristics to a smart grid1. Motivates and incorporates consumers2. Accommodates a wide variety of generation and
storage3. Accommodates competitive markets4. Resists attack5. Matches power quality to needs6. Optimize assets7. Is self-healing
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Bumps on the road to a Smart-Grid
from Clark Gellings, VP of Technology Innovation at EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). Load is growing about twice as fast as transmission
capacity, and has been for over 10 years. Lots of congestion. We’ve modernized virtually every industry in the U.S. except this one –
It is mechanically controlled, No sensors, No information technology, No digitization, It can’t heal itself, We get information about problems too late. And that is just the beginning
This is the IT/Smart Grid Research Agenda.
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Smart Grid Summary
Sense Conditions/Overloads anywhere Load distribution Line-balance in a multi-phase supply Phase angle control Over-current Level of harmonics Sensing: e.g. transformer oil temperature Local outage control Predict the daily and seasonal loads
– short term prediction e.g. tomorrow’s weather, Wildfires, Ice-storms Earthquakes
Take action
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Digital Grid
• The digital grid does not refer to the electrical current. It refers instead to an essentially a self-diagnosing grid infrastructure consisting of intelligent digital sensors.
• The architecture also includes real-time decision support for customers and utilities.
• For example, this often includes smart appliances and thermostats that can automatically throttle energy consumption during peak load periods to avoid the necessity of rolling blackouts, etc.
• Utilities will generally also move towards demand-response pricing models, so that variable rates apply to energy depending on the overall load on the grid (e.g., it will be cheaper to do a load of wash at night during low demand periods).
• It is also possible to build better security into such a grid than currently exists.
• But some want to transmit pulses of energy -- if we had storage
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New Functions
• Remote meter reading • New meters and switches for selective
“shutouts” down to within the home or office• Functions enabled by ubiquitous sensing• New appliances with power cost functions• Proactive control by the utility eg It turns
up/down the thermostat via “Zigbee”• Fault detection, repair and recovery
• Two way power eg use your Prius for storage
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Smart Meter
• Olden days: a person read the meter monthly• Now, smart meters can be read much more often• What can you find out if you mine this data? A great
deal• The Honeywell research on the instrumented house
Mats by each bed, measure when coffee is made, take showers etc to get a load profile
Utility could do experiments• What if such data were widely available?
– Older people would say no– Young people, the Google generation, may not care about privacy – Use of the data in social networking– Drive for the common good – Block parties to celebrate the biggest energy saver in the
neighborhood– Finding marijuana farms by monitoring 24/7 electricity usage?
• Is this all good?
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What is tomorrow’s meter
• The meter is multi-functional:• A power measurer
a LAN controller probably
• A tarriff indicator• A cell phone for calling home and for remotely
loading software a secure cell phone
• An ad hoc network router on a broadcast wireless r.f. band
• A security system with security detection rules with security mitigation rules
• The meter is a now a very complex device and the key to Utilities entering the home, business.
See
http://www.sce.com/nrc/videos/smartconnect/smartconnect.html
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Energy dashboards for your home
http://earth2tech.com/2009/04/14/10-energy-dashboards-for-your-home/
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http://www.google.org/powermeter/images/howitworks.gif
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Information Technology
In the beginning, there were serially reused big expensive computers that held “corporate” information
Then multi-terminal time shared computers to give access to corporate information
Then small real-time computersThen non-TCP/IP networked
computers for business, IBM in 1974 mantra was DB/DC
Then the IBM Personal Computer
Then Internetted PCsThen Cloud Computing that
comprises blocks of computers holding “corporate” information
Moore’s Law has reduced the cost of hardware by a factor of 2 every 18 months for~40 years
Throwing hardware at a problem is a good thing
Software costs have risen.
The lines of code per day has remained the same while the cost of a programmer has risenA suite of VLSI CAD tools is $1 million per user + maintenance
Clouds: single clouds and clouds of clouds
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All new applications always use the latest version of IT’s hot topics
Hot Topics Today
The Web Federated Services Cloud Computing Cybersecurity AgentsSystems of Systems SOA SAAS JAVA AJAX XML DAML RTOS
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The World Wide Web
• Everything is stored, • Everything is available --- if you can get the URL to it• The WWW has changed
everything in IT• The WWW has, by design, Redundant Multi-Path Routing
Note• The Web is built on the voice based phone system that was designed for the minimal # of switches between subscribers, therefore it has a high physical internal connectivity
Webearth from www.ibiblio.org/.../de2007/webearth.jpg
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The US Grid
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Grid and Internet Networks
• The Grid and the Internet are networks. The Grid is partially a graph, partially tree-structured
• Node connectivity, k = ~2.7 The distribution of k is a power law
• Both Grid and Internet are “small world” networks “by design” Path length is about the log of the number of nodes Sociology showed 6 nodes from anyone in the US to
anyone else• In both :--- • Failures occur when a node is overloaded
This causes the load to be taken up by other nodes that get overloaded and fail etc., etc.
• Failures can be caused by taking physical action• Failures can be induced by software
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A Top Level Issue
• The Grid grew incrementally around big ac power stations that were not too far apart geographically Big users relocated near big sources of power
– 1900 Carborundum to Niagara Falls– 2000 Google to Bonneville
• You have just seen the Grid and the Internet Not best for fault isolation, recovery
• Is the Grid topology the best one?
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IT: Scaled, Layered Architecture
Get sensor data from Grid and from ResidencesPut commands for control
Store User data, usage history, fiduciary, Serbanes-Oxley
Billing through Google Smart two-way Meters
Generators, substations, line state, switchgear, connections to businesses, homes
Application Layer
Middleware Layer
Physical Layer
The Electrical Grid
The Internet
The Grid
Grid and Cloud Computing
Apps
Faster response
Slower response
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Smart Energy Web Vision
Cap banks Reclosers Switches Sensors Transformers Meters Storage
Substation Wires Customers
Servers Data storageWeb
presentmentTransactions Modeling
Smart agents
Intelligence
Energyinfrastructure1
Communications infrastructure
2
Computing / information technology
3
Business applications –“Smart EnergyWeb”
4
Generation / supply
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Energy information network
Fiber/MPL RF Mesh Home Area Network (HAN)
Broadband WWAN 3G Cellular
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SCADA
• SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. It generally refers to an industrial control system: a computer system monitoring and controlling a process. The process can be industrial, infrastructure or facility based industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes source Wikipedia: SCADA Real time control, Real time operating systems, Embedded processors Technically the technology is real-time programming of
embedded processors, interrupt processors, with time critical programs in very low level languages including as low as Assembler and even in native instruction language.
Generally task switching in Windows and MacOS are not fast enough, nor is Linux or UNIX. Use proprietary RTOS eg from robotics or write your own monitor
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Grid Problems IT and the SMART GRID
Supplying enough clean power
Base power Fast reacting power Distributed power
Distributing the power to the user
Minimizing outagesSmooth recovery methodsDistributed ControlSecurityMicro and Mini-gridsAdvanced Power MeteringSystemic control of power
usage by consumers--really local brown-outs
Measure Everything
• The Grid fails when there is a current overload --- sense the voltage amplitude and current phase everywhere, GPS located, in real time• Prevention of cascading faults --- AI, modeling and real time prediction, million element simulation, non-linear d.e.’s • Prevent too much reactive power --- add in the right sense, replace capacitors• Prevent Instability when the solar and/or wind farm percentage exceed 10 to 15%
• solar and wind are harmonically impure and have large amplitude fluctuations • added power must be locally phased and synchronized to milli-degrees
• Connect the Grid for Data. Connect via Internet or via the power lines? Guaranteed delivery? • Security Once connected, the Grid becomes the Ideal Target for Terrorists so there are immense Security problems
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Agents
• Old idea going back to Actor ideas in the ’70’s
• More and more popular, many conferences today
• Not used in a big system as far as I know Eg WWMCCS, Air Traffic Control … yet
• Can you guarantee stability of a network of agents??
• Was the recent Wall Street crash due to Agents going unstable?
• Azimov’s Laws for Agents, anyone?
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IT Research-Smart Meters
Design your own meter Extend the AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure)
protocol, 15 minute to 15 second meter-reading, prioritization
Deliverer’s side– “Brown out” --- but not too brown
Design of Appliances that can accept a degree of browning
Consumers side– Smart thermostat, smart everything– Help with tariffs– Time of day tariffs
Meter becomes a mini-command center inside a house Multi-modality Data Mining to augment smart metering Tough business to enter
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IT Research-Comm, Networks
Carriers Use Internet or use data over wire Need an alternate path if using Internet
– If power grid goes down, the Internet goes down!!!
– But the Grid wires stay up, perhaps a bit disconnected
– Trade-off, merge?
Is Internet fast enough? Maybe have to have reserved capacity
– Reservation Protocol see ISI web siteHacker-proof?
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IT Research-Security
• Internetting VASTLY increases the security risk National Enterprise vulnerability
• So does the use of cloud computing• The Hacker and terrorist problem
Denial of service attacks, malware of all kinds
• Guaranteed-Secure kernel? Not Windows, not even Unix, not even Linux! Maybe VM
• Data Detect via normal security mechanisms• Add additional authorization layer based on defined
policies• AI: Use the intent of the message bearing in mind
the current state to do security??
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IT Research Areas - Faults
• Look at the Network Flow of current• Detect incipient fault using a fast simulator• Predict its extent and effect• Build protective isolation ring• Selective shut down based on the prediction• Some assets cannot easily be shut down e.g. a
nuclear plant KEY ISSUE: Fault propagation time vs
Internet time• Detection of multiple synchronous faults (the Al
Queda attack problem)
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IT Research-Recovery
• Smart Autonomous Restoration of Service Smart for user
– Bring up critical first Smart for supplier
– Depends on type of asset– 40-minutes to bring base station on line– 0-time for solar if the sun is shining
• Don’t overload while restoring• Done today largely by human control
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IT Research-Decision Support
Decision Support Tools Automation
supervision eg dispatching
Supervisory function on operations
Better Visualization of data for decision makers
Hierarchies of Decisions; some automated some human
Useful Decision Support tools Useful Decision Support tools do notdo not make decisionsmake decisions – – peoplepeople do do
Tools assist with four functions:Tools assist with four functions:
1.1. Identifying/assembling promising Identifying/assembling promising alternative courses of actionalternative courses of action
2.2. Determining detailed case-specific Determining detailed case-specific requirements and implications of requirements and implications of competing alternatives competing alternatives
3.3. Assessing relative tradeoffs (e.g., Assessing relative tradeoffs (e.g., costs, benefits, risks...) of costs, benefits, risks...) of alternatives alternatives
4.4. Formulating personalized metrics Formulating personalized metrics and triggers for future “continue and triggers for future “continue vs. revise” decisions regarding vs. revise” decisions regarding adopted choicesadopted choices
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Generate all
feasible solutions
Generate all
feasible solutions
Roll out implications of
standard rules and procedures
Roll out implications of
standard rules and procedures
Explain reasons and constraints
Explain reasons and constraintsExplore
alternative
options
Explore alternati
ve options
Drill down into
alternatives
Drill down into
alternatives
Explore spatio-temporal data
Explore spatio-temporal data
Understand...• What happened• Why it happened• How to affect it
Choose or create good visualizations
Choose or create good visualizations Manage, query, mine
streaming data from >10M live or simulated entities
Fast, accurate adaptation; less user load, more quality• Smart alerting of changed situations• Multiple options consider ripple effects• Understand who’s affected, notify
accordingly• Rapidly resynchronize
Recognize models stray from realityAnalyze risk; avoid blundersLeverage the intelligence of users
Recognize models stray from realityAnalyze risk; avoid blundersLeverage the intelligence of users
Outperformed competition in gov’t tests by 60-80% on 98%
of test suite
Outperformed competition in gov’t tests by 60-80% on 98%
of test suite
Collaboratively share and
publish results and comments
Attach machine-interpretable annotations
to views and data
Find others with relevant knowledge
Find others with relevant knowledge
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Cloud Computing
• The cost of building maintaining and running your own computational/business facility is too high and getting higher.
• Revert to a new version of the original computing model now called “The Cloud” containing a network of thousands of computers, Unix boxes, PCs and Macs.
• You rent a piece of it • Clouds can be networked to give clouds of clouds
• Major Issues Availability and loading Cloud reliability Cloud security
– See Sun’s http://blogs.sun.com/gbrunett/entry/cloud_security_webinar_on_tuesday
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IT Research- Demographics
• How will people respond to the system? Ignore after a few weeks? …(the 1960’s
experience in the UK) Embrace the technology? (today’s web
savvy population, social networking?)
• How will Utilities respond?
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IT Research-Option Trading
• Utilities buy and sell power• New players entering especially
renewables• Formerly regulated now more and more
de-regulated • Suppliers will game the system • New ENRONs will arise• Energy hedge funds• Fortunes to be made --- and lost