italian vstol concepts of the twentieth century
DESCRIPTION
Italian VSTOL Concepts of the Twentieth CenturyTRANSCRIPT
Italian V/STOL Concepts of the Twentieth Century
Michael J. Hirschberg CENTRA Technology, Inc.
Arlington, Virginia
International V/STOL Historical Society (IVHS) www.vstol.org
AHS Forum 59STOVL Session
8 May 2003www.vstol.orgwww.vtol.org
IVHS
Thomas MüllerSalzmann BuchhandlungWaltershausen, Germany
Erasmo PiñeroLockheed MartinFt Worth, Texas
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IVHSOverview
• Background• Fiat
– jet fighters– jet transports– compound helicopter
• Aerfer– transports
• SIAI-Marchetti– compound helicopter
• Agusta– compound helicopters– tiltrotors
• Summary
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IVHSBackground
• International V/STOL Historical Society (IVHS) formed to document and preserve V/STOL history
• This paper is the sixth in an ongoing series that will form the basis for the V/STOL Encyclopedia– Vol 1: German V/STOL Concepts
• German V/STOL Fighters - AIAA/AHS/SAE IPLC, Nov 2000 • German V/STOL Rotorcraft and Propellercraft - AHS Forum 57, May 2001• German V/STOL Transports - SAE WAC, Sep 2001
– Vol 2: French & Italian V/STOL Concepts• French Low-Speed V/STOL Concepts - AHS Forum 58, June 2002• French High-Speed V/STOL Concepts - AIAA/AHS/SAE IPLC, Nov 2002• Italian V/STOL Concepts - AHS Forum 59, May 2003
– Vol 3: UK V/STOL Concepts• Non-Harrier V/STOL Concepts at Hawker Kingston - SAE WAC, Sep 2003
– Future volumes in the planning stages• Check the web site for briefs from all of these papers:
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IVHSV/STOL Wheel of Mis-Fortune
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IVHS
24 MAY 63V
Curtiss-Wright X-100
Short SC.1
EWR VJ 101 CDornier Do 31
Lockheed XV-4B VFW VAK 191 BMcDonnell XV-1
Vanguard 2C Omniplane
Lockheed AH-56
Combined Power Plant for Hover
Augmented Power Plant for Hover
Separate Power Plant for Hover
Same PropulsionSystem for
Hover and ForwardFlight
Doak 16 VZ-4
Bell XV-3
Bell X-22A
Vertol 76 VZ-2
Hiller X-18 LTV-Hiller-Ryan XC-142
Transcendental 1G
Canadair CL-84
Bell XV-15
Bell 65 ATVRobertson VTOL
Ryan VZ-3
Bell X-14Hawker P.1127 Kestrel
Yakovlev Yak-36BAe / Boeing Harrier
Lockheed XFV-1
Convair XFY-1
Ryan X-13
SNECMA C450 Coléoptère
V
MAR 54
THV
T
3 MAY 77
24 JUL 77
THV
DEC 5420 JUL 55
25 FEB 58
6 JUL 54
V
V
V V
TH
AUG 5525 OCT 56
MAR 60
APR 60
20 NOV 63
18 DEC 58TH
VTH 25 JUN 64
25 AUG 65
8 AUG 66
MAR 66
H
TH
T
JUN 67
23 JUL 68 All flights tethered
29 DEC 64
29 MAY 81
VH
VNord 500 Cadet
VTH
7 JAN 58
13 APR 57 15 JUL 58
V
TH 24 NOV 59
8 JAN 1957Tethered Flight
H V
TH
11 JAN 6529 SEP 64
MAY 65
1959 Tethered Flights
17 FEB 57
21 JAN 59
V DEC 65
VFairchild 224 VZ-5
HFEB 60
1966
13 JUN 90
21 SEP 67Helicopter
Mode
1978Tethered Trials
H24 MAY 58
19 NOV 60
V T1957 V T
H
21 SEP 61
9 JAN 63
7 JUL 61
VTH AUG 66
V5 MAY 59
16 SEP 63TH
19 NOV 54
1955
VH
H T
VTH
AUG 54
1 AUG 54V2 NOV 54
10 DEC 55
28 MAY 56
2 APR 57
11 APR 57
V
6 APR 6018 MAR 63T
H 1 MAR 63
VDassault Mirage Balzac V
18 OCT 62
8 SEP 6527 JAN 64
H24 JUL 6512 FEB 65
25 OCT 582 OCT 63
V
TV
28 NOV 66MAR 66
Dassault Mirage III-VH T
VTH
10 APR 63 20 SEP 63
31 AUG 6314 SEP 64
H
T
V
HVT
22 NOV 67
16 DEC 6710 FEB 67
14 MAR 69 THV10 SEP 71
26 OCT 72
V
VTH 11 FEB 54
6 NOV 57VH10 APR 58
Fairey RotodyneYakovlev Yak-38
V T26 SEP 71 20 MAR 72
15 JAN 71HYakovlev Yak-141
29 DEC 89
8 NOV 63
17 MAY 61
T Lockheed XV-4A7 JUL 62HV
10 JUN 64
H 25 MAY 64 NOV 64
5 DEC 59Tethered Flight Rockwell XFV-12A
TJUN 64
APR 65 GE-Ryan XV-5AOCT 66
19641960
Kamov Ka-22 Vintokryl
FEB 62Helicopter Mode
Piasecki 16H-1
VTH
VTHVTH
12 MAR 69
5 OCT 91
Bell Boeing V-22TH
V 19 MAR 89
14 SEP 89
H 9 MAR 87
Curtiss-Wright X-19
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 19851950 1990 1995 2000
V/STOL History: 1950 - 2000
Boeing X-32
Lockheed X-35
Bell Boeing V-22
BA609
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IVHS“The V/STOL Pyramid”Italy
• Harrier• ForgerOperational V/STOL Systems:
Flight Test:
Large-Scale Testing:
Design Concepts /Small-Scale Testing
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IVHSOverview
• Background• Fiat
– jet fighters– jet transports– compound helicopter
• Aerfer– transports
• SIAI-Marchetti– compound helicopter
• Agusta– compound helicopters– tiltrotors
• Summary
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IVHSFiat G.95 Overview
• Early 1960s, NATO countries studied V/STOL as means of survival against Soviet nuclear attack
• Two NATO requirements released for V/STOL strike aircraft:– NATO Basic Military Requirement (NBMR) 3 for a large Mach 1.5+
nuclear penetrator (1961)– Vertikalstartendes Aufklärungs- und Kampfflugzeug (Vertical Take-off and
Landing Reconnaissance and Strike Aircraft) or VAK 191, for a smaller, Mach 1+ nuclear strike aircraft (1964)
• Fiat was also studying a replacement of the G.91, then in service with the Aeronautica Militare Italiana (AMI - Italian Air Force)
• G.95 series V/STOL studies were started under the leadership of Professor Giuseppe Gabrielli
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IVHSFiat G.91/G.95 Family Tree
V/STOL concepts studied
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IVHSFiat G.95/3
• Lift + lift/cruise configuration– Two pairs of lift engines -- one pair forward and one pair aft of cg– Two lift/cruise engines with block & turn deflector nozzles at cg
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IVHSFiat G.95/6
• Fiat’s proposal for the NATO NBMR.3 requirement• Lift + cruise configuration
– six lift engines -- three forward and three aft of cg– two cruise engines (with remote augmentors)
• Max speed = Mach 2 • Larger fuel tanks in center fuselage for range
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IVHSFiat G.95/4
• Scaled down version of G.95/6 to meet VAK 191 requirement• Lift + cruise configuration
– 4 lift engines and 2 cruise engines
• Reconnaissance version had cameras in the nose, dubbed G.95/4A
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IVHSFiat G.95/4
Designation: Fiat G.95/4Cruise Engines: 2 x R-R/MAN R.B.153Cruise Thrust: 2 x 3,175 kg 2 x 7,000 lbLift Engines: 4 x R-R R.B. 162-31Lift Thrust: 4 x 2,495 kg 4 x 5,500 lbWingspan: 6.62 m 21.7 ftLength: 14.0 m 46 ftHeight: 4.6 m 15 ftSurface area: 14 m² 150 ft2
Empty weight: 3,800 kg 8,378 lbVTOL weight: 7,250 kg 16,000 lbRange 450 km 243 nmservice ceiling 10,000 m 33,000 ftVmax 1,200 km/h 650 ktVcruise 920 km/h 500 nmMax speed (on the deck): Mach 0.92Max speed (at altitude): Mach 1.2-1.4
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IVHSFiat V/STOL Test Rig
• Simulator for hover testing• 2 RB.108 lift engines• Suspended and free flights• Support of G.95/4 and VAK 191B
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IVHSVAK 191 Competition
• 1965 VAK competition for future NATO nuclear strike aircraft • Designs evaluated in VAK 191 competition:
– British Hawker P.1127 Kestrel - VAK 191A– German VFW 1262 - VAK 191B– German EWR 340 (VJ 101D) - VAK 191C– Italian Fiat G.95/4 - VAK 191D
• German VAK 191B selected as the winner
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IVHSFiat Involvement in VAK 191B
• Originally Italy had a 40% stake in the program
• Fiat major subcontractor– Work split on 60-40 basis
between VFW and Fiat• Italy withdrew in 1967
– Fiat remained a partner• Two-seat trainer planned
but cancelled in 1966
Wings at Turin Tail and cockpit at Turin
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IVHSGerman-Italian VAK 191B
• 3 aircraft flown during flight test program from 1970-75• Change in NATO strategy (flexible response) refocused project as
experimental V/STOL technology demonstrator in 1966• Many V/STOL and other advanced aircraft technologies, such as
fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control systems, were successfully demonstrated and incorporated on MRCA Tornado
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IVHSFiat (now Alenia) G.222
• G.222 CTOL Transport– First flight 1971– Over 100 aircraft delivered– Still in production– Used by 12 air forces worldwide – USAF C-27 Spartan
• Began as a V/STOL Transport– lift engines added to turboprop
nacelles for lift + cruise – 1962 V/STOL Transport NBMR.4
• G.222 series studies under Professor Giuseppe Gabrielli– Begun in 1961– AMI contract awarded 1963
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IVHSFiat G.222 - 1963
• 40 troops, 24 stretchers or 3 trucks• Six RB.162-31 lift engines with
5,500 lb thrust each– two lift engine doors each side
• 2 Rolls-Royce Dart 10 turboprops• Lift engine compressor bleed air
used for V/STOL attitude controlDesignation: Fiat G.222 “Cervino” (1963) Cruise Engines: 2 x R-R Dart 10 Cruise Power: 2x 2,255 kW 2x 3,025 eshp Lift Engines: 6 x R-R R.B. 162-31 Lift Thrust: 6 x 2,495 kg 6 x 5,500 lb Wingspan: 18.10 m 59.1 ft Length: 19.20 m 62.3 ft Maximum payload: 4,100 kg 9,040 lb Cruise speed 400 km/h 215 kt VTOL weight: 12,700 kg 28,000 lb STOL weight: 16,000 kg 35,000 lb Range, max wt (STOL): 1,200 km 650 nm
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IVHSFiat G.222 - 1964• Military & Civil variants
– pressurized fuselage– 13% longer wingspan
• Six RB.162-31 lift engines with 5,500 lb thrust each– three lift engine doors each side
• 2 Rolls-Royce Dart 12 turboprops• Lift fans for attitude control
– two at each wing tip and the tail
Designation: Fiat G.222 (1964)Cruise Engines: 2 x R-R Dart 12Lift Engines: 6 x R-R R.B. 162-31Lift Thrust: 6 x 2,495 kg 6 x 5,500 lbWingspan: 20.42 m 67.0 ftLength: 20.88 m 68.5 ftSTOL weight: 17,500 kg 38,580 lbCTOL weight: 21,000 kg 46,300 lb
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IVHSFiat G.222 - 1965
• Five distinct versions – V/STOL + CTOL + convertible
military transports; CTOL civil transport/airliner; CTOL ASW
• Eight RB.162-31 lift engines with 5,500 lb thrust each– two lift engine doors each side
• 2 Rolls-Royce Dart 25 turboprops• Lift engine compressor bleed air
used for V/STOL attitude controlDesignation: Fiat G.222 (1965)Cruise Engines: 2 x R-R Dart 25Lift Engines: 8 x R-R R.B. 162-31Lift Thrust: 2,495 kg 5,500 lbWingspan: 23.50 m 77.1 ftLength: 21.50 m 70.5 ftEmpty weight: 11,938 kg 26,320 lbGross weight: 18,750 kg 41,335 lb
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IVHSFiat G.222 - 1965
• Engine nacelles key to versions– Payload bays for CTOL ASW– 8 lift engines for VTOL– 4 lift engines for STOL– 0 lift engines for CTOL
• streamlined nacelles for more efficient cruise
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IVHSFiat G.222 - 1970
• Fiat awarded a contract by Italian MOD in 1966 to build two CTOL prototypes
• NBMR.4 largely forgotten– planned conversion to V/STOL
configuration dropped• First flight 1970• Service entry in 1976• 1961: 28,000 lb V/STOL transport• 1976: 61,000 lb CTOL transport
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IVHS
Fiat G.95/61961 NBMR.3 RequirementMach 2 Nuclear Penetrator
Fiat G.95/41964 VAK 191 Requirement
Mach 1 Nuclear Strike
Fiat G.2221962 NBMR.4 Requirement V/STOL Tactical Transport
Fiat Jet V/STOL Summary• All based on NATO requirements• None were built• Shift in NATO strategy to flexible response required more robust
capabilities than the point solutions offered by these VTOL designs
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IVHSFiat 7005 (1965)
• Previous Fiat helo experience– Fiat 7002 reaction rotor was built
in 1961– Design/manufacture of Super
Frelon transmission gears
• 7005 begun as high-speed compound design– Allison 250 turboshaft– 27.5 ft rotor; 4 ft propeller
• Vectoring vane box– vanes could vector 37º– vane box pivoted addition 33º– total vector of 70º for counter
torque and yaw control
• Never built
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IVHSOverview
• Background• Fiat
– jet fighters– jet transports– compound helicopter
• Aerfer– transports
• SIAI-Marchetti– compound helicopter
• Agusta– compound helicopters– tiltrotors
• Summary
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IVHSAerfer V/STOL ProjectsAE-130 notional sketch• AE-130 stowed rotor project
– begun 1955– two blade rotor - 66 ft diameter– 26-30 passenger commuter aircraft
• BAC 224 V/STOL– collaboration with BAC– designed to meet NBMR.4 – 2 Bristol Pegasus 5 engines
(Kestrel/Harrier) at wing roots – 4 RR lift engines at each wing tip– 78,500 lb gross weight– similar to Do.31 demonstrator
• Project 2102– AMI RFP in 1962 for NBMR.4– RB.162 lift engines in wing pods – GE CF-700/2B turbofan on tail – Gross weight 38,000 lb
• Fiat merged with Aerfer in 1969– G.222 already being built– Aerfer V/STOL work stopped
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IVHSOverview
• Background• Fiat
– jet fighters– jet transports– compound helicopter
• Aerfer– transports
• SIAI-Marchetti– compound helicopter
• Agusta– compound helicopters– tiltrotors
• Summary
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IVHSSIAI-Marchetti SV-20C
• Previous helo experience– SH-4 helicopter built in 1965 with
Silvercraft• Created a Vertical Flight Division
in 1968 under Dr. Emilio Bianchi• July 1968 began development of a
14 seat, twin engine, compound• Design goals:
– 8,820 lb (4000 kg) gross weight– Less than 2000 kg empty weight– Cruise speed of 210 kt
• Continued weight growth (to 10,000 lb) caused end of project
• Prototype was never built• Company acquired by Agusta
Full-scale mock-up
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IVHSOverview
• Background• Fiat
– jet fighters– jet transports– compound helicopter
• Aerfer– transports
• SIAI-Marchetti– compound helicopter
• Agusta– compound helicopters– tiltrotors
• Summary
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IVHSAgusta
• Founded in 1907• First Bell 47 license in 1952• First indigenous helicopter design in 1958 - A101G• Several other prototypes built - A102, A103, A104, A105, A106• Began looking at compound designs for higher speed flight
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IVHSAgusta A110
• Studied during 1961-1965• Derivative of A101G• Similar fuselage to A101G with
similar 5 blade rotor• Two turboprops for cruise• Expected to reach 500 km/hr
(270 kt ) • Transport for 35 troops• Loading ramp in rear• Wing tips folded down for water
landings??
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IVHSAgusta A110
• Alternative design • Different fuselage with 4 blade
rotor system• Two turboprops for cruise• No anti-torque rotor• Similar wing tips folds
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IVHSAgusta A118
• 1961 Agusta design for NATO NBMR.4 competition
• Similar in concept to Soviet Kamov Ka-22 Vintokryl design
• Each wing tip had a compound unit– large 4-blade rotor– tractor propeller– three engines
• Loading ramp in rear
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IVHSAgusta A119
• 1961 Agusta design for NATO NBMR.4 competiton• Quad tiltrotor concept
– front rotors tilted up for lift - tractor proprotor for cruise– rear rotors tilted down for lift - pusher proprotor for cruise– two turboshaft engines on either side
• Clamshell doors and loading ramp in rear
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IVHSAgusta A120 Elibus
• 1968 design for a 65 pax high-speed commercial compound
• Six-blade rotor + two tractor propellers• Three interconnected GE T64 turboshafts
– one with each propeller and one under rotor
• Planned to operate between city center heliports or to remote locales
Designation: Agusta A120B ElibusDiameter main rotor 22.0 m 72.2 ftDiameter tail rotor 4.87 m 16.0 ftDiameter propeller 3.70 m 12.1 ftMaximum length 26.20 m 86 ftWing span 17.20 m 56.4 ftEmpty weight 14,200 kg 31,306 lbNormal gross weight 23,500 kg 51,809 lbMaximum speed 425 km/hr 230 ktCruise speed 388 km/hr 210 ktOGE Hover ceiling 1800 m 6,000 ftIGE Hover ceiling 3000 m 10,000 ft
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IVHSAgusta A123
• 1969 design for a 14-17 pax high-speed compound – Medevac, transport or attack– hook loads up to 8,300 lb
• Four-blade rotor + one pusher prop• Two Lycoming T53 turboshafts
Designation: Agusta A123Diameter main rotor 14.5 m 47.6 ftDiameter tail rotor 2.80 m 9.2 ftDiameter propeller 2.80 m 9.2 ftMaximum length 17.65 m 57.9 ftWing span 8.00 m 26.2 ftEmpty weight 3,720 kg 8,200 lbNormal gross weight 6,804 kg 15,000 lbGross weight for hook 7,484 kg 16,500 lbMaximum speed 417 km/hr 225 ktCruise speed 400 km/hr 216 ktRange (tanks, no reserve) 580 km 313 nmOGE Hover ceiling 3,000 m 9,850 ftIGE Hover ceiling 3,800 m 12,500 ft
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IVHSEUROFAR Tilt Rotor StudiesAgusta & Eurocopter
• Joint studies begun in 1986• European Future Advanced Rotorcraft (Eurofar) started Sept 1987 • Germany, France and Italy provided funds
– to create a tiltrotor design for 30 pax, 14 ton commuter– determine feasibility
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IVHSEUROFAR Tilt RotorAgusta & Eurocopter
• Addressed critical topics:– choice of the most suitable rotor,
wing, nacelle / drive train / engine design features
– rotor aerodynamic and dynamic design, air vehicle control laws, and structures
– experimental activities conducted
• Model n.2 Rotor tested in ONERA S1 in early 1990s– full investigation of helicopter
and aircraft mode (to Mach 0.53) including transition corridor
– full-scale rotor and blade tested– designed and built by Agusta
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IVHS2GETHER?
• Eurocopter pursued their EUROTILT concept, very similar to the EUROFAR design, and proposed it for European Commission funding
• Agusta proposed ERICA concept for EC funding• Neither concept was funded• Eurocopter and Agusta made a joint proposal in 2001
– called the 2nd Generation European Tilting Highly Efficient Rotorcraft (2GETHER)
– proposed EUROTILT and ERICA as alternate solutions– this proposal was also rejected
• Later, four Critical Technology Projects were funded to analyze the most critical aspects of tiltrotors– Agusta ERICA tiltrotor concept was selected as the study configuration
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IVHSAgusta ERICA Tiltrotor
• After EUROFAR divergence, Agusta initiated a follow-on project called Enhanced Rotorcraft Innovative Concept Achievement (ERICA)
• Led by Santino Pancotti (AHS 2002 Nikolsky Award winner)• Goal is to form the basis for a 2nd generation tiltrotor using
lessons learned from EUROFAR and BA609 projects, adding innovative technologies
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IVHSAgusta ERICA Tiltrotor
• Outer wing panels tilt with the rotors
• Proprotors are small enough for STOL operations and are more efficient in cruise
Designation: AgustaWestland ERICAEngines: 2 x P&WC PW127E turboshaftPower: 2x 2,400 shp 2x 1800 kWPassengers (VTOL): 19 + 2 crewPassengers (STOL): 22 + 2 crewWingspan: 46 ft 14 mLength: 50 ft 15.2 mProprotor Diameter: 24 ft 7.4 mMax VTOL Useful Load: 4,189 lb 1,900 kgMax STOL Useful Load: 4,840 lb 2,200 kgVTOL Gross Weight: 22,000 lb 10,000 kgSTOL Gross Weight: 24,200 lb 11,000 kgEmpty Weight: 14,300 lb 6,500 kgFuel Weight (VTOL): 3080 lb 1,400 kgFuel Weight (STOL): 4,400 lb 2,000 kgRange: 650 nm 1,200 kmCruise altitude: 24,600 ft 7,500 mVmax (at cruise): 350 kt 650 km/h
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IVHSBell Agusta BA609
• Agusta also partner for 609 civil tiltrotor – Bell announced in 1996– Agusta formally joined the team in 1998– First flight in March 2003– Over 85 orders already – FAA certification planned for in January 2007
Full-scale mock-up - Farnborough 1998
Designation: Bell/Agusta BA609Engines: 2 x P&WC PT6C-67A turboshaftPassengers: 6 to 9 pax + 1-2 crewEngine Power: 2 x 1,940 shp 2 x 1,450 kWWingspan: 33.8 ft 10.3 mLength: 46 ft 14.0 mHeight: 15 ft 4.5 mProprotor Diameter: 26 ft 7.9 mMax Useful Load: 5,500 lb 2,500 kgMax Gross Weight: 16,000 lb 6,974 kgRange: 750 nm 1,389 kmService ceiling: 25,000 ft 11,364 mVmax (at cruise): 275 kt 509 km/h
First flight - 7 March 2003
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IVHSOverview
• Background• Fiat
– jet fighters– jet transports– compound helicopter
• Aerfer– transports
• SIAI-Marchetti– compound helicopter
• Agusta– compound helicopters– tiltrotors
• Summary
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IVHSSummary• Two dozen different Italian V/STOL concepts documented
– Most were design studies only– Some component testing– Limited V/STOL flight testing– None were tested extensively
• The BA609 promises to become the first (co-)production Italian V/STOL aircraft
Operational V/STOL Systems:
Flight Test:
Large-Scale Testing:
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IVHSAcknowledgements
• This paper could not have been completed without the generous assistance of numerous individuals
• Agusta– Santino Pancotti– Marzio Preatoni– Valentina Giuliani– Pietro Alli– Bruno Lovera (retired)
• Alenia– L. Chesta
• IVHS Artist (for A118, A119 and AE-130) – Jens Baganz