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IRNet Transactions on Computer Science and Engineering

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Detection of Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks

Kuldeep Kaur, Vinod Kumar & Upinderpal Singh

Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Lovely Professional University Punjab, India

E-mail : [email protected], [email protected] & upinder.singh418 @gmail.com

Abstract - The wireless sensor network is the collection of sensor nodes which collect information from the environment, theenvironment may be the building, industrial, battle field or elsewhere. Due to the wireless nature of the sensor nodes they are prone

to various attacks like wormhole attack, grayhole, packet flooding, sinkhole attack, blackhole attack, sync attack, Sybil attack. In this

paper I proposed the solution to detect the wormhole attack. In this solution I use the concept of digital signature in the packet

header information .Using this solution the sensor nodes can be authenticate and can avoid the wormhole attack as possible in

wireless sensor networks.

Keywords - Hello, Sensor.

I. INTRODUCTION

A Wireless Sensor Network [1] is a self-configuring

network of small sensor nodes communicating among

themselves using radio signals, and deployed in quantity

to sense, monitor and understand the physical world.

The wireless sensor nodes are called motes. A huge

number of these devices configure the network and

these motes have following capabilities: -

1) Computational capabilities.2) Sensing capabilities.3) Communication capabilities.As we know that wireless sensor network

technology is a technology in which sensor works under

the rigorous conditions where human cannot survive for

long. The major challenge in the field of wireless sensor

technology is the energy consumption along with good

bandwidth. This issue requires innovative design

techniques to use the available bandwidth and energy

efficiency.

II. ARCHITECTURE FOR NODES INWIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

The nodes have to meet the requirement of a

specific application. They should be small cheap,

portable and energy efficient. The basic components of anode are:

1) Sensor and actuator - An interface to the physicalworld designed to sense the environmental

parameters like pressure and temperature.

2) Controller It is used to control different modes ofoperation for processing of data.

3) Memory - Storage for programming data.4) Communication - A device like antenna for

sending and receiving data over a wireless channel.

5) Power Supply- Supply of energy for smoothoperation of a node like battery[2].

Fig. 1: Architecture of sensor node

III.ATTACKS IN WIRELESS SENSORNETWORKS

The open nature of the wireless communication

channels, the lack of infrastructure, the fast deployment

practices, and the hostile environments where they may


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be deployed, make them vulnerable to a wide range of

security attacks. The attacks such as[1]

1) Spoofed, altered, or replayed routinginformation

2) Selective forwarding3) Sinkhole attacks4) Sybil attacks5) Wormholes6) HELLO flood attacks

Spoofed, altered, or replayed routing information

The most direct attack against a routing protocol is

to target the routing information exchanged between

nodes. By spoofing, altering, or replaying routing

information, adversaries may be able to create routing

loops, attract or repel network traffic, extend or shortensource routes, generate false error messages, partition

the network, increase end-to-end latency, etc.[1]

Selective forwarding

Multi-hop networks are often based on the

assumption that participating nodes will faithfully

forward received messages. In a selective forwarding

attack, malicious nodes may refuse to forward certain

messages and simply drop them, ensuring that they are

not propagated any further. A simple form of this attack

is when a malicious node behaves like a black hole and

refuses to forward every packet .[3]

Sinkhole attacks

In a sinkhole attack, the adversarys goal is to lure

nearly all the traffic from a particular area through acompromised node, creating a metaphorical sinkhole

with the adversary at the centre. Because nodes on, or

near, the path that packets follow have many

opportunities to tamper with application data, sinkhole

attacks can enable many other attacks . Sinkhole attacks

typically work by making a compromised node look

especially attractive to surrounding nodes with respect

to the routing algorithm. [2][3].

Sybil attack

In a Sybil attack a single node presents multiple

identities to other nodes in the network. The Sybil attack

can significantly reduce the effectiveness of fault-

tolerant schemes such as distributed storage andmultipath. Replicas, storage partitions, or routes

believed to be using disjoint nodes could in actuality be

using a single adversary presenting multiple

identities.[2]

HELLO flood attack

Many protocols require nodes to broadcast HELLO

packets to announce themselves to their neighbors, and a

node receiving such a packet may assume that it is

within radio range of the sender. This assumption may

be false: a laptop-class attacker broadcasting routing or

other information with large enough transmission power

could convince every node in the network that the

adversary is its neighbor.[3]

Wormhole Attack

In the wormhole attack, an attacker tunnels

messages received in one part of the network over a low

latency link and replays them in a different part. The

simplest instance of this attack is a single node situated

between two other nodes forwarding messages between

the two of them. However, wormhole attacks more

commonly involve two distant malicious nodes

colluding to understate their distance from each other by

relaying packets along an out-of-bound channel

available only to the attacker. An attacker situated close

to a base station may be able to completely disrupt

routing by creating a well-placed wormhole. An attacker

could convince nodes who would normally be multiple

hops from a base station that they are only one or two

hops away via the wormhole. This can create a sinkhole:

since the attacker on the other side of the wormhole can

artificially provide a high-quality route to the base

station, potentially all traffic in the surrounding area will

be drawn through if alternate routes are significantly

less attractive. This will most likely always be the case

when the endpoint of the wormhole is relatively far from

a base station[4].

Fig. 2 : Illustration of wormhole attack in wireless

network.


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IV. PROPOSED SOLUTIONIn this section I will explain in detail the proposed

solution node authentication using the digital signature.

In this algorithm the authentication is provided at each

sensor node in the packet header which is forward from

source to destination. Only the authenticate nodes can

communicate in wireless sensor network. Using this

authentication procedure we can detect the malicious

nodes which causes the wormhole attack.

ALGORITHM

Source Node

If (Any Packet sent P)

{

Alter Header add columns =Route and =Signatures

Insert id into Route Column

Insert Digital Signature into Signature Column

Forward Packet P

}

If (received A Packet)

{

If (Received Packet==Data_Ack)

{

Note the =Signature in the header

Note Route Noted In header

Verify the Digital Signature

If(Verification Successful)

{

Discard the route noted

Else

{

Drop the packet

}

Repeat the procedure for next packet

}

}

Intermediate Node

If (Received a packet P)

{



Forward Packet P

}

Destination Node

If (Received a packet P)

{



Verify the Digital Signature

If(Verification Successful)



Verify the Digital SignatureIf(Verification Successful)

{

Noted route=Null;

}

Else

{

Noted Route unchanged

}

Create Data_Ack Packet

Insert columns =Route and =Signatures in

Data_Ack

}



}

V. CONCLUSIONSecurity related issues in wireless sensor networks

have become an important part of research in present

scenario. To detecting malicious functions of node and

offering efficient counter measure is the difficult task. Inthe proposed method there is no need for specific

hardware and neither is the need for clock

synchronization due to use of cryptographic concept

digital signature. In that each node authenticate using

digital signature. The received node at the destination


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node is verified and if the digital signature is false the

information about that is sent to the sender node using

DATA_ACK.

REFERENCES

[1] Guiyi Wei Xueli Wang Detecting Wormhole

Attacks Using Probabilistic Routing andRedundancy Transmission. WASE International

Conference on Information Engineering 2010.PP-

251-254.

[2] Junfeng Wu, HonglongChe, Label-Based DV-

Hop Localization AgainstWormhole Attacksin

Wireless Sensor Networks.Fifth IEEE

International Conference on Networking,

Architecture, and Storage 2010. Pp-79-88.

[3] Zhibin Zhao, Bo Wei, Xiaomei Dong, Lan Yao,

FuxiangGaoDetecting Wormhole Attacks in

Wireless Sensor Networks with Statistical

AnalysisFirst International Conference on

Integrated Intelligent Computing.pp-283-289.

[4] Prasannajit B1, Venkatesh, Anupama S An

Approach towards Detection of Wormhole Attack

in Sensor Networks 2010 First International

Conference on Integrated Intelligent Computing.

[5] Thorne, Kip S. (1994). Black Holes and Time

Warps. W. W. Norton. p. 504.ISBN 03-23763.

[6] DeBenedictis, Andrew and Das, A. (2001). "On a

General Class of Wormhole

Geometries". Classical and Quantum

Gravity 18 (7): 11871204.

[7] Forman G., Zahorjan J,The challenges of mobile

computing,IEEE Computer; 27(4):38-47.

[8] Bayrem Triki, Slim Rekhis, Noureddine

Boudriga , Digital Investigation of Wormhole

Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks, Network

Computing and Applications, IEEE International

Symposium, July 2009, pp. 179-186 .

[9] Dezun Dong, Mo Li, Yunhao Liu, Xiangke

Liao , Connectivity-Based Wormhole Detection

in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks,

Parallel and Distributed Systems, International

Conference on , December 2009, pp. 72-79 .

[10] B. Prasannajit, Anupama S. Venkatesh, K.

Vindhykumari, S.R. Subhashini, G. Vinitha , An

Approach Towards Detection of WormholeAttack in Sensor Networks, Integrated

Intelligent Computing , August 2010, pp. 283-

289.

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