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Summary for Policy Makers Section 5.2 – Final Version as Approved by Governments April 12, 2014 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the main multilateral forum focused on addressing climate change, with nearly universal participation. Other institutions organized at different levels of governance have resulted in diversifying international climate change cooperation. [13.3.1, 13.4.1.4, 13.5] Existing and proposed international climate change cooperation arrangements vary in their focus and degree of centralization and coordination. They span: multilateral agreements, harmonized national policies and decentralized but coordinated national policies, as well as regional and regionallycoordinated policies. [Figure TS.37, 13.4, 13.13.2, 14.4] The Kyoto Protocol offers lessons towards achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC, particularly with respect to participation, implementation, flexibility mechanisms, and environmental effectiveness. (medium evidence, low agreement). [5.2, 13.7.2, 13.13.1.1, 13.13.1.2, 14.3.7.1, Table TS.9] UNFCCC activities since 2007 have led to an increasing number of institutions and other arrangements for international climate change cooperation. [13.5.1.1, 13.13.1.3, 16.2.1.1] Policy linkages among regional, national, and subnational climate policies offer potential climate mitigation and adaptation benefits (medium evidence, medium agreement). Linkages can be established between national policies, various instruments, and through regional cooperation [13.3.1, 13.5.1.3, 13.5.3, 14.5]. Various regional initiatives between the national and global scales are either being developed or implemented, but their impact on global mitigation has been limited to date. (medium confidence) Many climate policies can be more effective if implemented across geographical regions. [Table TS.9, 13.13, 14.4, 14.5]

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Summary for Policy Makers Section 5.2 – Final Version as Approved by Governments  

April 12, 2014   The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the main multilateral forum focused on addressing climate change, with nearly universal participation. Other institutions organized at different levels of governance have resulted in diversifying international climate change cooperation. [13.3.1, 13.4.1.4, 13.5]   Existing and proposed international climate change cooperation arrangements vary in their focus and degree of centralization and coordination. They span: multilateral agreements, harmonized national policies and decentralized but coordinated national policies, as well as regional and regionally‐coordinated policies. [Figure TS.37, 13.4, 13.13.2, 14.4]  The Kyoto Protocol offers lessons towards achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC, particularly with respect to participation, implementation, flexibility mechanisms, and environmental effectiveness. (medium evidence, low agreement). [5.2, 13.7.2, 13.13.1.1, 13.13.1.2, 14.3.7.1, Table TS.9]  UNFCCC activities since 2007 have led to an increasing number of institutions and other arrangements for international climate change cooperation. [13.5.1.1, 13.13.1.3, 16.2.1.1]  Policy linkages among regional, national, and sub‐national climate policies offer potential climate mitigation and adaptation benefits (medium evidence, medium agreement). Linkages can be established between national policies, various instruments, and through regional cooperation [13.3.1, 13.5.1.3, 13.5.3, 14.5].  Various regional initiatives between the national and global scales are either being developed or implemented, but their impact on global mitigation has been limited to date. (medium confidence) Many climate policies  can be more effective if implemented across geographical regions. [Table TS.9, 13.13, 14.4, 14.5]